Advanced Monte Carlo for Radiation Physics, Particle Transport Simulation and Applications

Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH Physics and Astronomy

ONLINE LIBRARY

http://www.springer.de/phys/

A. Kling F. Barao M. Nakagawa L.Tavora P.Vaz (Eds.)

Advanced Monte Carlo for Radiation Physics, Particle Transport Simulation and Applications Proceedings of the Monte Carlo 2000 Conference, Lisbon, 23-26 October 2000

With 548 Figures and CD-ROM

i Springer

Dr. Andreas Kling

Instituto Tecnol6gico e Nuclear Estrada Nacional no. 10 2686-953 Sacavem, Portugal e-mail: akling@itn.pt

Prof. Fernando J.C. Barao

Laborat6rio de Instrumenta~ao e Particulas Av. Elias Garcia, 14-1° Rovisco Pais 1000-149 Lisboa, Portugal e-mail: barao@lip.pt

Prof. Masayuki Nakagawa

Department of Nuclear Energy System JAERI Tokai-mura, Naka-gun 319-1195 Ibaraki-ken, Japan e-mail: nakagawa@mike.tokai.jaeri.go.jp

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Monte Carlo 2000 Conference (2000: Lisbon, Portugal)

Prof. Luis Tavora

Departamento da Fisica Universidade de Coimbra 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal e-mail: lmtavora@saturno.fus.uc.pt

Prof. Pedro Vaz

Departamento de Ffsica IST AV. Rovisco Pais 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal e-mail: pedrovaz@itn.pt

Advanced Monte Carlo for radiation physics, particle transport simulation, and applications: proceedings of the Monte Carlo 2000 Conference, Lisbon, 32-26 October 2000 I Andreas Kling ••. [et al.], eds. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-3-642-62113-0

I. Radiation-Statistical methods-Congresses. 2. Monte Carlo method-Congresses. 3. Neutron transport theory­Congresses. I. Kling, Andreas, 1961- II. Title QC474.M66 2000 539.7'22'01519282-dc21 2001042697

Additional material to this book can be downloded from http://extras.springer.com.

ISBN 978-3-642-62113-0 ISBN 978-3-642-18211-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-18211-2

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Preface

During recent years, substantial and significant developments have occurred which are related to the advent of powerful processors and computing archi­tectures as well as to the large-scale implementation of modern information technologies and networked systems. The combination of these factors has grad­ually strengthened the usage of the Monte Carlo methods and techniques in "traditional" domains and applications, with an increasing complexity of the systems being described. At the same time, several multi-disciplinary projects have emerged during the last decade which require the study of high-intensity accelerator and target systems for multiple applications in different domains.

The Monte Carlo method and its applications have been frequently addressed at several major conferences, congresses, meetings and workshops organized in recent years on topics related to radiation shielding, radiation physics, medical physics, high-energy physics etc. These events included at least one session fully dedicated to the Monte Carlo method, with a strong emphasis normally given to its "applications" related to the principal topics and areas of interest.

Considering these factors, a group of people spread over the five continents ascertained during the summer of 1999 that the time had come for organizing a conference purely devoted to Monte Carlo issues and methods in radiation physics problems and applications. The charm, mild climate and geographic location of Lisbon, combined with the nationality of the people who proposed setting up the organizational structure of such a conference determined the place of the conference.

The international conference "Monte Carlo 2000 - Advanced Monte Carlo for Radiation Physics, Particle Transport Simulation and Applications" (MC2000) was held in Lisbon, Portugal, at the Congress Centre of IST (Instituto Supe­rior Tecnico, the Lisbon School of Engineering), during 23-26 October 2000. At MC2000 all sessions were dedicated to Monte Carlo issues. The conference was organized around the three main categories of Monte Carlo simulations, in­volving, respectively, electron-photon, neutron-gamma and hadronic codes. The following issues were addressed:

• Theory and methods; • Physics and modelling issues; • Algorithm developments; • Computational science; • Basic data;

VI Preface

• Analysis of experiments and measurements; • Benchmarks; • Status of general-purpose codes; • Tools (graphics and analysis); • Applications.

Speakers invited to the plenary sessions addressed topics such as:

• Past, present and future of Monte Carlo for radiation physics and particle transport simulation;

• Open problems, "hot" topics, needs and requirements, overview of develop­ments and "state-of-the-art" on selected topics;

• Prospects for Monte Carlo simulations in the 21st century.

The organization of MC2000 would not have been possible without the support at all levels of:

• Several Portuguese institutions led by ITN (Nuclear and Technological Insti­tute, Lisbon), LIP ("Laborat6rio de Instrumentru;ao e Particulas", Lisbon), "Centro de Instrumentac;ao da Universidade de Coimbra" and other institu­tions also contributed significantly to the organization.

• International organizations and foreign institutions, namely the OECD Nu­clear Energy Agency, the Radiation Safety Information Computational Cen­ter (RSICC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the American Nuclear Society, and the Atomic Energy So­ciety of Japan.

Organizing the conference took many thousands of man-hours of work, per­formed at several levels. I would like to acknowledge:

• the coordination role of the General Chairman, Masayuki Nakagawa ( J AERI); • the three co-chairs of the Scientific Committee, respectively Alex Bielajew

(U. Michigan), Gregg McKinney (LANL) and Richard Prael (LANL), for their outstanding work in shaping and setting up the scientific programme of the conference and coordinating the programme of the sessions;

• the members of the International Advisory and Scientific Programme Com­mittees for their contributions, comments, suggestions, paper-reviewing work, etc.;

• the session co-chairs for their skills in conducting the busy sessions; • the participants to the conference and the authors of the submitted papers

for their interest and their contributions which made MC2000 a high-level scientific event.

Last, but not least, I will explicitly mention the members of the Local Or­ganizing Committee, namely Fernando Barao, Andreas Kling, Maria Fernanda da Silva and Luis Tavora for the organizational work, whose quality was noted by the participants. A special thanks is due to Ms. Filomena Baptista and Ms. Luisa Oliveira from the Local Secretariat for their remarkable work.

Preface VII

During the closing session of the conference, a discussion took place during which participants tried to assess the needs and pertinence of future Monte Carlo conferences. Although the majority of the participants felt that a further conference should definitely be organized, no consensus could be established on its date and place. In this respect, and reporting on developments which occurred after the conference, we are glad to inform you that Bernadette Kirk (RIAS, ORNL) has stated her intention to organize such a conference during 2005.

About this proceedings: it includes over 200 papers, processed by the five editors. A special acknowledgement is due to Andreas Kling, Editor-in-Chief, for his gigantic and skilful work compiling, handling and solving the difficult ft.'!EX-related problems.

Lisbon, February 2001

General Chairman: M. Nakagawa (JAERl, Japan)

Co-chairs: A. Bielajew (U. Michigan, USA) G. McKinney (LANL, USA) R. Prael (LANL, USA) P. Vaz (IST, Portugal and

OECD/NEA) - Technical Program Coordinator

Conference Secretariat: L. Oliveira (ITN, Portugal) F. Baptista (ITN)

Pedro Vaz, MC2000 Technical Program Coordinator

Organizing Committee: C. Abreu (U. Algarve, Portugal) F. Barao (IST and LIP, Portugal) A. Kling (ITN and CFNUL, Portugal) M. F. da Silva (ITN and CFNUL,

Portugal) L. Tavora (U. Coimbra, Portugal) P. Vaz (IST, Portugal and OECD/NEA)

N. Antunes (LIP, Portugal)

International Advisory Committee:

U. Amaldi (CERN and TERA, Italy) L. Pape (CERN) P. Andreo (IAEA) D. Rogers (NRCC, Canada) A. Bielajew (U. Michigan, USA) E. Sartori (OECD/NEA) T. Gabriel (ORNL, USA) S. Seltzer (NIST, USA) J. Hubbell (NIST, USA) N. Smith (AEAT, UK) B. Kirk (RSICC, USA) J. Soares (ITN and CFNUL, Portugal) I. Lux (HAEA, Hungary) K. Ueki (NTD, Japan) G. McKinney (LANL, USA) P. Vaz (IST, Portugal and OECD/NEA) A. Nahum (ICR, UK) L. Waters (LANL, USA) M. Nakagawa (JAERl, Japan) S. Zaritsky (Kurchatov Inst., Russia) T. Nakamura (Tohoku Univ., Japan)

VIII Preface

Scientific Program Committee: C. Abreu (U. Algarve, Portugal) V. Korobeinikov (IPPE, Russia) F. Barao (IST and LIP, Portugal) M.C. Lopes (CROC, Portugal) J. Barthe (CEA, France) C. Ma (Stanford Univ., USA) F. Brown (LANL, USA) A. Maio (FCUL, Portugal) T. Booth (LANL, USA) L. Maiorov (Kurchatov Inst., Russia) K. Burn (ENEA, Italy) N. Mokhov (FNAL, USA) B. Cabral (FCUL, Portugal) T. Mori (JAERI, Japan) J. L. Chartier (CEA, France) A. Nahum (ICR, UK) C. Conde (U. Coimbra, Portugal) Y. Namito (KEK, Japan) N. Cramer (ORNL, USA) L. Petrie (ORNL, USA) D. Cullen (LLNL, USA) B. Petrovic (Westinghouse, USA) M.B. Emmett (ORNL, USA) M. Pimenta (IST, Portugal) A. Fasso (SLAC, USA) M. Ricard (IGR, France) A. Ferrari (CERN) F. Salvat (U. Barcelona, Spain) D. Filges (FZJ, Germany) F. Sanchez-Doblado (U. Sevilla, Spain) B. Grosswendt (PTB, Germany) B. Siebert (PTB, Germany) G. Guldrini (ENEA, Italy) M. Silari (CERN) A. Haghighat (PSU, USA) M. F. da Silva (ITN and CFNUL, C. Hartmann-Siantar (LLNL, USA) Portugal) H. Hirayama (KEK, Japan) L. Tavora (U. Coimbra, Portugal) G. Hughes (LANL, USA) J.N. Urbano (U. Coimbra, Portugal) A. Kling (ITN and CFNUL, Portugal) G. Valdez (SNL, USA) R. Konsek (SNL, USA)

Supporting Organizations:

ITN - Instituto Tecnol6gico e Nuclear LIP - Laborat6rio de lnstrumentac;ao e Fisica de Particulas IST - Instituto Superior Tecnico (Physics Department) Cinst-UC - Centro de Instrumentac;ao, Universidade de Coimbra CFNUL - Centro de Fisica Nuclear da Universidade de Lisboa FCUL-Faculdade de Cienicas da Universidade de Lisboa (Physics Department) UALG - Universidade do Algarve (Physics Department) SPF - Sociedade Portugesa de Fisica CROC - Centro Regional de Oncologia de Coimbra do IPOFG FCT - Fundac;ao para a Ciencia e Tecnol6gia FCG - Fundac;ao Calouste Gulbenkian FLAD - Fundac;ao Lusa-Americana para Desenvolvimento CGD - Caixa Geral de Dep6sitos CML - Camara Municipal de Lisboa EDP - Museu da EDP/ Central Tejo OECD/NEA - OECD Nuclear Energy Agency IAEA - International Atomic Energy Agency RSICC - Radiation Safety Information Computational Center (USA) AESJ - Atomic Energy Society of Japan ANS - American Nuclear Society

Contents

Plenary Talks

Some Random Thoughts on Monte Carlo Electron and Photon Transport A.F. Bielajew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Remarkable Moments in the History of Neutron Transport Monte Carlo Methods I. Lux.......................................................... 7

Hadronic Monte Carlo Transport: A Very Personal View R.E. Prael . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Highlights of Hadronic Sessions, Speculations and Perspective Views D. Filges, W. Gudowski........................................... 21

Session Electron-Gamma I: Electron Interaction Physics / Electron Transport Mechanics

Analog Electron Physics. Interaction Cross-Sections F. Salvat, J.M. Fernandez-Varea, S. Segui........................... 27

Modelling the Generalized Oscillator Strength for Low-Energy Electron or Positron Inelastic Scattering D. Liljequist, J.M. Fernandez-Varea, F. Salvat....................... 33

Low-Energy Electron Scattering in Solids - a Monte Carlo Approach H.-J. Fitting, J.-Ch. Kuhr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Monte Carlo Simulation of Few-ke V Positrons Penetrating in Solids M. Dapor, A. Miotello . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

A "Transport" Condensed History Method E.W. Larsen, D.R. Tolar, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

X Contents

Session Electron-Gamma II: Photon Interaction Physics/ Applications I

A Half Century of Monte Carlo, from Slide Rule and Mechanical Desk Calculator to the Laptop Supercomputer J.H. Hubbell, S.M. Seltzer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Comparison of EGS4 and Measurements Regarding K-X ray and Bremsstrahlung Photons Y. Namito, H. Hirayama.......................................... 63

EGS4 Modelling of Coherent Scattering in the Biological Context A. Taibi, A. Tartari, M. Gambaccini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Implementation of the Anomalous Dispersion of Rayleigh Scattered Photons in EGS4 Code C. Baraldi, E. Casnati, G. Di Domenico, A. Tartari.................. 75

Backscattering from Gold Irradiated with 15-40 ke V Photons N. Nariyama.................................................... 81

Monte Carlo Polarimetric Efficiency Simulations for a Single Monolithic CdTe Thick Matrix R.M. Curado da Silva, M. Hage-Ali, E. Caroli, P. Siffert, J.B. Stephen. 87

Simulations for X-Ray Synchrotron Beams Using the EGS4 Code System in Medical Applications I. Orion, P.A. Dilmanian, Z. Zhong, A.B. Rosenfeld, A. Henn, I. Sagi, L. Pena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Session Electron-Gamma III: Applications II

Applications of Monte Carlo Code to a Study of Gamma-Ray Buildup Factors, Skyshine and Duct Streaming H. Hirayama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Simulation of X-ray Spectra Generated by Kilovolt-Electron Bombardment J.M. Fernandez- Varea, X. Llovet, E. Acosta, E. Benedito, F. Salvat . . . . 105

Particle Transport in Inhomogeneous Media J. Tickner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Fast Simulation of X-ray Transition Radiation in the GEANT4 Toolkit V.M. Grichine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Contents XI

Optimization of a Tunable Quasi-Monochromatic X-ray Source for Cell Irradiations W. Neubert, W. Enghardt, U. Lehnert, E. Muller, B. Naumann, A. Panteleeva, J. Pawelke......................................... 123

Session Electron-Gamma IV: Status of General Purpose Codes

Electron Photon Shower Simulation in TRIPOLI-4 Monte Carlo Code Y. Peneliau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

The EGSnrc System, a Status Report /. Kawmkow, D. W.O. Rogers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Status of MARS Electromagnetic Physics 0.E. Krivosheev, N. V. Mokhov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

Status of PENELOPE J. Sempau, J.M. Fernandez- Varea, F. Salvat, E. Benedito, M. Dingfelder, H. Oulad ben Tahar, X. Llovet, E. Acosta, A. Sanchez-Reyes, J. Asenjo 147

Geant4 Electromagnetic Physics S. Ghauvie, V. Grichine, P. Gumplinger, V. Ivanchenko, R. Kokoulin, S. Magni, M. Maire, P. Nieminen, M.G. Pia, A. Rybin, L. Urban (on behalf of the Geant4 Collaboration) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Electron-Photon Transport in FL UKA: Status A. Fasso, A. Ferrari, P.R. Sala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

Session Electron-Gamma V: Generation of Random Numbers, Variance Reduction

Random, Quasirandom and Hybrid Methods for Transport Problems J. Spanier....................................................... 165

On the Use of Antithetic Variates M.S. Milgmm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Adjoint Monte Carlo Simulation of Fixed-Energy Secondary Radiation N.M. Borisov, M.P. Panin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

Symmetry-Based Variance Reduction Applied to 6°Co Teletherapy Unit Monte Carlo Simulations D. Sheikh-Bagheri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

XII Contents

Importance Biasing Quality Criterion Based on Contribution Response Theory N.M. Borisov, M.P. Panin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

Calculations of Electron Deep Penetration Using the Method of Trajectory Rotation V. Moskvin, L. Papiei, T. Tabata, I.J. Das . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Session Electron-Gamma VI: Application in Medical Physics, Dose Calculation

The Impact of Monte Carlo Dose Calculations on Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy J. V. Siebers, P.J. Keall, R. Mohan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

PC-Based Process Distribution to Solve Iterative Monte Carlo Simulations in Physical Dosimetry A. Leal, F. Sanchez-Doblado, M. Peru.cha, M. Rincon, R. Arrans, C. Bernal, E. Carrasco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Inverse Treatment Planning for Radiation Therapy Based on Fast Monte Car lo Dose Calculation M. Fippel, M. Alber, M. Birkner, W. Laub, F. Nusslin, I. Kawrakow 217

Macro Monte Carlo: Clinical Implementation in a Distributed Computing Environment H. Neuenschwander, W. Volken, D. Frei, C. Cris, E. Born, R. Mini 223

VMc++, Electron and Photon Monte Carlo Calculations Optimized for Radiation Treatment Planning I. K awrakow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Session Electron-Gamma VII: Microdosimetry, Track Structure, Radiobiological Modeling

The Track Structure of Photons, Electrons and a-Particles from the Point of View of the Formation of Ionization Clusters B. Grosswendt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

Track Structure in Molecular Radiation Biology H. Nikjoo, S. Uehara, I.K. Khvostunov, F.A. Cucinotta............... 251

Analogue Monte Carlo to Model Radiation-Induced DNA Damage M. Terrissol, J. M. Vrigneaud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

Contents XIII

Basic Data for Track Structure Simulations: Electron Interaction Cross-Sections in Liquid Water M. Dingfelder, W. Friedland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

Inelastic Cross-Sections for Use in Monte Carlo Track Structure Codes D. Emfietzoglou. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Modelling Ultrasoft X-ray Effects on DNA M. Terrissol, J.M. Vrigneaud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

Radiobiological Modeling in Voxel Constructs R.D. Stewart, R.J. Traub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

Session Electron-Gamma VIII: Monte Carlo in Radiotherapy Dosimetry, Monte Carlo Simulation of Medical Accelerators

Monte Carlo Techniques for Primary Standards of Ionizing Radiation and for Dosimetry Protocols D. W.0. Rogers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

Absorbed Dose Conversion Factors for Megavoltage Photon Beams R. Nutbrown, S. Duane, D. Shipley, R. Thomas

Is the Spencer-Attix Cavity Equation Applicable for Solid-State Detectors Irradiated in Megavoltage Electron Beams?

299

P.N. Mobit, G.A. Sandison. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

Monte Carlo Simulation of Electron Beams for Radiotherapy -EGS4, MCNP4b and GEANT3 Intercomparison A. Trindade, P. Rodrigues, C. Alves, A. Chaves, M. C. Lopes, C. Oliveira, L. Peralta.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

Evaluation of a 50-MV Photon Therapy Beam from a Racetrack Microtron Using MCNP4B Monte Carlo Code I. Gudowska, B. Sorcini, R. Svensson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

Energy Spectra and Dose Distributions of a Medical Linear Electron Accelerator Simulated with BEAM/EGS4 and MCNP D. Albers, F. Cremers, I. Eggers, M. Todorovic, R. Schmidt. . . . . . . . . . . 323

Monte Carlo Simulation of an Arc Therapy Treatment by Means of a PC Distribution Model A. Leal, F. Sanchez-Doblado, M. Perucha, M. Rincon, R. Arrans, C. Bernal, E. Carrasco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

XIV Contents

Session Electron-Gamma IX: Applications III

Analysis of the Influence of the Radial Displacement of the Source in the Simulation of Ge-Detector Calibration Using MCNP Code J. R6denas, A. Martinavarro, V. Rius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

Monte Carlo Simulations of Photon Field Characteristics for In Situ Gamma Spectrometry Applications J. Kluson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

Visual Monte Carlo and Its Application to Internal and External Dosimetry J.G. Hunt, F.C. da Silva, D. de Souza-Santos, I. Malatova, S. Foltanova, B.M. Dantas, A. Azeredo, M. Isakson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

Monte Carlo Simulation of Mammography X-ray Units: a Comparison Between Different Electron Extensions of the EGS4 Code System M. Marziani, M. Gambaccini, L.M.N. Tavorn, A. Taibi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

Session Electron-Gamma X: Applications IV

The Use of MCNP in Flash Radiographic Applications at AWE S. Quillin, I. Crotch, S. McAlpin, J. O'Malley....................... 357

Comparison of Monte Carlo Simulation and Measurement of Electron Reflection from Solids V. Stary} . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369

Low-Energy Electron Response of Csl(Tl) and BGO A. Martinez-Davalos, J.M. Lopez-Robles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377

Monte Carlo Estimate to Improve Photon Energy Spectrum Reconstruction S. Sawchuk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383

Monte Carlo Simulations on Rough and Porous Alumina L. Sorbier, E. Rosenberg, C. Merlet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

Simulation of the Response Function of an Amorphous Silicon Flat-Panel Array F. Cremers, C. Kausch, D. Albers, M. Todorovic, R. Schmidt.......... 395

Space Applications of the Geant4 Simulation Toolkit E. Daly, H. Evans, F. Lei, F. Longo, S. Magni, R. Nartallo, P. Nieminen, M.G. Pia, P.R. Truscott.......................................... 401

Session Electron-Gamma P: Miscellaneous Topics

Introduction of the Muonic and Cerenkov Effects in the EGS4 Code

Contents XV

E. Duverger, A. Mishev, R.I. Gschwind, L. Makovicka, J. Stamenov. . . . 407

Spectrum Shape Analysis Applied to Radioactive Waste Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy B. Perot, J.-L. Artaud, B. Chabalier, J. Misraki, P. Chany. . . . . . . . . . . . 413

Assessment of a Compton Suppression Spectrometer for the Measurement of Medium- and High-Level Radioactive Waste Packages J.-L. Artaud, B. Perot, B. Chabalier, H. Toubon..................... 419

The Degradation of the Energy of Primary Photons Described through the Entropy A.D. Oliveira, J.J. Pedroso de Lima................................ 425

Monte Carlo Simulation of the Conversion Electron Scattering in Targets for the Synthesis of Superheavy Elements A. Spalek, 0. Dragoun. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431

Monte Carlo Simulations on a 9-node PC Cluster J. Gouriou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437

Application of Numerical Phantoms and MCNP Calculation for In Vivo Calibration D. Franck, N.M. Borisov, L. Laval................................. 443

Use of Monte Carlo Method in Support of Medical Applications of Radiation N. Cerullo, G. Curzio, G. Daquino, A. Mariani...................... 449

Intra-Operative Radiation Therapy Optimization Using the Monte Carlo Method M. Rosetti, M. Benassi, V. Bruzzaniti, A. Bufacchi, M. D'Andrea...... 455

Coupling Photon Monte Carlo Simulation and CAD Software. Application to X-ray Nondestructive Evaluation J. Tabary, A. Gliere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461

Dose Rate Calculations from Radioactive Vascular Stents: DPK Versus Exact MC Approach S. Gorodkov, A. Moslang, P. Vladimirov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467

Dosimetric Study of a Low-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy Source M. Rodriguez-Villafuerte, S. Arzamendi, R. Diaz-Perches . . . . . . . . . . . . 473

XVI Contents

Electron 'fransport Simulation in the Range 1 ke V-4 Me V for the Purpose of High-Resolution Dosimetric Application V. Cobut, L. Cirioni, J.P. Patau................................... 479

Shield Optimization for X-rays Using the Monte Carlo Method Combined with Analytical Calculation Zhang Dian-hui, Huang Liu-xing, Niu Sheng-li. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483

MCNP Analytical Models of a Calibration Head Phantom for Bone-Seeker Nuclides In Vivo Measurements G. Gualdrini, P. Ferrari, P. Battisti, P. De Felice, L. Pierotti . . . . . . . . . 489

Monte Carlo Studies of the Portuguese Gamma Irradiation Facility. The Irradiator Geometry and Its Influence on Process Parameters C. Oliveira, L. Ferreira, J. Salgado. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497

Multiple Scattering in GEANT4. A Comparison with Moliere Theory and L3 Detector Data P. Arce, M. Maire, L. Urban, M. Wadhwa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503

On the Use of CAD Geometry for Monte Carlo Particle 'fr ans port H. Tsige-Tamirat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511

Analysis of the Simulation of Ge-Detector Calibration for Environmental Radioactive Samples in a Marinelli Beaker Source Using the Monte Carlo Method J. R6denas, J. Ortiz, L. Ballesteros, V. Serradell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517

Simulation of a 32P Sourcewire and a 90Sr / 90Y Sourcetrain Using MCNP4b and EGS4 M. Todorovic, F. Cremers, D. Albers, R. Schmidt.................... 523

Monte Carlo Simulations for the Estimation of Dose Rates During Handling of Spent Fuel at the Portuguese Research Reactor A. Kling, J.G. Marques, A.J.G. Ramalho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529

Photoelectron Collection Efficiency in Rare Gases: A Monte Carlo Study P.J.B.M. Rachinhas, J.A.M. Lopes, T.H. V. T. Dias, F.P. Santos, C.A.N. Conde, A.D. Stauffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535

Medical Applications of the Geant4 Toolkit S. Agostinelli, S. Chauvie, F. Foppiano, S. Garelli, F. Marchetto, M. G. Pia, P. Nieminen, V. Rolando, A. Solano. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543

Contents XVII

Effect of Voxel Size on Monte Carlo Dose Calculations for Radiotherapy Treatment Planning G. Mora, T. Pawlicki, A. Maio, C.-M. Ma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549

Monte Carlo Physical Dosimetry for Small Photon Beams M. Perucha, F. Sanchez-Doblado, M. Rincon, A. Leal, L. Nunez, R. Arrans, E. Carrasco, J.A. Sanchez-Calzado, L. Errazquin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555

Monte Carlo Dose Distributions for Radiosurgery M. Perucha, F. Sanchez-Doblado, A. Leal, M. Rincon, L. Nunez, R. Arrans, E. Carrasco, B. Sanchez-Nieto, J.A. Sanchez-Calzado, L. Errazquin.... 561

Monte Carlo Conformal Treatment Planning as an Independent Assessment M. Rincon, F. Sanchez-Doblado, A. Leal, M. Perucha, R. Arrans, J.C. Medrano, E. Carrasco, J.A. Sanchez-Calzado, L. Errazquin . . . . . . . 565

Modelling of Multiple Scattering Distributions by Mixture Models R. Priihwirth, M. Regler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571

Radiative Transport in Multiple Scattering Media E.J.N. Pereira, J.M.G. Martinho, M.N. Berberan-Santos

Markov Chain Monte Carlo Methods in Radiotherapy Treatment Planning

577

R.P. Hugtenburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583

Session Neutron-Gamma I: Theory and Methods

Research Themes of Broad Transport Applicability J. Spanier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589

Response Decomposition with Monte Carlo Correlated Coupling T. Ueki, J.E. Hoogenboom, J.L. Kloosterman........................ 597

The Geometrical Sensitivity Option in MCBEND T. Shuttleworth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603

An Alternative Monte Carlo Method for the k-Eigenfunction? T.E. Booth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609

Continuous Energy Adjoint Monte Carlo for Coupled Neutron-Photon Transport J.E. Hoogenboom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613

Application of A 3MCNP™ to Radiation Shielding Problems A. Haghighat, J.C. Wagner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619

XVIII Contents

Session Neutron-Gamma II: Code Status

Status of JAERl's Monte Carlo Code MVP for Neutron and Photon Transport Problems T. Mori, K. Okumura, Y. Nagaya.................................. 625

Current Status of the Oak Ridge Monte Carlo Codes: MORSE/SAS4 and KENO M.B. Emmett, D.F. Hollenbach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 631

The Current Status and Future Plans for the Monte Carlo Codes MONK and MCBEND N. Smith, T. Shuttleworth, M. Grimstone, L. Hutton, M. Armishaw, A. Bird, N. Prance, S. Connolly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637

MCNP Capabilities at the Dawn of the 21st Century: Neutron-Gamma Applications E.G. Selcow, G. W. McKinney, T.E. Booth, J.F. Briesmeister, L.J. Cox, R.A. Forster, J.S. Hendricks, R.D. Mosteller, R.E. Prael, A. Sood, S. W. White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643

TRIPOLl-3: A Neutron/Photon Monte Carlo Transport Code J.C. Nimal, T. Vergnaud.......................................... 651

Session Neutron-Gamma III: Physics and Data

Modern Nuclear Data for Monte Carlo Codes R.C. Little, S.C. Prankle, M.C. White, R.E. MacFarlane, Ch.J. Werner, J.M. Campbell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657

The MCNP Code in Planning and Interpretation of Thermal Neutron Pulsed Experiments J. Dq,browska, K. Drozdowicz, U. Woinicka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663

Modelling Detector Responses to Neutrons Using MCNP J. Tickner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669

Simulation of Thermal Neutron Transport Processes Directly from the Evaluated Nuclear Data Files P.A. Androsenko, M.R. Malkov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675

Influence of the Photoneutrons on the Kinetics of the Beryllium Reflected Core of the Budapest Research Reactor G. Hord6sy, A. Kereszturi, P. vertes, Cs. Hegedus................... 681

Contents XIX

Session Neutron-Gamma IV: Algorithms and Computational Science

Variance Reduction with Multiple Responses K. W. Burn, G. Gualdrini, E. Nava................................. 687

Use of a Hybrid Monte Carlo Technique for Power Shape Calculations L. Hutton, N.R. Smith............................................ 697

Eigenvalue Uncertainty Evaluation in MC Calculations, Using Time Series Methodologies 0. Jacquet, R. Chajari, X. Bay, A. Nouri, L. Carrara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703

Development and Comparison of Monte Carlo Techniques Implemented in the MORET4 Code for the Calculation of Loosely Coupled Systems J. Miss, 0. Jacquet, A. Nouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711

Session Neutron-Gamma V: Experiments and Measurements

Sensitivity Analysis and Uncertainty Assessment in Applied Monte Carlo Particle Transport B.R.L. Siebert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719

Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis for Nuclear Criticality Safety Using KENO in the SCALE Code System B. T. Rearden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725

Monte Carlo Characterisation of the Radiation Field in the Thermal Column of the Portuguese Research Reactor A. Fernandes, A. Vieira, I. C. Gon9alves, A. Ramalho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731

Fission Rate Analysis of a Fast Reactor Fuel Performance Test Using MCNP T. Sekine, T. Aoyama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737

Benchmarking Monte Carlo Codes for Criticality Safety Using Subcritical Measurements T. Valentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 43

Session Neutron-Gamma VI: Applications

Review of Industrial and Medical Applications that Utilize Coupled Neutron-Photon Monte Carlo Transport T. Goorley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 49

XX Contents

MCNP Calculations for the Shielding Design of a Beam Tube to Be Installed at the Portuguese Research Reactor I.F. Gon<;alves, A.G. Ramalho, I. C. Gon<;alves, J. Salgado . . . . . . . . . . . . 755

Monte Carlo Applications in Fusion Neutronics U. Fischer .................. ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761

MCNP Simulation of Void Reactivity in a Simplified CANDU Core Sub-region F. Rahnema, S. Mosher, M. Pitts, P. Akhtar, D. Serghiuta. . . . . . . . . . . . 767

Monte Carlo Simulation of Natural Gamma Ray Spectrometry for Underwater Surfaces M. Maucec, P.H.G.M. Hendriks, R.J. de Meijer..................... 773

Monte Carlo Modelling of the Belgian Materials Testing Reactor BR2: Present Status B. Verboomen, A. Beeckmans de West-Meerbeeck, Th. Aoust, Ch. De Raedt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779

Session Neutron-Gamma VII: Benchmarks

Benchmark for a 3D Monte Carlo Boiling Water Reactor Fluence Computational Package - MF3D S. Sitaraman, R.-T. Chiang, K. Asano, K. Koyabu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785

Intercomparison of Monte Carlo and SN Sensitivity Calculations for a 14 MeV Neutron Benchmark U. Fischer, I. Kodeli, C. Konno, R.L. Perel......................... 791

Comparison of Snyder Head Phantom Models Used for Neutron Capture Therapy Benchmark Monte Carlo Dosimetry Calculations T. Goorley, W.S. Kiger III, R. Zamenhof........................... 797

Monte Carlo Modeling of Fast Sub-critical Assembly with MOX Fuel for Research of Accelerator-Driven Systems A. Polanski, V. Barashenkov, I. Puzynin, I. Rakhno, A. Sissakian 803

Evaluation of CRISTO II Storage Arrays Benchmark with TRIPOLI-4.2 Criticality Calculations Y.K. Lee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809

Session Neutron-Gamma VIII: Graphics and Analysis

Current State of Monte Carlo Visualization Tools R. Schwarz, L. Carter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815

Contents XXI

Conceptual Designing of a Reduced Moderation Pressurized Water Reactor by Use of MVP and MVP-BURN T. Kugo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821

The Role of Graphical Supporting Tools for Monte Carlo Analysis M. Armishaw, A. Bird, H. Crofts, N. Smith......................... 827

Simulating Variable Source Problems via Post Processing of Individual Particle Tallies D.L. Bleuel, R.J. Donahue, B.A. Ludewigt, J. Vujic.................. 833

MCNP Modelling of HTGR Pebble-Type Fuel Z. Karriem, C. Stoker, F. Reitsma................................. 841

Session Neutron-Gamma P: Miscellaneous Topics

Universal Approach for ADS Blanket Calculations Using the Monte Carlo Method V. V. Korobeinikov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847

Monte Carlo Depletion Analysis of a PWR Integral Fuel Burnable Absorber by MCNAP H.J. Shim, C.S. Jang, C.H. Kim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851

Application of Biasing Optimization Techniques to Monte Carlo Shielding Analysis of a Transport Cask S. Mitake, 0. Sato, H. Tsunoda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859

Improvement and Benchmarking of the New Shutdown Dose Estimation Method by Monte Carlo Code L. Petrizzi, H. Iida, D. Valenza, P. Batistoni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865

Monte Carlo Simulation of Neutron and Photon Transport with Direct Utilization of Information from Evaluated Nuclear Data Files P.A. Androsenko, D.L. Joloudov, A. V. Kompaniyets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871

Application of MCNP-Based Software Package MF3D for BWR Radiation Damage Computations R-T. Chiang, S. Sitaraman, K. Asano, K. Koyabu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877

Why Do We Need TARGET? D. Schlegel, S. Guldbakke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881

Noise Method for Monitoring the Subcriticality in Accelerator-Driven Systems Y. Rugama, J.L. Munoz-Cobo, T.E. Valentine....................... 887

XXII Contents

Sediment-Density Dependency of Natural Gamma Ray Spectra in a Borehole Geometry P.H.G.M. Hendriks, M. Maucec, R.J. de Meijer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893

Some Experimental and Monte Carlo Investigations of the Plastic Scintillators for the Current Mode Measurements at Pulsed Neutron Sources A. Rogov, Yu. Pepyolyshev, M. Carta, A. d'Angelo................... 899

Feasibility Study of Non-Radioactive Tracers for Monitoring Injected Water in Oil Reservoirs H. Sawamura, K. Nishimura, H. Mituishi, T. Muta, J.S. Schweitzer.... 905

Neutronics and Shielding Analysis of an Ignitor S. Rollet, M. Rapisarda........................................... 911

Monte Carlo Calculations for Neutron and Gamma Radiation Fields on a Fast Neutron Irradiation Device A. Vieira, A. Ramalho, I. C. Gonf;alves, A. Fernandes, N. Barradas, J.G. Marques, J. Prata, Ch. Chaussy............................... 919

Shielding Assessment of the MYRRHA Accelerator-Driven System Using the MCNP Code M. Coeck, Th. Aoust, F. Vermeersch, A. Abderrahim................. 925

Numerical Tests for the Problem of U-Pu Fuel Burnup in Fuel Rod and Polycell Models Using the MCNP Code V.G. Muratov, A. V. Lopatkin...................................... 931

Session Hadronic I: Hadron Code Review

The HERMES Monte Carlo Program System: a Versatile Tool for Spallation Physics and Detector Applications D. Filges, R.-D. Neef, H. Schaal, G. Sterzenbach..................... 937

MARS Code Status N. V. Mokhov, 0.E. Krivosheev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943

Present Status of Nucleon-Meson Transport Code NMTC/JAERI H. Takada, S. Meigo, K. Niita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949

FL UKA: Status and Prospects for Hadronic Applications A. Fasso, A. Ferrari, P.R. Sala, J. Ranft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955

Contents XX.III

Status of the MCNPX Transport Code H.G. Hughes, M.B. Chadwick, R.K. Corzine, H. W. Egdorf, F.X. Gallmeier, R.C. Little, R.E. MacFarlane, S.G. Mashnik, E.J. Pitcher, R.E. Prael, A.J. Sierk, E.G. Snow, L.S. Waters, M.C. White, P.G. Young......... 961

Session Hadronic II: Physics Model Calculations and Data Compilation

Physics Models and Nuclear Data Evaluations for Enhanced Monte Carlo Transport M.B. Chadwick, H.G. Hughes, R.C. Little, E.J. Pitcher, P.G. Young... 967

Development of Heavy Ion Transport Monte Carlo Code H. Iwase, T. Kurosawa, T. Nakamura, N. Yoshizawa, J. Funabiki...... 973

Baryon Stopping in High-Energy Collisions in the DPMJET-111 Model J. Ranft, R. Engel, S. Roesler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 979

Session Hadronic Ill: Applications I

Muons and Neutrinos at High-Energy Accelerators N. Mokhov, S. Striganov, A. Van Ginneken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985

Utilization of Monte Carlo Calculations in Radiation Transport Analyses to Support the Design of the U.S. Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) J.0. Johnson.................................................... 991

Deep Penetration Monte Carlo Calculations for the European Spallation Source ESS I. Koprivnikar, E. Schachinger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997

Validation of MC Models of Spallation Reactions in Thin and Thick Targets in the Ge V Range F. Goldenbaum, M. Enke, D. Filges, J. Galin, C.-M. Herbach, D. Hilscher, U. Jahnke, A. Letourneau, B. Lott, R.-D. Neef, K. Nilnighoff, N. Paul, A. Peghaire, L. Pienkowski, H. Schaal, U. Schroder, G. Sterzenbach, A. Tietze, V. Tishchenko, J. Toke, M. Wohlmuther .................. 1003

Design and Effects of the Proton Window of the Spallation Neutron Source F. C. Difilippo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1009

XXIV Contents

Application of the EA-MC Code Package to the Design of Accelerator-Driven Systems Y. Kadi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015

Session Hadronic IV: Physics Models for Monte Carlo Codes

Hadronic Collisions: Physics, Models and Event Generators J. Ranft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1021

Modelling Hadronic Interactions J.P. Wellisch.................................................... 1027

The Monte Carlo Event Generator DPMJET-III S. Roesler, R. Engel, J. Ranft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1033

Object-Oriented Approach to Preequilibrium and Equilibrium Decays in Geant4 V. Lara. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039

The GEM Code - the Generalized Evaporation Model and the Fission Model S. Furihata. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1045

Session Hadronic V: Applications II

Application of Monte Carlo to Proton Beam Radiation Therapy J. V. Siebers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1051

Monte Carlo Analysis of Correlation of Displacement Damage Due to Neutrons, Protons, Electrons and Gamma Ray in Microelectronic Devices Huang Liu Xing, Chen Shi Bin, Chen Yu Sheng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1057

Monte Carlo Simulations of Neutral Gas and Fast Ion Dynamics in GDT Experiments K. Noack ....................................................... 1063

Treatment Planning for Carbon Ion Radiotherapy M. Kramer, 0. Jiikel, T. Haberer, G. Kraft, D. Schardt, D. Scholz, U. Weber ....................................................... 1069

Neutron Shielding Calculations for a 230-MeV Proton Therapy Facility U. Titt, W.D. Newhauser, X. Yan, D. T. Dexheimer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1075

Contents XXV

Coupling MCNP-DSP and LAHET Monte Carlo Codes for Designing Subcriticality Monitors for Accelerator-Driven Systems T. Valentine, Y. Rugama, J.L. Munoz-Cobo, R. Perez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1081

Session Hadronic VI: Experiments and Benchmarks

Shielding Benchmark Experiments Through Concrete and Iron with High-Energy Proton and Heavy Ion Accelerators T. Nakamura, M. Sasaki, T. Nunomiya, N. Nakao, E. Kim, T. Kurosawa, S. Taniguchi, H. lwase, Y. Uwamino, T. Shibata, S. Ito, A. Fukumura, D.R. Perry, P. Wright. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1085

New Method and Data on Residue Production in Spallation by 208Pb on Protons for the Design of Spallation Sources T. Enqvist, W. Wlazlo, J. Benlliure, F. Rejmund, P. Armbruster, M. Bernas, A. Boudard, S. Czajkowski, R. Legrain, S. Leray, B. Mustapha, M. Pravikoff, K.-H. Schmidt, C. Stephan, J. Taieb, L. Tassan-Got, C. Volant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1097

Determination of Stopping Power of Ions in Matter N.P. Barradas, C. Jeynes, R.P. Webb, E. Wendler................... 1105

Comparison of Spallation Neutron and Residual Nuclide Production Data with Different Intra-Nuclear Cascade Models S. Leray, A. Boudard, J. Cugnon, R. Legrain, C. Volant . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111

Session Hadronic VII: Monte Carlo Methods and Theory

Design of Tracking and Generic Processes in Geant4 M. Asai, K. Amako, J. Apostolakis, H. Kurasige, T. Sasaki, J.-P. Wellisch................................................... 1117

Multigroup Boltzmann-Fokker-Planck Approach for Ion Transport in Amorphous Media N.D. Keen, A.K. Prinja, G.D. Dunham ............................. 1123

A Stochastic Model of Multiple Scattering of Charged Particles: Process, Transport Equation and Solutions L. Papiei, V. Tulovsky, V. Moskvin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1129

XXVI Contents

Session Hadronic P: Miscellaneous Topics

PICA3, an Updated Code of Photo-nuclear Cascade Evaporation Code PICA95, and Its Benchmark Experiments T. Sato, K. Shin, S. Ban, T.A. Gabriel, C. Y. Pu, H.S. Lee ............ 1139

Monte Carlo Simulation as an Aid to Alpha-Particle Spectrometry A. Martin Sanchez, A. Fernandez Timon, C.J. Bland

Measurements and Calculations of Secondary Particle Yields from 100-800 Me V /Nucleon Heavy Ions T. Kurosawa, T. Nakamura, H. Iwase, H. Sato, N. Nakao, Y. Uwamino,

1145

A. Pukumum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1151

Development of an Extended Range Bonner Sphere Spectrometer C. Bimttari, P. Cappellaro, A. MitarofJ, M. Silari.................... 1157

Influence of the FLUKA Geometrical Model on the ADS Demonstration Facility Criticality Calculations P. Neuhold...................................................... 1163

Simulation of Nucleus-Nucleus Interactions in the Framework of the FRITIOF Model A. Polanski, A.S. Galoyan, V. V. Uzhinskii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1169

Monte Carlo Simulation of the Neutron Time-of-Flight Facility at CERN V. Vlachoudis, C. Borcea, S. Buono, P. Cennini, A. Ferrari, Y. Kadi, V. Lacoste, E. Radermacher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1175

Systematic Uncertainties on the Determination of the top Mass at the LHC from Soft Fragmentation Effects M. David, A. Maio, A. de Angelis, A. Gomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1181

Author Index .................................................. 1187