aegle marmelos l

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Research ArticleIn Vitro Screening of 10 Edible Thai Plants for Potential

Antifungal Properties

Supattra Suwanmanee1 Thitinan Kitisin2 and Natthanej Luplertlop3

983089 Department of ropical Pathology Faculty of ropical Medicine Mahidol University Bangkok 983089983088983092983088983088 Tailand 983090 Department of Anatomy Faculty of Science Mahidol University Bangkok 983089983088983092983088983088 Tailand 983091 Department of Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of ropical Medicine Mahidol University Bangkok 983089983088983092983088983088 Tailand

Correspondence should be addressed to Natthanej Luplertlop natthanejlupmahidolacth

Received 983090983090 August 983090983088983089983091 Revised 983090983094 November 983090983088983089983091 Accepted 983090983094 November 983090983088983089983091 Published 983090 January 983090983088983089983092

Academic Editor Angelo Antonio Izzo

Copyright copy 983090983088983089983092 Supattra Suwanmanee et al Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

Growing rates o ungal inections and increasing resistance against standard antiungal drugs can cause serious health problemsTere is thereore increasing interest in the potential use o medicinal plants as novel antiungal agents Tis study investigatesthe antiungal properties o crude plant extracts rom ten medicinal plant species Crude samples were extracted using the hotwater extraction process Te minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and diameter zone o inhibition were determined in eachextract against tenungal strains and 1047298uconazole wasused as a positive control Te cytotoxicity o crude extracts on in vitro human

skin 1047297broblast (HSF) cell models was determined by M assay O the ten crude extractsPsidium guajava L exhibited the highestantiungal activity diameter zone o inhibition and percentage HSF cell viability Although all extracts exhibited antiungal activityPsidium guajava L had the greatest potential or developing antiungal treatments

1 Introduction

Despite the intensive prophylactic use o antiungal drugsthe incidence o ungal inections has increased due togrowing resistance [983089 983090] Tereore the possibility o 1047297ndingnovel antiungal agents rom crude plant extracts has beenexplored Many edible plants are known to have bene1047297cialand medicinal properties to humans and plant extracts have

been used as a source o alternative medication or theirantioxidative antiungal and anticancer properties [983091]

en plants commonly used in Tai traditional medicinewere selected or this study Garcinia mangostana L Piper betel L Camellia sinensis Morus alba Linn Aegle marmelosL Garcinia atroviridis Griff Andrographis paniculata(Burmf) Wallex Nees Schefflera leucantha R Vig Cartha-mus tinctorius L and Psidium guajava L Te objective o this study was to evaluate the in vitro antiungal activities o crude extracts o these edible plant species in a systematicand consistent manner against clinical pathogens Te resultsindicate that there are potential bene1047297ts o using crude plantextracts or the treatment o ungal inections

2 Materials and Methods

983090983089 Preparation of Plant Sample Extracts Te ten plantspecies used in this study can be divided into our categoriesaccording to their active ingredientsTe 1047297rst category is con-densed tannins which is obtained rom the peel o Garciniamangostana L (mangosteen) Te second is hydrolysabletannins obtained rom the lea o Piper betel L (betel

vine) and Camellia sinensis (green tea) Te third category is 1047298avonols obtained rom the lea o Morus alba Linn(mulberry)Te ourth category is phenols obtained rom theruit o Aegle marmelos L (bael) and Garcinia atroviridis Griff (Malabar tamarind) rom the lea o Andrographis paniculata(Burm) Wallex Nees (create) Schefflera leucantha R Vig(edible-stemmed vine) and Psidium guajava L (guava)and rom the 1047298ower o Carthamus tinctorius L (safflower)(able 983089) All plant samples were provided by the Faculty o Cosmetic Science Mae Fah Luang University and werecollected rom northern Tailand Chiang Rai province Tecrude plant extraction process was perormed according toAOAC procedures with some modi1047297cations [983092]983089983088983088goeach

Hindawi Publishing CorporationEvidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineVolume 2014 Article ID 138587 7 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552014138587



983090 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

983137983138983148983141 983089 List o plant species and parts o the plant used to determine antiungal activity as crude plant extracts obtained by hot waterextraction process

Active ingredient Group Plant species with re General name Part used

annins

Condensed tannins Garcinia mangostana L [983093] Mangosteen Peel

Hydrolysable tannins Piper betel L [983094] Betel vine Lea

Camellia sinensis [983095] Green tea Lea

Flavonoids Flavonols Morus alba Linn [983096] Mulberry Lea

Phenol Phenol

Aegle marmelos L [983097] Bael Fruit

Garcinia atroviridis Griff [983093] Malabar tamarind Fruit

Andrographis paniculata (Burm) Wallex Nees [983089983088] Create Lea

Schefflera leucantha R Vig [983089983089] Edible-stemmed Vine Lea

Carthamus tinctorius L [983089983090] Safflower Flower

Psidium guajava L [983089983091ndash983089983093] Guava Lea

983137983138983148983141 983090 Clinical human pathogenic ungal strains used in thisstudy

ype NameYeast

Candida albicans

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Dermatophytes

richophyton mentagrophytes

richophyton rubrum

richophyton tonsurans

Epidermophyton 1047298occosum

Microsporum canis

Microsporum gypseum

Filamentous ungi Aspergillus niger

Penicillium spp

plant sample was dried powdered macerated and extractedby hot water extraction process Subsequently all crudeextracts underwent sterile 1047297ltering by using a 983088983090983090 m sterile1047297lter All sterile 1047297ltered crude extracts were stored at minus983090983088∘CTe crude extracts were later thawed andserial dilutionswereprepared by using Sabouraud Dextrose Broth (SDB) media

983090983090 Fungal Strains and Growth Conditions Fungal isolateswere subcultured and prepared or assessment o the antiun-gal properties o the plant extracts All ungal strains used inthis study were provided by the Department o Microbiology and Immunology Faculty o ropical Medicine Mahidol

University Tailand Te ungi can be divided into 983091 groupsTe 1047297rst group is yeasts which include Candida albicansand Saccharomyces cerevisiae Te second is dermatophyteswhich include richophyton mentagrophytes richophytonrubrum richophyton tonsurans Epidermophyton 1047298occosum

Microsporum canis and Microsporum gypseum Te thirdgroup is 1047297lamentous ungi which include Aspergillus niger and Penicillium spp All ungi were cultured in Sabouraudagar slants or Sabouraud Dextrose Broth (SDB) Te clinicalungal strains used in this study are listed in able 983090 Teyeasts were each diluted in SDB broth to a concentration

o 9830899830886 CFUmL Tis was urther diluted with RPMI to 983090 times9830899830885 CFUmL and 983089983088983088 L was then added to each o the serial

dilutions o the plant extracts 983089983088983088 L o each dilution wasthen added to the serial dilutions o the plant extracts

983090983091 Antifungal Activity Te screening o plant extractsor antiungal activity was investigated using a modi1047297edbroth microdilution method Te plant extractungal isolatemicrotiter trays were stored at 983091983093∘C and assessed or growthafer 983092983096 h Te antiungal agents were prepared or minimuminhibitory concentration (MIC) according to Clinical andLaboratory Standards Institute (CLSI-ormerly NCCLS) [983089983094983089983095] with RPMI-MOPS (RPMI 983089983094983092983088 medium containing l-glutamine without sodium bicarbonate (Sigma-Aldrich CoSt Louis USA) buffered to pH 983095983088 with 983088983089983094983093 molL MOPSbuffer-Sigma) Te SDB media were used as negative controland 1047298uconazole (983089 mgmL) was used as positive control MICwas represented as the lowest concentration o compounds

at which the microorganism tested did not demonstrate visible growth Te experiments were carried out in triplicateInhibition () was calculated as ollows

Inhibition () = 983131 (DC minus DE)DC

983133 times 100 (983089)

where DE is the diameter o growth zone in experimental disc(cm) and DC is thediameter o thegrowthzone in the controldisc (cm)

983090983092 Human Skin Fibroblast (HSF) Cell Preparation Humanskin 1047297broblast (HSF) cells were maintained in Dulbeccorsquos

modi1047297edminimum essential medium (DMEM Gibco USA)supplemented with 983089983088 heat-inactivated (983093983094∘C or 983091983088 min)etal bovine serum (FBS Hycone USA) 983089 L-glutamine and983089 antibiotics (983090983088983088 UmL penicillin and 983089983088983088 gmL o strep-tomycin Gibco USA) at 983091983095∘C with 983093 concentration o CO

2

incubator Te cells were detached rom the surace using983088983090983093 trypsinEDA (PAA Laboratories GmbH Austria)

983090983093 Effect of Plant Extracts on Cell Viability (M) on HumanSkin Fibroblast (HSF) Cells Te colorimetric M assay used was similar to that originally described by Mosmann[983089983096] Te assay was based on the ability o mitochondria toreduce M a yellow tetrazolium dye to M ormazan a



Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 983091

blue mitochondrial byproduct Te reduction is mediated by mitochondrial dehydrogenases that are present in living butnot dead cells

HSF cells were cultured in 983097983094-well cell-culture plates witha cell concentration o 983089983088times 9830899830885 cellsmL 983090983088983088 L o the dilutedcell suspension transerred to each well Te cells were treated

with 983090983088983088 L o crude plant extract samples Fluconazole wasused as positive control and SDB as negative control at 983091983095∘Cor 983090983092 hours in triplicate ollowed by cell washing 983090983088 L o M (983088983089 mgmL) solution was added to each well Afer 983092hours the supernatant was aspirated and 983089983093983088 L o DMSOwas added to each well then the cells were incubated at983091983095∘C or 983089983088 minutes Te absorbance at 983093983095983088 nm was thenread or each well to determine cell viability Te lethal doseo cytotoxic concentration rom crude plant extract sampleswas expressed as 983093983088 cellular mitochondrial activity LD

50

(mgmL) and was obtained by interpolation rom linearregression analysis

983090983094 Statistical Analysis All assays were conducted in tripli-cate and unpaired t -tests o independent experiments wereperormed by statistical analysis using GraphPad Prism 983094program version 983094983088983090 (rial) (Statcon) Results were consid-ered signi1047297cant at P value le 983088983088983093

3 Results and Discussion

Te results o our antiungal activity analysis revealed thatthe MIC values rom crude plant extracts varied rom983090983094983095 mgmL to 983089983090983096 mgmL Different ungal strains exhibiteddifferent levels o sensitivity to each crude plant extractable 983091 indicates that crude extracts rom Psidium guajavaL exhibited the highest antiungal activity diameter zone o inhibition LD50 and percent HSF cell viability while Aeglemarmelos L exhibited the lowest activity compared to theother plants (Psidium guajava L gt Piper betel L gt Scheffleraleucantha R Vig gt Andrographis paniculata (Burm) WallexNees gt Garcinia atroviridis Griff gt Morus alba Linn gtGarcinia mangostana L gt Carthamus tinctorius L gt Camelliasinensis gt Aegle marmelos L)

Psidium guajava L crude extracts were extracted romthe plantrsquos leaves Previous studies have ound that Psidium

guajava L leaves have high levels o essential oils primarily 1038389-pinene 1103925-pinene limonene menthol terpenyl acetateisopropyl alcohol longicyclene caryophyllene 1038389-bisabolenecineol caryophyllene oxide

1038389-copanene arnesene humu-

lene selinene cardinene and curcumene [983089983091 983089983092] Highquantities o 1047298avonoids and triterpenoids were also ound[983089983093] In addition to these active compounds ound in Psidium

guajava L this study ound that Psidium guajava L crudeextracts exhibited the highest antiungal activity o the plantstested (able 983091) supporting previous studies o the plantrsquosbene1047297cial properties [983089983097ndash983090983090]

Piper betel L crude extracts also obtained rom the leashowed the second highest antiungal activity compared withthe other plants tested (able 983091) A preliminary study hasreported that Piper betel L lea extract contains a large num-ber o bioactive molecules including polyphenols alkaloidssteroids saponins and hydrolysable tannins [983094] Te crude

extracts containing these active ingredients exhibited ungalcytotoxicity against all ungal strains tested supporting pre-

vious investigations [983090983091]Schefflera leucantha R Vig crude (lea) extracts showed

the third highest antiungal activity compared with theother plants (able 983091) It has been reported that the active

compound ound in the crude extract is a mixture o saponins[983089983089] Andrographis paniculata (Burm) Wallex Nees (lea)

extracts contain phytochemicals such as DL-limonene andeuasarone [983089983088]

Atroviridin garcinia acid and 907317-lactone were majoractive compounds ound in Garcinia atroviridis Griff (ruit)extracts [983093]

Papyri1047298avonol A kuraridin sophora1047298avanone D andsophoraiso1047298avanone A were previously identi1047297ed as antiun-gal compounds ound in Morus alba Linn (lea) extracts [983096]

1103925-Mangostin was a major antiungal compound ound inGarcinia mangostana L (peel) extracts [983090983092]

Coumaroylspermidine was ound in Carthamus tincto-rius L (1047298ower) extracts and reportedly has antiungal activity [983089983090]

Te active catechin compounds were the most bene1047297cialeffects rom Camellia sinensis (lea) extracts [983095] whichexhibited antiungal and anti bacterial activities [983090983093]

Aegelenine and aegeline phlobatannins 1047298avan-983091-oil leu-coanthocyanins anthocyanins 1047298avonoid glycosides skimmi-anine 1038389-sitosterol rutin andmarmesinin have beenound inlea extracts o Aegle marmelos L which exhibited antiungalactivity [983097]

Interestingly our study shows that the highest antiungalactivity derived rom crude extracts containing active ingre-dients ound in the lea (such as Psidium guajava L and Piper betel L) However one should note that the phytochemicalproperties rom extracts in this study may vary dependingon ecological and geographical conditions age o plantand time o harvesting Te exact level o active compoundconcentration in each extract also requires urther study asthis inormation may provide valuable data or large-scaleproductiono crude plant extracts with antiungal properties

Te high unction o phenols in Psidium guajava Lcrude extract exhibited an antioxidative property which wasre1047298ected in high LD

50 (983091983093983088 mgmL) compared with other

crude plant extracts (able 983091) Tese data indicate that ahigh LD

50 concentration value results in strong antiungal

properties and as determined by HSF cells in vitro is also

sae or application as a topical treatment Psidium guajava Lcrude extract previously reported or antioxidative activity[983089983091ndash983089983093] showed high HSF cell viability (983097983091) (able 983091)compared with other plants and 1047298uconazole (antiungaldrugLD

50 983089983088983088mgmL and cell viability 983096983094) Tis suggests

that phenols ound in crude plant extracts particularly inPsidium guajava L not only exhibit antiungal activity butalso prevent cellular damage and oxidative injuries arisingrom ree radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) [983090983094] Tismay be a promising result leading to saer antiungal agentsor use on human skin

Our 1047297ndings show that all the crude plant extracts studiedwere effective antiungal agents However the phenol-based




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983091 983091 983091

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1 6 6

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983090 983089 983091 983091

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983096

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983091 983091

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983090 983096 983088

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plusmn

0 8

5

9

plusmn

1 3

8

plusmn

0 9

5

8

plusmn

0 9

8

8 plusmn

1 0

2

3

plusmn

0 9

9

3

plusmn

0 8

6

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

4 7

6

plusmn

1 1

2

1 0 2

6

plusmn

0 3

3

2 2 5

plusmn

1 0

8

2 5

plusmn

0 8 5

3 2 1

4

plusmn

1 3

2 9 6

3

plusmn

0 9

5

2 8 5

7

plusmn

0 9

8

3 4 7 8

plusmn

1 0

2

6 6

7

plusmn

0 9

9

7 5

plusmn

0 8

6

S c h e ffl e r a l e u c a n t h a R V i g

( l e a )

M I C

983097 983091 983091

983089 983094

983097 983091 983091

983097 983091 983091

983093 983091 983091

983096

983089 983090

983089 983091

983091 983091

983090 983089 983091 983091

983090 983094 983094 983095

983090 983097 983088

9 1

plusmn

1 9

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

8

plusmn

1 1

0

5

plusmn

0 1

4

7

plusmn

0 9

2

6

plusmn

1 4

4

7

plusmn

0 6

5

9

plusmn

1 3

3

6

plusmn

1 2

1

6 plusmn

1 9

5

5

plusmn

1 1

3

4

plusmn

1 3

5




T 983137 983138 983148 983141 983091 C o n t i n u e d


A n t i u n g a l

a c t i v i t y


H S F c e l l s

C a

l

S c e

T m e n

T r u b

T t o n s

E 1047298 o

M c a n

M

g y p

A n

i

P s p p

L D 983093 983088

( m g m

L )


( )

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

1 9 0

5

plusmn

1 1

0

1 2 8

2

plusmn

0 1

4

1 7 5

plusmn

0 9

2

1 8 7

5

plusmn

1 4

4

2 5

plusmn

0 6

5

3 3 3

3

plusmn

1 3

3

2 1 4

3

plusmn

1 2

1

2 6 0 9

plusmn

1 9

5

1 1 1

1

plusmn

1 1

3

1 0

plusmn

1 3

5

C a r t h a m u s t i n c t o r i u s L

( 1047298 o w e r )

M I C

983091 983095 983091 983091

983093 983091 983091 983091

983093 983091 983091 983091

983092 983096

983092 983096

983093 983091 983091 983091

983090 983094 983094 983095

983093 983091

983091 983091

983094 983092

983090 983094 983094 983095

983090 983088 983088

7 9

plusmn

1 1

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

3

plusmn

0 3

4

3

plusmn

0 5

5

2

plusmn

0 3

5

2

plusmn

0 0

9

3

plusmn

0 4

8

2

plusmn

1 0

4

2

plusmn

0 8

3 plusmn

0 0

2

2

plusmn

0 7

5

3

plusmn

0 1

4

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

7 1

4

plusmn

0 3

4

7 6

9

plusmn

0 5

5

5

plusmn

0 3

5

6 2

5 plusmn

0 0

9

1 0 7

2

plusmn

0 4

8

1 1 1

1

plusmn

1 0

4

7 1

4

plusmn

0 8

1 3 0 4

plusmn

0 0

2

4 4

4

plusmn

0 7

5

7 5

plusmn

0 1

4

P s i d i u m g u a j a v a L ( l e a )

M I C

983094 983094 983095

983089 983094

983091 983091 983091

983090 983094 983095

983090 983094 983095

983092

983093 983091 983091

983091 983091 983091

983089 983091 983091 983091

983094 983094 983095

983091 983093 983088

9 3

plusmn

1 1

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

1 1

plusmn

1 8

3

7

plusmn

1 9

9

1 4

plusmn

1 2

1

1 3

plusmn

0 8 2

1 5

plusmn

0 7

7

1 3

plusmn

1 0

3

1 3

plusmn

1 1

5

1 2

plusmn

1 3

9

plusmn

1 2

7

1 1

plusmn

0 9

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

2 6 1

9

plusmn

1 8

3

1 7 9

5

plusmn

1 9

9

3 5

plusmn

1 2

1

4 0 6

3

plusmn

0 8

2

5 3 5

7

plusmn

0 7

7

4 8 1

5

plusmn

1 0

3

4 6 4

3

plusmn

1 1

5

5 2 1 7

plusmn

1 3

2 0

plusmn

1 2

7

2 7 5

plusmn

0 9

S D B

M I C M F C

N T

N T

N T

N T

N T

N T

N T

N

T

N T

N T

mdash

983089 983088 983088

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

N A

N A

N A

N A

N A

N A

N A

N

A

N A

N A

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

N A

N A

N A

N A

N A

N A

N A

N

A

N A

N A

F l u c o n a z o l e 983089 ( 983089 m g m L )

M I C M F C

983090 983094 983092

983091 983090 983089 983090 983096

983089 983094 ndash 983091 983090

983091 983090 ndash 983094 983092

983089 983094 983094 983092

983096 ndash 983089 983094

983094 983090 ndash 983089 983090 983096

983091 983090 983091 983090

983094 983092 983089 983090 983096

983094 983092 gt 983089 983090 983096

gt 983089 983090 983096 gt 983089 983090 983096

gt 983089 983090 983096 gt 983089 983090 983096

983089 983088 983088

8 6

plusmn

3 6

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

1 6

plusmn

2 1

1 2

plusmn

1 2

1 5

plusmn

1 3

3

1 7

plusmn

1 1 4

1 6

plusmn

2 3

3

1 5

plusmn

2 6

7

1 5

plusmn

1 7

5

1 4

plusmn

2 6

2

plusmn

1 4

6

3

plusmn

1 8

5

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

3 8 0

9

plusmn

2 1

3 0 7

7

plusmn

1 2

3 7 5

plusmn

1 3

3

5 3 1

3

plusmn

1 1

4

5 7 1

4

plusmn

2 3

3

5 5 5

6

plusmn

2 6

7

5 3 5

7

plusmn

1 7

5

6 0 8 7

plusmn

2 6

4 4

4

plusmn

1 4

6

7 5

plusmn

1 8

5

C a

l C a n d i d a a l b i c a n s S c e S a c c h a r o m y c e s c

e r e v i s i a e T m e n T r i c h o p h y t o n m e n t a g r o p h y t e s T r u b T r i c h o p h y t o n r u b r u m T t o n s T r i c h o p h

y t o n t o n s u r a n s E 1047298 o E p i d e r m o p h y t o n 1047298 o c c o s u m M c a n M i c r o s p o r u m

c a n i s M g y p M i c r o s p o r u m g y p s e u m A n

i A s p e r g i l l u s n i g e r a n d P s p p P e n i c i l l i u m s p p

983089 S t a n d a r d

N T n o n e t e s t e d

N A n o t a v a i l a b l e

D a t a a r e e x p r e s s e d a s m e a n s plusmn

s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n =

3




group exhibited the highest activity and may also helpprevent cellular damage rom oxidative stress through itsantioxidative property represented by high cell viability

4 Conclusion

Our study investigated the role o ten selected crude plantextracts and their antiungal activity Among them thephenol crude extract group exhibited outstanding results(particularly Psidium guajava L) Our 1047297ndings suggest analternative way to utilize crude plant extracts as their antiun-gal activity and antioxidative properties may alleviate thesepathogenic inections However urther studies are neededparticularly on the properties o crude plant extracts onimmunomodulation against ungi the reduction o ungalinection-induced in1047298ammatory cytokine afer crude plantextract treatment both in vitro and in vivo and the ormula-tion o cosmetic products using active ingredient rom plantextracts

Conflict of Interests

Te authors have declared that there is no con1047298ict o interests

Acknowledgments

Tis study was supported by a rop Med grant and DeanrsquosFund grant 983090983088983089983090 Faculty o ropical Medicine MahidolUniversity Bangkok Tailand

References

[983089] A C Stein M Sortino C Avancini S Zacchino and G VonPoser ldquoEthnoveterinary medicine in the search or antimicro-bial agents antiungal activity o some species o Pterocaulon(Asteraceae)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 983097983097 no 983090 pp983090983089983089ndash983090983089983092 983090983088983088983093

[983090] L Svetaz F Zuljan M Derita et al ldquoValue o the ethnomedicalinormation or the discovery o plants with antiungal proper-ties A survey among seven Latin American countriesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 983089983090983095 no 983089 pp 983089983091983095ndash983089983093983096 983090983088983089983088

[983091] D Webster P aschereau R J Belland C Sand and RP Rennie ldquoAntiungal activity o medicinal plant extractspreliminary screening studiesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 983089983089983093 no 983089 pp 983089983092983088ndash983089983092983094 983090983088983088983096

[983092] Association o Official Analysis Chemists Official Method of

Analysis of the AOAC International AOAC Arlington Va USA983089983094th edition 983089983097983097983093

[983093] J Kosin N Ruangrungsi C Ito and H Furukawa ldquoA xanthonerom Garcinia atroviridisrdquo Phytochemistry vol 983092983095 no 983094 pp983089983089983094983095ndash983089983089983094983096 983089983097983097983096

[983094] R S Koff G Gordan and S M Sabesin ldquoD-Galactosaminehepatitis hepatocellular injury and atty liver ollowing a singledoserdquo Experimental Biology and Medicine vol 983089983091983095 no 983090 pp983094983097983094ndash983095983088983089 983089983097983095983089

[983095] H Wang G J Provan and K Helliwell ldquoHPLC determinationo catechins in tealeaves and teaextractsusingrelativeresponseactorsrdquo Food Chemistry vol 983096983089 no 983090 pp 983091983088983095ndash983091983089983090 983090983088983088983091

[983096] H-Y Sohn K H Son C-S Kwon G-S Kwon and S S KangldquoAntimicrobial and cytotoxic activity o 983089983096 prenylated 1047298avonoids

isolated rom medicinal plants Morus alba L Morus mongolicaSchneider Broussnetia papyrifera (L) Vent Sophora 1047298avescensAit and Echinosophora koreensis Nakairdquo Phytomedicine vol 983089983089no 983095-983096 pp 983094983094983094ndash983094983095983090 983090983088983088983092

[983097] S Balakumar S Rajan Tirunalasundari and S JeevaldquoAntiungal activity o Aegle marmelos (L) Correa (Rutaceae)lea extract on dermatophytesrdquo Asian Paci1047297c Journal of ropical Biomedicine vol 983089 no 983092 pp 983091983088983097ndash983091983089983090 983090983088983089983089

[983089983088] P K Mishra R Shukla P Singh B Prakash and N K DubeyldquoAntiungal and antia1047298atoxigenic efficacy o Caesulia axillarisRoxb essential oil against ungi deteriorating some herbal raw materials and its antioxidant activityrdquo Industrial Crops and Products vol 983091983094 no 983089 pp 983095983092ndash983096983088 983090983088983089983090

[983089983089] O Pancharoen P untiwachwuttikul W C aylor and KPicker ldquoriterpenoid glycosides rom Schefflera lucanthardquo Phy-tochemistry vol 983091983093 no 983092 pp 983097983096983095ndash983097983097983090 983089983097983097983092

[983089983090] D Walters B Meurer-Grimes and I Rovira ldquoAntiungalactivity o three spermidine conjugatesrdquo FEMS Microbiology Letters vol 983090983088983089 no 983090 pp 983090983093983093ndash983090983093983096 983090983088983088983089

[983089983091] J Li F Chen and J Luo ldquoGC-MS analysis o essential oil rom

the leaves o Psidium guajavardquo Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials vol 983090983090 no 983090 pp 983095983096ndash983096983088 983089983097983097983097

[983089983092] R M P Gutierrez S Mitchell and R V Solis ldquoPsidium guajava a review o its traditional uses phytochemistry andpharmacologyrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 983089983089983095 no 983089 pp983089ndash983090983095 983090983088983088983096

[983089983093] D Vargas-Alvarez M Soto-Hernandez V A Gonzales-Hernandez E M Engleman and A Martınez-Garza ldquoKineticso accumulation and distribution o 1047298avonoids in Guava (Psid-ium guajava L)rdquo Agrociencia vol 983092983088 no 983089 pp 983089983088983097ndash983089983089983093 983090983088983088983094

[983089983094] National Committee on Clinical Laboratory Standards ldquoReer-ence method or broth dilution antiungal susceptibility testingo yeasts approved standard 983090nd edrdquo NCCLS Document M983090983095-A983090 983090983088983088983090

[983089983095] National Committee on Clinical Laboratory Standards ldquoReer-ence method or broth dilution antiungal susceptibility testingo 1047297lamentous ungi approved standardrdquo NCCLS DocumentM983091983096-A Wayne Pa USA 983090983088983088983090

[983089983096] Mosmann ldquoRapid colorimetric assay or cellular growth andsurvival application to prolieration and cytotoxicity assaysrdquo Journal of Immunological Methods vol 983094983093 no 983089-983090 pp 983093983093ndash983094983091983089983097983096983091

[983089983097] K F Chah C A Eze C E Emuelosi and C O EsimoneldquoAntibacterial and wound healing properties o methano-lic extracts o some Nigerian medicinal plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 983089983088983092 no 983089-983090 pp 983089983094983092ndash983089983094983095 983090983088983088983094

[983090983088] G R Prabu A Gnanamani and S Sadulla ldquoGuaijaverinmdasha

plant 1047298avonoid as potential antiplaque agent against Streptococ-cus mutansrdquo Journal of Applied Microbiology vol 983089983088983089 no 983090 pp983092983096983095ndash983092983097983093 983090983088983088983094

[983090983089] H Arima and G-I Danno ldquoIsolation o antimicrobial com-pounds rom guava (Psidium guajava L) and their structuralelucidationrdquo Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry vol983094983094no 983096 pp 983089983095983090983095ndash983089983095983091983088 983090983088983088983090

[983090983090] S Garcıa M Araiza M Gomez and N Heredia ldquoInhibitiono growth enterotoxin production and spore ormation o Clostridium perfringens by extracts o medicinal plantsrdquo Journal of Food Protection vol 983094983093 no 983089983088 pp 983089983094983094983095ndash983089983094983094983097 983090983088983088983090

[983090983091] JNgueack V Leth P H AmvamZollo and S BMathur ldquoEval-uation o 1047297ve essential oils rom aromatic plants o Cameroonor controlling ood spoilage and mycotoxin producing ungirdquo




International Journal of Food Microbiology vol 983097983092 no 983091 pp983091983090983097ndash983091983091983092 983090983088983088983092

[983090983092] B M Sundaram C Gopalakrishnan and S SubramanianldquoAntimicrobial activities o Garcinia mangostanardquo Planta Med-ica vol 983092983096 no 983089 pp 983093983097ndash983094983088 983089983097983096983091

[983090983093] M Friedman ldquoOverview o antibacterial antitoxin antiviral

and antiungal activities o tea 1047298avonoids and teasrdquo Molecular Nutrition and Food Research vol 983093983089 no 983089 pp 983089983089983094ndash983089983091983092 983090983088983088983095

[983090983094] Masuda Y Inaba Maekawa et al ldquoSimple detectionmethod o powerul antiradical compounds in the raw extracto plants and its application or the identi1047297cation o antiradicalplant constituentsrdquo Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry vol 983093983089 no 983095 pp 983089983096983091983089ndash983089983096983091983096 983090983088983088983091



Submit your manuscripts at

httpwwwhindawicom




983137983138983148983141 983089 List o plant species and parts o the plant used to determine antiungal activity as crude plant extracts obtained by hot waterextraction process

Active ingredient Group Plant species with re General name Part used

annins

Condensed tannins Garcinia mangostana L [983093] Mangosteen Peel

Hydrolysable tannins Piper betel L [983094] Betel vine Lea

Camellia sinensis [983095] Green tea Lea

Flavonoids Flavonols Morus alba Linn [983096] Mulberry Lea

Phenol Phenol

Aegle marmelos L [983097] Bael Fruit

Garcinia atroviridis Griff [983093] Malabar tamarind Fruit

Andrographis paniculata (Burm) Wallex Nees [983089983088] Create Lea

Schefflera leucantha R Vig [983089983089] Edible-stemmed Vine Lea

Carthamus tinctorius L [983089983090] Safflower Flower

Psidium guajava L [983089983091ndash983089983093] Guava Lea

983137983138983148983141 983090 Clinical human pathogenic ungal strains used in thisstudy

ype NameYeast

Candida albicans

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Dermatophytes

richophyton mentagrophytes

richophyton rubrum

richophyton tonsurans

Epidermophyton 1047298occosum

Microsporum canis

Microsporum gypseum

Filamentous ungi Aspergillus niger

Penicillium spp

plant sample was dried powdered macerated and extractedby hot water extraction process Subsequently all crudeextracts underwent sterile 1047297ltering by using a 983088983090983090 m sterile1047297lter All sterile 1047297ltered crude extracts were stored at minus983090983088∘CTe crude extracts were later thawed andserial dilutionswereprepared by using Sabouraud Dextrose Broth (SDB) media

983090983090 Fungal Strains and Growth Conditions Fungal isolateswere subcultured and prepared or assessment o the antiun-gal properties o the plant extracts All ungal strains used inthis study were provided by the Department o Microbiology and Immunology Faculty o ropical Medicine Mahidol

University Tailand Te ungi can be divided into 983091 groupsTe 1047297rst group is yeasts which include Candida albicansand Saccharomyces cerevisiae Te second is dermatophyteswhich include richophyton mentagrophytes richophytonrubrum richophyton tonsurans Epidermophyton 1047298occosum

Microsporum canis and Microsporum gypseum Te thirdgroup is 1047297lamentous ungi which include Aspergillus niger and Penicillium spp All ungi were cultured in Sabouraudagar slants or Sabouraud Dextrose Broth (SDB) Te clinicalungal strains used in this study are listed in able 983090 Teyeasts were each diluted in SDB broth to a concentration

o 9830899830886 CFUmL Tis was urther diluted with RPMI to 983090 times9830899830885 CFUmL and 983089983088983088 L was then added to each o the serial

dilutions o the plant extracts 983089983088983088 L o each dilution wasthen added to the serial dilutions o the plant extracts

983090983091 Antifungal Activity Te screening o plant extractsor antiungal activity was investigated using a modi1047297edbroth microdilution method Te plant extractungal isolatemicrotiter trays were stored at 983091983093∘C and assessed or growthafer 983092983096 h Te antiungal agents were prepared or minimuminhibitory concentration (MIC) according to Clinical andLaboratory Standards Institute (CLSI-ormerly NCCLS) [983089983094983089983095] with RPMI-MOPS (RPMI 983089983094983092983088 medium containing l-glutamine without sodium bicarbonate (Sigma-Aldrich CoSt Louis USA) buffered to pH 983095983088 with 983088983089983094983093 molL MOPSbuffer-Sigma) Te SDB media were used as negative controland 1047298uconazole (983089 mgmL) was used as positive control MICwas represented as the lowest concentration o compounds

at which the microorganism tested did not demonstrate visible growth Te experiments were carried out in triplicateInhibition () was calculated as ollows

Inhibition () = 983131 (DC minus DE)DC

983133 times 100 (983089)

where DE is the diameter o growth zone in experimental disc(cm) and DC is thediameter o thegrowthzone in the controldisc (cm)

983090983092 Human Skin Fibroblast (HSF) Cell Preparation Humanskin 1047297broblast (HSF) cells were maintained in Dulbeccorsquos

modi1047297edminimum essential medium (DMEM Gibco USA)supplemented with 983089983088 heat-inactivated (983093983094∘C or 983091983088 min)etal bovine serum (FBS Hycone USA) 983089 L-glutamine and983089 antibiotics (983090983088983088 UmL penicillin and 983089983088983088 gmL o strep-tomycin Gibco USA) at 983091983095∘C with 983093 concentration o CO

2

incubator Te cells were detached rom the surace using983088983090983093 trypsinEDA (PAA Laboratories GmbH Austria)

983090983093 Effect of Plant Extracts on Cell Viability (M) on HumanSkin Fibroblast (HSF) Cells Te colorimetric M assay used was similar to that originally described by Mosmann[983089983096] Te assay was based on the ability o mitochondria toreduce M a yellow tetrazolium dye to M ormazan a







50










































A n t i u n g a l

a c t i v i t y


H S F c e l l s

C a

l

S c e

T m e n

T r u b

T t o n s

E 1047298 o

M c a n

M

g y p

A n

i

P s p p

L D 983093 983088

( m g m

L )


( )


( p e e l )

M I C

983089 983088 983094 983094 983095

983096 983093 983091 983091

983089 983090 983096

gt 983089 983090 983096

983089 983090 983096

gt 983089 983090 983096

gt 983089 983090 983096

gt 983089 983090 983096

gt 983089 983090 983096

gt 983089 983090 983096

983089 983090 983093

7 4

plusmn

3 5

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

5

plusmn

0 7

5

5

plusmn

0 4

4

2

plusmn

0 4

8

1

plusmn

0 0

8

2

plusmn

0 0

1

1

plusmn

0 0

7

1

plusmn

0 1

1 plusmn

0 7

4

1

plusmn

0 0

4

1

plusmn

0 9

5

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

1 1 9

0

plusmn

0 7

5

1 2 8

2

plusmn

0 4

4

5

plusmn

0 4

8

3 1

3 plusmn

0 0

8

7 1

4

plusmn

0 0

1

3 7

plusmn

0 0

7

3 5

7

plusmn

0 1

4 3

5

plusmn

0 7

4

2 2

2

plusmn

0 0

4

2 5

plusmn

0 9

5


M I C

983089 983094

983092 983090 983094 983095

983096

983092

983093 983091

983094 983094

983089 983088 983094 983095

983089 983088

983094 983095

983090 983089 983091 983091

983090 983094 983094 983095

983091 983089 983088

9 3

plusmn

0 9

5

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

1 3

plusmn

1 9

6

7

plusmn

0 7

6

1 2

plusmn

1 3

3

1 2

plusmn

1 0 2

1 7

plusmn

0 8

3

1 2

plusmn

0 9

5

1 1

plusmn

0 3

2

1 1 plusmn

2 3

8

1

plusmn

1 3

6

9

plusmn

1 3

3

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

3 0 9

5

plusmn

1 9

6

1 7 9

5

plusmn

0 7

6

3 0

plusmn

1 3

3

3 7 5 plusmn

1 0

2

5 0

plusmn

0 8

3

4 4 4

4

plusmn

0 9

5

3 9 2

9

plusmn

0 3

2

4 7 8 3

plusmn

2 3

8

2 2

2

plusmn

1 3

6

2 2 5

plusmn

1 3

3


M I C

983090 983094 983094 983095

983090 983094 983094 983095

983089 983096 983094 983095

983092 983090 983094 983095

983089 983094

983089 983091 983091 983091

983090 983089 983091 983091

983089 983096

983094 983095

983093 983091 983091 983091

983092 983090 983094 983095

983090 983095 983088

8 9

plusmn

3 2

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

2

plusmn

0 8

6

2

plusmn

0 1

2

5

plusmn

2 7

5

1

plusmn

0 0

9

2

plusmn

0 0

9

2

plusmn

0 0

1

2

plusmn

0 7

2

2 plusmn

0 0

3

1

plusmn

0 9

3

1

plusmn

0 0

8

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

4 7

6

plusmn

0 8

6

5 1

3

plusmn

0 1

2

1 2 5

plusmn

2 7

5

3 1

3 plusmn

0 0

9

7 1

4

plusmn

0 0

9

7 4

1

plusmn

0 0

1

7 1

4

plusmn

0 7

2

8 6

9

plusmn

0 0

3

2 2

2

plusmn

0 9

3

2 5

plusmn

0 0

8


M I C

983091 983090

983094 983092

983090 983094 983094 983095

983096 983093 983091 983091

983089 983088 983094 983094 983095

983096 983093 983091 983091

983093 983091 983091 983091

983092 983090

983094 983095

983089 983088 983094 983094 983095

983089 983090 983096

983089 983096 983093

7 7

plusmn

2 8

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

3

plusmn

0 9

2

2

plusmn

0 5

9

3

plusmn

0 3

6

1

plusmn

0 1

1

plusmn

0 1

5

2

plusmn

0 8

5

2

plusmn

0 1

8

2 plusmn

0 1

1

plusmn

0 7

6

1

plusmn

0 9

1

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

7 1

4

plusmn

0 9

2

5 1

3

plusmn

0 5

9

7 5

plusmn

0 3

6

3 1

3

plusmn

0 1

3 5

7

plusmn

0 1

5

7 4

1

plusmn

0 8

5

7 1

4

plusmn

0 1

8

8 6 9

plusmn

0 1

2 2

2

plusmn

0 7

6

2 5

plusmn

0 9

1


M I C

983093 983091 983091 983091

983089 983094

983091 983095 983091 983091

983091 983095 983091 983091

983090 983094 983094 983095

983090 983089 983091 983091

983091 983095 983091 983091

983090 983094

983094 983095

983093 983091 983091 983091

983094 983092

983090 983093 983093

8 5

plusmn

2 1

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

1

plusmn

0 7

4

4

plusmn

0 8

7

1

plusmn

0 6

2

1

plusmn

0 3

8

1

plusmn

0 3

3

1

plusmn

0 0

3

1

plusmn

0 5

4

1 plusmn

0 0

7

1

plusmn

0 4

8

1

plusmn

0 7

5

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

2 3

8

plusmn

0 7

4

1 0 2

6

plusmn

0 8

7

2 5

plusmn

0 6

2

3 1

3 plusmn

0 3

8

3 5

7

plusmn

0 3

3

3 7

plusmn

0 0

3

3 5

7

plusmn

0 5

4

4 3

5

plusmn

0 0

7

2 2

2

plusmn

0 4

8

2 5

plusmn

0 7

5


( r u i t )

M I C

983089 983088 983094 983095

983089 983094

983091 983091 983091

983089 983088 983094 983095

983090 983094 983095

983091 983091 983091

983092

983092

983089 983091 983091 983091

983089 983091 983091 983091

983089 983091 983088

7 1

plusmn

0 9

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

7

plusmn

0 8

8

3

plusmn

0 9

1

1 1

plusmn

1 3

4

7

plusmn

1 3

3

1 2

plusmn

0 9

9

9

plusmn

1 1

1

9

plusmn

1 6

6

8 plusmn

1 1

4

3

plusmn

1 1

4

4

plusmn

1 1

3

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

1 6 6

7

plusmn

0 8

8

7 6

9

plusmn

0 9

1

2 7 5

plusmn

1 3

4

2 1 8

8

plusmn

1 3

3

4 2 8

6

plusmn

0 9

9

3 3 3

3

plusmn

1 1

1

3 2 1

4

plusmn

1 6

6

3 4 7 8

plusmn

1 1

4

6 6

7

plusmn

1 1

4

1 0

plusmn

1 1

3



( l e a )

M I C

983092 983090 983094 983095

983090 983089 983091 983091

983093 983091 983091

983094 983094 983095

983096

983089 983088 983094 983095

983089 983091 983091 983091

983089 983091

983091 983091

983091 983095 983091 983091

983090 983094 983094 983095

983090 983096 983088

9 0

plusmn

2 4

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

2

plusmn

1 1

2

4

plusmn

0 3

3

9

plusmn

1 0

8

8

plusmn

0 8

5

9

plusmn

1 3

8

plusmn

0 9

5

8

plusmn

0 9

8

8 plusmn

1 0

2

3

plusmn

0 9

9

3

plusmn

0 8

6

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

4 7

6

plusmn

1 1

2

1 0 2

6

plusmn

0 3

3

2 2 5

plusmn

1 0

8

2 5

plusmn

0 8 5

3 2 1

4

plusmn

1 3

2 9 6

3

plusmn

0 9

5

2 8 5

7

plusmn

0 9

8

3 4 7 8

plusmn

1 0

2

6 6

7

plusmn

0 9

9

7 5

plusmn

0 8

6


( l e a )

M I C

983097 983091 983091

983089 983094

983097 983091 983091

983097 983091 983091

983093 983091 983091

983096

983089 983090

983089 983091

983091 983091

983090 983089 983091 983091

983090 983094 983094 983095

983090 983097 983088

9 1

plusmn

1 9

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

8

plusmn

1 1

0

5

plusmn

0 1

4

7

plusmn

0 9

2

6

plusmn

1 4

4

7

plusmn

0 6

5

9

plusmn

1 3

3

6

plusmn

1 2

1

6 plusmn

1 9

5

5

plusmn

1 1

3

4

plusmn

1 3

5




T 983137 983138 983148 983141 983091 C o n t i n u e d


A n t i u n g a l

a c t i v i t y


H S F c e l l s

C a

l

S c e

T m e n

T r u b

T t o n s

E 1047298 o

M c a n

M

g y p

A n

i

P s p p

L D 983093 983088

( m g m

L )


( )

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

1 9 0

5

plusmn

1 1

0

1 2 8

2

plusmn

0 1

4

1 7 5

plusmn

0 9

2

1 8 7

5

plusmn

1 4

4

2 5

plusmn

0 6

5

3 3 3

3

plusmn

1 3

3

2 1 4

3

plusmn

1 2

1

2 6 0 9

plusmn

1 9

5

1 1 1

1

plusmn

1 1

3

1 0

plusmn

1 3

5


( 1047298 o w e r )

M I C

983091 983095 983091 983091

983093 983091 983091 983091

983093 983091 983091 983091

983092 983096

983092 983096

983093 983091 983091 983091

983090 983094 983094 983095

983093 983091

983091 983091

983094 983092

983090 983094 983094 983095

983090 983088 983088

7 9

plusmn

1 1

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

3

plusmn

0 3

4

3

plusmn

0 5

5

2

plusmn

0 3

5

2

plusmn

0 0

9

3

plusmn

0 4

8

2

plusmn

1 0

4

2

plusmn

0 8

3 plusmn

0 0

2

2

plusmn

0 7

5

3

plusmn

0 1

4

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

7 1

4

plusmn

0 3

4

7 6

9

plusmn

0 5

5

5

plusmn

0 3

5

6 2

5 plusmn

0 0

9

1 0 7

2

plusmn

0 4

8

1 1 1

1

plusmn

1 0

4

7 1

4

plusmn

0 8

1 3 0 4

plusmn

0 0

2

4 4

4

plusmn

0 7

5

7 5

plusmn

0 1

4


M I C

983094 983094 983095

983089 983094

983091 983091 983091

983090 983094 983095

983090 983094 983095

983092

983093 983091 983091

983091 983091 983091

983089 983091 983091 983091

983094 983094 983095

983091 983093 983088

9 3

plusmn

1 1

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

1 1

plusmn

1 8

3

7

plusmn

1 9

9

1 4

plusmn

1 2

1

1 3

plusmn

0 8 2

1 5

plusmn

0 7

7

1 3

plusmn

1 0

3

1 3

plusmn

1 1

5

1 2

plusmn

1 3

9

plusmn

1 2

7

1 1

plusmn

0 9

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

2 6 1

9

plusmn

1 8

3

1 7 9

5

plusmn

1 9

9

3 5

plusmn

1 2

1

4 0 6

3

plusmn

0 8

2

5 3 5

7

plusmn

0 7

7

4 8 1

5

plusmn

1 0

3

4 6 4

3

plusmn

1 1

5

5 2 1 7

plusmn

1 3

2 0

plusmn

1 2

7

2 7 5

plusmn

0 9

S D B

M I C M F C

N T

N T

N T

N T

N T

N T

N T

N

T

N T

N T

mdash

983089 983088 983088

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

N A

N A

N A

N A

N A

N A

N A

N

A

N A

N A

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

N A

N A

N A

N A

N A

N A

N A

N

A

N A

N A


M I C M F C

983090 983094 983092

983091 983090 983089 983090 983096

983089 983094 ndash 983091 983090

983091 983090 ndash 983094 983092

983089 983094 983094 983092

983096 ndash 983089 983094

983094 983090 ndash 983089 983090 983096

983091 983090 983091 983090

983094 983092 983089 983090 983096

983094 983092 gt 983089 983090 983096

gt 983089 983090 983096 gt 983089 983090 983096

gt 983089 983090 983096 gt 983089 983090 983096

983089 983088 983088

8 6

plusmn

3 6

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

1 6

plusmn

2 1

1 2

plusmn

1 2

1 5

plusmn

1 3

3

1 7

plusmn

1 1 4

1 6

plusmn

2 3

3

1 5

plusmn

2 6

7

1 5

plusmn

1 7

5

1 4

plusmn

2 6

2

plusmn

1 4

6

3

plusmn

1 8

5

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

3 8 0

9

plusmn

2 1

3 0 7

7

plusmn

1 2

3 7 5

plusmn

1 3

3

5 3 1

3

plusmn

1 1

4

5 7 1

4

plusmn

2 3

3

5 5 5

6

plusmn

2 6

7

5 3 5

7

plusmn

1 7

5

6 0 8 7

plusmn

2 6

4 4

4

plusmn

1 4

6

7 5

plusmn

1 8

5

C a






983089 S t a n d a r d





3





4 Conclusion




Acknowledgments


References







































httpwwwhindawicom







50










































A n t i u n g a l

a c t i v i t y


H S F c e l l s

C a

l

S c e

T m e n

T r u b

T t o n s

E 1047298 o

M c a n

M

g y p

A n

i

P s p p

L D 983093 983088

( m g m

L )


( )


( p e e l )

M I C

983089 983088 983094 983094 983095

983096 983093 983091 983091

983089 983090 983096

gt 983089 983090 983096

983089 983090 983096

gt 983089 983090 983096

gt 983089 983090 983096

gt 983089 983090 983096

gt 983089 983090 983096

gt 983089 983090 983096

983089 983090 983093

7 4

plusmn

3 5

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

5

plusmn

0 7

5

5

plusmn

0 4

4

2

plusmn

0 4

8

1

plusmn

0 0

8

2

plusmn

0 0

1

1

plusmn

0 0

7

1

plusmn

0 1

1 plusmn

0 7

4

1

plusmn

0 0

4

1

plusmn

0 9

5

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

1 1 9

0

plusmn

0 7

5

1 2 8

2

plusmn

0 4

4

5

plusmn

0 4

8

3 1

3 plusmn

0 0

8

7 1

4

plusmn

0 0

1

3 7

plusmn

0 0

7

3 5

7

plusmn

0 1

4 3

5

plusmn

0 7

4

2 2

2

plusmn

0 0

4

2 5

plusmn

0 9

5


M I C

983089 983094

983092 983090 983094 983095

983096

983092

983093 983091

983094 983094

983089 983088 983094 983095

983089 983088

983094 983095

983090 983089 983091 983091

983090 983094 983094 983095

983091 983089 983088

9 3

plusmn

0 9

5

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

1 3

plusmn

1 9

6

7

plusmn

0 7

6

1 2

plusmn

1 3

3

1 2

plusmn

1 0 2

1 7

plusmn

0 8

3

1 2

plusmn

0 9

5

1 1

plusmn

0 3

2

1 1 plusmn

2 3

8

1

plusmn

1 3

6

9

plusmn

1 3

3

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

3 0 9

5

plusmn

1 9

6

1 7 9

5

plusmn

0 7

6

3 0

plusmn

1 3

3

3 7 5 plusmn

1 0

2

5 0

plusmn

0 8

3

4 4 4

4

plusmn

0 9

5

3 9 2

9

plusmn

0 3

2

4 7 8 3

plusmn

2 3

8

2 2

2

plusmn

1 3

6

2 2 5

plusmn

1 3

3


M I C

983090 983094 983094 983095

983090 983094 983094 983095

983089 983096 983094 983095

983092 983090 983094 983095

983089 983094

983089 983091 983091 983091

983090 983089 983091 983091

983089 983096

983094 983095

983093 983091 983091 983091

983092 983090 983094 983095

983090 983095 983088

8 9

plusmn

3 2

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

2

plusmn

0 8

6

2

plusmn

0 1

2

5

plusmn

2 7

5

1

plusmn

0 0

9

2

plusmn

0 0

9

2

plusmn

0 0

1

2

plusmn

0 7

2

2 plusmn

0 0

3

1

plusmn

0 9

3

1

plusmn

0 0

8

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

4 7

6

plusmn

0 8

6

5 1

3

plusmn

0 1

2

1 2 5

plusmn

2 7

5

3 1

3 plusmn

0 0

9

7 1

4

plusmn

0 0

9

7 4

1

plusmn

0 0

1

7 1

4

plusmn

0 7

2

8 6

9

plusmn

0 0

3

2 2

2

plusmn

0 9

3

2 5

plusmn

0 0

8


M I C

983091 983090

983094 983092

983090 983094 983094 983095

983096 983093 983091 983091

983089 983088 983094 983094 983095

983096 983093 983091 983091

983093 983091 983091 983091

983092 983090

983094 983095

983089 983088 983094 983094 983095

983089 983090 983096

983089 983096 983093

7 7

plusmn

2 8

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

3

plusmn

0 9

2

2

plusmn

0 5

9

3

plusmn

0 3

6

1

plusmn

0 1

1

plusmn

0 1

5

2

plusmn

0 8

5

2

plusmn

0 1

8

2 plusmn

0 1

1

plusmn

0 7

6

1

plusmn

0 9

1

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

7 1

4

plusmn

0 9

2

5 1

3

plusmn

0 5

9

7 5

plusmn

0 3

6

3 1

3

plusmn

0 1

3 5

7

plusmn

0 1

5

7 4

1

plusmn

0 8

5

7 1

4

plusmn

0 1

8

8 6 9

plusmn

0 1

2 2

2

plusmn

0 7

6

2 5

plusmn

0 9

1


M I C

983093 983091 983091 983091

983089 983094

983091 983095 983091 983091

983091 983095 983091 983091

983090 983094 983094 983095

983090 983089 983091 983091

983091 983095 983091 983091

983090 983094

983094 983095

983093 983091 983091 983091

983094 983092

983090 983093 983093

8 5

plusmn

2 1

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

1

plusmn

0 7

4

4

plusmn

0 8

7

1

plusmn

0 6

2

1

plusmn

0 3

8

1

plusmn

0 3

3

1

plusmn

0 0

3

1

plusmn

0 5

4

1 plusmn

0 0

7

1

plusmn

0 4

8

1

plusmn

0 7

5

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

2 3

8

plusmn

0 7

4

1 0 2

6

plusmn

0 8

7

2 5

plusmn

0 6

2

3 1

3 plusmn

0 3

8

3 5

7

plusmn

0 3

3

3 7

plusmn

0 0

3

3 5

7

plusmn

0 5

4

4 3

5

plusmn

0 0

7

2 2

2

plusmn

0 4

8

2 5

plusmn

0 7

5


( r u i t )

M I C

983089 983088 983094 983095

983089 983094

983091 983091 983091

983089 983088 983094 983095

983090 983094 983095

983091 983091 983091

983092

983092

983089 983091 983091 983091

983089 983091 983091 983091

983089 983091 983088

7 1

plusmn

0 9

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

7

plusmn

0 8

8

3

plusmn

0 9

1

1 1

plusmn

1 3

4

7

plusmn

1 3

3

1 2

plusmn

0 9

9

9

plusmn

1 1

1

9

plusmn

1 6

6

8 plusmn

1 1

4

3

plusmn

1 1

4

4

plusmn

1 1

3

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

1 6 6

7

plusmn

0 8

8

7 6

9

plusmn

0 9

1

2 7 5

plusmn

1 3

4

2 1 8

8

plusmn

1 3

3

4 2 8

6

plusmn

0 9

9

3 3 3

3

plusmn

1 1

1

3 2 1

4

plusmn

1 6

6

3 4 7 8

plusmn

1 1

4

6 6

7

plusmn

1 1

4

1 0

plusmn

1 1

3



( l e a )

M I C

983092 983090 983094 983095

983090 983089 983091 983091

983093 983091 983091

983094 983094 983095

983096

983089 983088 983094 983095

983089 983091 983091 983091

983089 983091

983091 983091

983091 983095 983091 983091

983090 983094 983094 983095

983090 983096 983088

9 0

plusmn

2 4

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

2

plusmn

1 1

2

4

plusmn

0 3

3

9

plusmn

1 0

8

8

plusmn

0 8

5

9

plusmn

1 3

8

plusmn

0 9

5

8

plusmn

0 9

8

8 plusmn

1 0

2

3

plusmn

0 9

9

3

plusmn

0 8

6

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

4 7

6

plusmn

1 1

2

1 0 2

6

plusmn

0 3

3

2 2 5

plusmn

1 0

8

2 5

plusmn

0 8 5

3 2 1

4

plusmn

1 3

2 9 6

3

plusmn

0 9

5

2 8 5

7

plusmn

0 9

8

3 4 7 8

plusmn

1 0

2

6 6

7

plusmn

0 9

9

7 5

plusmn

0 8

6


( l e a )

M I C

983097 983091 983091

983089 983094

983097 983091 983091

983097 983091 983091

983093 983091 983091

983096

983089 983090

983089 983091

983091 983091

983090 983089 983091 983091

983090 983094 983094 983095

983090 983097 983088

9 1

plusmn

1 9

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

8

plusmn

1 1

0

5

plusmn

0 1

4

7

plusmn

0 9

2

6

plusmn

1 4

4

7

plusmn

0 6

5

9

plusmn

1 3

3

6

plusmn

1 2

1

6 plusmn

1 9

5

5

plusmn

1 1

3

4

plusmn

1 3

5




T 983137 983138 983148 983141 983091 C o n t i n u e d


A n t i u n g a l

a c t i v i t y


H S F c e l l s

C a

l

S c e

T m e n

T r u b

T t o n s

E 1047298 o

M c a n

M

g y p

A n

i

P s p p

L D 983093 983088

( m g m

L )


( )

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

1 9 0

5

plusmn

1 1

0

1 2 8

2

plusmn

0 1

4

1 7 5

plusmn

0 9

2

1 8 7

5

plusmn

1 4

4

2 5

plusmn

0 6

5

3 3 3

3

plusmn

1 3

3

2 1 4

3

plusmn

1 2

1

2 6 0 9

plusmn

1 9

5

1 1 1

1

plusmn

1 1

3

1 0

plusmn

1 3

5


( 1047298 o w e r )

M I C

983091 983095 983091 983091

983093 983091 983091 983091

983093 983091 983091 983091

983092 983096

983092 983096

983093 983091 983091 983091

983090 983094 983094 983095

983093 983091

983091 983091

983094 983092

983090 983094 983094 983095

983090 983088 983088

7 9

plusmn

1 1

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

3

plusmn

0 3

4

3

plusmn

0 5

5

2

plusmn

0 3

5

2

plusmn

0 0

9

3

plusmn

0 4

8

2

plusmn

1 0

4

2

plusmn

0 8

3 plusmn

0 0

2

2

plusmn

0 7

5

3

plusmn

0 1

4

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

7 1

4

plusmn

0 3

4

7 6

9

plusmn

0 5

5

5

plusmn

0 3

5

6 2

5 plusmn

0 0

9

1 0 7

2

plusmn

0 4

8

1 1 1

1

plusmn

1 0

4

7 1

4

plusmn

0 8

1 3 0 4

plusmn

0 0

2

4 4

4

plusmn

0 7

5

7 5

plusmn

0 1

4


M I C

983094 983094 983095

983089 983094

983091 983091 983091

983090 983094 983095

983090 983094 983095

983092

983093 983091 983091

983091 983091 983091

983089 983091 983091 983091

983094 983094 983095

983091 983093 983088

9 3

plusmn

1 1

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

1 1

plusmn

1 8

3

7

plusmn

1 9

9

1 4

plusmn

1 2

1

1 3

plusmn

0 8 2

1 5

plusmn

0 7

7

1 3

plusmn

1 0

3

1 3

plusmn

1 1

5

1 2

plusmn

1 3

9

plusmn

1 2

7

1 1

plusmn

0 9

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

2 6 1

9

plusmn

1 8

3

1 7 9

5

plusmn

1 9

9

3 5

plusmn

1 2

1

4 0 6

3

plusmn

0 8

2

5 3 5

7

plusmn

0 7

7

4 8 1

5

plusmn

1 0

3

4 6 4

3

plusmn

1 1

5

5 2 1 7

plusmn

1 3

2 0

plusmn

1 2

7

2 7 5

plusmn

0 9

S D B

M I C M F C

N T

N T

N T

N T

N T

N T

N T

N

T

N T

N T

mdash

983089 983088 983088

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

N A

N A

N A

N A

N A

N A

N A

N

A

N A

N A

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

N A

N A

N A

N A

N A

N A

N A

N

A

N A

N A


M I C M F C

983090 983094 983092

983091 983090 983089 983090 983096

983089 983094 ndash 983091 983090

983091 983090 ndash 983094 983092

983089 983094 983094 983092

983096 ndash 983089 983094

983094 983090 ndash 983089 983090 983096

983091 983090 983091 983090

983094 983092 983089 983090 983096

983094 983092 gt 983089 983090 983096

gt 983089 983090 983096 gt 983089 983090 983096

gt 983089 983090 983096 gt 983089 983090 983096

983089 983088 983088

8 6

plusmn

3 6

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

1 6

plusmn

2 1

1 2

plusmn

1 2

1 5

plusmn

1 3

3

1 7

plusmn

1 1 4

1 6

plusmn

2 3

3

1 5

plusmn

2 6

7

1 5

plusmn

1 7

5

1 4

plusmn

2 6

2

plusmn

1 4

6

3

plusmn

1 8

5

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

3 8 0

9

plusmn

2 1

3 0 7

7

plusmn

1 2

3 7 5

plusmn

1 3

3

5 3 1

3

plusmn

1 1

4

5 7 1

4

plusmn

2 3

3

5 5 5

6

plusmn

2 6

7

5 3 5

7

plusmn

1 7

5

6 0 8 7

plusmn

2 6

4 4

4

plusmn

1 4

6

7 5

plusmn

1 8

5

C a






983089 S t a n d a r d





3





4 Conclusion




Acknowledgments


References







































httpwwwhindawicom











A n t i u n g a l

a c t i v i t y


H S F c e l l s

C a

l

S c e

T m e n

T r u b

T t o n s

E 1047298 o

M c a n

M

g y p

A n

i

P s p p

L D 983093 983088

( m g m

L )


( )


( p e e l )

M I C

983089 983088 983094 983094 983095

983096 983093 983091 983091

983089 983090 983096

gt 983089 983090 983096

983089 983090 983096

gt 983089 983090 983096

gt 983089 983090 983096

gt 983089 983090 983096

gt 983089 983090 983096

gt 983089 983090 983096

983089 983090 983093

7 4

plusmn

3 5

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

5

plusmn

0 7

5

5

plusmn

0 4

4

2

plusmn

0 4

8

1

plusmn

0 0

8

2

plusmn

0 0

1

1

plusmn

0 0

7

1

plusmn

0 1

1 plusmn

0 7

4

1

plusmn

0 0

4

1

plusmn

0 9

5

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

1 1 9

0

plusmn

0 7

5

1 2 8

2

plusmn

0 4

4

5

plusmn

0 4

8

3 1

3 plusmn

0 0

8

7 1

4

plusmn

0 0

1

3 7

plusmn

0 0

7

3 5

7

plusmn

0 1

4 3

5

plusmn

0 7

4

2 2

2

plusmn

0 0

4

2 5

plusmn

0 9

5


M I C

983089 983094

983092 983090 983094 983095

983096

983092

983093 983091

983094 983094

983089 983088 983094 983095

983089 983088

983094 983095

983090 983089 983091 983091

983090 983094 983094 983095

983091 983089 983088

9 3

plusmn

0 9

5

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

1 3

plusmn

1 9

6

7

plusmn

0 7

6

1 2

plusmn

1 3

3

1 2

plusmn

1 0 2

1 7

plusmn

0 8

3

1 2

plusmn

0 9

5

1 1

plusmn

0 3

2

1 1 plusmn

2 3

8

1

plusmn

1 3

6

9

plusmn

1 3

3

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

3 0 9

5

plusmn

1 9

6

1 7 9

5

plusmn

0 7

6

3 0

plusmn

1 3

3

3 7 5 plusmn

1 0

2

5 0

plusmn

0 8

3

4 4 4

4

plusmn

0 9

5

3 9 2

9

plusmn

0 3

2

4 7 8 3

plusmn

2 3

8

2 2

2

plusmn

1 3

6

2 2 5

plusmn

1 3

3


M I C

983090 983094 983094 983095

983090 983094 983094 983095

983089 983096 983094 983095

983092 983090 983094 983095

983089 983094

983089 983091 983091 983091

983090 983089 983091 983091

983089 983096

983094 983095

983093 983091 983091 983091

983092 983090 983094 983095

983090 983095 983088

8 9

plusmn

3 2

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

2

plusmn

0 8

6

2

plusmn

0 1

2

5

plusmn

2 7

5

1

plusmn

0 0

9

2

plusmn

0 0

9

2

plusmn

0 0

1

2

plusmn

0 7

2

2 plusmn

0 0

3

1

plusmn

0 9

3

1

plusmn

0 0

8

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

4 7

6

plusmn

0 8

6

5 1

3

plusmn

0 1

2

1 2 5

plusmn

2 7

5

3 1

3 plusmn

0 0

9

7 1

4

plusmn

0 0

9

7 4

1

plusmn

0 0

1

7 1

4

plusmn

0 7

2

8 6

9

plusmn

0 0

3

2 2

2

plusmn

0 9

3

2 5

plusmn

0 0

8


M I C

983091 983090

983094 983092

983090 983094 983094 983095

983096 983093 983091 983091

983089 983088 983094 983094 983095

983096 983093 983091 983091

983093 983091 983091 983091

983092 983090

983094 983095

983089 983088 983094 983094 983095

983089 983090 983096

983089 983096 983093

7 7

plusmn

2 8

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

3

plusmn

0 9

2

2

plusmn

0 5

9

3

plusmn

0 3

6

1

plusmn

0 1

1

plusmn

0 1

5

2

plusmn

0 8

5

2

plusmn

0 1

8

2 plusmn

0 1

1

plusmn

0 7

6

1

plusmn

0 9

1

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

7 1

4

plusmn

0 9

2

5 1

3

plusmn

0 5

9

7 5

plusmn

0 3

6

3 1

3

plusmn

0 1

3 5

7

plusmn

0 1

5

7 4

1

plusmn

0 8

5

7 1

4

plusmn

0 1

8

8 6 9

plusmn

0 1

2 2

2

plusmn

0 7

6

2 5

plusmn

0 9

1


M I C

983093 983091 983091 983091

983089 983094

983091 983095 983091 983091

983091 983095 983091 983091

983090 983094 983094 983095

983090 983089 983091 983091

983091 983095 983091 983091

983090 983094

983094 983095

983093 983091 983091 983091

983094 983092

983090 983093 983093

8 5

plusmn

2 1

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

1

plusmn

0 7

4

4

plusmn

0 8

7

1

plusmn

0 6

2

1

plusmn

0 3

8

1

plusmn

0 3

3

1

plusmn

0 0

3

1

plusmn

0 5

4

1 plusmn

0 0

7

1

plusmn

0 4

8

1

plusmn

0 7

5

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

2 3

8

plusmn

0 7

4

1 0 2

6

plusmn

0 8

7

2 5

plusmn

0 6

2

3 1

3 plusmn

0 3

8

3 5

7

plusmn

0 3

3

3 7

plusmn

0 0

3

3 5

7

plusmn

0 5

4

4 3

5

plusmn

0 0

7

2 2

2

plusmn

0 4

8

2 5

plusmn

0 7

5


( r u i t )

M I C

983089 983088 983094 983095

983089 983094

983091 983091 983091

983089 983088 983094 983095

983090 983094 983095

983091 983091 983091

983092

983092

983089 983091 983091 983091

983089 983091 983091 983091

983089 983091 983088

7 1

plusmn

0 9

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

7

plusmn

0 8

8

3

plusmn

0 9

1

1 1

plusmn

1 3

4

7

plusmn

1 3

3

1 2

plusmn

0 9

9

9

plusmn

1 1

1

9

plusmn

1 6

6

8 plusmn

1 1

4

3

plusmn

1 1

4

4

plusmn

1 1

3

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

1 6 6

7

plusmn

0 8

8

7 6

9

plusmn

0 9

1

2 7 5

plusmn

1 3

4

2 1 8

8

plusmn

1 3

3

4 2 8

6

plusmn

0 9

9

3 3 3

3

plusmn

1 1

1

3 2 1

4

plusmn

1 6

6

3 4 7 8

plusmn

1 1

4

6 6

7

plusmn

1 1

4

1 0

plusmn

1 1

3



( l e a )

M I C

983092 983090 983094 983095

983090 983089 983091 983091

983093 983091 983091

983094 983094 983095

983096

983089 983088 983094 983095

983089 983091 983091 983091

983089 983091

983091 983091

983091 983095 983091 983091

983090 983094 983094 983095

983090 983096 983088

9 0

plusmn

2 4

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

2

plusmn

1 1

2

4

plusmn

0 3

3

9

plusmn

1 0

8

8

plusmn

0 8

5

9

plusmn

1 3

8

plusmn

0 9

5

8

plusmn

0 9

8

8 plusmn

1 0

2

3

plusmn

0 9

9

3

plusmn

0 8

6

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

4 7

6

plusmn

1 1

2

1 0 2

6

plusmn

0 3

3

2 2 5

plusmn

1 0

8

2 5

plusmn

0 8 5

3 2 1

4

plusmn

1 3

2 9 6

3

plusmn

0 9

5

2 8 5

7

plusmn

0 9

8

3 4 7 8

plusmn

1 0

2

6 6

7

plusmn

0 9

9

7 5

plusmn

0 8

6


( l e a )

M I C

983097 983091 983091

983089 983094

983097 983091 983091

983097 983091 983091

983093 983091 983091

983096

983089 983090

983089 983091

983091 983091

983090 983089 983091 983091

983090 983094 983094 983095

983090 983097 983088

9 1

plusmn

1 9

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

8

plusmn

1 1

0

5

plusmn

0 1

4

7

plusmn

0 9

2

6

plusmn

1 4

4

7

plusmn

0 6

5

9

plusmn

1 3

3

6

plusmn

1 2

1

6 plusmn

1 9

5

5

plusmn

1 1

3

4

plusmn

1 3

5




T 983137 983138 983148 983141 983091 C o n t i n u e d


A n t i u n g a l

a c t i v i t y


H S F c e l l s

C a

l

S c e

T m e n

T r u b

T t o n s

E 1047298 o

M c a n

M

g y p

A n

i

P s p p

L D 983093 983088

( m g m

L )


( )

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

1 9 0

5

plusmn

1 1

0

1 2 8

2

plusmn

0 1

4

1 7 5

plusmn

0 9

2

1 8 7

5

plusmn

1 4

4

2 5

plusmn

0 6

5

3 3 3

3

plusmn

1 3

3

2 1 4

3

plusmn

1 2

1

2 6 0 9

plusmn

1 9

5

1 1 1

1

plusmn

1 1

3

1 0

plusmn

1 3

5


( 1047298 o w e r )

M I C

983091 983095 983091 983091

983093 983091 983091 983091

983093 983091 983091 983091

983092 983096

983092 983096

983093 983091 983091 983091

983090 983094 983094 983095

983093 983091

983091 983091

983094 983092

983090 983094 983094 983095

983090 983088 983088

7 9

plusmn

1 1

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

3

plusmn

0 3

4

3

plusmn

0 5

5

2

plusmn

0 3

5

2

plusmn

0 0

9

3

plusmn

0 4

8

2

plusmn

1 0

4

2

plusmn

0 8

3 plusmn

0 0

2

2

plusmn

0 7

5

3

plusmn

0 1

4

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

7 1

4

plusmn

0 3

4

7 6

9

plusmn

0 5

5

5

plusmn

0 3

5

6 2

5 plusmn

0 0

9

1 0 7

2

plusmn

0 4

8

1 1 1

1

plusmn

1 0

4

7 1

4

plusmn

0 8

1 3 0 4

plusmn

0 0

2

4 4

4

plusmn

0 7

5

7 5

plusmn

0 1

4


M I C

983094 983094 983095

983089 983094

983091 983091 983091

983090 983094 983095

983090 983094 983095

983092

983093 983091 983091

983091 983091 983091

983089 983091 983091 983091

983094 983094 983095

983091 983093 983088

9 3

plusmn

1 1

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

1 1

plusmn

1 8

3

7

plusmn

1 9

9

1 4

plusmn

1 2

1

1 3

plusmn

0 8 2

1 5

plusmn

0 7

7

1 3

plusmn

1 0

3

1 3

plusmn

1 1

5

1 2

plusmn

1 3

9

plusmn

1 2

7

1 1

plusmn

0 9

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

2 6 1

9

plusmn

1 8

3

1 7 9

5

plusmn

1 9

9

3 5

plusmn

1 2

1

4 0 6

3

plusmn

0 8

2

5 3 5

7

plusmn

0 7

7

4 8 1

5

plusmn

1 0

3

4 6 4

3

plusmn

1 1

5

5 2 1 7

plusmn

1 3

2 0

plusmn

1 2

7

2 7 5

plusmn

0 9

S D B

M I C M F C

N T

N T

N T

N T

N T

N T

N T

N

T

N T

N T

mdash

983089 983088 983088

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

N A

N A

N A

N A

N A

N A

N A

N

A

N A

N A

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

N A

N A

N A

N A

N A

N A

N A

N

A

N A

N A


M I C M F C

983090 983094 983092

983091 983090 983089 983090 983096

983089 983094 ndash 983091 983090

983091 983090 ndash 983094 983092

983089 983094 983094 983092

983096 ndash 983089 983094

983094 983090 ndash 983089 983090 983096

983091 983090 983091 983090

983094 983092 983089 983090 983096

983094 983092 gt 983089 983090 983096

gt 983089 983090 983096 gt 983089 983090 983096

gt 983089 983090 983096 gt 983089 983090 983096

983089 983088 983088

8 6

plusmn

3 6

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

1 6

plusmn

2 1

1 2

plusmn

1 2

1 5

plusmn

1 3

3

1 7

plusmn

1 1 4

1 6

plusmn

2 3

3

1 5

plusmn

2 6

7

1 5

plusmn

1 7

5

1 4

plusmn

2 6

2

plusmn

1 4

6

3

plusmn

1 8

5

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

3 8 0

9

plusmn

2 1

3 0 7

7

plusmn

1 2

3 7 5

plusmn

1 3

3

5 3 1

3

plusmn

1 1

4

5 7 1

4

plusmn

2 3

3

5 5 5

6

plusmn

2 6

7

5 3 5

7

plusmn

1 7

5

6 0 8 7

plusmn

2 6

4 4

4

plusmn

1 4

6

7 5

plusmn

1 8

5

C a






983089 S t a n d a r d





3





4 Conclusion




Acknowledgments


References







































httpwwwhindawicom




T 983137 983138 983148 983141 983091 C o n t i n u e d


A n t i u n g a l

a c t i v i t y


H S F c e l l s

C a

l

S c e

T m e n

T r u b

T t o n s

E 1047298 o

M c a n

M

g y p

A n

i

P s p p

L D 983093 983088

( m g m

L )


( )

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

1 9 0

5

plusmn

1 1

0

1 2 8

2

plusmn

0 1

4

1 7 5

plusmn

0 9

2

1 8 7

5

plusmn

1 4

4

2 5

plusmn

0 6

5

3 3 3

3

plusmn

1 3

3

2 1 4

3

plusmn

1 2

1

2 6 0 9

plusmn

1 9

5

1 1 1

1

plusmn

1 1

3

1 0

plusmn

1 3

5


( 1047298 o w e r )

M I C

983091 983095 983091 983091

983093 983091 983091 983091

983093 983091 983091 983091

983092 983096

983092 983096

983093 983091 983091 983091

983090 983094 983094 983095

983093 983091

983091 983091

983094 983092

983090 983094 983094 983095

983090 983088 983088

7 9

plusmn

1 1

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

3

plusmn

0 3

4

3

plusmn

0 5

5

2

plusmn

0 3

5

2

plusmn

0 0

9

3

plusmn

0 4

8

2

plusmn

1 0

4

2

plusmn

0 8

3 plusmn

0 0

2

2

plusmn

0 7

5

3

plusmn

0 1

4

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

7 1

4

plusmn

0 3

4

7 6

9

plusmn

0 5

5

5

plusmn

0 3

5

6 2

5 plusmn

0 0

9

1 0 7

2

plusmn

0 4

8

1 1 1

1

plusmn

1 0

4

7 1

4

plusmn

0 8

1 3 0 4

plusmn

0 0

2

4 4

4

plusmn

0 7

5

7 5

plusmn

0 1

4


M I C

983094 983094 983095

983089 983094

983091 983091 983091

983090 983094 983095

983090 983094 983095

983092

983093 983091 983091

983091 983091 983091

983089 983091 983091 983091

983094 983094 983095

983091 983093 983088

9 3

plusmn

1 1

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

1 1

plusmn

1 8

3

7

plusmn

1 9

9

1 4

plusmn

1 2

1

1 3

plusmn

0 8 2

1 5

plusmn

0 7

7

1 3

plusmn

1 0

3

1 3

plusmn

1 1

5

1 2

plusmn

1 3

9

plusmn

1 2

7

1 1

plusmn

0 9

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

2 6 1

9

plusmn

1 8

3

1 7 9

5

plusmn

1 9

9

3 5

plusmn

1 2

1

4 0 6

3

plusmn

0 8

2

5 3 5

7

plusmn

0 7

7

4 8 1

5

plusmn

1 0

3

4 6 4

3

plusmn

1 1

5

5 2 1 7

plusmn

1 3

2 0

plusmn

1 2

7

2 7 5

plusmn

0 9

S D B

M I C M F C

N T

N T

N T

N T

N T

N T

N T

N

T

N T

N T

mdash

983089 983088 983088

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

N A

N A

N A

N A

N A

N A

N A

N

A

N A

N A

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

N A

N A

N A

N A

N A

N A

N A

N

A

N A

N A


M I C M F C

983090 983094 983092

983091 983090 983089 983090 983096

983089 983094 ndash 983091 983090

983091 983090 ndash 983094 983092

983089 983094 983094 983092

983096 ndash 983089 983094

983094 983090 ndash 983089 983090 983096

983091 983090 983091 983090

983094 983092 983089 983090 983096

983094 983092 gt 983089 983090 983096

gt 983089 983090 983096 gt 983089 983090 983096

gt 983089 983090 983096 gt 983089 983090 983096

983089 983088 983088

8 6

plusmn

3 6

I n h i b i t i o n

z o n e ( D )

1 6

plusmn

2 1

1 2

plusmn

1 2

1 5

plusmn

1 3

3

1 7

plusmn

1 1 4

1 6

plusmn

2 3

3

1 5

plusmn

2 6

7

1 5

plusmn

1 7

5

1 4

plusmn

2 6

2

plusmn

1 4

6

3

plusmn

1 8

5

I n h i b i t i o n

( )

3 8 0

9

plusmn

2 1

3 0 7

7

plusmn

1 2

3 7 5

plusmn

1 3

3

5 3 1

3

plusmn

1 1

4

5 7 1

4

plusmn

2 3

3

5 5 5

6

plusmn

2 6

7

5 3 5

7

plusmn

1 7

5

6 0 8 7

plusmn

2 6

4 4

4

plusmn

1 4

6

7 5

plusmn

1 8

5

C a






983089 S t a n d a r d





3





4 Conclusion




Acknowledgments


References







































httpwwwhindawicom





4 Conclusion




Acknowledgments


References







































httpwwwhindawicom












httpwwwhindawicom

aegle marmelos l

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