adding semantic to web servicesbeaune/websem/cours2008_2009/... · d1 - 15/01/2009 the present...
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Adding Semantic to Web ServicesA tour on Foundations et Applications
Doctoral School, St Etienne January 2008
Alain Léger FT R&D Orange Labs ResearchDR Knowledge Processing
Co-Manager Industry Area NoE KnowledgewebFreddy Lécué FT R&D Orange Labs Research3rd year PhD
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From distributed object and applications to Web Services
KnowledgeWeb
Acknowledgements and Thanks to various people from whom I “borrowed” material : Katia Sycara, Michael Stollberg, Dumitru Roman, John Domingue, Christophe Rey, Amit Sheth, Carlo Ghezzi, ...
And thanks to all the people from whom they borrowed it ☺
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Télécom : Intégration ressources hétérogènes
Where the latestfilm from CleantEastwood visible
In the town tonight?Critics and video
clips?
MediationsPlateforme Agile de services distants et dynamiques
Réduit les coûts et temps d'intégration
Vorei il sommario in italiano di questa guida turistica. Grazie
Hi Dear Customer,Your problem …
and will be resolvedin the next 2 hours
by our technicalteam
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Inte
grat
ion
Busi
ness
Pro
cess
Services Web Semantique : L' Intégration par composition automatique ?
sChaque tâche a un
but
sLe service le plus
approprié pour
atteindre un but est
localisé soit à design-
time ou à run-time.
sHétérogénéité des
données et protocoles
est traités par des
médiateurs
Serv
ices
Buyer
Sales Department Factory
(supplier) Risk & Financials
3rd Party Shipment
Mediator Mediator
LegacyMediator
Mediator Comm.Mediator
Mediator MediatorMediator
MediatorMediatorLegacyMediator
Mediator
LegacyMediator
Mediator
MediatorMediator Comm.MediatorComm.
MediatorMediatorMediator
SSemanticallyemantically EEmpoweredmpowered SServiceervice OrientedOriented AArchitecturerchitecture
(c) CEFRIEL – Politecnico di Milano
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Grandes étapes de l’intégration
Très fort
Faible
MiddlewareBut : définir des abstractions pour concevoir des
applications distribuées
Enterprise Application Integration (EAI)
But : Intégrer des middleware, en plus des systèmes classiques
Inter-EAIBut : comme EAI, mais avec internet comme
voie d’accès principale
Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)
Ppe : exposer les processus métiers comme des services réutilisables en environnement faiblement couplé (par ex. B2B entre partenaires du Web)
But : conception, développement, intégration orientés services
Couplage
Fort
Fort
ContexteUne même entreprise,un même
départementLAN
Plusieurs départements d’une même entreprise
LAN
Entreprisesen partenariat
étroitLAN et Internet
Plusieurs entreprisessur le Web
LAN et Internet
Homogènes :fonctionnalités similaires,architecture centralisée,communications synchrones,fine granularité d’échange
Hétérogènes :fonctionnalités différentes,architecture centralisée,communications asynchrones,grande granularité d’échange
Très hétérogènes :fonctionnalités très différentes,architecture décentralisée,communications asynchrones,granularité d’échange variable
Systèmes reliés TechnologiesRPCTP monitors(CICS, MTS, Tuxedo)
Obect brokers(CORBA)
Message brokers(WebSphere MQ, WebLogicIntegration)
Workflow MS(Biztalk)
Application servers(J2EE, .NET)
Services Web
???
Web Services: Concepts, Architectures and Applications; Gustavo Alonso et al.
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Vers l’intégration idéale
s Avantages du couplage fortQBien savoir ce qu’on fait et comment le faireQConfianceQPerformances et robustesse
s Avantages du couplage faible induit par le webQOffre importante, sans cesse renouvelée et mise à jourQPossibilité de changer facilement et rapidement de partenairesQPour toutes les entreprises :
– Moins coûteux (temps, hommes, argent)– Moins contraignant
s Dans une architecture décentraliséeQPour s’affranchir des contraintes d’un middleware centraliséQRépartir la chargeQDéveloppement décentralisé, réutiliser les composants disponibles
s En automatisant le plus possibleQRéduction des coûtsQPassage à l’échelleQAdapté au caractère dynamique du Web
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Usage 1 : wrapper
resource manager
resource manager
middleware
service interface
integration logic
middleware
service interface
integration logic
other tiers
resource manager
resource manager
middleware
service interface
integration logic
s Conversion des messages sous
divers formats
s Grosse granularité sinon surcoût
Web Services : Alonso, Casati, Kuno, Machiraju Copyright Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004
Intermédiaire d’intégration
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Usage 2 : intégration statique
s Encapsuler des applications hétérogènes (via un LAN, ou internet)
service providerservice requestor
application object(client)
application object(service provider)
SOAP-based middleware
SOAP-based middleware
SOAP messages exchanged on top of, HTTP, SMTP, or other transport
converts procedure calls
to/from XML messages sent
through HTTP or other protocols.
Web Services : Alonso, Casati, Kuno, Machiraju Copyright Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004
Très pratique car simple et rapide
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Strong Evolution not a revolution
s Gluing software becoming dominantQDistinction between components and connectorsQWrappers for componentsQMiddleware provides binding mechanisms
– Middleware as a decoupling layer– separation of concerns
s Development transitionQFrom software developed by a single organization (or by collaborating organizations)QTo components developed by independent organizations with different degrees of contractual obligations
s Where we are movingQUnprecedented levels of change
– business level– process level– product level
QRequirements for unanticipated changeNew challenges for New challenges for swsw
engineering!engineering!
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bodyencapsulatesmodifiable
design choices
interfacevisible to clients
volatile
stable
Design for change
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Where are the sources of change?
s Changes originate in the business world
Qagile networked organizations
Qfast organizational responses to rapidly changing requirements
– intra and extra organization changes require continuous changes in the information
system
Qmodernizing legacy systems
s Changes originate in the interaction with the physical environment
s Implied by pervasive/ubiquitous computing requirements
Qmobility and context awareness
Qambient intelligence and disappearing computer
– external world changes unpredictably
–because context changes
–because new active objects are encountered
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The "SoC approach"
s Service-oriented business, process and product architecture to support Qdynamic, goal-oriented, opportunistic federations of organizations
Qrapidly adapting to changing requirements
s Support active objects providing service, such asQtaggable objects (RFID)
Qsensors and sensor networks
s Ability to deal with context changes and unanticipated events and
changesQself-adapting, self-healing, self-organizing behaviors
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Service-Oriented Computing
Viewed as a set of concepts and technologies targeting these problems
Where are the new challenges?
Keynote Carlo GhezziDEI—Politecnico di Milano, ICSOC 2005, Amsterdam
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Services
specifiedspecified
publishedpublished
discovereddiscovered
negotiatednegotiatedcomposedcomposed
delivereddelivered
monitoredmonitored
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Challenge 1: Specification
s Services should be specified by the contract they will fulfill for their clients
Qcontract must state QoS
– not just a syntactic interface
– not just functional behavior
s Specifications must be publishable and discoverable
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Challenge 2: Composition
s Services should be composable, and (in turn) composite services should be composable
Qhow is the contract of a composite service derived from its
constituents?
s Compositions may require negotiation
s Different binding regimes should be possible, from static and pre-runtime to late&dynamic
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Challenge 3: Trust, verification
s Services are developed and run in their own domains
Qno control over them, no access to the internals
Qhow can we trust a service contract?
s They may change without notice
Qdoes the change affect us?
Qhow can trusted services be provided out of untrusted components?
s Late binding adds flexibility at the expense of reduced safety
s We are moving from the safety of pre run-time structuring&verification to the complete freedom of dynamic composition, while we are providing service
Qwe need to go beyond traditional pre run-time testing and validation!
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Challenge 4: Evolution
s Compositions change to support evolution
QHow can evolution be supported dynamically?
– result of detected deviation from expected QoS
– result of environment/unanticipated change
QContinuous evolution to achieve QoS optimizations?
QTowards self-organizing behaviors?
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Composition dimensions
time (binding regime)time (binding regime)
compilecompile--timetime
deploydeploy--timetime
runrun--timetime
changechangereq.mtsreq.mtsnono
changechangeanticipatedanticipatedchangechange
unanticipatedunanticipatedchangechangeselfself--organizationorganization
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Vers les SOA et Les services Web (WS>>SOA>>SOC)
s Objectif : transition inter-EAI SOA (en douceur)
QAller au-delà des limites de l’intégration telle qu’elle se fait actuellement dans
les EAI– Grand coût de mise en œuvre : temps, hommes argent reservé aux grandes entreprises
– Architecture centralisée : problème de confiance entre partenaires : qui héberge le système ?
QEn posant les bases des SOA
s Méthode :
QCentralisé décentralisé
QFort couplage faible couplage
objectif : pouvoir utiliser le Web et se grande offre de services sans cesse remise à jour,
pouvoir changer facilement de partenaires, …
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Static WWWURI, HTML, HTTP
The Web Vision : towards Web Services
Q500 million users Qmore than 3 billion pages
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WWWURI, HTML, HTTP
Semantic WebRDF, RDF(S), OWL
Dynamic Web ServicesUDDI, WSDL, SOAP
Static
Semantic WebServices
Bringing the web to its full potential
The Web Vision : towards automated Web
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The Intelligence is in the Connections
From Nova Spivack, http://www.mindingtheplanet.net Connections between people
Con
nect
ions
bet
wee
n In
form
atio
n
Social Networking
Groupware
JavascriptWeblogs
Databases
File Systems
HTTPKeyword Search
USENET
Wikis
Websites
Directory Portals
2010 - 2020
Web 1.0
2000 - 2010
1990 - 2000
PC Era1980 - 1990
RSS Widgets
PC’s
2020 - 2030
Office 2.0
XML
RDF
SPARQLAJAX
FTP IRC
SOAP
Mashups
File Servers
Social Media Sharing
Lightweight Collaboration
ATOM
Web 3.0
Web 4.0
Semantic SearchSemantic Databases
Intelligent personal agents
JavaSaaS
Web 2.0 Flash
OWL
HTML
SGML
SQLGopher
P2P
The Web
The PC
Windows
MacOS
SWRL
OpenID
BBS
MMO’s
VR
Semantic Web
Intelligent Web
The Internet
Social Web
Web OS
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Web Services
s loosely coupled, reusable components
sencapsulate discrete functionality
sdistributed
sprogrammatically accessible over standard internet protocols
sadd new level of functionality on top of the current web
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The Promise of Web Services
web-based SOA as new system design paradigm
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WSDL
s Web Service Description Language
s W3C effort, WSDL 2 final construction phase
Describes interface for consuming a Web Service:- Interface: operations (in- & output) - Access (protocol binding) - Endpoint (location of service)
http://www.w3.org/TR/wsdl
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UDDI
s Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration Protocol
s OASIS driven standardization effort
Registry for Web Services:- provider - service information- technical access
http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/uddi-spec/doc/tcspecs.htm
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SOAP
sSimple Object Access Protocol
sW3C Recommendation
XML data transport:- sender / receiver- protocol binding- communication aspects- content
http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/REC-soap12-part0-20030624/
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Lacks of Web Service Technology
s current technologies allow usage of Web Services
sbut:Q only syntactical information descriptions
Q syntactic support for discovery, composition and execution
=> Web Service usability, usage, and integration needs to be inspected manually
Q no semantically marked up content / services
Q no support for the Semantic Web
Q=>Current Web Service Technology Stack failed to
realize the promise of Web Services
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Semantic Web Technology
+
Web Service Technology
Semantic Web Services
=>
• allow machine supported data interpretation• ontologies as data model
automated discovery, selection, composition, and web-based execution of services
Semantic Web Services as integrated solution for realizing the vision
of the next generation of the Web
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Semantic Web Services
sdefine exhaustive description frameworks for describing Web Services and related aspects (Web Service Description Ontologies)
s support ontologies as underlying data model to allow machine supported data interpretation (Semantic Web aspect)
sdefine semantically driven technologies for automation of the Web Service usage process (Web Service aspect)
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Semantic Web Services
Usage Process:
s Publication: Make available the description of the capability of a service
s Discovery: Locate different services suitable for a given task
s Selection: Choose the most appropriate services among the available ones
s Composition: Combine services to achieve a goal
s Mediation: Solve mismatches (data, protocol, process) among the combined
s Execution: Invoke services following programmatic conventions
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Semantic Web Services
Execution support:
s Monitoring: Control the execution process
s Compensation: Provide transactional support and undo or mitigate unwanted effects
s Replacement: Facilitate the substitution of services by equivalent ones
s Auditing: Verify that service execution occurred in the expected way
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Service Oriented Architecture
Intergiciels
Histoire de la programmation
Langages de programmation
Composants
Langage d'intergicielInterface composantComportement compositionnelMonde ouvert (OWA)Langages Corba / IDL, DCOM
1990
Services
Langage "Business Rules"Interface service SA-WSDLComportements formels réactifsMonde ouvert (OWA) et WebNormes, Langages déclaratifs et procéduraux 2000
Actes de Langage (ACL, KQML)Comportement autonome, proactif, cognitif, apprenant et coopératifMonde ouvert (OWA)Langages déclaratifs et procéduraux (KIF, PROLOG, Java)
Agents ?
1990
Structurée
1970
Objets
Langage compiléInterface objet/méthodesComportement explicite dans l'objetMonde fermé (CWA)Langages SmalTalk, C++, Java
1980
Langage compiléInterface appel de fonctionsDonnées et FonctionsLangages Fortran, ADA, PL1, Cobol
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Web Services: The Big Questions
Simplify and/or automate web service
sDiscoveryQWhat properties should be described?QHow to efficiently query against them?
sCompositionQSpecifying goals of a compositionQSpecifying constraints on a compositionQBuilding a composition QAnalysis of compositions
s InvocationQKeeping enactments separatedQProviding transactional guarantees
sMonitoringQHow to track enactmentsQRecovering from failed enactments
Primary focusof this tutorial
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SOAP
WS-Choreography
Web Services Standards Stack: Key Elements
Network
PayloadMessaging
(Individual)Service
Description
Composition
Choreography
Discovery
HTTP, SMTP, FTP, etc.
UDDI
OWL-S ServiceProfile
WSCL
WSDL
BPEL4WS OWL-S ServiceModel
Focus on some aspects of these
standards
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Background
• Semantic Web Services• Semantic descriptions of services• Late-Binding – semi-automated binding of requester‘s goal and
services• Includes discovery, selection, composition, ... mediation, ...
• Invocation – invocation of „bound“ services to consume the servicefunctionality• Includes conversation and mediation
• Service Discovery• Two stages:
• Web Service Discovery (abstract level) – operates on abstractdescription of a goal and a service
• Service Discovery (instance-level) – elaborates on results fromabstract level and takes into account input data
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Selection
38
Exemplary scenario
I want to buy 2 cheap IBM T60p laptops and ship them to GalwayI want to buy 2 cheap IBM T60p laptops and ship them to Galway
Mueller Service
I am selling and shipping computers (publish service description)
I am selling and shipping computers (publish service description)
Web ServiceDiscovery
ServiceDiscovery
May be Mueller can do itMay be Mueller can do it
Do you have 2 IBM T60p and for how much?Do you have 2 IBM T60p and for how much?
Do you ship to Galway and for how much?Do you ship to Galway and for how much?
Mueller can do itMueller can do it
E-Hub
yes, 1300€
yes, 100€
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Objectives
• Service Discovery• Data needed: user data and service data• User Data is either part of user goal request or can be
supplied through user‘s interactions• Service Data: need to be supplied thorugh service
dynamically• Questions (we only care about service data)
(1) Which service data to supply for discovery(2) How to supply the service data for discovery
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Objectives
• Which service data to supply for discovery?• modeling of service „data-fetching“ interface
• How to supply the service data for discovery?• invocaction of the service „data-fetching“ interface as part
of the discovery process
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Modeling of Service „data-fetching“ interface
• Choreography (service view): all input messages are sentfrom the network and all output messages are sent to thenetwork
• State Machine• ontology conpcets as input/output messages
• Data-fetching interface is part of service description createdby the service provider• Service provider decides on which data can be fetched• Data-fetching interface defines meta-interactions with the
service
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Service Interface and Grounding to WSDL
WebService
Choreography and Grounding Definition
WSDL Web Service Operations, Input and output messages
ab
Input/output conceptsin a → grounding to a WSDL operation’s message out b → grounding to a WSDL operation‘s message
…Transition Rules
If a then add(b)…
State Machine Rules
If message A is available thenadd message B throughfrom invocation of related operation.
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Road Map
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Hype curve for XML Technology 2006
Users and Vendors alike will see opportunities to exploit maturing XML technologies. It is important to understand less mature technologies as well,
to anticipate how they could simplify work processes, reduce costs or improve interactions with other entitiesin your enterprise "ecosystem"
— be it a supplier, partner, regulatory agency or customer. Sometechnologies may evolve into enabling a new computing foundation
that will change everything in IT — products, providers, governance and organizations. Familiarity should not determine what technologies are watched; business impact should !
Gartner, July 2006 "Hype cycle for XML Technologies, 2006
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Hype Cycle Curve of SW-related Topics from the Researchers' Point of View
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KWeb NoE Perspective vs/ Gartner’s References
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SWOT
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Macro Roadmap for Semantic Web Services in a priority matrix
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Etat de l'art Industrie et grands défis en SWS
Etat de l'Art Grands Défis
Service Foundations
Enterprise Service BussOpen standard message backbone (SOAP)sCurrent industry ESB-SOA (BEA, IBM, SUN, Microsoft, SAP)sSemantic Execution environment OASISsOntology alignmentsSOA Reference Model OASIS
Dynamically (re)configurable run-time architectureDynamic connectivity capabilitiesTopic and content based routing capabilities
Mediation facilities for data, message schemas, flows and process integration
Servicesfacilities
Semantic integration (EAI ++) : few deployed on small scales (Semagix, Ontoprise-Software AG, Contivo, WebMethods/Cerebra, …)Service discovery at the syntax matching level (UDDI) - many solutions in labsService composition still ad-hoc and manual (EAI style) - many solutions in labs Services orchestration manually generated (BPEL)Semantic web Services pilot platform
Automated and accurate – Functional and Behavioural Service discovery Non-functional parameters (QoS) aware compositionBusiness driven (SLA) compositionOrchestration generation automated End-to-end security and transaction solutionsKRR grand challenges : scale-up to large, ontologies and annotations of real life needs, reasoning under uncertainty and inconsistencies, KR and Query and process languages finalized, expressivity vs complexity mastered for industry, matching and reasoning in P2P, Ontology learning and maintenance
Service management
Management of Web ServicesWeb services based managementWeb service distributed management
Vérification des politiques de sécurité et propriétés transactionnelles du schéma d'orchestration.Systèmes auto-guérisssants, Auto-configuration dynamique,Auto-optimisation, Auto-protection
Service Engineering
Port existing components using wrappersComponent and OO analysis and designTools include basic web service description (WSDL) (BEA, IBM, SUN, Microsoft, SAP)Few tools include advance Web services features (OWLS, WSML, SAWSDL)
CAD tools for semantic service engineering- Associating standard software development and business process modelling techniques - Automated Service Description- Make complexity very simple to use for practitioners
NoE KWeb extended version of NoE S-Cube Service Road Map [Papazoglou et al., 2006]
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Knowledge Web Industry’s Vision on the State of the Art and Grand Challenges in Semantic Web Service research (1)
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Knowledge Web Industry’s Vision on the State of the Art and Grand Challenges in Semantic Web Service research (2)
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Knowledge Web Industry’s Vision on the State of the Art and Grand Challenges in Semantic Web Service research (3)
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Cours Web Services sémantiques © Alain Léger FT R&D, ENS M SE St Etienne, 5-14 January 2009
Etat de l'art Industrie et grands défis en SWS
Etat de l'Art Grands Défis
Service Foundations
Enterprise Service BussOpen standard message backbone (SOAP)sCurrent industry ESB-SOA (BEA, IBM, SUN, Microsoft, SAP)sSemantic Execution environment OASISsOntology alignmentsSOA Reference Model OASIS
Dynamically (re)configurable run-time architectureDynamic connectivity capabilitiesTopic and content based routing capabilities
Mediation facilities for data, message schemas, flows and process integration
Servicesfacilities
Semantic integration (EAI ++) : few deployed on small scales (Semagix, Ontoprise-Software AG, Contivo, WebMethods/Cerebra, …)Service discovery at the syntax matching level (UDDI) - many solutions in labsService composition still ad-hoc and manual (EAI style) - many solutions in labs Services orchestration manually generated (BPEL)Semantic web Services pilot platform
Automated and accurate – Functional and Behavioural Service discovery Non-functional parameters (QoS) aware compositionBusiness driven (SLA) compositionOrchestration generation automated End-to-end security and transaction solutionsKRR grand challenges : scale-up to large, ontologies and annotations of real life needs, reasoning under uncertainty and inconsistencies, KR and Query and process languages finalized, expressivity vs complexity mastered for industry, matching and reasoning in P2P, Ontology learning and maintenance
Service management
Management of Web ServicesWeb services based managementWeb service distributed management
Vérification des politiques de sécurité et propriétés transactionnelles du schéma d'orchestration.Systèmes auto-guérisssants, Auto-configuration dynamique,Auto-optimisation, Auto-protection
Service Engineering
Port existing components using wrappersComponent and OO analysis and designTools include basic web service description (WSDL) (BEA, IBM, SUN, Microsoft, SAP)Few tools include advance Web services features (OWLS, WSML, SAWSDL)
CAD tools for semantic service engineering- Associating standard software development and business process modelling techniques - Automated Service Description- Make complexity very simple to use for practitioners
NoE KWeb extended version of NoE S-Cube Service Road Map [Papazoglou et al., 2006]
France Télécom R&D Diffusion of this document is subject to the autorisation of France Télécom R&DD54 - 15/01/2009
Cours Web Services sémantiques © Alain Léger FT R&D, ENS M SE St Etienne, 5-14 January 2009
Recommandations
s Lire Web Services Concepts, Architectures and
Applications, Gustavo Alonso, Fabio Casati, Harumi
Kuno, Vijay MachirajuSpringer Verlag 2004, ISBN 3-540-
44008-9