addressing the land claims of indigenous peoples
TRANSCRIPT
Addressing the Land Claims
of Indigenous Peoples
Lawrence E. Susskind
Isabelle Anguelovski
Addressing the Land Claims of
Indigenous Peoples
Lawrence E. Susskind
Isabelle Anguelovski
Library of Congress Control Number 2008926096
© 2008 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Program on Human Rights and Justice
Cover photo courtesy of Shizuka Hashimoto
Community members resist the flooding of an Adivasi village by a dam project in India.
Contents
Abstract 1
About the Authors 1
Introduction: What is indigeneity? 3
1. Indigeneity and the land: The vital link 12
2. Defining borders between
indigenous peoples and dominant cultures 18
3. Sustaining traditional ways of life 22
4. Using national and international strategies 27
5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34
6. Doing the ground work:
Preconditions for successful claims 47
7. First Peoples’ land claims: An uncertain future 52
The Case Studies 58
The Quichwa people of Sarayaku (Ecuador) 58
Isabelle Anguelovski
The Mapuche (Chile) 62
Alexis Schulman
The Amerindians (Guyana) 67
Summer Austin and Jonathan Kaufman
The Pima: A Gila River Indian
community (Arizona, United States) 70
Steven Lewis and Maria Reyes
The Passamaquoddy and Penobscot
(Maine, United States) 73
J. Eric Kent
The Native Hawaiians (United States) 78
Katherine Wallace
The Nisga’a (Canada) 83
Andrea Glen
The Tatars of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea
(Ukraine) 87
Artur Demchuk
The Bedouins (Israel and Jordan) 91
Thalia Berman-Kishony
The Tsou (Taiwan) 93
Shunling Chen
The Adivasi (India) 98
Shizuka Hashimoto
The Richtersveld Community (South Africa) 102
Jessica Tucker-Mohl
The Yonggom (Papua New Guinea) 106
Autumn Graham
Notes 110
Abstract
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Introduction
What is indigeneity?
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Table 1!!Group/Tribe Location
(Continent,
country)
Number of
People
Area
Occupied
Claim Status of the Claim
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!
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Group/Tribe! Location
(Continent,
country)!
Number of
People!
Area
Occupied!
Claim! Status of the Claim
"#$%&'(&)'*! +,-./!
"#$%&0)1!
2-3)')!
4415556 789!#&::&,'!
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Very partially resolved8!A,%$!./)'!/):B!,B!
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"#$%&'(&)'*!,@$%!:,0):!<,@$%'#$'.8!
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%$K$0.!0,##-'&.3!%-:$*L!)JJ%,@$!0,'.%)0.*!
=$.I$$'!0,##-'&.&$*!)'(!,-.*&($%*L!,@$%%&($!
0,##-'&.3!:)'(!-*$!($0&*&,'*L!,@$%%&($!)!
0,##-'&.3M*!@$.,!,B!:)%<$N*0):$!#&'&'<!&B!)!
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)'(!)!<-)%)'.$$!,B!)!($J$'()=:$!*-JJ:3!,B!
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0:)&#!=$.I$$'!./$!2&:)!V&@$%!W'(&)'!
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! D
Group/Tribe! Location
(Continent,
country)!
Number of
People!
Area
Occupied!
Claim! Status of the Claim
"#$$#%#&'())*!
#+)!",+(-$.(/!
0(1/2!
3%,14.#5!
673!
89#4+,:!
;<==!>!;?==<!
867!@,+$'$:!
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#+)!F1(/,./4(+!G1(%!$/#/,!)(%4+#+.,H!
9($/!4%F(1/#+/!.(+GI4./!C4/2!/2,!7/#/,!(G!
9#4+,!4$!I4+J,)!/(!/2,!4+/,1F1,/#/4(+!(G!/2,!
C(1)!K%'+4.4F#I4/*L!4+!/2,!MN?=!9#4+!
7,//I,%,+/!3./H!B2,!/14-,$!#1E',!/2#/!/24$!
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#1E',$!/2#/!%'+4.4F#I!$/#/'$!$'F,1.,),$!
/2,41!$(D,1,4E+!$/#/'$H!!!!
Claims unresolvedH!O+!P===5!/2,!67!
Q+D41(+%,+/#I!"1(/,./4(+!3E,+.*!.4/,)!/2,!
MN?=!$,//I,%,+/!4+!#C#1)4+E!/2,!$/#/,!/2,!
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67!R,F#1/%,+/!(G!/2,!O+/,14(1!/(!'F2(I)!/14-#I!
%#+#E,%,+/!(G!/2($,!1,$('1.,$H!B2,!/14-,$!#1,!
.2#II,+E4+E!/2,!Q"3S$!),.4$4(+!4+!G,),1#I!
.('1/H!!!!
0#/4D,!
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0(1/2!
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7,D,+/*!/21,,!F,1.,+/!(G!0#/4D,!T#C#44#+!D(/,1$!$'FF(1/!$(%,!G(1%!(G!$(D,1,4E+!
E(D,1+%,+/5!-'/!.I#4%$!D#1*!#%(+E!
.(%F,+$#/4(+!G(1!I($/!I#+)W!I4%4/,)!
$(D,1,4E+/*W!+#/4(+>C4/24+>#>+#/4(+!
%(),I,)!#G/,1!0#/4D,!3%,14.#+!F(I4.4,$W!
(1!#!C2(II*>4+),F,+),+/!T#C#44!'+),1!
,X.I'$4D,!.(+/1(I!(G!0#/4D,!T#C#44#+$H!
Q#.2!%(D,%,+/!4+D(ID,$!#!I#+)!.I#4%5!
1#+E4+E!G1(%!/2,!P==5===!#.1,$!
.(%F14$4+E!/2,!T#C#44#+!T(%,!V#+)$!/(!
/2,!$/#/,Y$!,+/41,!ZHM!%4II4(+!#.1,$H!!!
Claims largely unresolvedH!O+!MNNA5!4+!"'-I4.!
3..,$$!72(1,I4+,!T#C#44!D$H!T#C#44!"I#++4+E!
@(%%4$$4(+5!/2,!T#C#44!7'F1,%,!@('1/!1'I,)!
/2#/!T#C#44#+$!1,/#4+!/2,!14E2/!/(!F1#./4.,!
/1#)4/4(+#I!E#/2,14+E!(+!'+),D,I(F,)!F14D#/,!
I#+)!#+)!,$/#-I4$2,)!/2#/!0#/4D,!T#C#44#+$!
#+)!/2,!$/#/,!(+!/2,41!-,2#IG!.('I)!4+/,1D,+,!/(!
F1(/,./!/2,$,!14E2/$!#/!/2,!,XF,+$,!(G!F14D#/,!
4+/,1,$/$H!T(C,D,15!4+!['+,!P==A5!/2,!7,+#/,!),G,#/,)!/2,!0#/4D,!T#C#44#+!\,(1E#+4]#/4(+5!
C24.2!C('I)!2#D,!G(1%#II*!1,.(E+4],)!#!
T#C#44#+!E(D,1+4+E!,+/4/*!#+)!(GG,1,)!
T#C#44#+$!/2,!$#%,!-,+,G4/$5!F1(/,./4(+$5!#+)!
#.J+(CI,)E%,+/!#$!0#/4D,!3%,14.#+$H!
^'1/2,15!/2,!@41.'4/!#+)!T#C#44#+!7'F1,%,!
@('1/$!)4$%4$$,)!0#/4D,!T#C#44#+!.I#4%$!/(!
1,D,+',!E,+,1#/,)!G1(%!.,),)!I#+)$!4+!P==M5!
P==;5!P==<5!#+)!P==A5!$/#/4+E!/2#/!/2,!T#C#44!
I,E4$I#/'1,!%'$/!#))1,$$!.,),)!I#+)$H!N!
!
!?!
Group/Tribe! Location
(Continent,
country)!
Number of
People!
Area
Occupied!
Claim! Status of the Claim
"#$%&'&! "()*+!!
,-.)#/&0!
1&2&3&!
45)#*#$+!
1(67-8#&9!
:0:;;<; <=>0=;;!+&<< ! 16&#-!*(!%!/(2*)(6!(?.)!&!*.))#*()@!
(//7A#.3!B$#2/.!*#-.!#--.-()#&6C!#2!*+.!
"&$$!D&66.@E!!
Claim resolvedE!F+.!Nisga’a Final Agreement!
G&$!$#%2.3!8@!1&2&3&0!5)#*#$+!1(67-8#&0!&23!
*+.!"#$%&'&!(2!,7%7$*!H0!<>>IE!J*!#$!8(*+!&!
6&23!$.**6.-.2*!&23!&!$.6KL%(?.)2-.2*!
&%)..-.2*E!!1)#-.&2!F&*&)$! M7)(A.!&23!
,$#&0!
1)#-.&0!
NO8.P#$*&20!
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576%&)#&0!
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:;;0;;;L
=0;;;0;;;!
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8./&7$.!(K!
3#$A.)$#(2!
F+#$!%)(7A!G&2*$!(KK#/#&6!$*&*7$!(K!
&7*(/+*+(2(7$!A.(A6.R!(KK#/#&6!)./(%2#*#(2!
(K!*)&3#*#(2&6!6.&3.)$!&$!$7A).-.!
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&23!#-A)(?.3!$(/#(L./(2(-#/!/(23#*#(2$E!!
Claims unresolvedE!"(!)./(%2#*#(2!(K!F&*&)$!
&$!#23#%.2(7$!A.(A6.$!(K!1)#-.&E!"(!6.%&6!
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5.3(7#2$! ,$#&!
4T#336.!
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3.$.)*9!
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A(A76&*#(2!#2!
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.#%+*!2.G!
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72)./(%2#O.3!?#66&%.$9!G+#/+!*+.@!+&?.!
#2+&8#*.3!K()!3./&3.$0!&23!*(!A7)$7.!*+.#)!
*)&3#*#(2&6!G&@!(K!6#K.!#2!*+.!".%.?E!
Claim unresolvedE!X()/.3!7)8&2#O&*#(2!(K!
5.3(7#2$!#2!$.?.2!A6&22.3!*(G2$R!KC).!*(!
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#66.%&6R!3.-(6#*#(2!(K!+(7$.$!&23!/)(A$!#2!
*+.$.!?#66&%.$R!Y+&)(2!K#?.L@.&)!A6&2!3.$#%2.3!
*(!.2/(7)&%.!5.3(7#2$!*(!-(?.!#2*(!*+.!
)./(%2#O.3!*(G2$!&23!2.G6@!)./(%2#O.3!*(G2$!
*+)(7%+!-&2@!#2/.2*#?.$E!!
5.3(7#2$! ,$#&!
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$*)7/*7).!
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&8(7*!*+.#)!K7*7).!#2!/(66&8()&*#(2!G#*+!*+.!
%(?.)2-.2*!(K!Z()3&2E!
Claims mostly resolvedE!\(?.)2-.2*!+&$!
)./(%2#O.3!*+.!72#]7.!?&67.!(K!5.3(7#2$'!
/(2*)#87*#(2!*(!*+.!Z()3&2#&2!/76*7).R!
#2/.2*#?.$!(KK.).3!*(!5.3(7#2$!*(!A)(%).$$!
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4.37/&*#(20!+.&6*+0!&23!+(7$#2%9!A)(?#3.3R!
%(?.)2-.2*!&23!5.3(7#2$!/(66&8()&*.!(2!
3./#$#(2$!&KK./*#2%!*+.-R!$.&*$!).$.)?.3!#2!*+.!
^&)6#&-.2*!K()!5.3(7#2$E!
!
! >
Group/Tribe! Location
(Continent,
country)!
Number of
People!Area
Occupied!Claim! Status of the Claim
!"#$%! &#'()!"('*(+!
,)-..! -),//!0(12 ! 344567'85!#594:;$85<+(+65!*0'60!'#!<5#'#75=!>?!@(+!A0'+5#5!BC(D$<'7?!E$E%9(7'$+F!
Claims partially resolvedG!H7(7%#!$4!(%7$+$C?!;<(+75=!>%7!6$+49'67#!<5C('+G!&=$E7'$+!$4!(!<5#E567(>95!+(C5!4$<!'+=';5+$%#!E5$E95!Iyuan-zhu-mingJ)!C5(+'+;!$<';'+(9!'+0(>'7(+7#)!'+!705!1KKL!6$+#7'7%7'$+M!5#7(>9'#0C5+7!$4!(!>$=?!$85<#55'+;!'+=';5+$%#!'##%5#!'+!705!65+7<(9!;$85<+C5+7!'+!1KKNG!O+!1KKK)!'+=';5+$%#!(67'8'#7#!#';+5=!705!Treaty of
New Partnership between the Indigenous
Peoples and the Government of Taiwan!*'70!705+!PQQ!E<5#'=5+7'(9!6(+='=(75!H0%':>'(+!A05+G1,!H585<(9!'75C#!'+!705!Treaty!>56(C5!E(<7!$4!705!$44'6'(9!E$9'7'6(9!(;5+=(!(475<!A05+!*(#!'+(%;%<(75=!'+!2...)!'+69%='+;!705!E<$C$7'$+!$4!'+=';5+$%#!#594:;$85<+(+65G!@$*585<)!'+!E<(67'65)!70'#!(%7$+$C?!'#!(EE9'5=!*'70!='44'6%97?G!!!
&='8(#'#! &#'()!O+='(! /LG,!C'99'$+1L ! -,R!6$CC%+'7'5#1R
SEE$#'7'$+!7$!705!H(<=(<!H(<$8(<!Q<$D567!BHHQF)!705!9(<;5!=(C!6$+#7<%67'$+!$+!*'70!705!T(<C(=(!U'85<!'+!705!T(<C(=(!V(995?!>56(%#5!$4!='#E9(65C5+7!6$+65<+#G!!!
Claims unresolvedG!O+!W(<60!2..L)!=5#E'75!705!6$+65<+#!$4!705!XT!A$CC'##'$+!$+!@%C(+!U';07#)!4%<705<!6$+#7<%67'$+!$4!705!=(C!%E!7$!705!05';07!$4!1L,!C575<#!*(#!(99$*5=G!"05!$<';'+(99?!E9(++5=!05';07!$4!705!=(C!*(#!1,/!C575<#G!!
T(C(!BI705!U'6075<#859=!A$CC%+'7?JF!
&4<'6()!H$%70!&4<'6(!
1.)...!B,)...!4<$C!705!U'6075<#859=!A$CC%+'7?F1- !
!/R)...!0(1N U5$66%E(7'$+!$4!9(+=!$4!*0'60!705!6$CC%+'7?!*(#!='#E$##5##5=!$4!'+!705!5(<9?!2.70!65+7%<?)!=%5!7$!E<$#E567'+;!>?!='(C$+=!C'+5<#!
Claims resolved.!O+!2..L)!705!Y(+=!A9('C#!A$%<7!$4!H$%70!&4<'6(!=575<C'+5=!70(7!705!A$CC%+'7?!*$%9=!>5!(*(<=5=!<5#7$<(7'$+!$4!'7#!9(+=!(+=!C'+5<(9!<';07#G!!O+!S67$>5<)!2..-!705!A$CC%+'7?!<5(605=!(!#57795C5+7!*'70!705!H$%70!&4<'6(+!;$85<+C5+7!'+!705!4$<C!$4!(!U1K.!C'99'$+!B(EE<$ZG
! ""
Group/Tribe! Location
(Continent,
country)!
Number of
People!Area
Occupied!Claim! Status of the Claim
#$%&&$'! ()*+%,+-!.+/0+!1*2!30,%*+!
"4-566!7080!+%9!+//:$;,'+<*=8!>-666!$?!<@*!#$%&&$'!/*$/=*!<@*'A*=B*A!"4 !
(C!D*9,!E,B*:-!F=8!E,B*:!+%9!G*A<!.+/0+H!%$!*A<,'+<*A!$?!<@*!+:*+!$))0/,*9!
I=+,'A!?,=*9!,%!J0A<:+=,+%!I$0:<A!+&+,%A<!KL.!K,==,<$%-!+%!J0A<:+=,+%!',%,%&!)$'/+%8!A0//$:<*9!M8!<@*!.+/0+!1*2!30,%*+!&$B*:%'*%<-!?$:!2,9*A/:*+9!*%B,:$%'*%<+=!9+'+&*!90*!<$!<@*!(C!D*9,!7,%*N!
Claims resolved only on paper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
Section 1
Indigeneity and the land: The vital link
! !
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!
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"
Control of land use and access
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-$%-*)$.8&"/)./,)&"$))%"'."3.$'(.,"#33)&&"'."#$")M/#$&)".4"')((-'.(6",#(*)")$.8*+"'."/(.')3'"#$%"
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-$%-*)$.8&"/)./,)&!"'+)"')(5"?')((-'.(6@"()4)(&"'."#$3)&'(#,"&/#3)"#$%"+#&"#"5.()"#,,F)50(#3-$*"
5)#$-$*"'+#$"?,#$%@9""
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38(()$',6".338/69"Territorio")$3.5/#&&)&"'+)"+-&'.(-3#,"(#$*)"-$"1+-3+"#"/)./,)"+#&"'(#%-'-.$#,,6"
,-B)%9""G+)"3.5/,)M"3.$$)3'-.$"0)'1))$"-%)$'-'6"#$%",.3#,-'6"3#$$.'"0)"0.8*+'".("&.,%O",#$%"-&"
$.'"#"3.55.%-'6"-5/,6-$*"1)#,'+".("/.&&)&&-.$9"C8P#$#"C#16)(")M/,#-$&"'+#'"?583+"5.()"'+#$"
&-*$-46-$*"'+)"/+6&-3#,"#$%"5#')(-#,"3.$'.8(&".4"#"()*-.$!"territorio")$3.5/#&&)&"5.(#,F
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E$"'+)"S#'-$"A5)(-3#$"3.$')M'!"?')((-'.(6@"-&"#"()3)$'"/.,-'-3#,"3.$&'(83'-.$9"E'"+#&")5)(*)%"
4(.5"()3)$'"-$%-*)$.8&",)#%)(&!"/#('-38,#(,6"-$"'+)"TJUR&!"'."5#(>"#"%-44)()$3)"0)'1))$"'+)"
3.$&'(83'-.$".4"(#'-.$#,,6"3#,38,#')%"0,.3>&".4",#$%"'."0)"&.,%"4.(".-,")M'(#3'-.$"#$%"'+)")M')$&-.$"
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-$3,8%)"58,'-/,)"(-B)("0#&-$&"-$"1+-3+"58,'-/,)"&6&')5&".4"/(./)('6"3.$'(.,"3.)M-&'9""""
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@#26/+-61*%&+(&%"#+"%AB1/-"+2-&*%,2C$,&*%9+&9+.$&*%+-.%73+2-&%+,$%&",$-6"#*%>2&.18*%7,1"$9"21-*%
+-.%-/",2"21-%62C$-%"1%8+-'2-.4D%E#$%,2"/+3&%"#+"%@+,+(+'/&%7,+9"29$%&$"%93$+,%&1921:9/3"/,+3%+-.%
&(801329%01,.$,&%0$">$$-%"#$8%+-.%"#$%.182-+-"%9/3"/,$*%9,$+"2-6%">1%&$7+,+"$%A>1,3.&%1F%
8$+-2-6D4;G%%E>1%73+9$&%+,$%$&&$-"2+3%F1,%.+23(%+9"2C2"2$&%&/9#%+&%&/0&2&"$-9$%+6,29/3"/,$*%#/-"2-6*%
F2-6*%F,/2"%6+"#$,2-6*%#+-.29,+F"&*%9+-1$%8+'2-6*%+-.%#1/&$%0/23.2-6H;;%"#$%A5-#+02"$.%I$-"$,&D%
+-.%"#$%Purinas,%>#29#%+,$%&#+,$.%F1,$&"%+,$+&4%J-1"#$,%72$9$%1F%"#$%"$,,2"1,(%2&%,$&",29"$.%"1%"#$%
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9188/-2"(%,$3+"21-&*%&192+3%,$3+"21-&*%+-.%F2.$32"(%"1%"#$2,%F/-.+8$-"+3%0$32$F%&(&"$84%@2-9$%<LMN*%
"#$%@+,+(+'/%7$173$%#+C$%$O7,$&&$.%1771&2"21-%"1%123%$O731,+"21-%+-.%$O",+9"21-%>2"#2-%"#$2,%
"$,,2"1,(4;P%E#$%@+,+(+'/&%C2$>%"#$%$9131629+3%+-.%&1921:$91-1829%287+9"&%0,1/6#"%+01/"%0(%
E$O+91Q&%+9"2C2"2$&%2-%"#$%R1,"#%1F%S9/+.1,%+&%>$33%+&%1"#$,%123%7,1./9"21-%+9"2C2"2$&%+&%
2-9187+"203$%>2"#%"#$2,%C2&21-%1F%2-.26$-$2"(4%%
%%%%%J991,.2-6%"1%5-?&%@#26/+-61H%AT$%+,$%"#$%$+,"#%+-.%"#$%$+,"#%2&%1/,&4%T$%.1-U"%$O2&"%
>2"#1/"%$+,"#4D;N%@#$%"#2-'&%"#+"%2F%9187+-2$&%$O",+9"%123*%$-C2,1-8$-"+3%.+8+6$%,$&/3"2-6%F,18%
.,2332-6%8/.%>233%.$&",1(%"#$%$+,"#%+-.%$-.+-6$,%"#$%&/,C2C+3%1F%319+3%7$173$4%V$,%10&$,C+"21-&%
#+C$%0$$-%91-F2,8$.*%+"%3$+&"%F,18%"#$%@+,+(+'/%7$,&7$9"2C$4%5-%GWW;*%&$2&829%>1,'%3$.%"1%93+&#$&%
+81-6%@+,+(+'/%8$80$,&%+&%$O731,+"21-%",266$,$.%2-"$,:%+-.%2-",+:$"#-29%91-F329"*%.$&",1($.%",$$&%
+-.%8$.292-+3%73+-"&*%+-.%7,$C$-"$.%9$,$81-2$&%&/9#%+&%"#$%Jista%F,18%"+'2-6%73+9$4;X%%
% 5-%"#$%Y-2"$.%@"+"$&*%Z28+%5-.2+-&%+-.%"#$2,%+-9$&"1,&%#+C$%F+,8$.%+31-6%"#$%[23+%\2C$,%
2-%9$-",+3%J,2]1-+%&2-9$%GWW%J4^4%E#$%>1,.%Z28+%2"&$3F%8$+-&%AE#$%\2C$,%Z$173$D*%91--$9"2-6%
"#$%",20$%2-$O",29+03(%"1%2"&%6$16,+7#29%319+"21-4%J81-6%-+"2C$%",20$&%2-%J,2]1-+*%O’odham
himdag*%1,%A>+(%1F%32F$D*%28732$&%+-%2-"$,91--$9"$.-$&&%1F%"#2-6&*%7$173$*%+-.%+9"21-&4%J991,.2-6%
"1%_-/.&1-%T11.&%!GWWG)*%-+"2C$%",20$&%+,$%F1&"$,2-6%&",$-6"#%+-.%>$33-$&&%2-%"#$2,%9188/-2"2$&%
0(%",+-&3+"2-6%2-9,$+&$.%$91-1829%&$3F:&/FF292$-9(%+-.%,$&1/,9$&%.$,2C$.%F,18%6+82-6%2-"1%&192+3*%
#$+3"#*%+-.%$./9+"21-+3%&$,C29$&%>#29#%8+2-"+2-%9/3"/,+3%2.$-"2"(*%"#$,$0(%7,1C2.2-6%+-%$FF$9"2C$%
7+"#%"1>+,.%"#$%8+2-"$-+-9$%1F%O'odham himdag. ;M%`+9'%1F%+99$&&%"1%3+-.%+-.%31&&%1F%6+82-6%
,$&1/,9$&%826#"%a$17+,.2]$%2"&%C$,(%$O2&"$-9$4%%
E#$%[23+%\2C$,%#+&%7+,"%0$$-%1F%Z28+%9/3"/,$%F1,%&$C$,+3%9$-"/,2$&4%E#$%.2C$,&21-%1F%>+"$,%
2-%"#$%3+"$%">$-"(:F2,&"%9$-"/,(%7,1F1/-.3(%.2&"/,0$.%"#$%",+.2"21-+3%-+"2C$%>+(%1F%32F$%0+&$.%1-%
+6,29/3"/,+3%&/0&2&"$-9$%+-.%2,,26+"21-4%b2$3.&%0$9+8$%0+,,$-*%+6,29/3"/,$%>+&%/-8+-+6$+03$*%+-.%
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himdag()2.!!"%&$0)1')+)%/58)5$%$*"-/+,),/4$)/-#",#/-3)3%"9/-3)5%"!2()8.-&/-3()9+%4+%$()+-0)
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3$-$%+&/"-2<)2$5"-0()!%$#$-&/-3)0$#$,"!*$-&)!+&&$%-2)&8+&)$-0+-3$%)&8$/%)9+')"4),/4$)"%)!%$#$-&)
&8$*)4%"*)5+%%'/-3)".&)&%+0/&/"-+,)+5&/#/&/$2<)+-0)&8/%0()*+-+3/-3)%$2".%5$2)"-)&8$/%),+-0)+-0)
0$#$,"!/-3)$5"-"*/5)+5&/#/&/$2)5"-2/2&$-&)9/&8)&8$/%)5"2*","3')+-0)&8$/%)+!!%"+58)&")2$,4=
2.44/5/$-5'6))
)
) >?
Section 2
Defining borders between indigenous peoples and dominant cultures
!
"#$%&'#()*!+'(+,'!-.'!)*)-,,/!0%1%2'#*!(3!-!#-1%(#4*1-1'!%#!56%06!-!$(7%#-#1!0),1).'!*''8*!1(!
%7+(*'!-!*'1!(3!9-,)'*:!#(.7*:!-#$!%#*1%1)1%(#*!)+(#!16'7;!<#!%#$%&'#()*!+'(+,'=*!0),1).'!6-*!1(!
(+'.-1'!5%16%#!16'!0(#1'>1!(3!16'!$(7%#-#1!0),1).';!?(!*).9%9':!-!#-1%9'!1.%@'!5%,,!1./!1(!'*1-@,%*6!
@()#$-.%'*!@'15''#!%1*',3!-#$!16'!$(7%#-#1!*(0%'1/;!!?6'%.!.',-1%(#*6%+!1(!16'!$(7%#-#1!0),1).'!%*!
(31'#!$'3%#'$!%#!1'.7*!(3!@(.$'.!0(#1.(,;!?6'!+.'*'#0'!(3!-!@(.$'.!%#$%0-1'*!16'!'>%*1'#0'!(3!
%#$%&'#()*!,-#$!-#$!1'..%1(./;!?6'!06-#0'*!(3!*).9%9-,!3(.!-#!%#$%&'#()*!+'(+,'!-.'!'#6-#0'$!%3!
16'/!0-#!-06%'9'!*(7'!$'&.''!(3!0(#1.(,!(9'.!56(!0-#!0.(**!16%*!@(.$'.!-#$!56-1!6-++'#*!5%16%#!
%1*!1'..%1(.%-,!@()#$-.%'*;!!
!!!!!A(##-#!-#$!B%,*(#!CDEEEF!%$'#1%3/!16.''!7-%#!1/+'*!(3!@()#$-.%'*!16-1!$'1'.7%#'!
.',-1%(#*!%#!(.!-7(#&!*(0%'1%'*;!!Social and symbolic!boundaries!$'3%#'!7'7@'.*6%+!%#!
0(,,'01%9%1%'*;!G'(+,'!7%&61!06((*'!1(!*6-+'!16%*!3(.7!(3!@()#$-./!%#!1'.7*!(3!$%33'.'#1!0(#1'>1*!
-#$!+.'**).'*;!Cultural boundaries!*'+-.-1'!$%33'.'#1!5(.,$*!(3!7'-#%#&!-7(#&!+'(+,'.
Geopolitical boundaries!$'3%#'!9%*%@,'!-#$!1-#&%@,'!-**'1*;HE!"#$%&'#()*!+'(+,'*!-.()#$!16'!5(.,$!
*''8!0(#1.(,!(9'.!-,,!16.''!1/+'*!(3!@()#$-.%'*:!$'3%#%#&!56(!0-#!-#$!0-##(1!0.(**!16'7;!
I()#$-.%'*!*'+-.-1%#&!J)*K!-#$!J16'7K!-.'!%7+(.1-#1!1(!-!0),1).'!3%&61%#&!3(.!*).9%9-,;!!!
!!!<#!%#1'.'*1%#&!'>-7+,'!3.(7!L0)-$(.!(3!*/7@(,%0!@(.$'.*!*6(5*!6(5!%#$%&'#()*!+'(+,'!
-.'!*'+-.-1'$!3.(7!16'!$(7%#-#1!*(0%'1/;!"#!M-#)-./!DEEN:!%#$%&'#()*!-01%9%*1*!3.(7!OPQ<"L:!
OPQRLQ<"L:!-#$!PG"G!(00)+%'$!16'!S%#%*1./!(3!L#'.&/!-#$!S%#'*!1(!+.(1'*1!-&-%#*1!16'!
(+'#%#&!(3!16'!*'9'#16!.()#$!(3!(%,!0(#0'**%(#!@%$$%#&!-#$!.'0'#1!06-#&'*!%#!16'!T/$.(0-.@(#*!
U-5:!5.%11'#!1(!.'$)0'!*1-1'!0(#1.(,!(9'.!(%,!(+'.-1%(#*!%#!L0)-$(.;!R(,,(5%#&!-!VN46().!*1-#$(33:!
%#$%&'#()*!,'-$'.*!7'1!5%16!16'!7%#%*1'.;!P#'!(3!6%*!3%.*1!-00)*-1%(#*!-&-%#*1!16'!+.(1'*1(.*!5-*!
16-1!16'/!6-$!%,,'&-,,/!'#1'.'$!mi casa!C7/!6()*'F;!W-3-',:!-#!%#$%&'#()*!,'-$'.:!.'*+(#$'$!16-1!
J16%*!6()*'!@',(#&*!1(!-,,K!L0)-$(.%-#!0%1%2'#*!-#$!.'X'01'$!16'!%7+,%0-1%(#!16-1!-!&.()+!
6%*1(.%0-,,/!'>0,)$'$!3.(7!L0)-$(.%-#!*(0%'1/!6-$!#(!.%&61!(3!0%1%2'#*6%+!(.!#-1%(#-,!@',(#&%#&;NY!!!!
G).*)%#&!16'!16'7'!(3!6(7'!&.()#$!-#$!56(!@',(#&*!16'.':!W-3-',!'7+6-*%2'$!16-1:!
)#,%8'!-#!(33%0%-,!&(9'.#7'#1!@)%,$%#&:!16'!<7-2(#!$%$!#(1!@',(#&!1(!-,,;!?6'!.%9'.!0(#*1%1)1'$!La
selva es nuestra casa:!16'!"#$%-#*=!6(+'!-#$!*+-0'!(3!@',(#&%#&;!<#/!-01%(#!@/!()1*%$'.*!5%16%#!
16%*!1'..%1(./!.'Z)%.'$!#'&(1%-1%(#!5%16!%1*!%#$%&'#()*!(5#'.*;!?6%*!'>06-#&'!.'9'-,*!6(5!.-0'!-#$!
0,-**!$'3%#'!#(1%(#*!(3!0%1%2'#*6%+:!+.(+'.1/:!'>0,)*%(#:!-#$!3(.)7*!3(.!+-.1%0%+-1%(#;!!
!
!D[!
Control of geographic borders
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*0-)$2-/$+.&&#'$".%&0'67$8#52(%#$)#0)'21".5$+0'/#'%$2'#$30'#$&2-).+*#$&"2-$%63+0*.5$2-/$5(*&('2*$
+0'/#'%9$&"#6$2'#$2$1'.32'6$,26$.-$,".5"$2$%&2&#$52-$2%%#'&$50-&'0*$04#'$5.&.:#-%$2-/$%(+;#5&%7$
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?@ABCD$10.-&%$0(&$&"2&$=0'$E'2+$4.**2)#%$.-$F%'2#*$.-$@ACA$G&"#$'#2*.&6$0=$&"#$+0'/#'$"2H/I$+#503#$2$
32;0'$=25&0'$(-/#'*6.-)$&"#$%05.2*$0')2-.:2&.0-$0=$HJI$4.**2)#%$2-/$H50(*/I$-0&$&"#'#=0'#$+#$
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50-%./#'#/$-2&.4#$&'.+#%9$&".%$#N231*#$.**(%&'2&#%$&"#$/.2*#5&.52*$'#*2&.0-%$+#&,##-$2$/03.-2-&$
5(*&('#$2-/$3.-0'.&6$101(*2&.0-%$&"'0()"$&#''.&0'.2*$+0'/#'%7$
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.-$>".*#$"24#$1'.0'.&.:#/$1'.42&.:2&.0-$2-/$#N10'&2&.0-$&"'0()"$&"#$/#4#*013#-&$0=$*2')#S%52*#$
1'0;#5&%9$%#4#'2*$0=$&"#3$0-$O21(5"#$*2-/7$E%$2$'#%(*&9$%#4#'2*$".)",26%$5(&$&"'0()"$O21(5"#$
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,#'#$1*2-&#/$0-$#N1'01'.2&#/$O21(5"#$*2-/7LT$!"#%#$5033#'5.2*$#-&#'1'.%#%$/232)#/$,.*/*.=#9$
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)04#'-3#-&$0'$1'.42&#*6$%10-%0'#/$1'0;#5&%$/##3$&"#.'$'#3042*$&0$+#$.-$&"#$-2&.0-2*$.-&#'#%&7$!".%$
.%$2$&61.52*$52%#$.-$,".5"$/#4#*013#-&$10*.5.#%$1'.0'.&.:#/$+6$&"#$%&2&#$=25.*.&2&#$&"#$%2*#$0'$
50-5#%%.0-$0=$.-/.)#-0(%$*2-/$2-/$&#''.&0'6$&0$1'.42&#$50312-.#%$#2)#'$&0$#N1*0.&$'.5"$-2&('2*$
'#%0('5#%7$X2-)#'$&0$&"#$%('4.42*$0=$.-/.)#-0(%$1#01*#$.%$'2'#*6$2$=25&0'$.-$&"#%#$/#5.%.0-%7$$$
$
Control of symbolic borders
F-$32-6$50(-&'.#%9$5(*&('2*$#3+*#3%$2-/$/.==#'#-5#%$2'#$0')2-.:2&.0-2*$/#4.5#%$&"2&$2'&.5(*2&#$
%05.2*$'#*2&.0-%$2-/$5'#2&#$".#'2'5"6$+#&,##-$1#01*#$?X0--2-$2-/$[.*%0-$@AAAD7$!"#6$2'#$2*%0$
(%#/$&0$#N5*(/#$3.-0'.&6$101(*2&.0-%7$F-$!2.,2-9$4#-#'2&.0-$0=$&"#$\2-$>".-#%#$"#'09$[(S=#-)9$
"2%$5'#2&#/$2$%63+0*.5$+0'/#'$+#&,##-$&"#$.-/.)#-0(%$!%0($1#01*#$2-/$&"#$/03.-2-&$5(*&('#7$
[(S=#-)$,2%$2$3.//*#32-$,"0$50-/(5&#/$&'2/#$,.&"$&"#$!%0($.-$&"#$#.)"&##-&"$5#-&('67$$
$$$$$E=&#'$[(S=#-)$,2%$U.**#/$.-$2$!%0($4.**2)#9$%#4#'2*$\2-$>".-#%#$2(&"0'%$,'0&#$%&0'.#%$
$ @A
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50#$&!,+&!44(1).+&%'.&,#"/.&+.0(1.&6$74.,-&%#&2(8(/(9.&%'.):&5.);/.0&<.1.&.1.2%.+&4#1&'()=&
'(0&0%#13&<!0&(,2/$+.+&(,&%.>%&"##?0=&'(0&/(4.&(,0;(1.+&!1%(0%0&!%&+(44.1.,%&%().0=&!,+*&!0&1.2.,%/3&!0&
@ABC*&!&)#8(.&<!0&)!+.&!"#$%&'()&(,&5!(<!,:&&
&&&&&D#1&%'.&50#$*&6$&<!0&E$0%&!&)!,(;$/!%(8.&)(++/.)!,FF&<'#&".2!).&!&03)"#/&%'.(1&
0%(-)!%(9!%(#,&!0&0!8!-.&!,+&21$./=&'(0&+.!%'&<!0&%'.&;1.%.>%&4#1&+.2!+.0&!2%(#,&!-!(,0%&
(,+(-.,#$0&5!(<!,.0.:&G.0;(%.&1.2.,%&0$22.00.0&(,+(-.,#$0&!2%(8(0%0&(,&4(,+(,-&;#/(%(2!/&!//(.0&
!,+&0%1!%.-(2!//3&)!,.$8.1(,-&5!(<!,.0.&;#/(%(20&%#&%!?.&!&6$74.,-&%.);/.&+#<,*&%'(0&8.,.1!%(#,&
'!0&2#,%(,$.+&%#&%'1(8.:&5'.&6$&)3%'&'!0&0$18(8.+&%<#&+.2!+.0&(,+(-.,#$0&!2%(8(0)&!,+&0%(//&
1.;1.0.,%0&!&03)"#/(2&"#1+.1&".%<..,&H!,&I'(,.0.&!,+&%'.&50#$:&G.0;(%.&%'.&!+8#2!23&!2%(#,0&
%'.&50#$&;.#;/.&!-!(,0%&%'.&8.,.1!%(#,&6$74.,-*&%'.(1&2#,%1#/.1&%'(0&"#1+.1&(0&8.13&41!-(/.*&
!0&+.)#,0%1!%.+&"3&%'.&2#,0%1$2%(#,&!&,.<&%.);/.&(,&CJJB&)(+<!3&".%<..,&K!8(?(&!,+&
5!;!,-$*&%<#&8(//!-.0&%'!%&03)"#/(9.&%'.&1(0.&50#$&.2#,#)(2&!,+&;#/(%(2!/&;#<.1:&
&&&&&&L,&%'(0&2!0.*&%'.&;#<.14$/&1.0#$12.0&%'.&+#)(,!,%&2$/%$1..1;#<.1.+&%'.&1.0(0%!,2.&
!&,!%(8.&;.#;/.&!,+&21.!%.+&0%1#,-&"#$,+!1(.0&".%<..,&%'.&50#$&!,+&%'.&H!,&I'(,.0.&
2#))$,(%(.0:&5'.&8.,.1!%(#,&6$74.,-&1.)!(,0&+..;70.!%.+*&+.0;(%.&50#$&1.0(0%!,2.:&&L%&
1.)!(,0&!&03)"#/(2&"#1+.1&!0&1.!/&!0&!,3&;'30(2!/&"#1+.1&".%<..,&!,3&,!%(8.&%1(".&!,+&%'.&2$/%$1.&
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&
Struggle to control administrative and social borders
L,&%'.&M,(%.+&K%!%.0*&%'.&N.,#"02#%&!,+&N!00!)!O$#++3&;.#;/.&(,&P!(,.&!1.&0%1$--/(,-&%#&
)!(,%!(,&%1("!/&0#8.1.(-,%3&+.0;(%.&%'.&1./$2%!,2.&;1(8!%.&2#);!,(.0&!,+&%'.&0%!%.&-#8.1,).,%&
%#&1.0;.2%&;1.8(#$0&-$!1!,%..0&-(8.,&%#&%'.&P!(,.&%1(".0:&5'(0&(0&!&0%1$--/..1&0#2(!/&!,+&
!+)(,(0%1!%(8.&"#1+.10:&&L,&CJJJ*&%'.&K%!%.&P!(,.&!;;/(.+&%#&%'.&MK&Q,8(1#,).,%!/&N1#%.2%(#,&
R-.,23&SQNRT&4#1&0#/.&!$%'#1(%3&%#&(00$.&<!0%.<!%.1&+(02'!1-.&;.1)(%0&(,&%'.&0%!%.&$,+.1&%'.&
U!%(#,!/&N#//$%!,%&G(02'!1-.&Q/()(,!%(#,&K30%.):&&5'.&N!00!)!O$#++3&!,+&N.,#"02#%&%1(".0&
!0?.+&%'.&QNR&%#&!//#<&%'.)&%#&1.%!(,&E$1(0+(2%(#,.1&<!%.1&1.0#$12.0&<(%'(,&%'.&%.11(%#1(.0&
"./#,-(,-&%#&%'.&%1(".0*&!&2#))#,&!11!,-.).,%&(,&L,+(!,&2#$,%13:&&
&&&&&&6'(/.&<!(%(,-&4#1&%'.&QNR&+.2(0(#,*&%'1..&;!;.1&2#);!,(.0VW1.!%&U#1%'.1,&N!;.1*&
W.#1-(!7N!2(4(2*&!,+&I'!);(#,&L,%.1,!%(#,!/V-!(,.+&"1#!+&!22.00&%#&%1("!/&+#2$).,%0&$,+.1&%'.&
0%!%.X0&D1..+#)&R22.00&R2%&DYRR:FZ&&5<#&+!30&/!%.1*&%'.&K%!%.&P!(,.&+.)!,+.+&%'.&
QNR&%'.&0!).&!22.00&%#&1.2#1+0&(,&!&/.%%.1&(+.,%(2!/&%#&%'.&+.)!,+&"3&%'.&;!;.1&2#);!,(.0:&&&
&&&&&5'.&)#%(8!%(#,0&%'.&;!;.1&2#);!,(.0&!1.&,#%&2/.!1:&H#<.8.1*&!0&)!E#1&;#//$%.10&(,&
P!(,.*&%'.3&)!3&'!8.&4.!1.+&%'!%&%'.&%1(".0&2#$/+&(,4/$.,2.&%'.&QNR&%#&.,4#12.&<!%.1&O$!/(%3&
&CJ&
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&*6,'2",+'&'",5&+,5(%%(*#,'),(*'"!9"*"8,(',&%+),-(#2',2&9",7""*,&*,&''"-3','),3!)9):",&,
1%&!(4(1&'()*,)4,'2",%(-('+,)4,'!(7&%,+)9"!"(#*'./,,,;*,&*.,"9"*'8,'2",'!(7"+,)33)+"6,'2",!"<$"+',)4,'2",
1)-3&*("+8,52(12,'2"*,(*9):"6,=>??,&*6,4(%"6,&,1)-3%&(*',(*,@&(*",0$3"!()!,A)$!','),4)!1",
1)-3%(&*1"/,,
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&*6,'2"!"4)!",+$7C"1','),+'&'",%&5/,,B2",@&(*",'!(7"+,1)*'"*6,'2&','2(+,%&5,(+,*)',&33%(1&7%",'),
'2"-8,#(9"*,'2"(!,4"6"!&%%.D3!)'"1'"6,+)9"!"(#*,+'&'$+/EF,;*,@&.,GHHI8,'2",@&(*",0$3!"-",
J$6(1(&%,A)$!',!$%"6,(*,4&9)!,)4,'2",1)-3&*("+8,+'&'(*#,'2&','2",@&(*",=!""6)-,)4,?11"++,?1',
6)"+,&33%.,'),'2",K"*)7+1)',L&'()*,&*6,'2",K&++&-&<$)66.,B!(7"+,52"*,'2".,(*'"!&1',
#)9"!*-"*'+,)!,&#"*1("+,&*6,52"*,'2",'!(7"+,&1',&+,(4,'2".,5"!",-$*(1(3&%('("+/,,
5('2,)'2"!,
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@&(*",&*6,'2",'5),;*6(&*,'!(7"+/,;4,+)8,!"%&'()*+2(3+,7"'5""*,@&(*",'!(7"+,&*6,'2",+'&'",&!",
6(44"!"*',4!)-,'2)+",)4,L&'(9",?-"!(1&*,'!(7"+,(*,)'2"!,+'&'"+/,B2",GHHI,!$%(*#,&%+),12&%%"*#"+,'2",
9"!.,"M(+'"*1",)4,'2",'!(7"+,&+,%"#&%,)!,3)%('(1&%,"*'('("+,5('2,6(+'(*1',!(#2'+/,,N9"*,'2)$#2,'2",
'!(7"+,2&9",2(+')!(1&%%.,7""*,#$&!&*'""6,3!)'"1'"6,+'&'$+,7.,'2",4"6"!&%,#)9"!*-"*'8,'2".,-$+',
1)*'(*$",'),4(#2',4)!,1)*'!)%,)4,&*,&6-(*(+'!&'(9",&*6,+)1(&%,7)!6"!,&#&(*+','2",%)77.(*#,"44)!'+,)4,
3!(9&'",1)-3&*("+,&*6,+'&'",)44(1(&%+/,,
, ?6-(*(+'!&'(9",7)!6"!,(++$"+,!"4%"1',6(44"!"*1"+,(*,'2",+1)3",)4,3)%('(1&%,3)5"!,7"'5""*,
(*6(#"*)$+,3")3%"+,&*6,'2",+'&'"+,(*,52(12,'2".,%(9"/,0$12,7)!6"!+,&!",&%5&.+,(*,4%$M/,
O)9"!*-"*',&#"*1("+,&*6,)'2"!,#!)$3+,(*,'2",6)-(*&*',1$%'$!",+"":,#!"&'"!,1)*'!)%,)9"!,
(*6(#"*)$+,3")3%",7.,!"6!&5(*#,7)!6"!+,7"'5""*,'2",(*6(#"*)$+,&*6,+$!!)$*6(*#,1)--$*('("+,
&*6,&''"-3'(*#,'),1)*'!)%,52&',2&33"*+,&',&*6,5('2(*,'2)+",7)!6"!+/,?,:".,12&%%"*#",4)!,
(*6(#"*)$+,3")3%"+,(+,'),"M"!','2"(!,)5*,3!"4"!"*1"+,&7)$','2","M'"*',&*6,*&'$!",)4,&6-(*(+'!&'(9",
7)$*6&!("+/,,
, GI
Section 3
Sustaining traditional ways of life
!
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5$4$*&$%!/5.7!5$%.&56$%!.*!.5!&*0$5!'#$)5!,(*0!(*0!'.!6.*'5.,!,)/$!8)'#)*!'#$)5!6.77&*)')$%9!"#$-!
7(-!6#..%$!'.!0$4$,.2!'#$%$!5$%.&56$%!'#$7%$,4$%:!.5!$*%&5$!'#('!'#$-!(5$!7(*(1$0!)*!(!
%&%'()*(+,$!/(%#).*9!;*.'#$5!.+<$6')4$!7)1#'!+$!'.!25.#)+)'!.2$5(').*%!,)*=$0!'.!'#$!0)%6.4$5-!(*0!
$>2,.)'(').*!./!*('&5(,!5$%.&56$%!)/!%&6#!(6')4)')$%!6(**.'!+$!#(*0,$0!)*!(*!$*4)5.*7$*'(,,-!.5!
%.6)(,,-!%&%'()*(+,$!8(-9!!
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+&'!)'!7)1#'!(,%.!'#5$('$*!'#$!4$5-!$>)%'$*6$!./!)*0)1$*.&%!2$.2,$%!)*!%$4$5(,!8(-%9?@!!;!2&5$,-!
7(5=$'A+(%$0!$>6#(*1$!7)1#'!$>'5(6'!6.*%)0$5(+,$!4(,&$:!+&'!0)%'.5'!%.6)(,!5$,(').*%!)*!(*!
)*0)1$*.&%!6.77&*)'-9!B.72$')').*!/.5!4(,&(+,$!5$%.&56$%!(7.*1!6.72$')*1!6.52.5('$!)*'$5$%'%!
7)1#'!6(&%$!6.*/,)6'!8)'#)*!(*!(+.5)1)*(,!6.77&*)'-!(%!7$7+$5%!6#..%$!%)0$%!(*0!6#(,,$*1$!
$(6#!.'#$5!/.5!)*'$5*(,!,$(0$5%#)29!C(''$5*%!./!0$4$,.27$*'!(%%.6)('$0!8)'#!%.7$!=)*0%!./!
5$%.&56$!&%$!(*0!$>'5(6').*!25(6')6$%!(5$!)*6.72(')+,$!8)'#!'5(0)').*(,!8(-%!./!,)/$!(*0!6&,'&5(,!
25(6')6$%9!D)*(,,-:!7)15(').*!./!*(')4$!2$.2,$%!'.!6)')$%!.5!7)*)*1!6$*'$5%!(*0!'#$!)*'$5*(,!
6.,.*)E(').*!./!)*0)1$*.&%!,(*0%!+-!.&'%)0$5%AA$*6.&5(1$0!+-!6.52.5('$!)*'$5$%'%!.5!'#$!%'('$AA6(*!
0$%'5.-!(+.5)1)*(,!,)/$%'-,$%9?F!
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5$7(5=(+,$!(+),)'-!'.!(0(2'!'.!*$8!(*0!6#(*1)*1!6)56&7%'(*6$%!(*0!'.!7()*'()*!'#$)5!'5(0)').*(,!
8(-!./!,)/$:!0$%2)'$!+$)*1!5$M&)5$0!'.!7.4$!/5.7!'#$)5!%6(''$5$0!#.7$%'$(0%!(*0!#(7,$'%!./!'#$)5!
6,(*!,(*0%9?N!"#$-!#(4$!(6M&)5$0!,(*0!$,%$8#$5$:!%.7$!./!)'!/(5!/5.7!'#$)5!.5)1)*(,!4),,(1$%:!+&'!
'#$-!#(4$!'5)$0!'.!6&,')4('$!)'!)*!'5(0)').*(,!8(-%9!O*4)5.*7$*'(,,-!&*%&%'()*(+,$!25(6')6$%!('!'#$!
P=!"$0)!7)*$:!7(*(1$0!+-!QRC!Q),,)'.*:!#(4$!7(0$!)'!)72.%%)+,$!/.5!'#$!L.*11.7!'.!6.*')*&$!
'#$)5!'5(0)').*(,!8(-!./!,)/$:!$4$*!('!'#$)5!*$8!,.6(').*%9!O*4)5.*7$*'(,,-!(*0!%.6)(,,-!
&*%&%'()*(+,$!(6')4)')$%!25(6')6$0!.*!'#$!,(*0!8#$5$!)*0)1$*.&%!2$.2,$%!,)4$!<$.2(50)E$!'#$)5!
%&54)4(,!$4$*!7.5$!'#(*!'#$!,.%%!./!'#$)5!'5(0)').*(,!,(*0!)'%$,/9!!!"#$-!7(-!+$!(+,$!'.!7.4$!'.!*$8!
,.6(').*%!(*0!=$$2!'#$)5!6&,'&5$!)*'(6':!+&'!.*,-!)/!%'('$!(*0!6.52.5('$!(6'.5%!25.'$6'!'#$7!/5.7!
$*4)5.*7$*'(,,-!0$%'5&6')4$:!&*%&%'()*(+,$!25(6')6$%9!
!
Control over subsurface resources
S.7$!./!'#$!*(')4$!2$.2,$%!)*!S.&'#!;/5)6(!8$5$!(+,$!'.!7()*'()*!6.*'5.,!.4$5!5$%.&56$%!&*0$5!'#$!
,(*0!'#$-!.66&2)$0!/.5!0$6(0$%9!!"#)%!#$,2$0!'#$7!1$*$5('$!(!%&%'()*(+,$!$6.*.7)6:!%.6)(,:!(*0!
!HH!
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75%$/)"+6()(!+$"+898:+)";+(.!+!,()2*$,.'!"(+&5+(.!+)<)%(.!$;+%!=$'!+$"+89>?@+")($#!+A.&$,)"+
<!&<*!@+$"/*-;$"=+(.&,!+5%&'+(.!+B)')+(%$2!@+1!%!+5&%/!;+&55+(.!$%+*)";+$"(&+/&"(%&**!;+%!,!%#!,+
20+1.$(!+,!((*!%,+!)=!%+(&+;!#!*&<+)+;$)'&";+'$"!+$"+(.!+C$/.(!%,#!*;+%!=$&"+$"+(.!+5)%+"&%(.1!,(+
<)%(+&5+(.!+/&-"(%03+D-%$"=+)<)%(.!$;@+(.!+$";$=!"&-,+<!&<*!+&5+(.!+C$/.(!%,#!*;+!";-%!;+(.!+
.)%;,.$<+&5+*$5!+$"+(.!+%!,!%#!,+'&%!+,-//!,,5-**0+(.)"+')"0+&(.!%+/&''-"$($!,+20+%!()$"$"=@+)(+
*!),(+(&+,&'!+!E(!"(@+(.!+/)<)/$(0+(&+=&#!%"+(.!',!*#!,3++
F"+899>@+)5(!%+,!#!%)*+0!)%,+&5+<&*$($/)*+(%)",$($&"+$"+6&-(.+75%$/)@+(.!+C!,($(-($&"+&5+G)";+
C$=.(,+7/(+<%&'&(!;+20+(.!+7BH+I75%$/)"+B)($&")*+H&"=%!,,J+=&#!%"'!"(+&55!%!;+)+*)";+%!5&%'+
,(%)(!=03+K)L$"=+);#)"()=!+&5+(.$,+"!1+*)1@+)+=%&-<+&5+B)')+<!&<*!+1.&+.);+.$,(&%$/)**0+
&//-<$!;+(.!+C$/.(!%,#!*;+)%!)+5$*!;+)+*)";+/*)$'3+F"+M::N@+(.!+6-<%!'!+H&-%(+&5+7<<!)*,+&5+
6&-(.+75%$/)+.!*;+(.)(+(.$,+/&''-"$(0+1),+!"($(*!;+(&+)+%!,(&%)($&"+&5+$(,+%$=.(+(&+O!E/*-,$#!+
2!"!5$/$)*+&//-<)($&"+)";+-,!P+&5+$(,+*)";@+$"/*-;$"=+'$"!%)*,@+)";+(.)(+$(,+;$,<&,,!,,$&"+')"0+
0!)%,+!)%*$!%+1),+(.!+%!,-*(+&5+%)/$)**0+;$,/%$'$")(&%0+*!=$,*)($&"3Q:@+Q8+++
+++++F"+M::>@+(.!+H&-%(+)*,&+.!*;+(.)(+(.!+/&''-"$(0R,+.$,(&%$/+&1"!%,.$<+$"(!%!,(+$"/*-;!;+
/&''-")*+&1"!%,.$<+&5+'$"!%)*,+)";+;$)'&";,3QM+K.!+G)";+H*)$',+H&-%(+)1)%;!;+%!,(&%)($&"+&5+
(.!+%$=.(+$"+*)";+)";+'$"!%)*,@+1$(.+(.!+<&(!"($)*+5&%+);;$($&")*+!S-$()2*!+%!;%!,,@+$"/*-;$"=+5-";,+
5&%+!"#$%&"'!"()*+%!'!;$)($&"3+F"+T/(&2!%@+M::U@+(.!+6&-(.+75%$/)"+=&#!%"'!"(+,!((*!;+(.!+
C$/.(!%,#!*;+/*)$'+&-(+&5+/&-%(+5&%+C+89:+'$**$&"+I)<<%&E$')(!*0+VMW+'$**$&"J3QN+++
+++++K.!+/&-%(+%!,&*-($&"+$"+5)#&%+&5+(.!+C$/.(!%,#!*;+/&''-"$(0+)";+(.!+%!,&*-($&"+&5+$(,+*)";+
/*)$',+,(%!"=(.!"+$(,+)2$*$(0+(&+')$"()$"+(%);$($&",+!,,!"($)*+(&+$(,+,-%#$#)*3+K.!+*)";+/*)$'+
!".)"/!;+(.!+C$/.(!%,#!*;+<!&<*!R,+/&"(%&*+&#!%+(.!$%+")(-%)*+%!,&-%/!,+)";+%!,(&%!;+(.!$%+
*$#!*$.&&;,3+F"+M::Q@+(.!+/&''-"$(0+*)-"/.!;+)+/&''-"$(0+<%&X!/(@+(.!+H&''-"$(0+
H&",!%#)"/0@+1.$/.+,!(+),$;!+8U@:::+.!/()%!,+&5+-";!#!*&<!;+*)";+(&+2!+5%!!+5%&'+=%)Y$"=@+(&+
<%!,!%#!+-"$S-!+2$&*&=$/)*+%!,&-%/!,+)";+)((%)/(+(&-%$,(,+(&+(.!+)%!)3+K.!+/&''-"$(0+$,+)*,&+
/&",$;!%$"=+(&-%$,'+)%&-";+(.!+5&%'!%+'$"!+),+1!**+),+,&'!+5&%'+&5+')%$/-*(-%!3++
+++++H&'<*!(!*0+/&"(%&**!;+20+(.!+$";$=!"&-,+/&''-"$(0@+(.!,!+)/($#$($!,+1$**+=!"!%)(!+!"&-=.+
'&"!0+(&+,-<<&%(+)+,-,()$")2*!+*&/)*+!/&"&'03+K.!+,-,()$")2$*$(0+&5+(.!+B)')+<!&<*!R,+1)0+&5+
*$5!+1$**+;!<!";+&"+(.!$%+/)<)/$(0+(&+*!#!%)=!+(.!+5-";,+(.)(+)%!+"&1+(.!$%,@+)";+(&+%!;$%!/(+)";+
%!;$,(%$2-(!+'&"!0+(.%&-=.&-(+(.!+/&''-"$(0+$"+1)0,+(.)(+)%!+,&/$)**0+!S-$()2*!+)";+$"+.)%'&"0+
1$(.+(%);$($&")*+;!/$,$&"Z')L$"=+<%&/!,,!,3++
+
+ MN
Control over surface resources
!"#$%&'%()&"*+$,)",-)+.$/"&0#"-$"1$#)+"*#/)+$"&$02)%#$-3&'4430$1%#+0$(-3&/)$3&$"56%"*+$)-)7)&0$"1$
+"6)#)%(&0844/3&$3-+"$/#)30)$/23--)&()+9$:&$02)$;&%0)'$<030)+.$&30*#3-$#)+"*#/)+$"&$=30%6)$
>7)#%/3&$-3&'$236)$5))&$'%6)#0)'$58$02)$1)')#3-$("6)#&7)&0$%&$+)6)#3-$/3+)+9$?2%+$23+$,#)6)&0)'$
02)+)$/"77*&%0%)+$1#"7$73&3(%&($')6)-",7)&0$%&$3$+*+03%&35-)$@389$$$$
$$$$$$$$$$:&$>#%A"&3.$:&'%3&$@30)#$#%(20+$236)$5)/"7)$02)$+*5B)/0$"1$)&'-)++$')530)9$?2#"*(2"*0$02)$
@)+0)#&$,3#0$"1$02)$;&%0)'$<030)+.$-3#()$5-"/C+$"1$*&D*3&0%1%)'$@30)#$#%(20+$#)73%&$*&+)00-)'9$?2)$
>#%A"&3$E30)#$<)00-)7)&0+$>/0$"1$FGGH$I>E<>J$#),#)+)&0+$"&)$3,,#"3/2$0230$23+$5))&$3//),0)'$
58$3--$,3#0%)+$%&6"-6)'$44$&30%6)$0#%5)+.$&"&4&30%6)$@30)#$*+)#+.$3&'$02)$+030)9$>E<>$#)/"(&%A)+$
02)$#%(20$"1$02)$K%6)#$:&'%3&$L"77*&%08$0"$236)$3//)++$0"$(""'$D*3-%08$@30)#$3&'$0"$73&3()$
@30)#$"&$02)%#$#)+)#630%"&9$$
?2)$@30)#$+)00-)7)&0$"11)#+$3$6%+%"&$"1$+)/*#%08$3&'$+035%-%08$1"#$1*0*#)$()&)#30%"&+$@2"$
@%--$5)$35-)$0"$73%&03%&$02)%#$0#3'%0%"&3-$@38$"1$-%1)$@%02"*0$13/%&($02)$23#'+2%,$"1$
')+)#0%1%/30%"&9MH$?2#"*(2$02)$>/0.$02)$NK:L$%+$&"@$%&$/"&0#"-$"1$3-7"+0$23-1$"1$02)$@30)#$%&$02)$
L"-"#3'"$K%6)#$')-%6)#)'$58$02)$L)&0#3-$>#%A"&3$O#"B)/0.$@30)#$,#)6%"*+-8$')-%6)#)'$1#"7$
>#%A"&3$0"$L3-%1"#&%39$?2#"*(2$02)$L)&0#3-$>#%A"&3$O#"B)/0$IL>OJ.$P9M$7%--%"&$3/#)41))0$"1$
L"-"#3'"$K%6)#$@30)#$,)#$8)3#$@%--$5)$5#"*(20$0"$02)$/"*&0%)+$"1$O%73.$O%&3-.$3&'$Q3#%/",39$?2%+$
%+$02)$+%&(-)$-3#()+0$+"*#/)$"1$#)&)@35-)$@30)#$%&$>#%A"&3$3&'$@%--$5)$)++)&0%3-$0"$+*,,"#0$02)$
,"++%5-)$#)5%#02$"1$0#3'%0%"&3-$3(#%/*-0*#3-$3/0%6%0%)+$58$02)$O%73$0#%5)$0230$236)$5))&$353&'"&)'$
"6)#$02)$,3+0$+)6)#3-$')/3')+$5)/3*+)$@30)#$@3+$&"0$363%-35-)9$$$
:&$?3%@3&.$/"77*&%08$)11"#0+$0"$#)6%03-%A)$02)$#%6)#$?3&38%C*$2)-,)'$5*%-'$+"/%3-$/3,%03-$
37"&($02)$&30%6)$?+"*$6%--3()#+9$?2)$#)(%"&$"1$<36%C%$%+$&"@$3$,#"7%&)&0$0"*#%+0$3#)3$1"#$
?3%@3&)+)$@2"$/"7)$0"$6%+%0$3$/"77*&%08453+)'$)/"0"*#%+7$,3#C$0230$()&)#30)+$#)6)&*)+$"1$
35"*0$RSMG.GGG$,)#$8)3#$1"#$3$/"77*&%08$"1$SGG$,)",-)9MM$:&$PTTM.$02)$<36%C%$L"77*&%08$
U)6)-",7)&0$L"*&/%-$I<LULJ$%&%0%30)'$3$1%+2$/"&+)#630%"&$7"6)7)&0$0230$-)'$0"$02)$U3&38%C*$
V/"-"(8$O3#C9$?2)$,3#C$)&35-)+$?+"*$/"77*&%0%)+$0"$73C)$02)%#$"@&$')/%+%"&+$35"*0$2"@$0"$
53-3&/)$)/"&"7%/$')6)-",7)&0$@%02$#)+"*#/)$,#"0)/0%"&9$?2)$,3#C$23+$3-+"$5#"*(20$5)00)#$
%&1#3+0#*/0*#)$3&'$()&)#30)'$%&/"7)$0"$+*,,"#0$+/2"-3#+2%,+$3&'$5%#02$+*5+%'%)+9$:0$%+$5)/"7%&($3&$
)&6%35-)$7"')-$1"#$"02)#$&)3#58$6%--3()+9$:0+$+*//)++$"@)+$7*/2$0"$02)$+"/%3-$6%#0*)+$"1$7*0*3-$
3++%+03&/)$3&'$02)$/-3&$+0#*/0*#)$"1$0#3'%0%"&3-$?+"*$/*-0*#)9$$
<*/2$)11"#0+$@)#)$-30)#$#)/"(&%A)'$58$02)$("6)#&7)&0$@2%/2.$1"#$02)$1%#+0$0%7).$(#3&0)'$
@30)#$#%(20+$0"$3$-"/3-%089$W02)#$?+"*$/"77*&%0%)+$2"+0$3&&*3-$1)+0%63-+$"#$236)$/#)30)'$3$?+"*$
1"*&'30%"&.$+*/2$3+$02)$?+"*$O)",-)$L*-0*#)$X$>#0+$!"*&'30%"&$)+035-%+2)'$%&$FGGP.$0"$2)-,$2"-'$
02)%#$,)",-)$0"()02)#9$?2)$?+"*$3#)$03C%&($1*--$3'63&03()$"1$02)%#$#%(20$0"$+)-14("6)#&3&/)$3&'$3#)$
$FH$
!"#$%&'()"(*+*),%&()-.%#()#,/%)%"&,0(0%1.*)20.(!%)-()-.(#.*"+#3.*('.&.#,)./(42(.3")"+#%*5(,&/(
3+0)+#,0(1.*)%6,0(7#"8.3)*9(((
( :-.(3,*.*("1(;#%<"&,(,&/(:,%!,&(*+''.*)()-,)(/%#.3)02(3"&)#"00%&'(&,)+#,0(#.*"+#3.*=(
7,#)%3+0,#02(!,).#=("&()-.(0,&/(!%00(,00"!(%&/%'.&"+*(7."70.*()"(/.6.0"7(,3)%6%)%.*()-,)(*+77"#)(
)-.%#(4,*%3(&../*(,&/('.&.#,).(1+)+#.(.3"&"52>4+%0/%&'(7#"8.3)*(%&(-,#5"&2(!%)-()-.%#(
3"*5"0"'29((
(
Control over human resources
?,*)02=(%&/%'.&"+*(7."70.*(&../()"(3"&)#"0(-+5,&(#.*"+#3.*(%&()-.%#(3"55+&%)%.*(%&("#/.#()"(
7#.*.#6.()-.%#(0,&'+,'.=()#,/%)%"&*=(,&/(#%)+,0*9(@"/.0*("1(4%0%&'+,0(./+3,)%"&(1"#(%&/%'.&"+*(
3"55+&%)%.*(-,6.(*-"!&('#.,)(*+33.**(%&(5,%&),%&%&'(%&).#'.&.#,)%"&,0(3"&&.3)%"&*(,&/(-.07%&'(
3-%0/#.&(,3A+%#.()-.(0,&'+,'.*=(*)"#%.*=(,&/(#%)+,0*(.**.&)%,0()"()-.(7#,3)%3.*()-,)(-,6.(4..&(
5,%&),%&./(1"#('.&.#,)%"&*(42()-.%#()#%4.*9(B&(C3+,/"#=(%&(DEEF=(+&/.#()-.(7#.**+#.("1(GHI;BC(
JG"&1./.#,)%"&("1(B&/%'.&"+*(I,)%"&,0%)%.*("1(C3+,/"#K=()-.('"6.#&5.&)(,77#"6./(4%0%&'+,0(
./+3,)%"&(1"#(%&/%'.&"+*(7."70.*9(:-.(,77#"6,0(#.3"'&%<./()-.(/%6.#*%)2("1(.)-&%3('#"+7*(%&()-.(
3"+&)#2=(.,3-(!%)-(%)*("!&(/%*)%&3)(0,&'+,'.(,&/(%/.&)%)29((
L%0%&'+,0(./+3,)%"&(%*(,&(%&/%'.&%<./(%&*)%)+)%"&()-#"+'-(!-%3-(,4"#%'%&,0(7."70.*(3,&(
4.)).#(+&/.#*),&/(,&/(/.6.0"7()-.%#(%/.&)%)%.*9(;*(M+<,&&,(M,!2.#(7"%&)*("+)=(N%)(O%*P(,(7#"8.3)("1(
,&/(1"#()-.(1+)+#.Q("1(%/.&)%)2(3#.,)%"&=(3"55+&%)2(1"#5,)%"&=(,&/(*.01>/.).#5%&,)%"&9(:-+*=(
%&/%'.&"+*(./+3,)%"&(O#.7#.*.&)*P()-.(.5.#'.&3.("1(0"3,0(,0).#&,)%6.*()"(*),).(,&/(3"#7"#,).(
/%*3#%5%&,)%"&=(.R70"%),)%"&=(,&/(/%*,6"!,09STU(B)(1+&3)%"&*(%&(7,#,00.0()"()-.(1"#5,0(*),).(
./+3,)%"&(*2*).59((
(((((((((((H&.("1()-.(5"*)(*+33.**1+0(4%0%&'+,0(./+3,)%"&(%&%)%,)%6.*(%*()-.(M-+,#(V,/%"(C/+3,)%"&(
M2*).5(JMCVLBMWK9((B)(+*.*(#,/%"()"(#.,3-(*)+/.&)*(/%*7.#*./()-#"+'-"+)()-.(M-+,#().##%)"#2(!-"(
5%'-)(4.()""(#.5").()"(,)).&/(N7-2*%3,0S(*3-""0*9(:"/,2=(#,/%"(./+3,)%"&(#.,3-.*(M-+,#(*)+/.&)*(
%&(FXE(0"3,)%"&*9(:-#..(-+&/#./(,&/(1%1)2>"&.(M-+,#().,3-.#*Y(,%/.*(,**%*)(*)+/.&)*(%&(M-+,#(
).##%)"#29(Z&"!0./'.("1(M7,&%*-(-,*(.&,40./(M-+,#*()"(3"&)#%4+).()"(C3+,/"#%,&(7"0%)%3,0(0%1.(,&/(
4+%0/(,(*)#"&'.#(%&/%'.&"+*(5"6.5.&)9(;3,/.5%3,002=(*)+/.&)*(,0*"(0.,#&(,4"+)(M-+,#(3"*5"0"'2=(
)#,/%)%"&*=(,&/()-.(0"3,0(.3"0"'29(
L%0%&'+,0(./+3,)%"&(-,*(*)#.&')-.&./(M-+,#(3+0)+#,0(%/.&)%)2(,&/(.57"!.#./()-.5(,*(,(
'#"+79((MCVLBMW(%*("1).&(*..&(,*(,(5"/.0(1"#(4%3+0)+#,0(./+3,)%"&(%&(#.5").(%&/%'.&"+*(
3"55+&%)%.*(,#"+&/()-.(!"#0/9(B)(/.5"&*)#,).*(-"!(%57"#),&)(%&/%'.&"+*(3"&)#"0("6.#(./+3,)%"&(
3,&(4.(%&(-.07%&'(*)+/.&)*(+&/.#*),&/()-.%#("#%'%&*(,&/(/.1.&/()-.%#(#%'-)*("&()-.(&,)%"&,0(7"0%)%3,0(
*3.&.9T[((
( FT
! "#$%$!&'($)!*+%$!#(%,-'($%!(../%,'+,$!,#$!(01-',+2*$!)-'!(23(4$2-/%!1$-1.$%!-)!0+(2,+(2(24!
*-2,'-.!-5$'!1#6%(*+.!+23!*/.,/'+.!'$%-/'*$%7!8**$%%!,-!+!*.$+2!$25('-20$2,!+23!*+'$)/.!
0+2+4$0$2,!-)!)-'$%,%9!:+,$'9!0(2$'+.%9!1$,'-*#$0(*+.%9!+23!0(2(24!:(..!#$.1!,'+3(,(-2+.!1$-1.$%!
1'-,$*,!,#$('!:+6%!-)!.()$9!()!,#$6!*#--%$9!-'!+..-:!,#$0!,-!3$5$.-1!(2!:+6%!,#+,!+'$!
$25('-20$2,+..6!%/%,+(2+&.$9!%-*(+..6!$;/(,+&.$9!+23!$*-2-0(*+..6!5(+&.$!)-'!,#$!4'$+,$%,!2/0&$'!
-)!1$-1.$!(2!,#$('!*-00/2(,67!<-2,'-.!-5$'!,#$!$3/*+,(-2+.!%6%,$0!:(..!0+=$!(,!1-%%(&.$!)-'!
(23(4$2-/%!1$-1.$%!,-!1$'1$,/+,$!.+24/+4$%!+23!,'+3(,(-2%!,#'-/4#!4$2$'+,(-2%7!!
"#$!;/$%,(-2!(%!2-,!:#$,#$'!(23(4$2-/%!1$-1.$%!%#-/.3!0+(2,+(2!,#$('!,'+3(,(-2+.!:+6!-)!
.()$!-'!(2,$4'+,$!,#$0%$.5$%!(2,-!,#$!2+,(-2+.!$*-2-0(*!-'!2+,(-2+.!1-.(,(*+.!.()$7!!>,!(%!:#$,#$'!,#$6!
+'$!+..-:$3!,-!*#--%$!#-:!,#$6!:+2,!,-!$5-.5$9!3$)(2$!,#$('!'$.+,(-2%#(1!:(,#!,#$!3-0(2+2,!
*/.,/'$9!+23!*-2,'-.!,#$!3$5$.-10$2,!-)!'$%-/'*$%!-2!,#$('!,$''(,-'6!)-'!,#$('!-:2!&$2$)(,7!!
!?@!
Section 4
Using national and international strategies
!
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2#&20'#$.*!7'$7,'*!)%'!.*2#0!*'-'%),!*(%)('02'*!($!%'*7$#&!($!7%'**.%'*!+%')('&!35!(1'!&$/2#)#(!
+.,(.%'8!91%$.01!2#+%')*'&!+)7)+2(5:3.2,&2#0!)#&!+$,,)3$%)(2$#!42(1!$(1'%!2#&20'#$.*!7'$7,'*!
(1'5!1)-'!)&$7('&!)!42&'!%)#0'!$;!()+(2+*!($!7.%*.'!(1'2%!+,)2/*8!"#!*$/'!+)*'*6!(1'5!1)-'!3.2,(!
+$),2(2$#*!42(1!&$/'*(2+!7$,2(2+),!7)%(2'*!42,,2#0!($!&';'#&!(1'2%!2#('%'*(*8!"#!$(1'%*!(1'5!1)-'!
'#0)0'&!2#!&2%'+(!#'0$(2)(2$#*!42(1!(1'!*()('8!"#!)!;'4!'<(%'/'!2#*()#+'*6!(1'5!1)-'!(%2'&!($!.*'!
#)(2$#),!)#&!2#('%#)(2$#),!+$.%(*!($!7.%*.'!(1'2%!,)#&!+,)2/*8!!
! !
Mobilization through national and international coalitions
=#'!$;!(1'!/$*(!-2*23,'!()+(2+*!+1$*'#!35!2#&20'#$.*!0%$.7*!2#!-)%2$.*!7)%(*!$;!(1'!4$%,&!1)*!
3''#!($!3.2,&!+$),2(2$#*!42(1!#)(2$#),!>?=*!)#&!(%)#*#)(2$#),!>?=*8!!"(!4$.,&!3'!)!/2*()@'!($!
)**./'6!1$4'-'%6!(1)(!*.+1!),,2)#+'*!)%'!')*5!($!$%0)#2A'!)#&!*.*()2#8!!!
"#&20'#$.*!+$//.#2(2'*!)#&!'#-2%$#/'#(),!>?=*!*1)%'!)!+$#+'%#!)3$.(!(1'!*.*()2#)3,'!
.*'!$;!,)#&!)#&!#)(.%),!%'*$.%+'*6!3.(!(1'2%!2#('%'*(*!$;('#!%.#!2#!$%(1$0$#),!&2%'+(2$#*8!B++$%&2#0!
($!B,2!CDEEFG6!),,2)#+'*!3'(4''#!2#&20'#$.*!(%23'*!)#&!+'%()2#!>?=*!C2#!7)%(2+.,)%!'#-2%$#/'#(),!
>?=*G!)%'!#$(!#'+'**)%2,5!3)*'&!$#!*1)%'&!'#-2%$#/'#(),!-),.'*8!H$/'(2/'*!(1'5!3$(1!$77$*'!
&'-',$7/'#(6!3.(!;$%!&2;;'%'#(!%')*$#*8!!"#!12*!*(.&5!$;!2#&20'#$.*!(%23'*!2#!(1'!I#2('&!H()('*!)#&!
J)#)&)6!B,2!'<7,)2#*!(1)(!2#&20'#$.*!7'$7,'*!)%'!7.%*.2#0!*$-'%'20#(56!412+1!+)#!*$/'(2/'*!
/)#2;'*(!2(*',;!)*!%'*2*()#+'!($!+'%()2#!&'-',$7/'#(!-'#(.%'*6!*.+1!)*!/2#2#08!!
B+(2-2*(!0%$.7*!*$/'(2/'*!;)2,!($!.#&'%*()#&!(1)(!(%23),!%'*2*()#+'!($!&'-',$7/'#(!&$'*!
#$(!/')#!(1)(!2#&20'#$.*!7'$7,'*!42,,!*.77$%(!(1'!'#-2%$#/'#(),!%'0.,)($%5!$3K'+(2-'*!$;!
'#-2%$#/'#(),!)&-$+)('*8!B,2!+,)2/*!(1)(!(1'!7%2$%2(5!$;!#)(2-'!(%23'*!2*!($!;201(!;$%!#'4!
2#*(2(.(2$#),!)%%)#0'/'#(*!(1)(!;.%(1'%!(1'2%!0$),!$;!*',;:0$-'%#)#+'8!!
B,2!.#&'%,2#'*!(1'!'**'#(2),!+$#&2(2$#*!;$%!)!*.++'**;.,!),,2)#+'!3'(4''#!>?=*!)#&!
2#&20'#$.*!7'$7,'*L!),,$42#0!#)(2-'!($!7'$7,'!/)@'!(1'2%!$4#!&'+2*2$#*!)#&!'*()3,2*1!(1'2%!$4#!
7%2$%2(2'*M!%'(12#@2#0!(1'!,2#@)0'!3'(4''#!,)#&!+,)2/*!)#&!'#-2%$#/'#(),!+$#*'%-)(2$#M!
)77%'+2)(2#0!&2;;'%2#0!2#('%'*(*!3'(4''#!7)%(2'*!3';$%'!;$%/2#0!),,2)#+'*M!),,$42#0!2#&20'#$.*!
7'$7,'*!($!/)#)0'!(1'2%!$4#!';;$%(*M!)#&!'#+$.%)02#0!)!/$%'!&2%'+(!%',)(2$#*127!3'(4''#!
2#&20'#$.*!7'$7,'*!)#&!7%2-)('!2#('%'*(*!$7'%)(2#0!$#!(1'2%!,)#&8NO!H'-'%),!'<)/7,'*!2,,.*(%)('!(1'!
! DP
!"#$!%&#'($')&#!*"+,!-+(#,&#(!".!/'"*0+(1*2'1'"#+(&".(345+(,&2'(*%%&+!*"&))6(7''"(&7)'(#*(
70!).8((
9"(9".!&:(&%#!2!+#+(;0'+#!*"!"/(#,'()'/!#!1&%6(*<(&(1&=*$(.&1(+-*"+*$'.(76(#,'(>*$).(
?&"@AA#,'(B&$.&$(B&$*2&$(C$*='%#AA<*$1'.(#,'(3&$1&.&(D,&$&"/$&+#&(1*2'1'"#(!"(EFGH(#*(+#0.6(
#,'()!@')6('"2!$*"1'"#&)(!1-&%#+(*<(#,'(-$*='%#(&".(#*('+#!1&#'(#,'("017'$(*<(-'*-)'(I,*(I*0).(
7'(.!+-)&%'.(!<(#,'(-$*='%#(I'"#(<*$I&$.8((J*$('K&1-)':(#,'(+!#0&#!*"(<&%!"/(#,'(#$!7&)(-'*-)'(%&))'.(
#,'(L.!2&+!+(I&+(-*#'"#!&))6(.!+&+#$*0+:(+!"%'(1&"6(9".!&"()&I+('+#&7)!+,'.(.0$!"/(#,'(?$!#!+,(
%*)*"!&)($'/!1'(!/"*$'.(#,'(%0+#*1&$6(0+'($!/,#+(*<("&#!2'(-'*-)'(*2'$()&".(&".(<*$'+#8((
M*(<*$'+#&))(#,'(#$&/!%('<<'%#+(#,'(.&1(I*0).(!1-*+':(+'2'$&)(/$*0-+(*<(&%#!2!+#+()&0"%,'.(
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D+8:)&'4:#"&I$'("$,4.('$'+$1%,,2$+)'$&"4&841$"J*#+,%'4+3&$+3$#%3/$8+,"$'(%3$(%#-$+-$!(41($4&$43$
>%,%2%?)$'",,4'+,26BK$<3$C*,4#$LMMN9$>%,%2%?)9$("#*"/$:2$'!+$=1)%/+,4%3$OEP&9$D=Q<>$%3/$
DR=>9$*,"&"3'"/$%$1#%48$'+$'("$<3'",SC8",41%3$D+884&&4+3$-+,$T)8%3$U4.('&$%.%43&'$'("$>'%'"$
+-$=1)%/+,6BA$<3$V%29$LMMN9$'("$<3'",SC8",41%3$D+),'$-+,$T)8%3$U4.('&$+,/","/$=1)%/+,$'+$
48*#"8"3'$*,"1%)'4+3%,2$8"%&),"&$'+$*,+'"1'$'("$W*(2&41%#9$*&21(+#+.41%#9$%3/$8+,%#$43'".,4'2$+-$
>%,%2%?)X$%&$!"##$%&$W'("$&*"14%#$,"#%'4+3$'("$1+88)34'2$(%&$!4'($4'&$'",,4'+,26X$$
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43'".,4'2$+-$%##$8"8:",&$+-$'("$^41(!%$43/4."3+)&$*"+*#"&$+-$>%,%2%?)6X_M$743%##29$43$P1'+:",$
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*"'4'4+36$$
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LMM`9$-+),$2+)3.$*"+*#"$+-$>%,%2%?)$!","$/"'%43"/$%3/$'+,'),"/$:2$DED$"8*#+2""&6$C&$%$,"&)#'9$
43$Q)3"$LMM`9$'("$<3'",SC8",41%3$D+),'$+-$T)8%3$U4.('&$,%'4-4"/$'("$*,+04&4+3%#$8"%&),"&$
+,/","/$43$Q)#2$LMMZ$43$-%0+,$+-$>%,%2%?)6_@$C$1,)14%#$*+43'$(","$4&$'(%'$'("$/4--","3'$/"14&4+3&$
'%?"3$:2$'("$<3'",SC8",41%3$D+884&&4+3$43/4,"1'#2$,"1+.345"$()8%3$,4.('&$04+#%'4+3&$:2$'("$
&'%'"6$$
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("%,43.$+-$'("$<3'",SC8",41%3$D+884&&4+3$+-$T)8%3$U4.('&$+3$V%,1($@Z9$LMMB6$R),43.$'(%'$
("%,43.9$'("$C''+,3"2$E"3",%#$+--","/$%$-,4"3/#2$&"''#"8"3'$'+$>%,%2%?)$!(41($'("2$,"-)&"/9$
1#%4843.$'(%'$'("$&'%'"$#%1?"/$1,"/4:4#4'26$a4"!43.$,"1"3'$04+#%'4+3&$%&$'++$&",4+)&$-+,$'("$&'%'"$'+$
W,"*%4,X9$'("$1+88)34'2$&""&$'("$<3'",SC8",41%3$D+884&&4+3$%&$'("$+3#2$#".4'48%'"$%,:4'",$'+$
;)/."$'("$=1)%/+,4%3$&'%'"$%3/$+,/",$,"*%,%'4+3&6_L$C$-43%#$,)#43.$4&$"J*"1'"/$&(+,'#26$$
C&$&).."&'"/$:2$'(4&$1%&"9$#4'4.%'4+3$1%3$'%?"$&"0",%#$2"%,&$%3/$/+"&$3+'$.)%,%3'""$'(%'$
04+#%'4+3&$+-$43/4."3+)&$*"+*#"&b$,4.('&$!4##$:"$,"/,"&&"/6$T+!"0",9$!("3$3%'4+3%#$1+),'&$,)#"$
*+&4'40"#2$43$-%0+,$+-$3%'40"$',4:"&9$'("&"$#".%#$/"14&4+3&$1%3$:"$)&"/$*):#41#2$'+$"8*(%&45"$'(%'$
04+#%'4+3&$(%0"$:""3$1+884''"/$:2$'("$&'%'"6$c+&4'40"$,)#43.&$1%3$%#&+$&"'$48*+,'%3'$*,"1"/"3'&$
'(%'$1%3$("#*$+'(",$43/4."3+)&$*"+*#"&$43$'("$1+)3',26$<'$8)&'$:"$3+'"/9$'(+).(9$'(%'$43'",3%'4+3%#$$
$
$NL$
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'(%(*,%(")&()&),%("),'&,)1&()%-$),%("),'&!"#$%+&,)1&%$(0#),'+8&&
& <<
Section 5
State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims
!
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17!12&.15$%!(-+!'$(.&*1-%8!9-!%15$!*-%&(-.$%:!)1,$'-5$-&%!('$!-1&!$,$-!(.;-164$+)*-)!-(&*,$!
&'*/$%<!+$5(-+%!1'!('$!'$%31-+*-)!-$)(&*,$40!&1!&#$*'!.4(*5%8!9-!1&#$'%:!&#$!'$%31-%$!17!&#$!%&(&$!
#(%!/$$-!&1!)'(-&!*-+*)$-12%!)'123%!,('*12%!4$,$4%!17!(2&1-150:!(-+!%15$&*5$%!$,$-!
%1,$'$*)-&0:!&#'12)#!&#$!'$.1)-*&*1-!17!$=2(4!%&(&2%!71'!-(&*,$!&'*/$%8!9-!%15$!*-%&(-.$%:!$,$-!
(2&1-150!*%!-1&!(-!(+$=2(&$!%142&*1->!6$!.(-!$?3$.&!&#$%$!)'123%!&1!+*$!12&8!"#$!.(%$!%&2+*$%!
3'$%$-&$+!/$416!+$%.'*/$!&#$!6*+$!'(-)$!17!'$%31-%$%!/0!&#$!+15*-(-&!.24&2'$!&1!&#$!%&'(&$)*$%!
.#1%$-!/0!*-+*)$-12%!3$134$%8!
!
Type 1 – No reaction or negative reaction by the state
"#$!7*'%&!&03$!17!'$%31-%$!&1!*-+*)$-12%!4(-+!.4(*5%!#(%!/$$-!(-!(/%$-.$!17!'$(.&*1-!/0!&#$!%&(&$!
1'!%&'1-)!1331%*&*1-!&1!3'131%(4%!32&!71'6('+!/0!-(&*,$!&'*/$%8!!
9-!9%'($4:!@$+12*-%!#(,$!%2%&(*-$+!&#$*'!&'(+*&*1-(4!6(0!17!4*7$!*-!&#$!A$)$,!+$%$'&!71'!
)$-$'(&*1-%8!9-!&#$!4(&$!BCDE%!(-+!$('40!BCFE%:!&#$!)1,$'-5$-&!17!9%'($4!3'$%%$+!@$+12*-%!&1!
'$%$&&4$!*-!%$,$-!34(--$+!&16-%8!9-!&#$!+$%*)-!17!&#$%$!34(.$%!4*&&4$!.1-%*+$'(&*1-!6(%!)*,$-!&1!
@$+12*-!.24&2'$8!G(.;!17!@$+12*-!*-,14,$5$-&!*-!&#$!+$%*)-!5(0!#(,$!%15$&#*-)!&1!+1!6*&#!&#$!
7(.&!&#(&!51'$!&#(-!#(47!17!&#$!@$+12*-%!'$72%$+!&1!51,$8!"#$0!.4(*5$+!&#(&!&#$!*-&$-&*1-!/$#*-+!
&#*%!%$&&4$5$-&!314*.0!6(%!-1&:!(%!9%'($4!.4(*5$+:!(!+$%*'$!&1!)*,$!&#$5!(..$%%!&1!51+$'-!%$',*.$%:!
/2&!'(&#$'!(-!$771'&!&1!.1-.$-&'(&$!&#$5!*-!('$(%!&#(&!6124+!$-(/4$!&#$!&'(-%7$'!17!&#$*'!4(-+!&1!&#$!
%&(&$!(-+!4$(+!&1!&#$*'!24&*5(&$!(%%*5*4(&*1-8!!
"#$!%$,$-!'$.1)-*H$+!@$+12*-!&16-%!$%&(/4*%#$+!(&!&#$!$-+!17!&#$!BCDE%!3(*+!4*&&4$!
(&&$-&*1-!&1!&'*/(4!%&'2.&2'$:!71'.*-)!&'*/$%!6*&#!(!#*%&1'0!17!'*,(4'0!(-+!(-&()1-*%5!&1!4*,$!
&1)$&#$'8!"#$!&16-%!(4%1!177$'$+!*-%277*.*$-&!4(-+!71'!@$+12*-!()'*.24&2'$8!!"#$!(+(3&(&*1-!17!
@$+12*-%!&1!&#$!51+$'-!6(0!17!4*7$!*-!&#$%$!-$6!&16-%!#(%!4$+!&1!.1-74*.&%!/$&6$$-!%$?$%:!
/$&6$$-!14+$'!(-+!012-)$'!)$-$'(&*1-%:!(-+!/$&6$$-!-2.4$('!7(5*4*$%!(-+!&#$!&'*/$%8!!
@$+12*-%!6#1!'$%*%&$+!'$%$&&4$5$-&!'$5(*-$+!*-!2-'$.1)-*H$+!,*44()$%8!"#$%$!('$!
*-71'5(4!.1552-*&*$%!6*&#!-1!3$'5(-$-&!%&'2.&2'$%!1'!32/4*.!%$',*.$%8!"1+(0:!&#$!)1,$'-5$-&!
+1$%!-1&!'$.1)-*H$!&#$%$!%$&&4$5$-&%!(-+!.1-%*+$'%!&#$5!*44$)(48!"#$!41.(&*1-%!1-!6#*.#!&#$0!#(,$!
/$$-!/2*4&!6$'$!.4(%%*7*$+!(%!()'*.24&2'(4!4(-+!*-!BCDI!2-+$'!(!J4(--*-)!(-+!K1-%&'2.&*1-!G(6!
&#(&!*)-1'$+!&#$!$?*%&$-.$!17!@$+12*-!,*44()$%!(-+!41.(4*&*$%8!!
!LM!
!"#$#%&"'()*#$((#)+&"&#,-(($.&"#$%&#'/0&%#)+%&$)"#12#0&31(-)-1/#$/0#31")#12#)+&3#01#/1)#
%&4&-,$"-4#"&%,-4&"6#!#%&4&/)#%&"71/"&#)1#8&01'-/#0-")%&""#+$"#5&&/#)+	+$%1/#2-,&:;&$%#7($/*#
<+-4+#122&%"#/'3&%1'"#-/4&/)-,&"#)1#8&01'-/"#<-((-/.#)1#31,&#-/)1#)+&#%&41./-=&0#)1</"6#
>1<&,&%*#)+&#?"%$&(-#.1,&%/3&/)#+$"#$("1#%&"1%)&0#)1#";")&3$)-4#4%17#0&")%'4)-1/*#0&31(-)-1/#12#
+1'"&"*#$/0#(&.$(#5$))(&"#-/#41'%)#)1#'/0&%"41%&#)+&#")$)&@"#($/0#1</&%"+-7#4($-3"A#)1#3$B&#)+&#
(-,&"#12#8&01'-/"#-/#)+&#,-(($.&"#7$%)-4'($%(;#'/41321%)$5(&A#$/0#)1#41/,-/4&#)+&3#)1#31,&6##
C/#5$($/4&*#7&/$()-&"#1,&%"+$01<#-/4&/)-,&"*#(&$0-/.#)+&01'-/"#)1#%&D&4)#)+&#<+1(&#
7($/#$/0#)1#-/4%&$"&#)+&-%#%&"-")$/4&#)1#)+&#?"%$&(-#")$)&6EF#8;#4137$%-"1/*#)+&#G1%0$/-$/#%&"71/"&#
)1#8&01'-/#&221%)"#)1#7%&"&%,&#)+&-%#)%$0-)-1/$(#<$;#12#(-2&#&37+$"-=&"#-/4&/)-,&"#$/0#-"#
4+$%$4)&%-=&0#5;#$#+&-.+)&/&0#(&,&(#12#4'()'%$(#$<$%&/&""#$/0#"&/"-)-,-);6#H1%&1,&%*#.1,&%/3&/)#
0&4-"-1/"#%&.$%0-/.#8&01'-/"#$%$0)(($51%$)-,&(;6##
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)+&#$00-)-1/$(#0-"$0,$/)$.#5&-/.#0-"7&%"&0#$4%1""#"&,&%$(#41'/)%-&"#$/0#/1)#+$,-/.#$#'/-2-&0#
1%.$/-=$)-1/$(#")%'4)'%&#)1#$0,$/4&#)+&-%#4($-3"6#J%-3&$/#K$)$%"#$%&#"7%&$0#$31/.#"&,&%$(#
41'/)%-&"#-/#I$")&%/#I'%17&#$/0#J&/)%$(#!"-$L#MNO*OOO#(-,&#-/#)+&#!')1/131'"#P&7'5(-4#12#
J%-3&$#-/#QB%$-/&A#RSO*OOO#-/#Q=5&B-")$/A#MT*OOO#-/#P13$/-$A#F*OOO#-/#8'(.$%-$A#$/0#$/#
'/0&)&%3-/&0#/'35&%#-/#K'%B&;6#K+&#!')1/131'"#P&7'5(-4#12#J%-3&$#-"#,&%;#0-,&%"&6##K<&(,&#
7&%4&/)#12#)+ˍ'($)-1/#$%&#K$)$%"A#NT#7&%4&/)#P'""-$/"A#MR#7&%4&/)#QB%$-/-$/"A#$/0#)+%&&#
7&%4&/)#1)+&%#.%1'7"6##
K$)$%"@#4($-3"#-/#J%-3&$#214'"#1/#2-,D&4)-,&"6#K+&"&#-/4('0&L#$4+-&,-/.#122-4-$(#")$)'"#
$"#$/#$')14+)+1/1'"#1%#-/0-.&/1'"#7&17(&A#$/#122-4-$(#%&41./-)-1/#12#)+&-%#)%$0-)-1/$(#(&$0&%"#$"#
"'7%&3&#%&7%&"&/)$)-,&#$')+1%-)-&"A#&22&4)-,&#%&7%&"&/)$)-1/#$)#$((#(&,&("#12#.1,&%/3&/)A#$/#
-37%1,&3&/)#-/#"14-1&41/13-4#41/0-)-1/"#"'22-4-&/)#)1#$((1<#)+&#%&)'%/#12#$((#7&17(�&71%)&0#5;#
)+[,-&)#P&.-3&#-/#)+&#RUTO"A#$/0#&V'$(#%-.+)"#12#$((#7&17(&"#12#J%-3&$#%&.$%0-/.#7%-,$)-=$)-1/#
$/0#&37(1;3&/)6#
#C)+&%#")$B&+1(0&%"#-/#)+&#%&.-1/::P'""-$*#QB%$-/&*#)+&#W1/:K$)$%#717'($)-1/*#$/0#)+&#
.1,&%/3&/)#12#)+&#!')1/131'"#P&7'5(-4#12#J%-3&$::01#/1)#%&41./-=&#)+&#K$)$%"@#4($-3"#$/0#
-./1%&#)+&-%#0&3$/0"6#J'%%&/)(;*#/1#(&.-"($)-,&#$4)#7%1,-0&"#&22&4)-,&#%&7%&"&/)$)-1/*#71(-)-4$(#
7$%)-4-7$)-1/*#1%#"&(2:.1,&%/3&/)#21%#)+&#J%-3&$/#K$)$%"*#-/4('0-/.#)+&#%-.+)#12#"&(2:
0&)&%3-/$)-1/6#?/#RUUX#)+&#QB%$-/-$/#Y1,&%/3&/)#&,&/#0&7%-,&0#J%-3&$/#K$)$%"#<+1#+$0#/1)#
15)$-/&0#QB%$-/-$/#4-)-=&/"+-7#12#)+&#%-.+)#)1#,1)&6ET#
J137(&Z#2&$)'%&"#12#)%-5$(#717'($)-1/"#4135-/&0#<-)+#)+&#%&7&$)&0#3-.%$)-1/#12#)+&-%#
$/4&")1%"#+$,&#$(<$;"#3$0&#-)#0-22-4'()#21%#)+&#!0-,$"-"#12#?/0-$#)1#0-"4'""#)+&-%#-/0-.&/&-);6#
[+-(")#"4+1($%"#4+$((&/.&#)+&#/1)-1/*#)+&#!0-,$"-"#+$,&&/#0&"4%-5&0#$"#)+/(;#/$)-,&"#12#
# FS
!"#$%&'())*+,)-.$/),0%/+"1)-.0$,),$2.-/).%30)"+-)+4-0")500")%,-$678%-0#)%/)-.+/0)+4)$"#$20"+7/)90+980&)
:+;030,1)8$<0)=%">)"%-$30)90+980)%,+7"#)-.0);+,8#1)-.0)?#$3%/$/).%30)8+"2)500")0@687#0#)4,+=)
-.0)"%-$+"%8)/+6$0->&))
A7,$"2)-.0)6+8+"$%8),02$=01)-.0)?#$3%/$/);0,0)"02806-0#)5>)-.0)B,$-$/.)%"#)$/+8%-0#)4,+=)
-.0),0/-)+4)-.0)/+6$0->&)C%"#)+;"0,/)%"#)-,%#0,D=+"0>80"#0,/)4$"%"60#)-.0$,)%2,$678-7,%8)9,+E06-/&)
?/)%),0/78-1)=%">)?#$3%/$/)%667=78%-0#)#05-)%"#)030"-7%88>)8+/-)-.0$,)8%"#&))
!")FGH'1)-.0)*+,0/-)?6-)80#)-+)#03%/-%-$"2)$=9%6-/)+")?#$3%/$/I)7/0)+4)4+,0/-),0/+7,60/1)%/)
$-)0/-%58$/.0#)-.0)%5/+87-0),$2.-)+4)-.0)/-%-0)+30,)4+,0/-)8%"#1)$2"+,$"2)?#$3%/$/I)67/-+=%,>D7/0)
,$2.-/&)?4-0,)$"#090"#0"601)/6.+8%,/)%"#)/+6$%8);+,<0,/).0890#)/-,0"2-.0")-.0)/+8$#%,$->)+4)
?#$3%/$/)%6,+//)-,$5%8)8$"0/)$")9,+-0/-)%2%$"/-)+44$6$%8)8%6<)+4),0/906-)4+,)67/-+=%,>)4+,0/-),$2.-/&'J)
!")4%6-1)$")!"#$%1)-.0)$#0"-$4$6%-$+")+4)?#$3%/$/)%/)$"#$20"+7/)90+980),040,/)/906$4$6%88>)-+)-.0$,)
8%6<)+4)6+"-,+8)+30,)K-.0$,L)"%-7,%8),0/+7,60/1)"+-)-+)-.0$,)97-%-$30)68%$=)-+)50$"2)-.0)"%-$30)
90+980)+4)!"#$%&))
!")-.0)9%/-)MN)>0%,/1),%9$#)$"#7/-,$%8$O%-$+")%"#)#0308+9=0"-1)/76.)%/)#%=)6+"/-,76-$+"1)
.%30)030")47,-.0,),0/-,$6-0#)?#$3%/$/I/)7/0)+4)8%"#)%"#)4+,0/-/&)P$"60)=%">)?#$3%/$/)8$30)$")/-009)
%"#),0=+-0)%,0%/1)%8/+);088)/7$-0#)-+)#%=)6+"/-,76-$+"1)-.0/0)9,+E06-/).%30).%#)0/906$%88>)
#0/-,76-$30)$=9%6-/)+")-.0$,)8$30/&)*+,->)90,60"-)+4)-.0)90+980)#$/98%60#)5>)#%=/)$")!"#$%).%30)
500")?#$3%/$/1);.+),09,0/0"-)+"8>)0$2.-)90,60"-)+4)-.0)-+-%8)9+978%-$+"&''))
A$/98%60=0"-)#0/-,+>0#)-;+)$=9+,-%"-)5%/0/)+4)-.0$,)8$30/Q)-.0$,)-$0)-+)"%-7,%8),0/+7,60/)
%"#)-.0)/+6$%8)5+"#/)%=+"2)-.0)?#$3%/$/)-.0=/0830/&)R.0)P%,#%,)P%,+3%,)S,+E06-)%88020#8>)
%4406-0#)79)-+)MNN1NNN)90+980)-.,+72.)#$/98%60=0"-)5>)6%"%8)6+"/-,76-$+"1)/06+"#%,>)
#$/98%60=0"-1)6+=90"/%-+,>)%44+,0/-%-$+"1)%"#)9758$6).0%8-.).%O%,#/&'T)R.0)#%=)9,+E06-/).%30)
0"#0#)%">)6.%"60)+4)%7-+"+=>)4+,)-.0)?#$3%/$/&)!")U%,6.)HNNV1)47,-.0,)6+"/-,76-$+")+4)-.0)#%=)
79)-+)%).0$2.-)+4)FFN)=0-0,/);%/)%7-.+,$O0#&)
)!")-.0/0)6%/0/1)$"#$20"+7/)90+980/)4%60)/-,+"2)+99+/$-$+")4,+=)"%-$+"%8)2+30,"=0"-/)
;.$6.),047/0)-+)%##,0//)-.0$,)6+"60,"/&)R.0$,)68%$=/).%30)500")$2"+,0#&)W%-$30)-,$50/)6%");%$-)
%"#).+90)4+,)%)6.%"20)$"),02$=0)+,)%)/.$4-)$")-.0)9+8$-$6%8)678-7,0)+4)-.0)6+7"-,>&)?8-0,"%-$308>1)
-.0>)=$2.-)5,$"2)$"-+)98%>)+"0)+,)=+,0)+4)-.0)%99,+%6.0/)#$/67//0#)$")-.0)9,03$+7/)/06-$+"&))
Type 2– Demands are heard by the state, but disputes are not resolved
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Type 3 – Significant or partial resolution of land claims
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Self Determination
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J.#UCCV7#/!/%0(&'#/!0('()&#&8("'*,#(.,(2*.!%&#&*0"=,*'*46(.+'(!.#'!#'8*#/*4(/8*41#!"#*0('*#
/!0()1#'8(.<(.27#+&#,*6!.&'4+'*,#F1#+#K!%4'#!"#M//*+0#N%,26*.'#Ngati Apa and Others v.
Attorney General, ?KM#ABXYCA#KMBZYCU7#AI#$%.*#UCCXDIC#+.,#F1#+#&/**)8#F1#'8*#!//!&('(!.#
0*+,*4#[!.#\4+&87#Nationhood9IA##M&#,*6!.&'4+'*,#F1#'8*&*#'3!#,4+6+'()#,*-*0!/6*.'&7#&!6*#
/!0('()+0#0*+,*4&#+//*+4#'!#F*#4*&(&'(.2#24+.'&#!"#24!%/#4(28'&#F+&*,#!.#'4(F+0#(,*.'('19#>8*1#+42%*#
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*6F!,(*,#(.#'8*#>4*+'1#!"#;+('+.2(9##
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,*'*46(.+'(!.9#>8(&#/4(.)(/0*#8++(.*,#(.'*4.+'(!.+0#'4+)'(!.#"!00!3(.2#'8*#+,!/'(!.#F1#'8*#OE#
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#VC#
Partial resolution of land claims
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Commission )"+'+$4*$7$6"*#':&6";+&'$#';2,&5.'#,&'3$4,#+':&+#1)&.';21*'!"#$%&'G0&3$6"*+':<'
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.$+0$++&.'#,&'6"+&'&"6,'#$0&9'+#"#$*4'#,"#'#,&'5&4$+5"#;3&'0;+#'"..3&++'#,&'6&.&.'5"*.+'$++;&=KN''
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P$*4.10',".'13$4$*"55<'+&#'"+$.&'713'2;:5$6'#3;+#'2;321+&+='
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231#&6#$1*+9'"*.'"6?*1)5&.40&*#'"+'1#,&3'!"#$%&'G0&3$6"*'431;2+='Q*'U;*&'\[[N9'#,&'/&*"#&'
.&7&"#&.'#,&'!"#$%&'(")"$$"*'_&134"*$B"#$1*'G6#'"*.'$#+'*"#$1*8)$#,$*8"8*"#$1*'+<+#&0='
V$77&3$*4'12$*$1*+'"01*4'!"#$%&'(")"$$"*+'1%&3'#,&'5&4$+5"#$1*'.&01*+#3"#&'73"6#;3&+'"01*4'
' RM
!"#$%$&'()*+,"#$,$()!-++.",$+/$0&$#$+&)+&!+1+2"!&)&#$+!)$2+)"31%4!+$(4&('+,"%$+)51(+1+6$()7%*+"8+
4&!6%&,&(1)&"(9+35&0$+")5$%!+8$$0+)51)+)5$+/&00+3"704+0$'&)&,&:$+;.+)%$1),$()+1(4+6"()%"0+"#$%+
<131&&1(!-=>9++=?++@5&0$+2%$!!7%$+8"%+17)"(",*+1(4+!"#$%$&'()*+6"()&(7$+)"+/7&049+)5$+"7)6",$+
,1*+4$2$(4+"(+35$)5$%+4&88$%$()+'%"72!+61(+10&'(+)5$&%+"/A$6)&#$!-++
+
Recognized and effective autonomy
B+!$6"(4+)*2$+"8+01(4C601&,+%$!"07)&"(+"667%!+35$(+!)1)$!+'%1()+17)"(",*+)"+(1)&#$+)%&/$!+
)5%"7'5+013!+1(4+%$'701)&"(!-+B7)"(",*+%$2%$!$()!+!",$)5&('+0$!!+)51(+27%$+!$08C4$)$%,&(1)&"(+
&(+)$%,!+"8+%&'5)!+8"%+&(4&'$("7!+6",,7(&)&$!9+/7)+&)+$(1/0$!+)5$,+'1&(+!$67%$+166$!!+)"+01(4+1(4+
,1(1'$+%$!"7%6$!+166"%4&('+)"+)5$&%+"3(+#107$!+1(4+013!-+D)+10!"+651('$!+2"3$%+%$01)&"(!5&2!+
/$)3$$(+)5$+4",&(1()+670)7%$+1(4+&(4&'$("7!+2$"20$!-++
D(+)5$+.)1)$+"8+E%&)&!5+F"07,/&1+&(+F1(1419+)5$+G==?+H&!'1I1+J%$1)*+87(41,$()100*+
10)$%$4+)5$+%$01)&"(!5&2+/$)3$$(+)5$+H&!'1I1+1(4+)5$+F1(14&1(+'"#$%(,$()-+H&!'1I1+16K7&%$4+
6"00$6)&#$+"3($%!5&2+"8+G9==L+!K71%$+M&0",$)$%!+"8+NH&!'1I1+O1(4!P+8$$+!&,20$9+&(6074&('+)5$+
"3($%!5&2+"8+!7/!7%816$+%$!"7%6$!-+J5$+)%$1)*+4$0&($1)$!+$()&)0$,$()!+)"+31)$%9+8&!59+3&040&8$9+
8"%$!)9+1(4+,&($%10!-+J5$+H&!'1I1+1%$+100"))$4+!2$6&8&6+2$%6$()1'$!+"8+)5$+!10,"(+%7(!9+1(4+
16K7&%$4+8&!5&('+1(4+57()&('+%&'5)!9+3&)5&(+)5$+0&,&)+"8+8$4$%10+%$'701)&"(!+8"%+)5$!$+&(47!)%&$!-+
J5$+H&!'1I1+10!"+"3(+)5$+8"%$!)!+1(4+1%$+1/0$+)"+,1M$+013!+%$'1%4&('+)5$&%+7!$9+$#$(+&8+)5$*+61(+
0"'+"(0*+!2$6&8&6+1,"7()!+$165+*$1%+1(4+,7!)+"/$*+2%"#&(6&10+8"%$!)%*+013!-+J5$*+3$%$+10!"+
'%1()$4+QRR9RRR+67/&6+4$61,$)$%!+"8+31)$%+1((7100*9+35&65+)5$*+61(+7!$+8"%+1(*+27%2"!$-++
J5%"7'5+)5&!+)%$1)*9+)5$+H&!'1I1+3&00+'"#$%(+H&!'1I1+01(4!+166"%4&('+)"+1+6",20$S+1(4+
4$)1&0$4+!$08C'"#$%(,$()+1%%1('$,$()-+H&!'1I1+61(+14"2)+)5$&%+"3(+6"(!)&)7)&"(+1(4+1%$+("+0"('$%+
!7/A$6)+)"+)5$+D(4&1(+B6)9+1+21)$%(10&!)&6+8$4$%10+013+)51)+)&'5)0*+%$'701)$!+)5$+1881&%!+"8+100+T&%!)+
H1)&"(!-+J5$+H&!'1I1+'1&($4+/%"14+0$'&!01)&#$+2"3$%!+"#$%+,"!)+&()$%(10+,1))$%!9+&(6074&('+
)1S1)&"(9+$S6$2)+"#$%+6%&,&(10+013-+<"3$#$%9+2%"#&(6&10+1(4+8$4$%10+013!+3&00+6"()&(7$+)"+1220*+)"+
)5$+H&!'1I1-++
D(+)5&!+5&!)"%&6+1'%$$,$()9+)5$+H&!'1I1+165&$#$4+!"0&4+!$08C'"#$%(1(6$+1(4+!$08C
4$)$%,&(1)&"(9+/7)+3&)5&(+)5$+8%1,$3"%M+"8+F1(14&1(+013-+D(+$S651('$+8"%+)5$+)%$1)*9+)5$+H&!'1I1+
%$0$1!$4+1(*+87)7%$+1/"%&'&(10+01(4+%&'5)!+601&,!-+U"!)+6%&)&6&!,+"8+)5$+)%$1)*+6",$!+8%",+")5$%+
T&%!)+H1)&"(!-+J5$*+1%'7$+)51)+)5$+H&!'1I1+51#$+6"(!$()$4+)"+)5$+0"!!+"8+)5$&%+!"#$%$&'()*+&(+
$S651('$+8"%+0&,&)$4+%&'5)!+4$0$'1)$4+/*+E%&)&!5+F"07,/&1+1(4+F1(141-==+
+ J5$+F1(14&1(+'"#$%(,$()+51!+/$$(+3&00&('+)"+%$4$8&($+)5$+%$01)&"(!5&2+/$)3$$(+)5$+!)1)$+
1(4+&(4&'$("7!+2$"20$!+1(4+)"+'%1()+17)"(","7!+!)1)7!+)"+(1)&#$+)%&/$!-+<"3$#$%9+17)"(",*+4"$!+
(")+$K710+!$08C4$)$%,&(1)&"(+1(4+61(+&(#"0#$+6",2%",&!$!+"#$%+)5$+1,"7()+"8+01(4+)51)+&!+'%1()$4+
+VL+
!"#$%&#'()*#(+,#"&-.'($/!+*#$%($#0.*$#1&#!1&2&,3#4$#('*!#'&(5&*#!6&+#$%.&*$/!+#!8#%!)#$%&#*$($.*#
!8#9/"*$#:($/!+*#!"#9/"*$#;&!6'&*#)/''#1&#,&8/+&,#/+#$%.$."&#*/+<&#!+'2#(#6&"0(+&+$#-"(+$#!8#8.''#
*!5&"&/-+$2#)!.',#&+,#$%&#,/*<.**/!+3###
#
Autonomy recognized but not implemented
=#$%/",#$26&#!8#"&*!'.$/!+#!8#/+,/-&+!.*#'(+,#<'(/0*#<!+*/*$*#!8#-"(+$/+-#(.$!+!02#$!#/+,/-&+!.*#
$"/1&*#1.$#)/$%!.$#(+2#*6&</('#>'&-/*'($&,?#0&(+*#!8#/06'&0&+$/+-#$%/*#+&)#*$($.*3#4+#@(/)(+A#
,."/+-#$%"&*/,&+$/('#&'&<$/!+#!8#BCCCA#/+,/-&+!.*#(<$/5/*$*A#*.66!"$&,#12#$%&#D;;#6("$2A#
!"-(+/E&,#(#<(06(/-+#$!#6.*%#8!")(",#/+,/-&+!.*#6!'/</&*3#@%&#*.<<&**8.''2#*/-+&,#F@"&($2#!8#
:&)#;("$+&"*%/6#1&$)&&+#$%+,/-&+!.*#;&!6'&*#(+,#$%&#G!5&"+0&+$#!8#@(/)(+H#%(*#*&5&"('#
("$/<'&*A#/+<'.,/+-#"&<!-+/$/!+#!8#$%&#+($."('#*!5&"&/-+$2#!8#@(/)(+I*#/+,/-&+!.*#6&!6'&*J#$%&#
6"!0!$/!+#!8#*&'8K-!5&"+(+<!"#/+,/-&+!.*#6&!6'&*J#$%&#<!+<'.*/!+#!8#(#'(+,#$"&($2#)/$%#
/+,/-&+!.*#6&!6'&*J#$%&#"&/+*$($&0&+$#!8#$"(,/$/!+('#+(0&*#!8#/+,/-&+!.*#<!00.+/$/&*#(+,#+($."('#
'(+,0("L*J#$%&#"&<!5&"2#!8#$"(,/$/!+('#$&""/$!"/&*#(+,#.*&#!8#+($."('#"&*!."<&*#8!"#/+,/-&+!.*#
<!00.+/$/&*#(+,#6&!6'&*J#(+,#$%"!5/*/!+#!8#<!+-"&**/!+('#"&6"&*&+$($/5&*#8!"#&(<%#/+,/-&+!.*#
6&!6'&3#@%/*#(-"&&0&+$#"&<!-+/E&*#/+,/-&+!.*#*&'8K-!5&"+(+<&#/+#$%&!"2A#6.$$/+-#(+#&+,#$!#$%&#
,/*<"/0/+($/5&#(+,#(**/0/'($/!+/*$#($$/$.,&*#!8#$%"&5/!.*#"&-/0&3##
M/+<&#$%/*#(-"&&0&+$#)(*#*/-+&,A#!+&#!8#$%&#@*!.#5/''(-&*A#M(5/L/A#/+/$/($&,#(#*&'8K
!"-(+/E&,#<!00.+/$2#&88!"$#$!#*(8&-.(",#$%&#"/5&"#@(+(2/L.#$%($#".+*#$%"!.-%#$%&#<!00.+/$23#
N!)&5&"A#$%&/"#"/-%$#$!#(<$#%(*#1&&+#'/0/$&,#12#$%&#+($/!+('#-!5&"+0&+$3#=,0/+/*$"($/5&#"&-/!+*#
%(5&$#$!#1&#"&!"-(+/E&,#$!#&+(1'&#/+,/-&+!.*#6&!6'&#$!#(<%/&5&#*&'8K-!5&"+(+<&3#O.""&+$'2A#
/+,/-&+!.*#*&'8K-!5&"+(+<&#,!&*#+!$#0&(+#'!<('#*&'8K-!5&"+(+<&#/+#$%&#P."/*,/<$/!+#!8#$%&#xiangA#
(+#(,0/+/*$"($/5&#'&5&'#*0(''&"#$%(+#$%&#<!.+$23##4+#@(/)(+A#$%&#(.$!+!02#!8#$%&#@*!.#6&!6'&#/*#
5&"2#'/0/$&,#/+#6"(<$/<&#,&*6/$&#(#$"&($2#-"(+$/+-#(+,#,&8/+/+-#*&'8K-!5&"+(+<!"#/+,/-&+!.*#
6&!6'&*3##
4+#;(6.(#:&)#G./+&(A#$%&#Q!+--!0#;&!6'&#%(5&&+#(1'&#$!#'/5&#(+,#6"(<$/<&#
$"(,/$/!+('#(-"/<.'$."&A#8("0/+-A#(+,#8/*%/+-#8!"#,&<(,&*#)/$%!.$#/+$&"8&"&+<"!0#$%&#*$($&3#@%&#
<!.+$"2I*#BCRS#<!+*$/$.$/!+#"&<!-+/E&*#$%&#<.*$!0("2#'()*#!8#/+,/-&+!.*#6&!6'&#(*#(#1/+,/+-#6("$#
!8#$%&#+($/!+('#'&-('#*2*$&03#N!)&5&"A#/+#6"(<$/<&A#$%&#*$($.*#!8#(.$!+!02#%(*#1&&+#&06$/&,#!8#
0&(+/+-#0!*$'2#12#<!+8'/<$*#"&'($&,#$!#'(+,#.*&#(+,#"&*!."<&#"/-%$*3#4+#BCCTA#$%&#Q!+--!0#8/'&,#(#
'()*./$#(-(/+*$#$%�/+/+-#<!06(+2#UN;#U/''/$!+#$!#6"!$&*$#(-(/+*$#$%&#&+5/"!+0&+$('#/06(<$*#!8#
$%&#VL#@&,/#0/+&3#4+#BCCWA#1!$%#6("$/&*#"&(<%&,#(+#!.$K!8K<!."$#*&$$'&0&+$#,/"&<$/+-#SXX#0/''/!+#
,!''("*#$!#$%./',/+-#!8#(66"!6"/($&#$(/'/+-*#<!+$(/+0&+$#8(</'/$/&*#12#UN;#U/''/$!+J#$%&#<"&($/!+##
#
# TY
!"#$#%&'(%#"!&#%)*#+*!+,*#!"#%)*#-,.#/01*&2#$34#$#"'34#"!!66'30%0*(#03#%)*#6!(%#)*$10,.#$""*5%*4#
$&*$(#!"#%)*#,!7*Y#:*40#/01*&;##
<=>#06+,*6*3%*4#%)*#%7!#,$(%#0%*6(?#@'%#404#3!%#5!3(%&'5%#%)*#5!3%$036*3%#"$50,0%.;#
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%)*#603*#()!&%,.#%)*&*$"%*&;#A340C*3!'(#C&!'+(#7*3%#@$59#%!#5!'&%#$(903C#"!!&*#5!6+*3($%0!3#
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>$+'$#J*7#K'03*$#404#3!%#5!3%*(%#,$34#!73*&()0+#!&#,$34#'($C*?#@'%#*310&!36*3%$,#4$6$C*#
'+(%&*$6#"&!6#%)*#0340C*3!'(#+*!+,*I(#%*&&0%!&.#4*(%&!.*4#%)*0&#,$34#$34#+&*1*3%*4#%)*6#"&!6#
6$03%$0303C#*5!3!605#$34#5',%'&$,,.#(0C30"05$3%#$5%010%0*(;#A3#%)*#*34?#(!1*&*0C3%.#!&#$'%!3!6.#
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%&0@*(#!3#+$+*&?#@'%#$&*#,060%*4#03#+&$5%05*#@*5$'(*#!"#%)*#C!1*&36*3%(I#'370,,03C3*((#!$@0,0%.#
%!#"!,,!7#%)&!'C)#!3#06+,*6*3%$%0!3;##
Monetary compensation
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&*(!'&5*(;#A3#%)0(#,$(%#5$(*?#%)*&*#0(#3!#C'$&$3%**#%)$%#5,*$&#@!&4*&(#70,,#@*#6$03%$03*4#@*%7**3#
3$%01*#+*!+,*#$34#%)*#4!603$3%#5',%'&*;#A3#%)*#O30%*4#G%$%*(?#%)&!'C)#%)*#L&0P!3$#Q$%*&#
G*%%,*6*3%#L5%#!"#DEEF?#%)*#R*3%&$,#L&0P!3$#>&!S*5%#TRL>U#70,,#@&03C#V;W#60,,0!3#$5&*B"**%#!"#
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%)*#,$&C*(%#(03C,*#&*(!'&5*#!"#&*3*7$@,*#7$%*&#('++,0*(#03#L&0P!3$;##
:)*#L5%#$,(!#C'$&$3%**(#YDEE#60,,0!3#%!#%)*#5!66'30%.?#!"#7)05)#YVFZ#60,,0!3#70,,#
&*)$@0,0%$%*#%)*#G$3#R$&,!(#A&&0C$%0!3#>&!S*5%#$34#YW[#60,,0!3#70,,#*(%$@,0()#$3#8+*&$%0!3(?#
X$03%*3$35*?#$34#/*)$@0,0%$%0!3#:&'(%#-'34#%!#4*"&$.#5!(%(#$((!50$%*4#70%)#%)*#4*,01*&.#!"#RL>#
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C&$03(;#=!7*1*&?#%)*&*#0(#3!#C'$&$3%**#%)$%#%)*#5!66'30%.#70,,#@*#$@,*#%!#*""*5%01*,.#+&$5%05*#
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1,1)"%&()0*%#(."-(/!(3%!*7(=++/#5%&'()/()0*()#*")-:()0*(;%1'"<"(.%33(#*+*%2*(6"-$*&)1(/!(>?@A(
$%33%/&(/2*#("(?BC-*"#(6*#%/57(8&("55%)%/&:(D#%)%10(9/3,$4%"("&5(9"&"5"(0"2*(+/$$%))*5()/(
!,&5%&'()0*(;%1'"<"('/2*#&$*&)(1/()0")(%)(+"&(6#/2%5*(1*#2%+*1()/(%)1(+%)%E*&1(F")("33(3*2*31G(
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)0*()#*")-:(%&+3,5%&'()0*(3"&5:(+"6%)"3(6"-$*&)1:("&5()0*(+/$$%)$*&)()/(6"-(!/#(1*#2%+*1:(%1(
*1)%$")*5(")(>IAACIIA($%33%/&7((
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/!()0*(N%+0)*#12*35(+/$$,&%)-(./,35(4*("."#5*5(#*1)/#")%/&(/!()0*%#(#%'0)()/(3"&5("&5($%&*#"31:(
.%)0()0*(6/)*&)%"3(!/#("55%)%/&"3(*O,%)"43*(#*5#*11()/(6#/2%5*(!/#:("$/&'(/)0*#()0%&'1:(#*$*5%")%/&(
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)*#$*5("(F#*6"#")%/&(6"-$*&)G:(%1(%&("55%)%/&()/(',"#"&)**1(!/#(*&2%#/&$*&)"3(#*1)/#")%/&(/!(
5"$"'*5("#*"1("&5(!/#$"3(+/&)#/3(/!()0*(3"&5("&5($%&*#"3(#%'0)17((H0%1(%1("(1%'&%!%+"&)(!%&"&+%"3(
2%+)/#-(!/#()0*(N%+0)*#12*35(+/$$,&%)-:("3)0/,'0(%)(%1("31/("(1%'&%!%+"&)(/,)3"-(!#/$()0*(6,43%+(
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6#*1*#2%&'(%&5%'*&*%)-7(J/#()0*(WN89:("))"%&%&'(",)/&/$-(/2*#()0*(,1*(/!()0*(.")*#(%1(3%&V*5()/(
)0*%#("4%3%)-()/(#*)"%&()0*%#()#"5%)%/&"3(."-(/!(3%!*7(H0*(O,*1)%/&(#*$"%&1(/6*&:(0/.*2*#:(.0*)0*#(
"&5(0/.(!%&"&+%"3(+/$6*&1")%/&(.%33(1)#*&')0*&()0*%#(%&5%'*&*%)-7(((
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*S)*&)(/!(1/2*#*%'&)-(/#(",)/&/$-('#"&)*5()/(&")%2*()#%4*1("&5(%&()0*(3*2*3(/!(*!!*+)%2*&*11("&5(
%$63*$*&)")%/&(/!(&*.("'#**$*&)17(8&(H"%."&("&5(X"6,"(;*.(W,%&*":(",)/&/$-(/&(6"6*#(!/#(
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"&5(*S)#"+)(+*#)"%&(&"),#"3(#*1/,#+*1(!#/$(%&5%'*&/,1(3"&5:(%1(%&+/&1%1)*&)(.%)0(.0")()0*(
%&5%'*&/,1(6*/63*(0"2*(%&($%&57(=&/)0*#(#*"1/&($%'0)(4*()0*(5%!!%+,3)-(/!(!%))%&'(&*.3-(
#*+/'&%E*5(%&5%'*&/,1(#%'0)1(%&)/(/35("5$%&%1)#")%2*(1)#,+),#*17(J,#)0*#$/#*:(1,+0(#%'0)1($"-(
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J%&"&+%"3(+/$6*&1")%/&(%1(&/)("(6"&"+*"(*%)0*#:(1%&+*(*&2%#/&$*&)"3(/#(+,3),#"3(5"$"'*()/(
( BI
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1&)*%+#)1&)!"1%"(%)#%6+1%)+"#)-&"1.&/%.(57)8'.1,%.2&.%9)1,%.%)!()"&)$'+.+"1%%)1,+1)2&"%1+.5)
-&20%"(+1!&"):!**)*%+#)1&)+).%(1&.+1!&")&3)1.+#!1!&"+*)0.+-1!-%()&.)0.%(%./+1!&")&3)1,%)!"#!$%"%!15)
&3)1,%)"+1!/%)0%&0*%)!"/&*/%#7)
);<)
Section 6
Doing the ground work: Preconditions for successful claims !!
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7'$,%8!&!,#%!*2!-$#$#91','%#,!'(%#$(&/!%*!%0#!)/&'3,!31,%!.#!*$5&(':#+!'(!*$+#$!%*!3*1(%!&!
)*3-#//'(5!)&,#6!!;#)*(+8!'(!3&(4!)&,#,!'(%#$(&%'*(&/!-$#,,1$#!31,%!.#!.$*150%!%*!.#&$!*(!
5*<#$(3#(%,!$#,',%&(%!%*!%0#!)/&'3,!*2!'(+'5#(*1,!-#*-/#,6!!=0'$+8!%0#!<&/1#,!*2!%0#!+*3'(&(%!
)1/%1$#!31,%!.#!#(/',%#+!'(!,1--*$%!*2!)/&'3,!%0&%!+*!(*%8!&%!2'$,%!5/&()#8!&--#&$!%*!.#!)*(,',%#(%!
>'%0!%0#'$!'(%#$#,%,6!!7*1$%08!'(!%0#!)*1$,#!*2!/#5&/!*$!&/%#$(&%'<#!+#)','*(!3&?'(5!&$*1(+!/&(+!
',,1#,8!'(+'5#(*1,!-#*-/#!31,%!.#!&//*>#+!%*!&$%')1/&%#!%0#'$!*>(!)*()#-%'*(!*2!%0#'$!+#,'$#+!
,%&%1,!&(+!$'50%,6!!7'(&//48!'%!',!(#)#,,&$4!%*!-1%!,%$1)%1$#,!'(!-/&)#!%*!3*('%*$!&+0#$#()#!%*!
&5$##3#(%,!.#%>##(!'(+'5#(*1,!-#*-/#,!&(+!%0#!+*3'(&(%!)1/%1$#6!
Preparing conditions within the community
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-#*-/#,!>'//!.#!0#&$+!*$!$#,*/<#+6!=0#!'(+'5#(*1,!3*<#3#(%!(##+,!%*!.#!)*0#,'<#8!&(+!(&%'<#!
-#*-/#!31,%!,-#&?!>'%0!&!1('2'#+!<*')#6!;%$*(5!'(+'5#(*1,!/#&+#$,0'-!',!$#91'$#+!%*!3*.'/':#!
'(+'5#(*1,!)*(,%'%1#()'#,6!!
=0#!'('%'&/!,%#-8!2*$!%0#!-#*-/#!*2!&(!'(+'5#(*1,!)*331('%48!',!%*!&,,13#!%0&%!%0#'$!
)1/%1$#!&(+!>&4!*2!/'2#!&$#!>*$%0!2'50%'(5!2*$6!@(/#,,!%0',!)*(+'%'*(!',!3#%8!'%!',!1(/'?#/4!%0&%!%0#!
/#&+#$,0'-!>'//!#3#$5#!%*!&+<&()#!'(+'5#(*1,!)/&'3,6!A2!'(+'5#(*1,!-#*-/#!&$#!(*%!-$*1+!*2!%0#'$!
)1/%1$#,8!%0#(!%0#'$!)*331('%'#,!>'//!#<#(%1&//4!)$13./#!2$*3!>'%0'(8!&,!4*1(5#$!5#(#$&%'*(,!
)0**,#!%*!&+*-%!%0#!>&4,!*2!%0#!+*3'(&(%!)1/%1$#,!&(+!2&'/!%*!-&,,!%0#'$!/&(51&5#,!&(+!)1/%1$#,!
&/*(5!%*!%0#'$!)0'/+$#(6!!;*3#!'(+'5#(*1,!5$*1-,!2##/!'(2#$'*$!&(+!&,0&3#+!*2!%0#'$!)1/%1$#,6!!
B0#(!%0',!0&--#(,8!&!)1/%1$#!>'//!(*%!,1$<'<#8!(*!3&%%#$!0*>!31)0!/&(+!',!3&+#!&<&'/&./#6!!
=0#!#(/',%3#(%!*2!(&%'*(&/!&(+!'(%#$(&%'*(&/!CDE,!'(!,1--*$%!%0#!$'50%,!*2!'(+'5#(*1,!
-#*-/#,8!+#-#(+,!*(!%0#!&,,#$%'*(!*2!%0#!<&/1#!*2!%$&+'%'*(&/!>&4,!%0&%!3#3.#$,!*2!%0#!)*331('%4!
3'50%!0&<#!2*$5*%%#(6!7*$!#F&3-/#8!*(#!*2!EF2&3!G3#$')&H,!-$*5$&3,!'(!;*1%0!G3#$')&!',!
0#/-'(5!'(+'5#(*1,!G(+#&(!)*331('%'#,!$#I/#&$(!%*!5$*>!)$*-,!,1)0!&,!91'(*&8!)&J'01&8!&(+!
&/2&/2&6KLL!!
!
The value of international pressure
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Section 7!
First Peoples’ land claims: An uncertain future
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!
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J03##)'
'
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H;"V;%'J0$B"%:3)'
'
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M$P2;%G)'
'
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The Case Studies !
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:$;,*&(!1*!Addressing Land Claims of Indigenous Peoples. 9'&2$<<$!=*4.$<1>'?,@!:.;;$(!
=.'-,*@!"&<,&!A$(;&*BC,'#1*/@!:#.*<,*4!D#$*@!=(-.(!E$;%#.?@!=*+($&!F<$*@!=.-.;*!F(&#&;@!
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References$
:13#/-&4$8@$&0-$:''767$F7-&,4$O@$PBKKQR@$LATAUTONOMY-Capítulo Ecuador: Informe Final, Fundación Pueblo Indio del Ecuador4$S*/.7@$$
TN:;%U@$PBKKVR@$Sarayaku4$El Pueblo del Cenit, Identidad y Construcción Étnica4$TN:;%UW;X>%4$S*/.7@$$$
$
Y7'7H)/04$!@$PBKKBR@$80$,#&'5"$7+$-/&172*#Z$U/1$573?&0/#,$&0-$/0-/2#07*,$?#7?1#,$7+$."#$
>5*&-7'/&0$:3&M70@$Canadian Journal of Development Studies B[PQR\$C[[9CC[@$
%/']04$:@$PBKKQR@$Changing interactions between humans and nature in Sarayaku, Ecuadorian Amazon@$X75.7'&1$-/,,@$X#?.@$7+$F*'&1$X#H#17?3#0.$&0-$:2'7#57172(4$%ND@$:5.&$D0/H#',/.&./,$&2'/5*1.*'&#$%*#5/&@$:2'&'/&$H71@$QQ^@$$
$
$ CA
The Mapuche (Chile)
Alexis Schulman
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%References
:9-;*+8%<0%=>??@A0%Indigenous peoples rights in Chile: Progress and
contradictions in the context of globalization.%B()#)+$),%'$%$.)%7'+',*'+%%
:##"3*'$*"+%2"(%C'$*+%:!)(*3'+%'+,%7'(*55)'+%D$/,*)#0%EEF111%7"+6()##0%%
D*!"+%G('#*)(%H+*I)(#*$98%F'+3"/I)(8%7'+','0%J'(3.%>?KL>0%
%
M(9'+8%<0%=LNN>A0%By Reason or by Force: Territory, State Power and Mapuche
Land Rights in Southern Chile.%J'#$)(#%O.)#*#8%H+*I)(#*$9%"2%7'-*2"(+*'8%%
M)(P)-)90%%%
%
Q/!'+%R*6.$#%S'$3.%=QRSA%=LNNTA0%Undue Process: Terrorism Trials,
Military Courts, and the Mapuche in Southern Chile.%:I'*-'5-)%'$U%%
.$$&UVV;;;0.(;0"(6V()&"($#VLNNTV3.*-)>NNTV*+,)W0.$!0%:33)##),%J'(3.%LNNX0%%
%
D4+'Y,)(8%J0%=LNNZA%[$.+",)I)-"&!)+$%'+,%,)!"3('$*3%3"+#"-*,'$*"+%*+%%
7.*-)U%$.)%J'&/3.)%\/)#$*"+0%1+%C'+6)(%[0]0%'+,%J/+"48%[0%=[,#0%A8%
Contemporary Indigenous Movements in Latin America0%S*-!*+6$"+8%][U%%
<'6/'(%B()##0%
%XX%
The Amerindians (Guyana)
Summer Austin and Jonathan Kaufman
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References
=+&#,!/(>&#+//$4+&"+()4+&"6;(Guyana;($&(?%,/-(:!"#5%%7;(!9!$/!5/+(!#(0##1@AA222'"$!'4%9A"$!A(
185/$"!#$%&.A3!"#5%%7A4+%.A46'0#*/'((
(
B,$33$#0.;(C'(DEFFGH'(Ownership, use, occupation and management of ancestral Akawaio and
Arekuna territory in the Upper Mazaruni;(Guyana'((
I+&&+..6;(J'(DEFFEH'(Amerindian Environmental Politics and Resource Justice in GuyanaI8*!&(
K$40#.(=+&#+,;(L'='(M+,7+/+6;(NEONG;(!9!$/!5/+(!#
0##1@AA222'0,"5+,7+/+6'%,4A-%2&/%!-A,+1%,#P/0+&&+..6'1-3'(
Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination: Concluding Observations:
Guyana(DEFFGH(=QKR(=%**';(SG,-(T+..';(U(GVE;(L'W'(R%"'(=ABLXA=YANS'(
(
L11+,(Z
The Pima: A Gila River Indian community
(Arizona, United States)
Steven Lewis and Maria Reyes
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A-00&2$(:+$9+/!%)3+2-(+.$(1+,	&$2"+(1!(+3#)!0+<&(+.$(1+,#-()%($2"+$(+!23+<&$'3$2"+
&,-2+.1!(+,!9(+")2)#!($-29+1-,)3+.-&'3+%-0)+(-+,!99+.$(1+-&#+.!()#+9)((')0)2(4+D!()#+
$9+-&#+'!#")9(+!23+0-9(+,#)%$-&9+#)2).!<')+2!(&#!'+#)9-&#%)+!23+.)+%!2+2-.+'--=+/-#.!#3+
(-+1)',$2"+-	)';)9+0))(+(1)+/&(&#)+%1!'')2")94+D!()#+9)((')0)2(+.$''+)21!2%)+-&#+
)%-2-0:+!23+$0,#-;)+-&#+R&!'$(:+-/+'$/)4+@(+.$''+)29&#)+9&9(!$2!<')+"#-.(1+/-#+(1)+%&##)2(+
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+
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Resources and the Committee on Indian Affairs4++L2$()3+E(!()9+E)2!()*+5O7(1+A-2"#)99*+59(+E)99$-2+
-2+E4+6VW4+D!91$2"(-2*+XAM++L4E4+>-;)#20)2(+Y#$2($2"+B//$%)+;$!+>YB+C%%)99+XBA@XM+
/MKO76O4.!$94++?)(#$);)3+-2+X)%)0<)#+V*+UOOZ+/#-0+
1((,M[[/#.)<"!()4!%%)994",-4"-;[%"$<$2[")(3-%4%"$\3<2!0)]5O7^9)2!()^1)!#$2"9_3-%$3]/MKO76O
4.!$9++
+
X)G-2"*+X4+IUOONJ4 History of the Gila River Water Settlements Act 2004+IA1!,()#9++
5`7J4+?)(#$);)3+-2+X)%)0<)#+5*+UOOZ+/#-0+1((,M[[...4"$'!#$;)#4%-0[9)((')0)2(41(0+
+
?)!*+C4+I5KKWJ4++At the Desert's Green Edge: An ethnobotany of the Gila River Pima4+
a&%9-2M++L2$;)#9$(:+-/+C#$F-2!+Y#)994+
+
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development, and Indian Wwater4++a&%9-2M++L2$;)#9$(:+-/+C#$F-2!+Y#)994+
+
E1&#(9*+G4+IUOOOJ4++Indian Reserved Water Rights: The Winters Doctrine in its Social and
Legal Context, 1880’s-1930’s.++Legal History of North America (Vol 8).++S-#0!2M++L2$;)#9$(:+-/+
B='!1-0!+Y#)994+
+WU+
The Passamaquoddy and Penobscot
(Maine, United States)
J. Eric Kent
!"#$%&'&#$()$*'+,#$+,$&"#$,(-&"#'.&#-,$/,+�$%&'&#.$+.$'$1(.&23$-4-'2$.&'&#$5+&"$',$#6(,(13$
7'.#0$2'-8#23$(,$5((0$9-(046&.$',0$9'9#-$1+22.:$+,$'00+&+(,$&($'8-+642&4-#:$)+."+,8:$',0$&(4-+.1;$$
<&$+.$"(1#$&($.(1#$=>>>$9#(92#$()$)(4-$+,0+8#,(4.$&-+7#.?$&"#$@#,(7.6(&:$@'..'1'A4(003:$&"#$
B(42&(,$C',0$()$*'2+.##&.:$',0$&"#$D-((.&((E$C',0$()$*+61'6.;$$!"#$@#,(7.6(&:$
@'..'1'A4(003:$',0$*'2+.##&$!-+7#.$'-#$()$D28(,A4+,F.9#'E+,8$(-+8+,:$(,#$()$&"#$2'-8#.&$
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#,&+-#23;$!(0'3:$(,23$'$.1'22$,417#-$.9#'E$&"#$,'&+H#$2',84'8#$'.$&"#+-$)+-.&$2',84'8#;$$
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References
!"#$%&'%#()*+),-../()0%$'%12%#)//3)!4#$4#"'%)5"'67()87%)94#':"&;)974%&<=+)
>4#)2"6?@#4A&;)'4)'7%):"BCA<')D#%"')E4#'7%#&)9"$%#)F+)9%&42C64')E"'<4&)
)
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1%U:"&;U6:"<1+7'1+)
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;46A1%&'C)'4)$"$%#)641$"&<%C+)><#C')!<#6A<')#%JAC%C)'4)<&'%#F%&%+)5"2"&"?<)R%@":)E%BC+)
)
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6"&)2%)J4A&;)"')7''$KTTBBB+"66%CC@%&%":4@L+641T&"'<F%T1"<&%T)
) WW
The Native Hawaiians (United States)
Katherine Wallace
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I+221(($$&%$*+"9$"$#&1"&AEEQ:&&Y.$&'45'$Z4$"(&%$6+%(-&A Broken Trust: The Hawaiian
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References
<%.,$%+''3#=9#&)8#>())(#?9#@(80A9#@BCCDA9##Islands in captivity: The record of the International
Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians9##<&6!,+8*(E#?-.1%#F)8#G,(009##
#
H&'.&'&)+3#I9#:9#@BCCBA9##In the name of Hawaiians: Native identities and cultural politics9##
J+))(&/-'+0E#K)+2(,0+1"#-7#J+))(0-1&#G,(009#
#
?$%(.(,3#L9#@BCCBA9##Water and Power in Hawai’i: The Waiahole Water Case and the Future of
the Islands9#K)/.!'+0%(8#8+00(,1&1+-)3#K)+2(,0+1"#-7#<&'+7-,)+&3#?&)1&#<,.M9##
#
K9?9#<-66+00+-)#-)#<+2+'#I+*%103#H&4&++#N82+0-,"#<-66+11((#@K?<<IA9#@OPPOA9#A broken
trust: The Hawaiian Homelands Program: Seventy years of failure of the federal and state
governments to protect the civil rights of Native Hawaiians9##
#
K9?9#<-66+00+-)#-)#<+2+'#I+*%103#H&4&++#N82+0-,"#<-66+11((#@K?<<IA9#@BCCOA9##
Reconciliation at a crossroads: The implications of the apology resolution and Rice v. Cayetano
for federal and state programs benefiting Native Hawaiians9##N#0.66&,"#,(/-,1#-7#1%(#N.*.01#
OPPQ#&)8#?(/1(6!(,#BCCC#<-66.)+1"#R-,.60#+)#H-)-'.'.3#H&4&++9##
#QB#
The Nisga’a (Canada)
Andrea Glen
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CD<DDD!',+/6(<!,/=)E!,#$!%&'()*)!69:;$+!);/9,!F<FDD>GDD!!!HBB/+=&6(!,/!%&'()*)!1$($6='<!,#$E!
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& L7
References
!"#"$"%&'()*)+,&!-./01)"&2&3)+4"5"&3"*)-#%&Nisga’a Final Agreement 67&8/4/+*&9::;<%&
"=")."1.>&"*&,**?@AABBBC")#DE)#"DC4DCD"A?(A"4(A#+4"A#)+$>FG>C,*0.&H3-B&3)+4"5"&I)#".&84(>>0>#*&
8D*%&JC'C!C&9:::K&
&
L-..-M%&NC&6OPPP<C&&The world is our witness: The historic journey of the Nisga’a into CanadaC&
!".4"(M@&I)Q*,&R-/+>C&
&
S-+>%&8C&6OPPP<&Spirit dance at Meziadin: Chief Joseph Gosnell and the Nisga’a TreatyC&L"$>)("&
T"(U@&R"(1-/(&T/1.)+,)#4C&&
&
S"/#>*%&VC&69::W<C&Without surrender, without consent: A history of the Nisga’a land claimsC&
X"#D-/=>(@&V-/4."+&2&LDY#*M(>C&
&;W&
The Tatars of the Autonomous
Republic of Crimea (Ukraine)
Artur Demchuk
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3%(2.+'.9Q;##7$)&#&9&"%(#('I%&#)"#12&&):,%#"2#)542+%#'49#6+)(%'4#7'"'+&#.,')(&#'43#3%('43&#
42"#&-112+"%3#:9#,%5',#(%.$'4)&(&;##7$%+%#)&#'#4%%3#/2+#/-+"$%+#4%52")'")24#'43#4%F#',"%+4'")*%#
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References
!,,F2+"$=#L3F'+3;#AL3;D;#ARSSTD;#7$%#7'"'+/#6+)(%'U#G%"-+4#"2#"$%#V2(%,'43;#W-+$'(U#W-I%#
H4)*%+&)"9#X+%&&;##
#
Y+)'4#Z;#[),,)'(&;#AB??RD;#7$%#6+)(%'4#7'"'+&;#7$%#W)'&12+'#L01%+)%4.%#'43#"$%#<2+5)45#2/#'#
\'")24;#]%)3%4U#L;^;#Y+),,;##
#
<)&$%+=#!,'4#[;#ARSSTD;#Y%"F%%4#G-&&)'4&=#K""2('4&#'43#7-+I&U#6+)(%'#'43#6+)(%'4#7'"'+&;#
E&"'4:-,U#E&)&#X+%&&;#
#
# TS
!"#$%&"'()*(+,-$.",/0&(1%2%0&(3/'(%4"(5'$6"2,(72%2'&($,(89'2$,":(;(<$&%/'=(/3(2(>/#$%$?2#(@"A2%"*(
;B2$#2A#"(2%(4%%C:DDEEE*$??'$6"2*/'.D&?4/#2'#=D$,-$.",/0&*4%6#((
(14"B"#(F*(5'$6"2,(72%2'&(2,-(%4"(89'2$,$2,(&%2%":(%4"(?42##",."(/3(C/#$%$?&G(%4"(0&"(/3(#2EG(2,-(
%4"(6"2,$,.(/3('4"%/'$?*(;B2$#2A#"(2%(4%%C:DDEEE*$??'$6"2*/'.D&?4/#2'#=D/&4"B"#*4%6#(
(HI(
The Bedouins (Israel and Jordan)
Talia Berman-Kishony
!
"#$%&'($!)('*((+!',(!#+-#.(+/&$!0(-/&#+$!#+!1$23(45$!6(.(7!"($(2'!3+-!',(!1$23(4#!./7(2+8(+'!
32(!2//'(-!#+!3!943$,!)('*((+!3!'23-#'#/+34!+/83-#9!4#:($';4(!3+-!',(!+3'&2(!/:!8/-(2+!$/9#(';<!
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(@&#';<!"($%#'(!$#+9(2(!3+-!$(2#/&$!3''(8%'$!'/!3--2($$!',($(!9/+:4#9'$?!',(!1$23(4#!./7(2+8(+'!3+-!
',(!0(-/&#+$!,37(!2(39,(-!3!-(3-4/9A<!=,(!9/+:4#9'!#$!',2(3'(+#+.!'/!($9343'(!#+'/!7#/4(+9(!#:!4(.34!
3+-!-(7(4/%8(+'!$'23'(.#($?!9&22(+'4;!%&2$&(-!);!',(!3&',/2#'#($?!9/+'#+&(!'/!:/$'(2!432.(B$934(!
/%%/$#'#/+!38/+.!3+!#+92(3$#+.4;!-#$3::(9'(-!0(-/&#+!%/%&43'#/+<!!
C!9/8%323'#7(!$'&-;!/:!',(!$#'&3'#/+!/:!0(-/&#+$!#+!1$23(4!3+-!#+!+(#.,)/2#+.!D/2-3+!93+!
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'*/!9/&+'2#($!32(!@&#'(!-#::(2(+'<!=,(!D/2-3+#3+!%/4#9;!#$!)3$(-!/+!8&'&34#$8!3+-!2(4#($!83#+4;!
/+!#+9(+'#7($!3$!%/$#'#7(!%(2$&3$#/+!8(3$&2($G!1$23(4H$!%/4#9;?!);!9/+'23$'?!#$!432.(4;!&+#43'(234!
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',(!9&4'&2(!$&27#734!/:!#+-#.(+/&$!%(/%4($<!=,#$!943$,!93++/'!)(!2($/47(-!);!/2-#+32;!4(.34!
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9/8%4(><!1$23(4!#$!9&22(+'4;!3''(8%'#+.!'/!8/7(!)(;/+-!',(!I,32/+!%43+!'/!3!8/2(!9/443)/23'#7(!
-#$%&'(!2($/4&'#/+!%2/9($$<!=,(!&+#43'(234!+3'&2(!/:!',(!:#7(B;(32!%43+!3+-!',(!&$(!/:!,32$,!
%(+34'#($?!-($%#'(!$#.+#:#93+'!#+9(+'#7($?!,37(!#+92(3$(-!34#(+3'#/+!3+-!3+#8/$#';!3+-!,37(!83-(!#'!
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32(!83-(!9/443)/23'#7(4;!);!',(!./7(2+8(+'!3+-!',(!0(-/&#+$<!=,#$!.2(3'4;!#+92(3$($!9,3+9($!/:!
399(%'3+9(<!
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! KL
!"!#$%&'"()*'(*+",-%(.*/0'$1*&01*)'&#%&'"(*'(*2),%1$*')*("&*%(%$"3"#)*'(*'4!",&%(&*,1)!15&)6*71*
0"!1*&0%&*&01*5"()1()#)89#'$-'(3*%!!,"%50*5#,,1(&$:*91'(3*!#,)#1-*7'&0*&01*01$!*";*&01*
<"()1()#)*=#'$-'(3*2()&'&#&1*4%:*1(-*&01*3,"7'(3*5"(;,"(&%&'"(*91&711(*&01*3">1,(41(&*";*
2),%1$*%(-*&01*=1-"#'(*!"!#$%&'"(*'(*&01*?131>.*
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='(*@#0%44%-*A.*The Tribes of Jordan at the beginning of the twenty-first century; Home and
Homeland: The Dialogist of Tribal and National Identities in Jordan.**
*
+%99#,*B.*CDEEFG.*H01*H,%();",4%&'"(*";*=1-"#'(*$';1.*2(*The Bedouin and the desert aspects of
nomadic life in the Arab East.*I$9%(:J*B&%&1*K('>1,)'&:*";*?17*L",M*N,1)).*
*
O%:(1*O.*CDEEPG.*Q"41*%(-*0"41$%(-J*H01*-'%$"3'5)*";*&,'9%$*%(-*(%&'"(%$*'-1(&'&'1)*'(*+",-%(6*
N,'(51&"(J*N,'(51&"(*K('>1,)'&:*!,1)).**
*
@1',*I.*DEER.*As nomadism ends.*="#$-1,6*<S6*KBIJ*/1)&>'17*N,1)).*
*
T")1(8U>'*2.*CVWWPG.*The reemergence of space: the case of the Bedouin6*Q%';%*K('>1,)'&:6*2),%1$.*
*
*EV*
The Tsou (Taiwan)
Shunling Chen
!
"!#$%&'()*!+),,'-,!./(-!0'1'0-0!2)'3)/!'/4.!5('1'*'6-07!)/0!5&)1)8-7!),-)&9!2$)4!#$%&'()*!+),,'-,!
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References
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The Adivasi (India)
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!
References
!
"#$%&'#()!*+%,#!-.//012!In the belly of the river: Tribal conflicts over development in the
Narmada Valley2!345!67('8!9:;7(<!=>%$4(&%,?!@(4&&2!
!
A7(&4)!"2!#><!BC7+#&!"2-.//D12!Sardar Sarovar: Report of the Independent Review2!9,,#5#8!
E4&7F(G4&!HF,F(4&!I>,4(>#,%7>#J2!
!
H%&C4()!K%JJ%#+!H2!-4<21!-.//012!Toward sustainable development? Struggling Over India’s
Narmada River2!*(+7>'8!3262)!A2L2!MC#(N42!
! ! ! !
E7?)!*2!-.///12!The cost of living2!345!67('8!A7<4(>!O%P(#(?2!
!
E#Q#R7N#J)!"2!-DSST12!Limits of law in counter-hegemonic globalization: The Indian Supreme
Court and the Narmada Valley struggle2!U4>,4(!;7(!,C4!M,F<?!7;!O#5!#><!V7$4(>#>G4)!W#5#C#(J#J!
34C(F!=>%$4(&%,?)!345!X4CJ%2!
! .S.
The Richtersveld Community (South Africa)
Jessica Tucker-Mohl
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References
*
+;.,.$:*>&*?@((AB&*+,"*<#0,2";3="-/*78116$#29*C*D2,";3*=&*E-"FG8;*H2/&I*J"0-.;.2#8$*84*.*
K<#%,2*#$*H.$/L*2,;86%,*.*063281.;9*M$2";"32&*N"23*32.%"*48;*#$2;8/602#8$*84*E!8;#%#$.-*+#2-"*#$28*
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*
S#;G";:*D&*?@(('B&*+,#3*-.$/*#3*19*-.$/I*+,"*"=8-62#8$*84*T;8T";29*;#%,23*.$/*-.$/*;"48;1*#$*N862,*
E4;#0.&*Conn. Int’l Law J. l 621&*
*
U;833*E&*?@((AB&*+,"*78$32#262#8$:*;"08$0#-#.2#8$:*.$/*2;.$3#2#8$.-*V632#0"I*H"338$3*4;81*N862,*
E4;#0.*.$/*M3;."-&L*40 Stan. J. Int’l Law 47&*
*
H""*<&*?@(('B&*M$/#%"$863*<#%,23*.$/*2,"*W8-#2#03*84*M/"$2#29*#$*W832QET.;2,"#/*N862,*E4;#0.&*M$*
X.;2,8-81"5*J".$*.$/*Y";81"*Z&*H"=#*?"/3&B:*At the Risk of Being Heard:*R(Q[(A&*
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The Yonggom (Papua New Guinea)!
Autumn Graham
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ABBJ8(DEKI,6(?"0+-,(F"1+)"&+1.(L&"M$0)(N$3"&)(H"8(O(;"&(DE(=$2+(F+1+1.(P+5+)$28(98(((
(
>+&/0*'(?8(@ABBQC8(R0)+1.(.,"7-,,6S(T0"K3",+)+0/(+1(L-34-(H$#(U4+1$-'(University of Michigan
Journal of the International Institute, 3(@9C8(R%-+,-7,$(-)(
*))3SVV###845+0*8$24VW++1$)VM"4&1-,V%",91"9VE+&/0*8*)5,(
(
>+&/0*(?8(@ABBQC8(X,$-1+1.(43(DE(=$2+S(?$)),$5$1)(;-%"&/(G"1.."5(3$"3,$8(University of
Michigan Journal of the International Institute, 4 @AC8(R%-+,-7,$(-)(
*))3SVV###845+0*8$24VW++1$)VM"4&1-,V%",:1"AV"E)$2+8*)5,((
(
Y-0E/"1'(N+0*-&2(=8(@JZZ9C8(Muddying the waters of the Fly: Underlying issues or stereotypes?
Resource Management in Asia-Pacific Working Paper No. 418(N$/"4&0$(F-1-.$5$1)(+1(R/+-K
L-0+;+0(L&".&-5S(X-17$&&-8((
(
[4&)"1'([8(@ABBB'(R4.4/)(AJC8(BHP -25+)/(DE(=$2+(5+1$(+/($1%+&"15$1)-,(2+/-/)$&8(Asia
Times8(R%-+,-7,$(-)(*))3SVV###8-)+5$/80"5V"0$-1+-VR!A9R*ZA8*)5,8((
(
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Notes
Introduction What is Indigenity?
"$!%&&'()*+,!-'!-./!"00#!1'2345-*'+!6/+737!5+)!-./!15+!%8/(*&5+!9/54-.!:(,5+*;5-*'+!<.--2=>>???$25.'$'(,>/+,4*7.>@9%>2(A4/&3$.-8B$!C!$D'+;54/;E!9$!<"0FGB$!1('2*/)5)!&'83+*-5(*5!'!*+)*H*)354$!I57!4/J/7!*+)*,/+57!J!/4!23/K4'!L523&./$!NutramE!M/5(!NNE!O$P$!O$!General Information on the Amerindian Population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ative Hawaiian Reorganization Act,!hearing before the Committee on
Indian Affairs$!0$!:AA*&/!'A!95?5**5+!%AA5*(7!<:9%B$!<C##GB$!I57-!5&&/77/)!Z/K(35(JE!FE!C##P!5-!.--2=>>???$'.5$'(,$!"#$!@2//&.!KJ!6.*/A!['7/2.!D'7+/44!-'!-./!\(*-*7.!6'438K*5!I/,*745-3(/E!C!]/&/8K/(!"00FE!U3'-/)!*+!^'7/E!%$!<_)$B$!<C###B$!Spirit dance at Meziadin: Chief Joseph Gosnell and the Nisga’a Treaty$!L5)/*(5!15(W=!95(K'3(!13K4*7.*+,$!""$!V.*7!45+)!.57!K//+!5&U3*(/)!-.('3,.!-./!T*7,5`5!V(/5-J!'A!C###$!!"C$!V.*7!5(/5!(/2(/7/+-7!?.5-!*7!&544/)!-./!N+)*,/+'37!^/7/(H/)!I5+)$!"O$!V./!Treaty!.57!7/H/+!5(-*&4/7E!*+&43)*+,=!"$!(/&',+*;*+,!-./!+5-3(54!7'H/(/*,+-J!'A!V5*?5+!*+)*,/+'37!2/'24/7E!C$!2('8'-*+,!7/4AY,'H/(+5+&/!A'(!*+)*,/+'37!2/'24/7E!O$!&'+&43)*+,!5!45+)!-(/5-J!?*-.!*+)*,/+'37!2/'24/7E!Q$!(/*+7-5-*+,!-(5)*-*'+54!+58/7!'A!*+)*,/+'37!&'883+*-*/7!5+)!+5-3(54!45+)85(W7E!S$!(/&'H/(*+,!-(5)*-*'+54!-/((*-'(*/7!A'(!*+)*,/+'37!&'883+*-*/7!5+)!2/'24/7E!G$!(/&'H/(*+,!37/!'A!+5-3(54!(/7'3(&/7!5+)!A3(-./(*+,!-./!)/H/4'28/+-!'A!7/4AY)/-/(8*+5-*'+E!5+)!P$!2('H*)*+,!&'+,(/77*'+54!(/2(/7/+-5-*H/7!A'(!/5&.!*+)*,/+'37!2/'24/7$!"Q$!@*+,.E!a$@$!<"00CB$!People of India: An IntroductionE!:XA'()!R+*H/(7*-J!1(/77E!R@%$!!V.'3,.!-./!+38K/(!'A!-./!%)*H57*7!?57!/7-*85-/)!-'!K/!FQ$O!8*44*'+!2/'24/!<GOS!&'883+*-*/7B!57!5!?.'4/E!+'-!544!'A!-./8!?/(/!*+H'4H/)!*+!)*723-/7!'H/(!-./!@@1$!!V./!/7-*85-/!'A!2('b/&-!5AA/&-/)!2/'24/!H5(*/7!7*,+*A*&5+-4J!)/2/+)*+,!'+!?.'!&54&345-/!*-$!!%&&'()*+,!-'!-./!*+)/2/+)/+-!(/H*/?!KJ!L'(7/!c!\/(,/(E!/7-*85-/)!+38K/(!'A!2/'24/!5AA/&-/)!KJ!-./!@@1!*7!"00ES##!'A!?.*&.!SGd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e\37.8/+`!5+)!]'3K4/!f*7*'+=!-./!gh+/U!g!a.'85+*!@5+!I5+)!645*8!5+)!-./!634-3(54!1'4*-*&7!'A!e6'883+*-J`!5+)!e]/H/4'28/+-`!*+!-./!a545.5(*$!Journal of Southern African
StudiesE!(27)!QE!FOOYSO$!"P$!V.*7!5(/5!?57!5?5()/)!KJ!-./!@'3-.!%A(*&5+!I5+)!645*87!6'3(-!*+!5!(34*+,!*+!C##Q$!!"F$!@&.''(4E
! """
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#$%&'#($%!)*+,-*+,!(&,%+%-$,-./!-0*-!-0$!1&,22&)!*#$!*#&',3!45666!7$&7.$8!90$!)&%-!#$($,-!,'):$#%!*#$!
*;*+.*:.$!*-!0--7<==>>>87*7'*>$:8=:+:=0*/%=.&(=1?@AB?C873D!
"E8!F$$!F+%%&,%5!G8!H466IJ8!K+#%-!7$&7.$%<!L,3+2$,&'%!M'.-'#$%!*,3!-0$+#!K'-'#$%5!M0*7-$#!N5!O&,3&,<!
P$*Q-+&,!R&&Q%8!
!
Section 1!Indigenity and the land: The vital link
!
468!L,-$#;+$>%!(&,3'(-$3!:/!L%*:$..$!S,2'$.&;%Q+!+,!T$#'!*,3!R&.+;+*5!C*/UG',$5!466"8!F$$!*.%&!
F-$;$,%&,!C8!H466"J8!Gender and modernity in Andean Bolivia8!S'%-+,<!V,+;$#%+-/!&D!9$W*%!T#$%%8!
4"8!S,-0#&7&.&2+%-%!3+%*2#$$!&;$#!0&>!.&,2!-0$!@+%2*X*!0*;$!:$$,!+,!@&#-0!S)$#+(*8!Y&>$;$#5!$;$#/&,$!
*2#$$%!-0*-!-0$/!>$#$!+,!-0$!@*%!#+;$#!;*..$/!.&,2!:$D&#$!-0$!Z'#&7$*,%8!P&%$5!S8!H4666J8!Spirit dance at
Meziadin: Chief Joseph Gosnell and the Nisga’a Treaty8!C*3$+#*!T*#Q<!Y*#:&'#!T':.+%0+,28![\U[]!
448!P&%$5!S8!H4666J8!Spirit dance at Meziadin: Chief Joseph Gosnell and the Nisga’a Treaty8!C*3$+#*!T*#Q<!
Y*#:&'#!T':.+%0+,28!["8[[8!
4N8!R*;+%Q*#5!S)+-*!H"EEI). In the Belly of the River: Tribal Conflicts over Development in the Narmada
Valley5!VFS5!?WD!V,+;$#%+-/!T#$%%8!""IU""]8!
4[8!9#*%Q5!YUB8!!H"EE4J8!Y*>*++*,%!*,3!0')*,!#+20-%<!S,!',D'.D+..$3!7#&)+%$!&D!+,-$#,*-+&,*.!.*>8!M8!^*#3!
*,3!F8!_$,,$!H$3%8J8!H466[J8!Islands in Captivity: The Record of the International Tribunal on the Rights of
Indigenous Hawaiians8!!M*):#+32$<!F&'-0!Z,3!T#$%%8!4E"UN6"8!
4I8!VF!M&))+%%+&,!&,!M+;+.!P+20-%5!Y*>*++!S3;+%&#/!M&))+--$$!HVFMMPJ8!H466"J8!Reconciliation at a
crossroads: The implications of the apology resolution and Rice v. Cayetano for Federal and State
programs benefiting Native Hawaiians. A summary report of the August 1998 and September 2000
Community Forums in Honolulu, Hawaii8!!F$$!0--7<==>>>8'%((#82&;=7':%=%*(=0+6\6"=7#$D80-)!
O+Q$Q$!F(0$'$#5!G8!H4664J8!!Water and power in Hawaii: The Waiahole water case and the future of the
islands8!!V,7':.+%0$3!3&(-&#*.!3+%%$#-*-+&,5!V,+;$#%+-/!&D!M*.+D&#,+*5!F*,-*!M#'`8!
4\8!9#*%Q5!C8!H"EENJ8!!90$!7&.+-+(%!&D!&77#$%%+&,<!90$!V,+-$3!F-*-$%!+,!Y*>*++8!L,!M8!^*#3!*,3!F8!_$,,$!
HZ3%8J8!H466[J8!Islands in Captivity: The Record of the International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous
Hawaiians8!!M*):#+32$<!F&'-0!Z,3!T#$%%8!"E"U46N8!
^*..*($5!B8!!H466\J8!T$#%&,*.!(&))',+(*-+&,%8!!Y&,&.'.'!*,3!^*+.'Q'5!Y*>*++8!!G*,'*#/!"6!a!4\8!!!
4]8!9#*%Q5!C8! H"EENJ8! !90$!7&.+-+(%! &D! &77#$%%+&,<!90$!V,+-$3!F-*-$%! +,!Y*>*++8!M8!^*#3! *,3!F8!_$,,$!
H$3%8J8!H466[J8!Islands in Captivity: The Record of the International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous
Hawaiians8!!M*):#+32$<!F&'-0!Z,3!T#$%%8!4]]U4E68!
^*..*($5!B*-0$#+,$8!!466\8!!T$#%&,*.!(&))',+(*-+&,%8!!Y&,&.'.'!*,3!^*+.'Q'5!Y*>*++8!!G*,'*#/!"6!a!4\8!!!
4b8!O+Q$Q$!F(0$'$#5!G8!H4664J8!!Water and power in Hawaii: The Waiahole water case and the future of the
islands8!!V,7':.+%0$3!3&(-&#*.!3+%%$#-*-+&,5!V,+;$#%+-/!&D!M*.+D&#,+*5!F*,-*!M#'`8!!
4E8!?#$..*,*!C8!H466[J8!L,3+2$,&'%!7$&7.$%5!$,$#2/5!*,3!$,;+#&,)$,-*.!c'%-+($<!90$!T*,2'$=P*.(&!
0/3#&$.$(-#+(!7#&c$(-!+,!M0+.$X%!S.-&!Rd&Rd&8!^&#Q+,2!T*7$#8!S;*+.*:.$!*-!
0--7<==>>>8(+$.8=T':.+(*-+&,%=P*.(&eR#+$De44G'.6[873D!
N68!0/0!F*>/$#,!F8!H466[J8!Crude chronicles8!f'#0*)<!f'Q$!V,+;$#%+-/!T#$%%8!bN8!
N"8!L,D&#)*-+&,!&:-*+,$3!3'#+,2!*,!+,-$#;+$>!:$->$$,!L%*:$..$!S,2'$.&;%Q+!*,3!L,g%!F0+2'*,2&!+,!C*#(0!
466\8!
N48!F$$!Y*%-+,2%!f8!*,3!^+.%&,!98!H"EEEJ8!Borders: Frontiers of identity, nation and State8!@$>!1&#Q<!
?WD!L,-$#,*-+&,*.!T':.+%0$#%8!"E8!!!
F$$!F+#g,!S8!H466[J8!Changing Interactions between Human and Nature in Sarayaku5!Z('*3&#+*,!S)*`&,8!
V,7':.+%0$3!f&(-&#*.!f+%%$#-*-+&,!5!F>$3+%0!V,+;$#%+-/!&D!S2#+('.-'#*.!F(+$,($%8!
N[8!KOSMF?8!H466IJ8!F*#*/*Q'5!Z.!7'$:.&!3$.!($,+-5!+3$,-+3*3!/!(&,%-#'((+h,!g-,+(*8!KOSMF?=MfZF<!
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&+.5!+-X%!.+Q$!-&,%!&D!:.&&3<!S,3!>0*-!0*77$,%!-&!-0$!$*#-0k!L-X%!.+Q$!*!0')*,!:$+,25!>0$,!/&'!%-*#-!-*Q+,2!
:.&&3!D#&)!*!0')*,5!0$!%-*#-%!-&!3$(.+,$!*,3!-0$#$!+%!,&!-$(0,&.&2/!-&!0$.7!0+)!#$(&;$#8l!M+-$3!:/!
KOSMF?8!H466IJ8!F*#*/*Q'5!Z.!7'$:.&!3$.!($,+-5!+3$,-+3*3!/!(&,%-#'((+h,!g-,+(*8!KOSMF?=MfZF<!i'+-&8!
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$%&!'()!*+,-*)./012!3./040/0)-!5)6!/,!01/)+!316!01/+3!)/(10.!.,1750./-8!60-/9+:31.)!,7!70-()-!316!23;)!69)!/,!01.+)3-)6!1,0-)!316!.,1-)<9)1/!6).+)3-)!01!343053:050/=!,7!7,,6!+)-,9+.)-8!6)-/+9./0,1!,7!/+))->!;)60.0135!*531/->!316!5)34)-!9-)6!/,!:9056!+,,7-8!;050/3+0?3/0,1!,7!/()!/)++0/,+=!316!6)3/(!/(+)3/-!/,@3+6-!.,;;910/=!;);:)+-8!0-,53/0,1!,7!/()!/)++0/,+=!69)!/,!+,36-!.5,-0128!0;*,--0:050/=!/,!.3++=!,9/!.)+);,10)-!69)!/,!-)0-;0.!501)-!.+,--012!*3+/-!,7!/()!-3.+)6!7,+)-/>!0;*,--0:050/=!/,!.3++=!,9/!/()!311935!.)5):+3/0,1!AB0-/3C>!316!@3+!:)/@))1!-(3;31-!7+,;!/()!3+)3&!DEFGHI&!J#KKLM&!Sarayaku>!El pueblo del cenit, identidad y
construcción étnica&!DEFGHINGOPHQ!R90/,&!!!$S&!T19/-,1!U,,6-!'&>!V5301)!T&>!W!D+31.0-.,!E&!J#KK#M&!IX,6(3;!Y0;632!3-!3!-,9+.)!,7!-/+)12/(!316!@)551)--!3;,12!/()!',(,1,!IX,6(3;!,7!H,9/()+1!F+0?,13!316!Z,+/()+1!H,1,+3>![)\0.,!Q!H=;*,-09;!,1!Z3/04)!F;)+0.31!@)551)--& Journal!of Sociology and Social Welfare, 29!J"M>!$L]L$&!!Section 2!Defining!borders between indigenous peoples and dominant cultures
!$^&!Y3-/012-!O&!316!U05-,1!'&!J"^^^M&!Borders: Frontiers of identity, nation and State&!Z)@!_,+`Q!I\7,+6!a1/)+13/0,135!b9:50-()+-&!G(3*/)+!#&!!cK&!!H3@=)+,!H&!J#KKcM&!Crude chronicles&!O9+(3;Q!O9`)!d104)+-0/=!b+)--&!"Ke]"K%&!c"&!G,()1!F&!J"^eLM&!Arab border-villages in Israel; A study of continuity and change in social
organization&![31.()-/)+Q![31.()-/)+!d104)+-0/=!b+)--&!c#&!Y9;31!f02(/-!U3/.(&!J#KKcM&!d169)!*+,.)--Q!')++,+0-;!/+035->!;050/3+=!.,9+/->!316!/()![3*9.()!01!H,9/()+1!G(05)&!Human Rights Watch, (16)!L&!F43053:5)!3/Q!!(//*QNN@@@&(+@&,+2N+)*,+/-N#KKcN.(05)"KKcN.(05)"KKc&*67!!c$&!Y9;31!f02(/-!U3/.(&!J#KKcM&!d169)!*+,.)--Q!')++,+0-;!/+035->!;050/3+=!.,9+/->!316!/()![3*9.()!01!H,9/()+1!G(05)&!Human Rights Watch, (16)!L&!F43053:5)!3/Q!!(//*QNN@@@&(+@&,+2N+)*,+/-N#KKcN.(05)"KKcN.(05)"KKc&*67!cc&D,+!31,/()+!*)+-*)./04)!,1!U9]7)12>!-))!g(312!_]7&!The evaluation of Wu-feng: a Historical
perspective!JWu-feng de Li-shi Di-wei)>!J01!G(01)-)M&!"S>!343053:5)!3/!(//*QNN@@@&10./&2,4&/@N/.N5)3+1012N:h$&*(*&!g(312!-/+,125=!3+29)-!/(3/!U9]7)12!.311,/!(34)!:))1!).,1,;0.355=!)\*5,0/)6!'-,9!*),*5)!3-!0/!(3-!1)4)+!:))1!6,.9;)1/)6!01!31=!(0-/,+0.35!;3/)+035&!Y,@)4)+>!0/!0-!<9)-/0,13:5)!@()/()+!/(0-!0-!3!.,1401.012!+)3-,1!3-!355!/()!(0-/,+0.35!6,.9;)1/-!@)+)!@+0//)1!:=!/()!G(01)-)!,+!/()!B3*31)-)!@(,-)!-/3`)!;3=!:)!3/!,66-!@0/(!'-,9!*),*5)>!316!@(,!;02(/!(34)!/()0+!,@1!*,50/0.35!32)163!@()1!6,.9;)1/012!/()!U9]7)12!-/,+=&!cL&!F..,+6012!/,!/()!H/3/)!,7![301)>!A/()![301)!D+))6,;!,7!F..)--!F./!JADIFFCM!2+31/-!/()!*),*5)!,7!/(0-!-/3/)!3!:+,36!+02(/!,7!3..)--!/,!*9:50.!+).,+6-!@(05)!*+,/)./012!5)20/0;3/)!2,4)+1;)1/35!01/)+)-/-!316!/()!*+043.=!+02(/-!,7!0160406935!.0/0?)1-&!!'()!3./!35-,!)1-9+)-!/()!3..,91/3:050/=!,7!/()!2,4)+1;)1/!/,!/()!.0/0?)1-!,7!/()!-/3/)!:=!+)<90+012!*9:50.!3..)--!/,!/()!;))/012-!,7!*9:50.!:,60)-&C!H))!(//*QNNi319-&-/3/)&;)&9-N5)20-N-/3/9/)-N"N/0/5)".("$-).K&(/;5&!!!ce&!a/!0-!0;*,+/31/!/,!1,/)!/(3/!/()!F+,,-/,,`!V316!,7![0.;3.-!@3-!1,/!3!*3+/=!/,!/()!-90/!/(3/!5)6!/,!/()!-)//5);)1/&!!_)/!/()=!@)+)!377)./)6!:=!/()!+)-95/&!F1=!.530;-!/()=!;02(/!:+012!,1!/()0+!,@1!:)(357!73.)6!/()!.(355)12)!/(3/!-9.(!.530;-!@)+)!,9/53@)6&!!F-!0/!(3-!/9+1)6!,9/>!/()![0.;3.-!2301)6!7)6)+35!+).,210/0,1!01!"^^">!7+))!,7!/()!.,;*+,;0-012!5312932)!/(3/!*5329)-!/()!"^SK!H)//5);)1/!F./&!!'()!dH!G,12+)--!*3--)6!/()!F+,,-/,,`!V316!,7![0.;3.-!H)//5);)1/!F./!JbE!"K#]"%"M>!2+31/012!/()!V316!j^KK>KKK!.,;*)1-3/0,1!7,+!5,-/!5316-!316!L>KKK!3.+)-!316!.5)3+5=!6)701)6!/()!+)53/0,1-(0*!:)/@))1!/()!V316!316!/()!-/3/)!,7![301)&!!a/! *+,406)6! /()! -/3/9-! ,7! 3! 7955=! +).,210?)6! -,4)+)021! 2+,9*! /,! /()![0.;3.-! 01![301)&! H))! V+0;5)=! H&!J#KKLM&! Z3/04)! F;)+0.31! -,4)+)021/=! 01! [301)&! The Maine Policy Review, 13 J#M>! "#]#e&!J(//*QNN@@@&9;301)&)69N;.-.N[bfNk,5"$Z,#N:+0;5)=N:+0;5)=&(/;M&!'()+)7,+)>! 0+,10.355=>! 0/!;3=!:)!/(3/!/()![0.;3.->!@(,!(36!1,!-)3/!3/!/()!/3:5)!7,+!/()!(0-/,+0.!5316!.530;>!@055!*+,406)!3!;,6)5!7,+!+)6)701012!/+0:35]-/3/)!+)53/0,1-&!!!Section 3!Sustaining traditional ways of life
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Relations in the Andes of Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador.!
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V7)7!,+*&!?(GGD=D7,*NS!=DRDNDY7O&!!Richtersveld Cmty. v. Alexkor Ltd.!.@AA#0&!.Z0!'J[6!/\#!.M7)7D,<G*7)!
Richtersveld II0I!8<)<&!""A&!
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$$%!V05*3>!U%!EFGG"I%!By Reason or by Force: Territory, State power and Mapuche land rights in southern
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!
Section 5!State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims!
!
XH%!=((!P'*+1(0!H!/2!A/.(3_g?;!M%!EFGG#I%!The reemergence of space: the case of the Bedouin.!`*;2*!
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$%&!'()*+,(-.!/&!0"11#2&!In the belly of the river: Tribal conflicts over development in the Narmada Valley&!345!67-,8!9:;7-<!=>*)4-+*?@!A-4++&!$$&!A(?5(-<B(>.!/&!0CDDD2&!Dams and Tribal People in India&!E7>?-*FG?*>H!I(I4-!?7!JB4K(?*L!M4)*45!"&C8!N(K+.!O><*H4>7G+!A47IP4!(><!)GP>4-(FP4!4?B>*L!K*>7-*?*4+.!I-4I(-4<!(+!(>!*>IG?!?7!?B4!Q7-P<!E7KK*++*7>!7>!N(K+.!E(I4!J75>.!()(*P(FP4!(?8!B??I8RR555&<(K+&7-HR<7L+R,F(+4RL7>?-*FR+7LCD$&I<;!0P(+?!(LL4++4<!S4F-G(-@.!T.!CDD$2&!$T&!U7-+4.!'&!(><!JB7K(+!'&!0"11C2&!Sardar Sarovar: Report of the Independent Review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`2&!Report #64/04 Petition 167/03, Admissibility, The Kichwa Peoples of the
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negotiation by indigenous peoples&!O>?4->(?*7>(P!f(F7-!9-H(>*d(?*7>.!I(-?!O.!T&!!TZ&![44!B??I8RR555&+(-(@(,G&L7KR7*PR>45+D%""C1&B?KPg4>H!T#&!'(-+B.!M&!0"11$.!eG>42&!Effective negotiation by indigenous peoples.!W4>4)(8!O>?4->(?*7>(P!f(F7-!9-H(>*d(?*7>&!T&!T%&!B??I8RR555&>dB*+?7-@&>4?&>dRI7P*?*L+R?-4(?@R?B4^?-4(?@^*>^F-*4;!!T$&!B??I8RR?-4(?@7;5(*?(>H*&H7)?&>dR+?7-@R+B7-?+?7-@&IBI!!TT&!B??I8RR?-4(?@7;5(*?(>H*&H7)?&>dR+?7-@R?-4(?@<4F(?4<&IBI!!T1!B??I8RR?-4(?@7;5(*?(>H*&H7)?&>dRL(+4+?G<*4+R>H(*?(BG&IBI!!1D&!9X[GPP*)(>.!N&. The Politics of Indigeneity and Contemporary Challenges to Maori Self-Determination.!M4;4-44<!I(I4-!I-4+4>?4<!?7!?B4!/G+?-(P(+*(>!A7P*?*L(P![?G<*4+!/++7L*(?*7>!E7>;4-4>L4!=>*)4-+*?@!7;!/<4P(*<4!C1![4I?4KF4-!^!"!9L?7F4-!CDDZ.!I&#^%&!O>!eG>4!CDD`.!*>!Ngati Apa v. Attorney General.!?B4!E7G-?!7;!/II4(P!5(+!(+,4<!?B4!;7PP75*>H!]G4+?*7>8!aN74+!?B4!U(7-*!f(><!E7G-?!B()4!hG-*+<*L?*7>!?7!L7>+*<4-!?*?P4!?7!?B4!;7-4+B7-4!(><!+4(F4<i&b!JB4!L7G-?X+!(>+54-4<!j@4+X.!FG?!5*?B!?B4!L(G?*7>!?B(?!?B4!?4+?!;7-!+GLB!L7>+*<4-(?*7>!-4+GP?*>H!*>!;44!+*KIP4!?*?P4!5(+!B*HB!(><!P*,4P@!?7!F4!H-(>?4<!7>P@!-(-4P@&!S7PP75*>H!?B*+!<4L*+*7>.!(!I7P*?*L(P!4:(HH4-(?*7>!(F7G?!?B4!*KIP*L(?*7>+!7;!?B4!L7G-?X+!<4L*+*7>!P4<!U(7-*!?7!(<7I?!(!<4;4>+*)4!(??*?G<4&!JB4!H7)4->K4>?X+!(LL4I?(>L4!7;!?B(?!4:(HH4-(?*7>!*+!*><*L(?*)4!7;!(!I-4)(*P*>H!I7P*?*L(P!LP*K(?4!7;!<*+?-G+?+!?7!U(7-*!(+I*-(?*7>!?7!4:I-4++!*?+!75>!*<4>?*?@&!!1"&!9X[GPP*)(>.!N&. The Politics of Indigeneity and Contemporary Challenges to Maori Self-Determination.!M4;4-44<!I(I4-!I-4+4>?4<!?7!?B4!/G+?-(P(+*(>!A7P*?*L(P
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h:8<'%!!!
"..%!6(<*A[C4*A8)2(!1'448;;8'(!'(!b:42(!d89@<;%!-.$$J+!S)<'E*A!"Q0%!Report #64/04 Petition 167/03,
Admissibility, The Kichwa Peoples of the Sarayaku Community and Its Members%!CD2852E5*!2<!
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T+B),!U%C;.*&!$DEEP=!V5./L'2!"F8&!Report #64/04 Petition 167/03, Admissibility, The Kichwa Peoples of
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The Mapuche (Chile)
!
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"D#&!NA0:%,=!Y&!$"ZZ#8&!Indigenous peoples rights in Chile: Progress and
contradictions in the context of globalization.!12'*',.'6!).!.;'!R),)6%),!!
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contradictions in the context of globalization.!12'*',.'6!).!.;'!R),)6%),!!
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!"9"%!=555!U0!J/+:A:%!!MC/'/!(:!+,.A',11B!:*2/!>(:3'/D,+3B!@/.G//+!.C/!+A2@/'!D/*D1/!GC*!:/1O\(>/+.(OB!,:!R,.(I/!&2/'(3,+!,+>!.C/!+A2@/'!*O!D/*D1/!/+'*11/>!(+!.'(@/:%!"9=%!&3'/,H/!(+O*'2,.(*+!O'*2!Protection of Tribal Cultural Practices through the Development of Native
American Exposure Pathways!@B!?'/>!J*'/B4!Q+I('*+2/+.,1!Y('/3.*'4!&'**:.**^!_,+>!*O!X(32,3:%!!K/!:/.:!.C/!+A2@/'!*O!/+'*11/>!.'(@,1!2/2@/':!,.!V555`%!0//!C..DEFFGGG%/D,%H*IF:3(O*'A2F=55$FD'/:/+.,.(*+:F>,B=F'/HF:/::(*+=F3*'/B\O'/>%D>O!!"9;%!&+!/a3/11/+.!C(:.*'B!*O!.C/!31,(2!,+>!.C/!(2D1(3,.(*+:!*O!:*I/'/(H+.B!3,+!@/!O*A+>!(+!_'(21/B!0%!Z=559[%!R,.(I/!&2/'(3,+!:*I/'/(H+.B!(+!X,(+/%!The Maine Policy Review, 13 Z=[4!"=\=V%!ZC..DEFFGGG%A2,(+/%/>AF23:3FX7SFb*1";R*=F@'(21/BF@'(21/B%C.2[!"9$%!MC/!,A.C*'!C,:!>',G+!O'*2!2A1.(D1/!:*A'3/:4!(+31A>(+H!'/3/+.!(+./'I(/G:!G(.C!D'(+3(D,1!,3.*':!,+>!D,:.!'/:/,'3C!,:!,!>*3A2/+.,'B!O(122,^/'!,+>!G(.+/::!.*!.C/!/I/+.:!*O!.C/!"#<5c:%!!MC/!'/:A1.(+H!O(124!Abnaki:
the Native People of Maine4!'/1/,:/>!(+!"#6"!(:!+*.!3A''/+.1B!(+!>(:.'(@A.(*+%!MC/!O(12!,+>!,11!(.:!*A..,^/:4!,A>(*!'/3*'>(+H:!,+>!DC*.*H',DC:!,'/!,'3C(I/>!G(.C!7,::,2,dA*>>B!C(:.*'(,+!Y*+,1>!0*3.*2,C%!!R*.!:D/3(O(3,11B!3(./>!C/'/4!@A.!*O!(+I,1A,@1/!C/1D4!G/'/!X'%!0*3.*2,C4!GC*!(:!,1:*!,!2/2@/'!*O!XTM0J!,+>!P*C+!_,+^:4!>('/3.*'!*O!7/+*@:3*.!Y/D.%!*O!R,.A',1!S/:*A'3/:%!"99%!T.!(:!(2D*'.,+.!.*!+*./!.C,.!.C/!&'**:.**^!_,+>!*O!X(32,3:!G,:!+*.!,!D,'.B!.*!.C/!:A(.!.C,.!1/>!.*!.C/!:/..1/2/+.%!!e/.!.C/B!G/'/!,OO/3./>!@B!.C/!'/:A1.%!&+B!31,(2:!.C/B!2(HC.!@'(+H!*+!.C/('!*G+!@/C,1O!O,3/>!.C/!3C,11/+H/!.C,.!:A3C!31,(2:!G/'/!*A.1,G/>%!!&:!(.!C,:!.A'+/>!*A.4!.C/!X(32,3:!H,(+/>!O/>/',1!'/3*H+(.(*+!(+!"##"4!O'//!*O!.C/!3*2D'*2(:(+H!1,+HA,H/!.C,.!D1,HA/:!.C/!"#65!0/..1/2/+.!&3.%!!MC/!U0!J*+H'/::!D,::/>!.C/!&'**:.**^!_,+>!*O!X(32,3:!0/..1/2/+.!&3.!Z78!"5=\"<"[4!H',+.(+H!.C/!_,+>!f#554555!3*2D/+:,.(*+!O*'!1*:.!1,+>:!,+>!94555!,3'/:!,+>!31/,'1B!>/O(+/>!.C/!'/1,.(*+:C(D!@/.G//+!.C/!_,+>!,+>!.C/!:.,./!*O!X,(+/%!!T.!D'*I(>/>!.C/!:.,.A:!*O!,!OA11B!'/3*H+()/>!:*I/'/(H+!H'*AD!.*!.C/!X(32,3:!(+!X,(+/%!0//!_'(21/B!0%!Z=559[%!R,.(I/!&2/'(3,+!:*I/'/(H+.B!(+!X,(+/%!The Maine Policy Review, 13 Z=[4!"=\=V%!!?A'.C/'2*'/4!('*+(3,11B4!(.!2,B!@/!.C,.!.C/!X(32,3:4!GC*!C,>!+*!:/,.!,.!.C/!.,@1/!O*'!.C/!C(:.*'(3!1,+>!31,(24!G(11!D'*I(>/!,!2*>/1!O*'!'/>/O(+(+H!.'(@,1\:.,./!'/1,.(*+:%!!"9V%!T+O*'2,1!T+./'I(/G!@B!P%!Q'(3!g/+.!G(.C!O*'2/'!7/+*@:3*.!JC(/O!_,''B!Y,+,4!&D'(1!=55V%!"9<%!M/1/DC*+/!(+./'I(/G!@B!P%!Q'(3!g/+.!G(.C!g,(HC+!02(.C4!P'%4!&..*'+/B!O*'!.C/!.'(@/:4!X,B!=55V%!"96%!MG*!+/G:D,D/':!(+I*^/>!?h&&!.*!H,(+!,33/::!.*!.'(@,1!3*A+3(1!2//.(+H!,+>!>*3A2/+.:%!0//!MC(@/,A1.4!7%!Z=55V4!0A22/'[%!X,(+/!J*A'.!UDC*1>:!71/,:,+.!7*(+.!S/:/'I,.(*+!Y/+(,1!*O!&33/::!@B!X,(+/!R/G:D,D/':!.*!M'(@,1!X//.(+H:!,+>!Y*3A2/+.:!J*+3/'+(+H!8RW!8/,:/%!Wabanaki Legal News%!!MC(@/,A1.!+*./:!.C/!$\D,'.!./:.!.C,.!.C/!3*A'.!>/I(:/>!.*!>/./'2(+/!GC(3C!iC,.j!,!.'(@/!G,:!G/,'(+H!(+!,+B!H(I/+!3('3A2:.,+3/%!"9#%!M/1/DC*+/!(+./'I(/G!@B!P%!Q'(3!g/+.!G(.C!g,(HC+!02(.C4!P'%4!&..*'+/B!O*'!.C/!.'(@/:4!X,B!=55V%!"V5%!0//!_'(21/B!,'.(31/!3(./>!,@*I/4!/:D/3(,11B!(+!'/H,'>!.*!Qa/3A.(I/!h'>/':!(+!h'/H*+!,+>!R/G!X/a(3*!'/H,'>(+H!iH*I/'+2/+.\.*\H*I/'+2/+.j!'/1,.(*+:%!"V"%!_'(+H(+H!/3*+*2(3!D'/::A'/!*+!.C,.!:3,1/!(:!C,'>!.*!/+I(:(*+!.*>,B%!!MC/!M'(@/:!,'/!+*.!,+!/3*+*2(3!O*'3/4!GC(1/!.C/!D,D/'!3*2D,+(/:!2*:.!3/'.,(+1B!,'/%!!&3C(/I(+H!:A3C!/3*+*2(3!31*A.!G,:!D,'.!*O!.C/!:.',./HB!*O!M*2!MA'//+4!.C/!,..*'+/B!GC*!:D/,'C/,>/>!.C/!M'(@/:c:!/OO*'.:!(+!.C/!"#<5c:!,+>!GC*!3*+.(+A/>!
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The Native Hawaiians (United States)
!
"F#!84314342.<!G7-7!!H#$$#I7!In the name of Hawaiians: Native identities and cultural politics7!!
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Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians7!!D49/(.>:,J!N&1%+!B2>!E(,007!!!
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Native Hawaiians. A summary report of the August 1998 and September 2000 Community Forums in
Honolulu, Hawaii7!!N,,!+%%;J[['''71066(7:&?[;1/0[046[+.$F$"[;(,*7+%9!!!!!
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crossroads: The implications of the apology resolution and Rice v. Cayetano for Federal and State
programs benefiting Native Hawaiians. A summary report of the August 1998 and September 2000
Community Forums in Honolulu, Hawaii7!!N,,!+%%;J[['''71066(7:&?[;1/0[046[+.$F$"[;(,*7+%9!
"FF7!D(4.:<!G7!H"XXTI!Historical dictionary of Honolulu and Hawaii7!!]42+49J!-+,!N64(,6(&'!E(,007!
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crossroads: The implications of the apology resolution and Rice v. Cayetano for Federal and State
programs benefiting Native Hawaiians. A summary report of the August 1998 and September 2000
Community Forums in Honolulu, Hawaii7!!N,,!+%%;J[['''71066(7:&?[;1/0[046[+.$F$"[;(,*7+%9!
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Community Forums in Honolulu, Hawaii7!!N,,!+%%;J[['''71066(7:&?[;1/0[046[+.$F$"[;(,*7+%9!
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!programs benefiting Native Hawaiians. A summary report of the August 1998 and September 2000
Community Forums in Honolulu, Hawaii$!!%&&!'(()*++,,,$-.//0$123+)-4.+.5/+'6787"+)0&9$'(:!
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crossroads: The implications of the apology resolution and Rice v. Cayetano for Federal and State
programs benefiting Native Hawaiians. A summary report of the August 1998 and September 2000
Community Forums in Honolulu, Hawaii$!!%&&!'(()*++,,,$-.//0$123+)-4.+.5/+'6787"+)0&9$'(:!
"<A$!X%!%&>5(&$!J#77AB!Y50/'!AK$!Native Hawaiian Reorganization Act,!hearing before the Committee on
Indian Affairs$!
"<8$!X%!=2::6..62>!2>!=636?!W61'(.B!E5,566!ZF36.20@!=2::6((&&!JX%==WK$!J"OO"K$!A broken trust: The
Hawaiian Homelands Program: Seventy years of failure of the Federal and State governments to protect
the civil rights of Native Hawaiians$!
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"<<$!\6Q&Q&!%/'&-&0B!^$!J#77#K$!!Water and power in Hawaii: The Waiahole water case and the future of
the islands$!!X>)-4?6.'&F!F2/(205?!F6..&0(5(62>B!X>63&0.6(@!29!=5?6920>65B!%5>(5!=0-_$!
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crossroads: The implications of the apology resolution and Rice v. Cayetano for Federal and State
programs benefiting Native Hawaiians. A summary report of the August 1998 and September 2000
Community Forums in Honolulu, Hawaii$!!%&&!'(()*++,,,$-.//0$123+)-4.+.5/+'6787"+)0&9$'(:!
"O7$!\6Q&Q&!%/'&-&0B!^$!J#77#K$!!Water and power in Hawaii: The Waiahole water case and the future of
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"O"$!%&>5(&R.!32(&!2>!ZQ5Q5!46??!F05,.!0&5/(62>$!J#778B!^->&!<K$!Honolulu Advertiser$!
"O#$!M5>1!`$!J#778B!Y5@!"<K$!\6>1?&!?2446&.!920!ZQ5Q5!a6??$!Honolulu Advertiser$!!
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programs benefiting Native Hawaiians. A summary report of the August 1998 and September 2000
Community Forums in Honolulu, Hawaii$!!%&&!'(()*++,,,$-.//0$123+)-4.+.5/+'6787"+)0&9$'(:!
"OG$!=0561!W$!J"OO<K$!Historical Dictionary of Honolulu and Hawai’i$!\5>'5:*!S'&!%/50&/02,!M0&..$!
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H50F!5>F!%$!I&>>&!JLF.$K$! J#77GK$!Islands in Captivity: The Record of the International Tribunal on the
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(G;?88=)%!!&4?5)G!K%!,"$$U.%!Without surrender, without consent: A history of the Nisga’a land claims%!
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4*!"/`!O'=='3*!:%!,#AAA.%!The world is our witness: the historic journey of the Nisga’a into Canada.
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!%&'()*+(*,!-&./0!1&++2332&*!,4(!)('2(-!56!7,4!&8!9.%.3,:!!;2*<//6=!,4(!%&'()*+(*,!<**&.*1(0!,4<,!2,!-&./0!(3,<5/234!<!>&++2,,((!1&+?)23(0!&8!82'(!(@?(),3!-4&!,&&A!14<)%(!&8!)('2(-2*%!<//!<3?(1,3!&8!,4(!BBC:!D1>.//6!C:!E#FF"G:!B2/(*1(0!)2'()3: The ecology and politics of large dams:!H&*0&*I!J(0!K&&A3!<*0!K()A(/(6I!L*,()*<,2&*</!M2'()!N(,-&)A:!OFPQOFFR:!S4(!>&++2,,((!3,<),(0!)('2(-2*%!,4(!?)&T(1,=!4(<)2*%!&?2*2&*3!8)&+!,4(!3,<A(4&/02*%!%&'()*+(*,3!2*1/.02*%!,4(!1(*,)</!%&'()*+(*,=!0<+Q<88(1,(0!?(&?/(!<*0!,4(!NK9:!!U&-('()=!,4(!V.T<)<,!%&'()*+(*,!5&61&,,(0!2*,()'2(-!<*0!,&&A!<!/(%</!<1,2&*!,&!0(/<6!,4(!)(/(<3(!&8!,4(!)(?&),!2*0(82*2,(/6:!B((!D1>.//6!C:!E#FF"G:!Silenced rivers: The ecology and politics of large dams:!H&*0&*I!J(0!K&&A3!<*0!K()A(/(6I!L*,()*<,2&*</!M2'()!N(,-&)A:!OFR:!#WR:!B<*%'<2!#FFFIXFQX"!#W7:!Y&,4<)2!#FF"!!!!The Richtersveld Community (South Africa)
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hicago Sun Times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ichtersveld Cmty. v. Alexkor Ltd. !E#FFOG!E7G!K>HM!R$O=!?<)<:!"F:!!OF#:!S4(!1&.),!5<3(0!,423!82*02*%!&*!('20(*1(!,4<,!,4(!>&++.*2,6!4<0!/(<3(0!+2*()</!?)&3?(1,2*%!)2%4,3!<,!'<)2&.3!,2+(3!5(,-((*!<5&.,!"$RF!<*0!"W"F=!<*0!,4<,!,4(!>&++.*2,6!5(/2('(0!,4<,!2,!&-*(0!,4(!+2*()</3!<*0!5(4<'(0!<11&)02*%/6:!!Richtersveld Cmty. v. Alexkor Ltd. !E#FFOG!E7G!K>HM!R$O=!?<)<:!"F:!S4(!%&'()*+(*,!1&./0!4<'(!,<A(*!,4(!>&++.*2,6^3!/<*03!8&)!+2*()</!0('(/&?+(*,=!5.,!2,!-&./0!4<'(!5((*!)(_.2)(0!,&!?<6!1&+?(*3<,2&*:!!!OFO:!`M214,()3'(/0!>&++.*2,6!H<*0!>/<2+!K)(<A,4)&.%4=a!C)(33!M(/(<3(!8)&+!B&.,4!98)21<^3!b(?<),+(*,!&8!C.5/21!\*,()?)23(3=!c1,&5()!#7=!#FF7:!!9'<2/<5/(!<,!4,,?I[[---:2*8&:%&':Z<[3?((14(3[#FF7[F7"F#X"F"R"FF":4,+!OFP:!S)<4<*=!d:!E#FFPG:!S4(!M214,()3'(/0!>&++.*2,6!e!&,4()3!':!9/(@A&)!H,0:I!b(1/<)<,2&*!&8!<!`M2%4,!2*!H<*0a!,4)&.%4!<!1.3,&+<)6!2*,()(3,a!3(,3!3,<%(!8&)!2*,)&0.1,2&*!&8!95&)2%2*</!S2,/(!2*,&!B&.,4!98)21<*!/(%</!363,(+:!Tul. J. Int’l & Comp. L., 12=!R7R=!R$#:!!OFR:!M&52*3=!B,:!E#FF"G:!NVc3=!fK.34+(*^!<*0!b&.5/(!g232&*I!,4(!hi*(_!h!Y4&+<*2!B<*!H<*0!>/<2+!<*0!,4(!>./,.)</!C&/2,213!&8!f>&++.*2,6^!<*0!fb('(/&?+(*,^!2*!,4(!Y</<4<)2:!Journal of Southern African
Studies=!(27)!P=!$OOQRO:!B((!</3&!H((=!M:!E#FFOG:!L*02%(*&.3!)2%4,3!<*0!,4(!?&/2,213!&8!20(*,2,6!2*!C&3,Q9?<),4(20!B&.,4!98)21<:!L*!K:!b(<*!e!j:!H('2!E(03:G:!E#FFOG:!At the risk of being heard:!9**!9)5&)I!k*2'()32,6!&8!D2142%<*!C)(33:!$FQ"FP:!OF7:!#FFR=!9?)2/!#F:!H<*0!1/<2+!1&./0!14<*%(!,4(!0(3,2*6!&8!<!?(&?/(:!Mail & Guardian Online:!!OFX:!#FFR=!9?)2/!#F:!H<*0!1/<2+!1&./0!14<*%(!,4(!0(3,2*6!&8!<!?(&?/(:!Mail & Guardian Online:!OF$:!Y2)314!B:!E"WWOG:!B&12</!2+?<1,!&8!,4(!cA!S(02!D2*(!&*!,4(!d&*%%&+!'2//<%(3!&8!,4(!N&),4!;/6=!"WW#:!cAQ;/6!B&12</!D&*2,&)2*%!C)&T(1,!M(?&),!N&:!R!8&)!cA!S(02!D2*2*%!H2+2,(0:!O:!!!!4,,?I[[)3?<3:<*.:(0.:<.[)+<?[?)&T(1,3[cAQ;/6l3&12</l+&*2,&)2*%[c83+?FRQY2)314"WWOQ,4(Qd&*%%&+Q?(&?/(:?08!!!!!!
! "#$
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!The Yonggom (Papua New Guinea)
!
%&$'!()*+,-!.'!/"$$01'!Social monitoring at the Ok Tedi project. Summary report to mid-1993'!23456!
789,*+!:,'!;'!%'<!.=>?@,-!7'!/#&&%1'!Muddying the waters of the Fly: Underlying issues or stereotypes?!
78@,)*>8!5=-=A8B8-+!C-!D@C=E6=>CFC>!G,*?C-A!6=98*!:,'!H"I!J=-K8**=L!78@,)*>8!5=-=A8B8-+!C-!D@C=E
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%"&'!()*+,-!.'!/"$$01'!Social monitoring at the Ok Tedi project. Summary report to mid-1993'!23456!
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of the International Institute, 3!/%1'!DR=CN=KN8!=+!M++9LTTVVV')BC>M'8O)T[CC-8+T\,)*-=NTR,N%-,%T?C*@>M'M+BN!
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98*@98>+CR8@'!a-!State, Society and Governance in MelanesiaI!PM8!D)@+*=NC=-!:=+C,-=N!Q-CR8*@C+S!78@8=*>M!
4>M,,N!,F!6=>CFC>!=-O!D@C=-!4+)OC8@I!4+=+8I!4,>C8+S!=-O!Z,R8*-=->8!C-!58N=-8@C=!6*,\8>+I!bC@>)@@C,-!6=98*!
#&&%T"I!!=R=CN=KN8!=+!M++9LTTMON'M=-ON8'-8+T"cc0TH&"c&'!
%"%'!D@C=-!b8R8N,9B8-+!(=-?'!/#&&0I!b8>8BK8*1'!Technical Assistance, Papua New Guinea: Preparing
the PNG Gas Project'!P8>M-C>=N!D@@C@+=->8!789,*+I!6*,\8>+!:)BK8*!%$0cHI!%'!
%"H'!J,-F)@C,-!,-!2?!P8OC!9N=-@'!PNG Post-Courrier'!/#&&"I!5=*>M!01'!DR=CN=KN8!=+!
M++9LTTF,*8@+@',*AT=*>MCR8T9-AT>,-F,-,?'M+B<!2?!P8OC!b8=N!F,*!(]6!(CNNC+,-'!Mining Journal – London'!
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%"0'!5,NN,SI!3'!/#&&"I!2>+,K8*!%1'!(]6!=K=-O,-C-A!2?!P8OC!h!6:Z!+,!>N8=-!)9'!Reportage'!DR=CN=KN8!=+!
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%";'!Q:b6I!Q:Y6I!_!G,*NO!(=-?'!/#&&%1'!World resources 2002–2004:Decisions for the Earth: Balance,
voice, and power'!DR=CN=KN8!=+!M++9LTTVVV'V*C',*ATA,R8*-=->8T9)K@UO8@>*C9+C,-'>FBe9COg%;XH
%"c'!6=BK=!W'!/"$$$I!D)A)@+!#"1'!G,*NO!(=-?!=@?8OL!a@!2?!P8OC!2?e'!Asia Times'!!
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Journal of the International Institute, 4 /"1'!
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a-+8*RC8V!VC+M!4+)=*+!WC*@>MI!Higher Values, 13'!
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of the International Institute, 3!/%1'!DR=CN=KN8!=+!M++9LTTVVV')BC>M'8O)T[CC-8+T\,)*-=NTR,N%-,%T?C*@>M'M+BN!
%#X'!WC*@>MI!4'!/"$$X1'!D>+C-A!AN,K=NNSL!Y>,E9,NC+C>@!C-!6=9)=!:8V!Z)C-8=I!University of Michigan Journal
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P8OC!5C-8'!Critique of Anthropology,!##!/#1I!"$H!=R=CN=KN8!=+!
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Journal of the International Institute, 4 /"1'!!
%#$'!.=>?@,-!7'!/#&&%1'!Muddying the waters of the Fly: Underlying issues or stereotypes?!78@,)*>8!
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