adolescent issues- raga manduaru

8/9/2019 Adolescent Issues- Raga Manduaru

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Adolescent IssuesRaga Manduaru

1061050135


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WHO Age GroupClassifcations


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Adolescent age 10-19 out! age 15-"# oung people age 10-"#

oung Adolescents age 10-1#

Age classifcations


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$efned %C!ild& as indi'iduals in t!e ( 10)ears age group

Child


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C!ildren are particularl) 'ulnera+le tomalnutrition and inectious diseases,an) o. /!ic! can +e eecti'el)prevented or treated

Child


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Preterm +irt!, +irt! asphyxia and inections

cause most newborn deaths

Pneumonia illed an estiated 12" illionc!ildren under t!e age o. f'e )ears /orld/ide

An estiated two million children under 15years o. age are li'ing /it! HI, and e'er) da)more than 1!!! are newly inected "mother#child#transmission$

Child Health%s &acts


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WHO defnes Adolescents4 as indi'iduals in t!e 1!#

1' years age group

One in e'er) f'e people in t!e /orld is an adolescent, and 5 o. t!e li'e

in de'eloping countries

7O8: 8!e ter )oung people4 is used to denote t!ose +et/een 10 and "#)ears

Adolescents


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;ndergoes a


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“it is a period of risk: a period when health problems that have serious immediate

consequences can occur or when problem

behaviours that could have seriousadverse efects on health in the future

are initiated .”

$epartent o. C!ild and Adolescent Healt! and $e'elopent

=CAH> World Healt! Organi?ation

Adolescents


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World Healt! Organi?ation =WHO>

%)#* ramewor( 8o strengt!en t!e adolescent !ealt! andde'elopent


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8!e )#* ramewor( currentl) uses t/oprograatic:

12 HI pre'ention, care and support o.t!ose /it! HB

"2 Dre'enting early pregnancy andpregnanc)-related ortalit) and or+idit)2


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Adolescent

Healt!

pideiolog)


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1+ 15, o emale deaths were caused bymaternal conditions

-+ 11, o deaths were due to HI.AI/* andtuberculosis

32 1# o. ale and 5 o. .eale deat!s resulted .rotra0c accidents

#2 1" o. ale deat!s resulted .ro violence

52 6 o. all deat!s resulted rom suicide

$ata .ro:!ttp:EE///2/!o2intEaternalFc!ildFadolescentEepideiolog)EadolescenceEenEinde2!tl

Adolescent ortality

http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/epidemiology/adolescence/en/index.htmlhttp://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/epidemiology/adolescence/en/index.htmlhttp://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/epidemiology/adolescence/en/index.htmlhttp://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/epidemiology/adolescence/en/index.html


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8!ats /!), an) national seual andreproducti'e !ealt! =*2H> and HI programmes highlight adolescents asreuiring specifc attention2


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8!e reasons .or frst seual intercourse cited/ereIlo'e, curiosit) and inJuence o. peers2

8!e a o. adolescents /!o !a'e!ad se did it /it!out using condos21

1 World Healt! Organi?ation2 Healt!related Milleniu $e'elopent Goals "0052 Gene'a2=!ttp:EE///2/!o2intE e d i a c e n t r e E . a c t s ! e e t s E . s " 9 0 EenEinde2!tl,accessed 30 Octo+er "006>2

*exual Activity inAdolescent


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8!e number o sexually active malestudents in !ig! sc!ool !ad increased .ro 2 in 199@ to ""29 in 1999


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Kased on data .ro 2is(esda -!1! a+outseual acti'it) in age 10-"# )ears old

Bt s!o/ed t!at t!ere is a 025 percent /oen!a'e !ad frst seual intercourse at t!eage o. )ears, and 021 percent in en


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Dre-aritalEunarried pregnancies are notappro'ed o. +) societ)

Pregnancy andChildbearing


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Anot!er sur'e)- in 3a(arta reportedthat "3 o. students aged 15-19 and62" aged "0-"# ne/ o. at least one

.riend /!o !ad eperienced one pre-arital pregnanc)24

- Laarta arriage 'alues and seualit) sur'e) o. !ig! sc!ool and uni'ersit) students, 199#-95, citedin Adolescent and out! Reproducti'e Healt! in Bndonesia: tatus, Bssues and Dolic) Drograes,

Dolic) Dro


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16 o. /oen +egin c!ild+earing +) t!eage o. 1

"5 o. /oen !a'e !ad a +a+) +) t!e age19


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oung ot!ers are ore liel) to suer .rose'ere coplications during deli'er) /!ic!results in !ig!er or+idit) and ortalit) .or +ot!t!esel'es and t!eir c!ildren2

Adolescents tend to !a'e a !ig!er aternalortalit) ratio =MMR> t!an older /oen2

2is( and Complications

Dregnanc) and C!ild+earing


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Mot!ers age at +irt! can aect a c!ildsc!ances o. sur'i'al2

Hig! neonatal and in.ant ortalit) rates .or+irt!s to ot!ers aged under "0 ascopared /it! +irt!s to older /oen2=seefgure >


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A+ortion is pro!i+ited in Bndonesia, ecept /!en itis necessar) to sa'e a /oans li.e2

Hig! aount o. DrearitalEunarried pregnanc)can lead t!e possi+ilit) o. a+ortion

Abortion


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stiated #2" illion a+ortions per.oredeac! )ear in out!east Asia:

N 123 illion in ietna and ingapore

N between 45!!!! to 1+5 million in Indonesia

N +et/een 155,000 to @50,000 in t!e D!ilippines

N +et/een 300,000 and 900,000 in 8!ailand

6orld Health 7rgani8ation"6H7$


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ro t!e pre'ious ta+le, it s!o/s t!at,incidences o. miscarriage or abortion occur higher in the reproductive agegroup younger and live in urban areas+


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MOPB7G,

$RB7PB7G, A7$; O $R;G


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8o+acco soing is associated /it! a2

*mo(ing


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"00@ BARH, a dail) soer is defned assoeone /!o is a current smo(er andsmo(ed at least one cigarette in the -)hours preceding t!e sur'e)2

*mo(ing


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8a+le @2" s!o/s t!at soing starts earl):a$ -9 percent o women and -1 percent o

en started to soe +e.ore 13 )ears

+> a slig!t I:C2;A*; especiall) .or /oen

copared /it! t!e "00"-"003 BARH fndings=1@ and 19 percent, respecti'el)>2


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$ata .ro t!e "001 7ational House!old Healt!ur'e) =7HH> .ound t!at t!e pre'alence o.current drin(ers aong people age 10 andolder is < percent, ormer drin(ers is 4

percent, and lietime abstainers is '!percent2

A=C7H7= /2I:>I:?


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Dercentage o. )oung /oen who have neverconsumed alcohol decreased .ro 9 percentin "00"-"003 to 9# percent in "00@2

or /oen, t!e percentage increased .ro "

percent to # percent, or en .ro 1 percent to "0 percent

&igure 4+< Compares Alcohol /rin(ing in @he-!!-#-!!< IA2H* with the -!!4 IA2H*


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$rug user is soeone /!o taes drugs,suc! as ganja, putau, or shabu-shabu, that

people can use for fun or to get high.

/rug Bse


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Kased on,DRA8;RA7 DMRB78AH RD;KQBPB7$O7BA 7OMOR #0 8AH;7 "013

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?at atau o+at )ang +erasal dari tanaan atau+uan tanaan, +ai sintetis aupun

seisintetis, )ang dapat en)e+a+anpenurunan atau peru+a!an esadaran, !ilangn)a

rasa, engurangi sapai eng!ilangan rasan)eri, dan dapat eni+ulan etergantungan2

:ar(oti(a


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@ypes o :arcotic


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Kased on,;ndang-;ndang 7oor 5 ta!un 199@ tentang

psiotropia Dasal 1


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?at atau o+at, +ai alaia! aupun sintetis+uan narotia, )ang +er!asiat psioati.

elalui pengaru! seleti. pada susunansara. pusat )ang en)e+a+an peru+a!an

!as pada ati'itas ental dan perilau

Psi(otropi(


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@ypes o Psychotropic


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8a+el @2@ s!o/s t!at si percent o. en age15-"# reported !a'ing used drugs, andalost all o. t!e soed t!e drug2


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pideiolog)

and Dre'entionConcepts


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12 Concepts o. disease and !ealt!"2 7atural Histor) o. $isease

32 Qe'els o. Dre'ention


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Concepts o disease and health


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;xample


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7atural !istor) o. disease re.ers to t!eprogress o. a disease proces in an indi'idualo'er tie, without intervention+

:atural history o disease


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8!e process +egins /it! eposure to oraccuulation o. .actors capa+le o. causingdisease

6ithout medical intervention, t!eprocess ends /it! reco'er), disa+ilit), or

deat!

:atural history o disease


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.our coon stages t!at ost diseaseani.ests:

tage o. susceptilit) tage o. pres)ptoatic disease

tage o. clinical disease tage o. diinis!ed capacit)


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8!e disease has not yet developed, +utt!e !ost is suscepti+le due to t!e presenceo ris( actors+

aples: !ig! seru c!olesterol,

!)pertension, a sedentar) li.est)le, anddia+etes increased ris o. de'elopingcoronar) !eart disease

*tage o susceptility

*tage o presymptomatic


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$isease process !as +egun, +ut no overtsigns or symptoms are evident to thehost+

Incubation period, tie +et/een t!e

in'asion o. an in.ectious agent t!e development o. t!e frst signs or

s)ptos o. t!e disease

*tage o presymptomaticdisease


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stage in t!e !istor) o. a pat!ologiccondition t!at begins with anatomic orphysiologic changes t!at are suScient toproduce recogni8able signs and

symptoms o. a disease2

*tage o clinical disease

*tage o diminished


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C!aracteri?ed +) con'alescent period or aresidual disa+ilit) =prolonged coplications>

Reco'er), disa+ilit), or deat!

*tage o diminishedcapacity


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8!e .our le'els o. pre'ention are:12 priordial pre'ention

"2 priar) pre'ention

32 secondar) pre'ention and

#2 tertiar) pre'ention

=evels o prevention


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Consists o. actions to inii?e .uture!a?ards to !ealt! and !ence in!i+it t!eesta+lis!ent .actors =en'ironental,econoic, social, +e!a'ioural, cultural>

no/n to increase t!e ris o. disease

Primordial prevention


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8!ere is good e'idence t!at tobaccoconsumption can be reduced bytaxation and increased prices =seeigure 625>

;xample


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8!e purpose o. priar) pre'ention is toliit t!e incidence o. disease +) controllingspecifc causes and ris .actors2

Primary Prevention


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Driar) pre'ention strategies ep!asi?e:

12 ris .actor reduction

"2 ot!er !ealt! protecti'e easures

32 !ealt! education

#2 !ealt! prootion progras


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12 iuni?ation against counica+lediseases

"2 c!lorination and fltration o. pu+lic /atersupplies

32 8a+le 623 copares +ot! approac!es to t!epre'ention o. dia+etes and o+esit)

;xamples


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ais to reduce t!e ore seriousconseuences o. disease t!roug! earl)diagnosis and treatent2

*econdary Prevention

d i


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Can +e applied onl) to diseases in /!ic! t!enatural !istor) includes an earl) period/!en it is easil) identifed and treated, sot!at progression to a ore serious stage

can +e stopped

*econdary prevention

* d i


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t/o ain reuireents .or a use.ul secondar)pre'ention prograe are

1+ *ae, and

-+ Accurate et!od o. detecting t!e disease

*econdary prevention

; l


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aograp!) .or +reast cancer detection e)e tests .or glaucoa t!e Dap test .or cer'ical

concrete +reat! test .or Helico+acterp)lori, t!e Drostate-pecifc Antigen=DA> test .or

prostate cancer

;xamples

; l


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igure 62 s!o/s an association +et/eenscreening rates and reductions in thedeath rate rom cervical cancer inselected Canadian pro'inces in t!e 19@0s2

;xample


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@ ti ti


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is aied at reducing the progress orcomplications o established disease and is an iportant aspect o. therapeuticand rehabilitation medicine

@ertiary prevention

@ ti ti


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reduce ipairents reduce disa+ilities inii?e suering

@ertiary prevention

; l


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12 treatent o. dia+etics to pre'entcoplication o. t!e disease

"2 t!e anageent o. c!ronic !eart diseasepatients /it! edication, diet, eercise,and periodic eaination

32 ipro'ing .unctioning o. stroe patientst!roug! re!a+ilitation +) occupational

and p!)sical t!erap), nursing care,speec! t!erap), etc

;xamples


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Bnfdelit)

I fd lit


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Ha'ing se /it! anot!er indi'idual out o.t!e relations!ip2 =Ha'ing aair>

Infdelity

I fd lit % & t


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A ne/ stud) co-aut!ored +) ;C Kerele)researc!ers !as .ound t!at t!e rate o HItransmission due to infdelity is higher thanpreviously thought+ "sexual transmitteddiseases *@/$

8!e stud) .ound t!at out-o.-couple se accounted.or "@ to 61 percent o. all HB transissions inen and "1 to 51 percent in /oen2

Infdelity%s &act


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Researc!ers .ound t!at )oung en are ostliel) to +e inected rom infdelity /!ile)oung /oen are ore liel) to +einected beore entering a stable

partnership "extramarital $


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oung people adopt ris) +e!a'iours andare o.ten poorly inormed about theirbodies sexuality and theconseuences o unprotected sex+


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O'erall, IA2H* -!!4, # percent o. /oen and @@percent o. en sa) t!at t!e) !a'e !eard o. AB$

2esult


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8!e percentage is lower than that romIA2H* -!!-#-!!


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Driar) pre'entionsecondar) pre'entions

Preventions

Primary preventions


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Bn priar) pre'ention t!e ai is to pre'entt!e acuisition o. in.ection and disease2

8!is can +e done +) prooting:

N sa.er seual +e!a'iourT

N t!e use o. condos .or penetrati'e seualacts

Primary preventions

*econdary intervention


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8!e acti'ities s!ould include:12 prootion o. !ealt! care

"2 support and counselling ser'ices .or +ot!8$ and HB patients

*econdary intervention

InterventionsD aims and


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7u+er o. strategies .or reducing eposureto 8$, including:

increased condo use

reduction in partners creening treatent

outcomes

Driar)pre'ention

econdar)pre'ention

tertiar)pre'ention


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eual +e!a'iour a) +e inJuenced +) a nu+ero. personal and structural %deterinants o. ris

including:12 el.-estee

"2 ills in using condos

32 ills to negotiate sa.er se

#2 Pno/ledge a+out t!e riss o. dierent seual+e!a'iours

52 A'ai+ilit) o. seual ser'ices =condo, etc>

How to deliver


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$eli'ered at dierent %le'els:12 Bndi'idual =partner notifcation, ris

counselling>

"2 Group =group /or, sc!ool se education>

32 Counit) =counit) de'elopent,capaigns>

#2 ocio-political =legislation, resource

allocation,pro.essional de'elopent>

Interventions E

/atar Pusta(a


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Dage RM, Cole G, 8irec 8C2 Kasicpideiological Met!ods, and Kiostatistics2 A

Dractical Guide+oo2 Lones and Karlett Du+lis!er:

Koston, Qondon, 19952

Green, Q2 CQ Andersen2 19"2 Counit) Healt!2

#t!d2 t2 Qouis: C22 Mos+)

Keagle!ole2 Kasic pideiolog)2199"

/atar Pusta(a


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Risesdas "00@ dan Risesdas "010 !ttp:EE///2/!o2intEaternalFc!ildFadolescentEep

ideiolog)EadolescenceEenEinde2!tl

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;ndang-;ndang 7oor 5 ta!un 199@ tentang

psiotropia Dasal 1

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$epartent o. C!ild and Adolescent Healt! and$e'elopent =CAH> World Healt! Organi?ation2trengt!ening t!e !ealt! sector response toadolescent !ealt! and de'elopent2 World Healt!Organi?ation "009

WHOE;7AB$2 euall) transitted diseases:policiesand principles .or pre'ention and care

Bndonesia oung Adult Reproducti'e Healt! ur'e)2"00@2 Ministr) o. Healt!2 Laarta, Bndonesia

Adolescent Healt! at a Glance in out!-ast AsiaRegion "00@2 WHO: Regional OSce .or out!-astAsia

adolescent issues- raga manduaru

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