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Bibliography: Land Degradation in South Africa project

The following comprises a reference list of over 2200 entries relevant to the

subject of desertification and land degradation in South Africa. It was

produced as part of a collaborative project undertaken by the National Botanical

Institute and the Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies; acknowledging the

contributions of Environmental Monitoring Group, the Department of Environmental

Affairs and Tourism and the Department of Agriculture.

The original reference database is available in Reference Manager V.7.0

(Research Information Systems) format.

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Ref ID : 1593

1. Anonymous Combat desertification. Pretoria:National Department of

Agriculture. , 1919.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; DESERTIFICATION CONTROL

Notes : This is a brief, easily readable pamphlet outlining: the definition of

desertification; what are its causes; its effects and how to combat it.

Ref ID : 2082

2. Anonymous Plant invaders: beautiful but dangerous. Stirton, C. Cape

Town:Department of Nature and Environmental Conservation, Provincial

Administration. , 1978.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 2032

3. Anonymous Biology and Ecology of Weeds, The Hague:Junk, 1982.


Ref ID : 1505

4. Anonymous Settlement in Botswana and the historical development of a human

landscape, Gaberone:Botswana Society & Heinemann, 1982.


Keywords : BOTSWANA; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY

Ref ID : 144

5. Anonymous Agriculture. In: Strategy and guidelines for the physical

development of the republic of Ciskei. edited by Page, D. 1982,p. 130-155.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; COMMUNAL AREA; CISKEI; EASTERN CAPE;

SAVANNA; GRASSLAND; LAND USE

Notes : In this chapter the rural land use, production figures and general

characteristics of agriculture are described as well as the development schemes

presently underway.

Ref ID : 886

6. Anonymous Population growth and resource demands. In: Environmental concerns

in South Africa, edited by Fuggle, R.F. and Rabie, M.A.Cape Town:Juta & Co, Ltd,

1983,p. 23-29.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : POPULATION; CARRYING CAPACITY

Ref ID : 2161

7. Anonymous Invasive alien organisms in the terrestrial ecosystems of the

fynbos biome, South Africa. Macdonald, I.A.W. and Jarman, M.L. Pretoria:Council

for Scientific and Industrial Research. 85, 1984.


Keywords : FYNBOS

Notes : South African National Scientific Programmes report no. 85, Council for

Scientific and Industrial Research.

Ref ID : 890

8. Anonymous The extent of infestations and past control operations for two

groups of woody invasive species. In: Management of invasive alien plants in the

fynbos biome, edited by Macdonald, I.A.W., Jarman, M.L., and Beeston,

P.Pretoria:Foundation for Research Development, 1985,p. 97-131.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : ALIEN PLANTS; DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; MAPS

Notes : The extent of alien infestations throughout the whole biome has never

been measured. Estimates of the extent of infestations of particular alien

species within portions of the biome have been made using aerial photographs and

ground surveys. Most of these surveys lack comparability, particularly in

respect of the minimum density which is considered to constitute an infestation.

Estimates have been made of the total extent of infestations within the biome

but these vary widely and are generally imprecisely defined. The latest

vegetation map of the biome shows transformed areas but does not discriminate

between dense alien infestations, plantations, agricultural fields and urban

areas. Low density infestations are not distinguished from natural vegetation.

In order to critically evaluate the current extent of infestation it is

necessary to know the extent of past control measures. In this workshop, an

attempt is made to develop a first biome-wide assessment of the extent of

infestations and of past control measures.

Ref ID : 626

9. Anonymous The karoo biome: a preliminary synthesis. Part 1 - physical

environment. South African National Scientific Programmes Report. Cowling, R.M.,

Roux, P.W., and Pieterse, A.J.H. Pretoria:Foundation for Research Development.

124:ii-115, 1986. This report, the first of three volumes, forms part of the

Karoo Biome Project. One of the aims is to synthesize existing knowledge of the

Karoo biome and so provide a foundation for further research in areas where it

is considered necessary. It is a multi-authored publication covering a wide

range of topics. This first volume summarizes what is currently known on the

physical environment of the biome; namely geology, soils, climate, hydrology,

geohydrology and soil erosion. Other aspects of the karoo biome will be covered

in the succeeding volumes.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; NAMA KAROO; SUCCULENT KAROO; CLIMATE; SOIL NUTRIENTS;

HYDROLOGY; EROSION

Ref ID : 2049

10. Anonymous The ecology and management of biological invasions in southern

Africa, South Africa:Oxford University Press, 1986.


Keywords : SOUTHERN AFRICA

Ref ID : 221

11. Anonymous The karoo biome: a preliminary synthesis. Part 2 - vegetation and

history. South African National Scientific Programmes Report. Cowling, R.M. and

Roux, P.W. Pretoria:Foundation for Research Development. 142:ii-133, 1987. This

volume is the second in a series of syntheses of existing knowledge of the karoo

biome. The first volume summarized what is currently known on the physical

environment of the biome namely geology, soils, climate, hydrology, geohydrology

and soil erosion. The focus of this volume is vegetation and its history.

Included are chapters on vegetation physiognomy, plant growth, vegetation

change, photogeography, palaeo-ecology, palaeontology and archaeology.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; NAMA KAROO; SUCCULENT KAROO; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY;

ARCHAEOLOGY; STOCKING RATE; ALIEN PLANTS; GRAZING EFFECTS; KAROO

DESERTIFICATION; VELD MANAGEMENT; CLIMATE; HYDROLOGY; EROSION; VEGETATION CHANGE

Ref ID : 2009

12. Anonymous Biological invasions. A global perspective. Chichester, UK:John

Wiley & Sons, 1988.


Ref ID : 382

13. Anonymous An erosion hazard assessment technique for Ciskei.Rhodes

University. , 1989. Doctoral Dissertation.


Keywords : SOIL EROSION; COMMUNAL AREA; EASTERN CAPE; CISKEI

Ref ID : 1507

14. Anonymous The shaping of South African society 1652 - 1840, Cape Town:Maskew

Miller, 1989.


Keywords : POPULATION; POVERTY; BETTERMENT PLANNING

Ref ID : 2256

15. Anonymous Veld management in the Eastern Cape, Pretoria:Department of

Agriculture and Water Supply, 1989.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : VELD MANAGEMENT; EASTERN CAPE

Ref ID : 956

16. Anonymous Proceedings of the SARCCUS workshop on drought, June 1989, held

under the auspices of the SARCCUS Subcommittee for Agrometeorology and

Climatology. du Pisanie, A.L.Anonymous Pretoria:Southern African Regional

Commission for the Conservation and Utilisation of the Soil (SARCCUS). :1-63,

1990. Long term climate prediction based on the physical laws of nature remains

the ultimate goal of meteorologists. Progress has been slow but is promising

and some work on long term rainfall oscillations over southern Africa may be

used to predict rainfall anomalies on an decadel time scale. The relationship

between rainfall anomalies over SA and the phase of the Southern Oscillation

(SO) provided the stimulus for extensive research with the express purpose of

providing seasonal summer rainfall predictions. The first of these, valid for

the period December to March, were issued during October 1986. The predictions

referred to areas over central SA. Further drought was predicted for the

1986/87 summer season while normal to above normal rainfall conditions were

predicted for the next two summer seasons. The reliability of these predictions

are discussed. 06-1989.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : DROUGHT; SOIL EROSION; CLIMATE; RAINFALL; SOUTHERN AFRICA

Ref ID : 1298

17. Anonymous Giong Green: people, politics and the enviroment in South Africa.

Cape Town:Oxford University Press, 1991.pp. 1-262.


Notes : availible in N.B.I. library.

Ref ID : 1297

18. Anonymous A harvest of discontent: the land question in South Africa, Cape

Town:IDASA, 1991.pp. 1-274.


Notes : availible at E.R.C. library.

Ref ID : 1296

19. Anonymous Restoring the land: enviroment and change in post-apartheid South

Africa. London:Panos, 1991.pp. 1-216.


Notes : availible in nbi library.

Ref ID : 1300

20. Anonymous Dune forrest dynamics in relation to land-use practices. Everard,

D.A. and Von Maltitz, G.Anonymous Pretoria:Foundation for Research Development.

:1-171, 1991. 0-7988-4952-5.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : LAND USE

Notes : availible in N.B.I library.

Ref ID : 548

21. Anonymous Dune forest dynamics in relation to land use practices:

environmental forum report. Everard, D.A. and Von Maltitz, G.

Pretoria:Foundation for Research Development. , 1991.


Keywords : VEGETATION DYNAMICS; LAND USE; VEGETATION CHANGE

Ref ID : 602

22. Anonymous A harvest of discontent: the land question in South Africa, Cape

Town:IDASA, 1991.


Keywords : LAND REFORM; POLITICAL ASPECTS

Ref ID : 230

23. Anonymous Restoring the land. Environment and change in post-apartheid

South Africa, London:Panos, 1991.


Keywords : RESTORATION; ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; POLITICAL ASPECTS; LAND REFORM

Notes : See articles by Jacklyn Cock and Francis Wilson.

Ref ID : 834

24. Anonymous Going green: People, politics and the environment in South Africa,

Cape Town:Oxford University Press, 1991.


Keywords : ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; POLITICAL ASPECTS; LABOUR; POLICY;

CONSERVATION; SOIL EROSION; EROSION; LAND REFORM; SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE;

MODELS; SUBSIDIES

Notes : The uncertainty and risks of change have contributed to the resistance

to sustainable agriculture. Farmers using the biological methods will need

expert advice on the timing of planting, cultivating, watering and pest control.

Sustainable methods might imply new crops and new machinery, or require better

trained labour. Farmers are unlikely to make these changes if there is no

research evidence that these methods will be successful. Farmers need economic

incentives too. What is required is not only a change in farming methods, but a

change in the economic policies which govern agriculture. Present research and

support services are geared to large-scale single crop farming. Tax incentives

and pricing policies favour large farmers, not small ones. It is a political

necessity to rethink agriculture to make it more sustainable. Much needs to be

done to convert unprofitable cropland to pastures, to cut down animal numbers in

many areas to match grazing capacity, and to use high potential land more

effectively, especially land in the 'homelands'. Appropriate crops need to be

investigated - for example, is surgarcane the best crop for the highly

productive Natal coast? Overall, attention must be paid to environmental

conservation and the prevention of soil erosion. Sustainable agricultural

methods are also politically desirable because they will create more employment.

They are better suited to poorer farmers, since they are labour-intensive and

require low cash inputs. Introduction of sustainable methods should therefore

be part and parcel of land reform as we move towards a more democratic society.

Having sustainable agriculture as a farming policy will mean that more small

farmers, many of them poor rural people, can make a living and a contribution to

the country's agriculture. However, farmers lacking in resources will not

automatically take up the methods of sustainable agriculture without incentives

and training. The present model of 'success' will lead them to try to imitate

methods of the richer, large-scale farmers of today. To gain widespread

acceptance of sustainable methods, state subsidies need to be redirected, new

research must be undertaken and extension workers retrained. Only this will

result in the popularization of sustainable agricultural systems.

Ref ID : 954

25. Anonymous Guidelines for land-use planning in communal areas in the SARCCUS

region. Wood, P.C.Southern African Regional Commission for the Conservation of

and Utilisation of the Soil (SARCCUS). :1-24, 1992.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : LAND USE; COMMUNAL AREA; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SOIL EROSION

Notes : This article concludes with the following. In undertaking land-use

planning projects SARCCUS members all broadly adhere to the planning procedures

as contained in the various SARCCUS recommendations, especially recommendation

4/1982. It is, however, important to note that a very significant change in

approach to land-use planning has taken place in the region as indicated by the

various papers on land-use planning in communal areas presented at the 15th

regular meeting of CONLUP in 1988. Very definite emphasis is now placed on the

need for and the responsibility of communities to be involved in their own

development right from the onset. This applies to all phases of the planning

exercise from identifying planning and development needs, through the survey,

design, planning and execution phases, to the on-going evaluation, review and

maintenance phases. Development and the associated land-use planning should be

viewed mainly as a community responsibility with government playing a

facilitating and supportive role.

Ref ID : 549

26. Anonymous Guidelines for landuse planning in communal areas in the SARCCUS

region: summary report on the theme session of the Fifteenth Regular Meeting of

the SARCCUS standing Committee for Conservation and Land-Use Planning (CONLUP):

Botswana 24-28 October 1988. Wood, P.C. Pretoria:SARRCUS. , 1992.


Keywords : SOIL EROSION; LAND USE; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; PRODUCTION POTENTIAL

Ref ID : 523

27. Anonymous Geography in a changing South Africa, Cape Town:Oxford University

Press, 1992.pp. 1-306.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : LAND USE

Notes : During the 1980s a number of journal articles drew attention to the

nature of changes and controversies taking place within South African geography.

Nevertheless, no comprehensive book-length study was produced on this particular

theme. One goal of this essay collection is to fill this void by furnishing an

overarching perspective on recent disciplinary changes. More especially, what

is undertaken is a reflection on those changes through the lens of the new post-

apartheid era which opened as a result of the De Klerk reforms of the early

1990s. As such, this book hopes to contribute further to the important project

begun in the 1980s of decolonising the teaching and research agendas of South

African geography. For the international geographical audience, the aim in this

collection is to provide a comprehensive survey of the progress and contemporary

directions of local research. It is hoped that the readership abroad will be

stimulated by the indigenization of South African geography, which involves a

loosening of the traditional ties to the Anglo-American branch of the

discipline. Not only have conditions and the ground changed considerably in SA

during the 1970s and 1980s, but geographical perspectives on those conditions

have also been metamorphosed in the heat of political transformation.

Ref ID : 2189

28. Anonymous Fire in South African mountain fynbos: ecosystem, community and

species response at Swartboskloof, Berlin:Springer-Verlag, 1992.


Keywords : FIRE; FYNBOS

Ref ID : 1532

29. Anonymous Common property resources and the rural poor in sub-Saharan

Africa. Centre for Development Cooperation Services. Amserdam:Free University,

Amserdam. , 1992.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : POVERTY; FOREST; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; IRRIGATION; SOCIOECONOMIC

ASPECTS; LAND DEGRADATION; LAND TENURE; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; FAUNA; WATER QUALITY;

POLICY; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS; GENDER ASPECTS;

GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES

Notes : This draft report was prepared for IFAD by the Centre for Development

Cooperation Services of the Free University, Amsterdam. It was found that there

is a causal link between environmental degradation and rural poverty in Africa.

Further, common property resources (CPR) in this relationship were identified.

The essence of CPR is tenure and common property regimes may become styled into

different forms of management, for better or worse. Different property regimes

can be characterised in a macroeconomic sense and there are plausible economic

reasons why they differ, based on the costs and benefits associated with each.

Apart from environmental degradation of the resource base, CPRs are under threat

for a number of reasons. The environmental threat is grave, and emanates from a

number of sources. There remains a strong rationale for building on the

tradition of CPRs where these still show signs of life - indeed, there is often

no sensible alternative. Forest resources are of particular importance to the

rural poor. Wildlife resources have only a limited and largely unrealised

contribution to rural development in sub-Saharan Africa. Provision of improved

water supply and the establishment of irrigation schemes have rarely met

development expectations. Both artisanal coastal and inland fisheries provide

valuable resources for great numbers of the rural poor. An intricate process of

social engineering is necessary to erect or reinforce the necessary CPR

management structures on the shifting sands of contemporary African society.

Successful support to sustainable CPR management depends on an understanding of

how to create or reinforce viable CPR institutions and an understanding of the

roles and requirements of the different participants in CPR use and management.

Indigenous CPR management institutions depend on a degree of social stability

for their successful operation. While there is little argument in theory about

the viability of CPRs, there can be less confidence about their ability to

function in contemporary socio-economic conditions. Women are key participants

in CPR sectors, but current trends are constricting their access to these

resources and are forcing them to over-exploit those they can still reach. In

many respect, the role of the State must be to disengage itself from CPR

management and then re-engage itself in a more supportive manner, facilitating

institutional development and communication at the community level. Analysis of

the primary CPR sectors suggests that an integrated approach to rural

environment and production will normally be the most effective way of achieving

sustainable progress. In order to achieve true participation, rather than

merely paying lip service to the idea, such programmes need to be sensitive,

flexible and long term in duration.

Ref ID : 1535

30. Anonymous Report of the UNEP/FAO expert meeting on harmonising land cover

and land use classifications. Earthwatch Global Environmental Monitoring System.

UNEP. Geneva:UNEP. , 1993.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : LAND USE; MONITORING; INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS; VEGETATION DYNAMICS;

DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; MODELS

Notes : There is a major interest in and need for better information on land

cover and land use and on the interrelations between them at global, regional,

national and local levels, both within and across disciplines. Many actors are

already involved in harmonising land cover and land use data collection and

classifications. UNEP and FAO organised this expert meeting to catalyse further

coordinated action towards such harmonisation efforts. Introductory

presentations were given on general, globally applicable principles related to

classifications, including draft land use classification prepared for the

meeting through a UNEP/FAO consultancy contract, followed by national

presentations on activities, interests and needs related to classifications at

national level. Four groups of cross-cutting issues emerged from these

discussions which were dealt with in more detail, after which suggestions for

follow-up action were formulated. The four cross-cutting issues were: users and

applications; land use and land cover, including change; data sources,

collection and spatial frameworks; and basis for definitions and

classifications.

Ref ID : 2258

31. Anonymous Range ecology at disequilibrium: new models of natural variability

and pastoral adaptation in African savannas, London:Overseas Development

Institute, 1993.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : MODELS; SAVANNA

Ref ID : 1538

32. Anonymous Desertification control programme activity centre: success stories

in desertification control. UNEP. 1993.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS

Notes : In the last decade, many national regional and international projects

have been launched in many parts of the world, with the aim of controlling

dryland degradation (desertification). Much has been heard about the projects

which have failed, but there have also been successful projects which have

contributed substantially to the control of dryland degradation

(desertification), which unfortunately have received much less attention. If

these 'successes' could be better publicised, these positive experiences could

contribute tremendously to educate people in more effective desertification

control. This could not only answer the question of what can be done, but also

help create a renewed mood of confidence that the problem of desertification can

be conquered. With this in mind, a sample format is attached. In response,

First "Saving the Drylands" awards highlight eight outstanding contributions to

combating desertification (1995), is attached. A further project, the "Jhanwar

Watershed Project: Evaluation Report" is also attached.

Ref ID : 1068

33. Anonymous Monitoring requirements for fynbos management: a collaborative

report of the Fynbos Forum Group. FRD Programme Series No11. Marais, C. and

Richardson, D.M. Pretoria:Foundation for Research Development. :1-136, 1993.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : FYNBOS; VELD CONDITION; ALIEN PLANTS; MONITORING; BIBLIOGRAPHY;

LEGISLATION

Notes : A two-day workshop was convened during March 1993 by the Fynbos Forum on

the topic of "Monitoring Requirements for Fynbos Management". The following is

a brief summary of the conclusions reached at the workshop. The working groups

felt that monitoring programs should be comprehensive but standardized. The

development of programs should be directly linked to formal goals, priorities

and requirements of user agencies such as CNC and the Department of Agriculture.

There was consensus between the groups that there is a need for a data catalogue

- a document that details the status, availability and locality of currently

available data sets that could be used for monitoring. Many participants knew

of data sets that have not been analysed and others that had been analysed but

not used or interpreted. The need for such a catalogue as a reference was

therefore identified. The proposed catalogue should be of such a nature that it

can be used as a working tool for managers. It was felt that an update of

fynbos literature should be included in the data catalogue. Once the catalogue

has been drawn up, it can be decided who will analyze the data that has not been

analysed, and how. The following needs were identified for the future: (1) an

inventory of all monitoring efforts; (2) monitoring should be 'monitored' to

evaluate methods, standards, techniques etc.; (3) a bibliography of projects

that have used surveying techniques, which could be used in monitoring programs;

(4) a co-ordinating institution or person, should be appointed to co-ordinate

all monitoring programs, or link up with such programs in the Fynbos region; (5)

client needs should be investigated. What does the public want and what can the

environment offer?; (6) the success of environmental education programs should

be monitored to evaluate the benefit of the effect of these programs on the

environment; and (7) it was felt that new legislation should make provision for

monitoring of the environment. A resolution was adopted by the Meeting stating

that the Foundation for Research Development (FRD) should be approached by the

Fynbos Forum to fund a project for the drawing up of a data catalogue. It was

felt that this is necessary to eliminate duplication and to assist in

identifying new research and monitoring projects. The catalogue will also put

the forum in a position to link up with the national monitoring program.

Ref ID : 1170

34. Anonymous Livestock production systems: principles and practice, Brooklyn,

South Africa:Agri-Development Foundation, 1993.pp. 1-403.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION; FARMING SYSTEMS

Ref ID : 1293

35. Anonymous Community perspectives on land and agrarian reform in South

Africa. Levine, R. and Weiner, D. University of the Witwatersrand:Johannesburg.

, 1994. Final report to the MacArthur Foundation.


Keywords : COMMUNAL AREA; INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS; LAND REFORM

Ref ID : 1536

36. Anonymous Desertification treaty on the way. Science News 146(19):303(1),

1994.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : POPULATION; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; DESERTIFICATION CONTROL

Notes : The article reports that UNEP estimates that the welfare of up to 900

million persons may be in jeopardy from desertification. A worldwide growth of

dry lands also threatens many species with extinction. Hoping to slow or even

reverse desertification, representatives of 87 nations signed a convention in

Paris on October 14 and 15. First proposed at the June 1992 Earth Summit in Rio

de Janeiro, this document will become an international treaty when ratified by

50 of these countries.

Ref ID : 1173

37. Anonymous Kleinveesiektes/Livestock illnesses, Cape Town:Tafelberg, 1994.pp.

1-201.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION

Ref ID : 131

38. Anonymous WISE land use symposium. Proceedings of a workshop held on the 26-

27 October 1995. de Villiers, M.C.Anonymous Pretoria, South Africa:Agricultural

Research Council: The Institute for Soil, Climate & Water. :1-118, 1995.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : LAND USE; CLIMATE; MONITORING; REMOTE SENSING

Notes : This conference was concluded with the following paragraph: "The

research effort already put into development of water balance modelling, soil

water modelling, vegetative stress techniques and variable climate management

and monitoring could be largely lost if a concerted effort were not put into

making this information available to the farmers, agricultural managers and

planners. Here decision support would be various analytical tools that provide

an integrated framework to test management options at the individual farm level.

Economic trends, with financial management options would give farmers and

managers valuable alternatives for a scientifically formulated management

strategy. These systems should draw on the best available information. Remote

sensing techniques, with its monitoring facility, coupled with a real time

meteorological network, is well suited to play a vital role in the farmers' and

agricultural managers' campaign to make full and productive use of all available

resources in the formulation and functioning of management programmes.".

Ref ID : 107

39. Anonymous Proceedings of the National Research and Development Workshop on

the Assessment and Monitoring of desertification in South Africa. A report from

a National Workshop held in Pretoria, South Africa, 10-12 October 1995.

Badenhorst, N.Anonymous Pretoria:The Institute for Soil, Climate & Water. :1-

112, 1995. 10-10-1995.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; MONITORING

Notes : Although it is well acknowledged that desertification is an extremely

diverse subject encompassing multidisciplinary facets like social sciences,

human dimensions, as well as economic, political and educational issues, the

scope of this workshop was to address issues pertaining to the natural resources

side of desertification specifically. The objectives were: to review current

knowledge on the status, extent and trends of desertification in South Africa

with emphasis on the following natural resources -vegetation, soils and water;

to facilitate networking of researchers involved in desertification studies; to

identify research and development priorities for addressing desertification; and

to discuss the implementation of operational monitoring and early warning

systems.

Ref ID : 1531

40. Anonymous Monitoring Environmental Progress.Anonymous Washington:The

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. , 1995.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : MONITORING; POLICY; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; POLITICAL ASPECTS

Notes : The empirical base for decision-making regarding environmentally

sustainable development is weak. This report arose from the realisation by the

World Bank that little was being done to improve the situation in ways that

would respond to policymakers' concerns. Despite some early work, there was

little prospect of policy relevant indicators even some years down the road.

The World Bank was a user rather than a compiler of indicators. Nevertheless,

it considered the issue important enough to play a more proactive role by

ensuring proper communication between users and compilers. To that end,

meetings were convened and studies were commissioned in particular areas. This

report spotlights the brighter picture that emerged for users, thanks to

unprecedented collaboration among international agencies, national authorities,

non-governmental organisations and academics active in this area.

Ref ID : 392

41. Anonymous Serving small-scale farmers: An evaluation of the DBSA farmer

support programmes, Johannesburg:Development Bank of Southern Africa, 1995.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION

Ref ID : 1534

42. Anonymous Report of the UNEP/RIVM workshop on UNEP's pilot global

environmental outlook project focusing on land degradation and food production.

Environment Assessment Programme. UNEP. Bilthoven:UNEP. , 1995.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : LAND DEGRADATION; MODELS; INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS; ENERGY

Notes : Conclusions and recommendations included findings on data issues; scale

issues; model/approach issues; and driving forces, processes and indicators.

Ref ID : 126

43. Anonymous Report of the ESA Working Group on Land Degradation. Arbuthnot,

J.D. Pretoria, South Africa:Department of Agriculture. :1-74, 1995.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : LAND DEGRADATION; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; DIRECTORY

Ref ID : 1175

44. Anonymous Desert Margins Initiative: an integrated national, regional, and

international research program for developing sustainable natural resource

management options to combat land degradation in sub-Saharan Africa.

Consolidated report on national workshops in South Africa, Kenya, Mali, Namibia,

Burkina Faso, Senegal, Zimbabwe, Niger, and Botswana, Niamey,

Niger:International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics

(ICRISAT), 1996.pp. 1-229.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; LAND DEGRADATION; DESERTIFICATION CONTROL

Ref ID : 2044

45. Anonymous Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Low, A.B. and

Rebelo, A.G. Pretoria:Department of Environment Affairs and Tourism. , 1996.


Keywords : LESOTHO; SWAZILAND

Ref ID : 1103

46. Anonymous Water resources in Southern Africa: constraints to development.

Proceedings of a symposium hosted by the Southern African Institute of

Ecologists and Environmental Scientists on 24 May 1996 in the Senate Hall at

UNISA in Pretoria. Davis, G.Anonymous :1-24, 1996.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : WATER CONSERVATION

Notes : The process of water availability, supply, quality and various

management options available are discussed. Some attempt is made to resolve the

fundamental dilemma by providing the following suggestions: technocratic

approaches alone do not provide long-term solutions; 'superficial' public

participation will fail; comprehensive and effective sharing is required; the

roles of stakeholders must be clarified and communicated; and there is a need to

create the capacity amongst stakeholders for effective participation.

Ref ID : 149

47. Anonymous Economic implications of different land use regimes in the Mhala

district. 1996.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : LAND USE; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; SOUTHERN AFRICA; CONSERVATION

Notes : This study was commissioned by the Development Bank of Southern Africa.

Abstract : This study focused mainly on the analysis of the different land use

options available to the people at the perimeter of Game Reserves in Mhala.

Impacts of the current land use options on the livelihood of the people involved

were quantified and future possible land use alternatives were analysed against

some criteria. Communal households perform poorly with regard to general

welfare of their members. Households with lower welfare positions are bigger

and own less livestock. These households support communal ownership of all

land. If something is not done to their general welfare, it will have

disastrous ripple effects for future generations. The wealthier respondents are

in favour of agricultural schemes for a selected few and of the enforcement of

rotational grazing. The Uthla commercial land use regime alternative succeeds

to support its households with larger incomes, but at the expense of those from

whom land was taken away. The Seville scheme has a positive impact on income

per household, but performs poorly per adult equivalent. Both schemes are highly

subsidised. A combination of communal and conservation land use alternatives

was found to be the best land use alternative through which the communities'

welfare will be maximised and the environment conserved.

Ref ID : 142

48. Anonymous Consultative process for Desert White Paper in South Africa. The

Circular on Desertification (15):5, 1996.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : POLICY; UN CONVENTION

Ref ID : 106

49. Anonymous Inventory of desertification projects in South Africa. Badenhorst,

N.C.Anonymous Pretoria, South Africa:The Institute for Soil, Climate & Water.

:1-49, 1996.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : DIRECTORY; MONITORING

Notes : This document is a summary of a questionnaire on desertification related

research conducted by participants in a workshop entitled "National Research and

Development Workshop on the Assessment and Monitoring of Desertification in

South Africa" held in Pretoria on 10-12 October 1995.

Ref ID : 130

50. Anonymous Agricultural land reform policies for the Northern Province. Land

Management and Rural Development Programme. de Villiers, A. Sovenga, South

Africa:University of the North. 1:iii-54, 1996. Political policies from the

previous government on the ownership and use of land led to a highly skewed

distribution of rural land in South Africa. Within the Northern Province the

policy of separate development resulted in the emergence of two distinct rural

worlds of large-scale commercial white farming, and subsistence black farming in

the former homelands. The land reform programme faces the challenge of

addressing political injustices of the past without damaging the productive

capacity of commercial agriculture. Land reform should thus focus on both equity

and production objectives. The report provides an overview of the present

political and legal framework for land reform in South Africa. The practical

experiences with land reform in Zimbabwe over the past fifteen years provide

useful lessons for South Africa. Note is taken of a range of viewpoints on land

reform issues from four interest groups in the Northern Province. A number of

policy issues affecting land reform are analysed, namely, the restoration of

land rights, market assisted land redistribution, the role of land tax, farm

size and production efficiency, guidelines for farmer settlement, and options

for land tenure reform. Finally, guidelines on the access to resources and

opportunities, maintenance of production capacity, conservation of natural

resources, and diverse land tenure arrangements, are used to formulate policy

proposals on land restitution, land redistribution, settlement of new farmers,

and land tenure reform for the Northern Province.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : LAND REFORM; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; NORTHERN PROVINCE; RURAL

DEVELOPMENT; POLICY; COMMUNAL AREA; SAVANNA

Ref ID : 536

51. Anonymous Global climate change and South Africa, Cleveland:Environmental

Scientific Association, 1996.-160.


Keywords : CLIMATE CHANGE

Ref ID : 2259

52. Anonymous Vegetation in southern Africa, Cambridge:Cambridge University

Press, 1997.

Reprint : In File,


Ref ID : 1105

53. Anonymous Maputaland: Focus on the Quaternary evolution of the south-east

African coastal plain. Field guide and abstracts, INQUA Commission on Quaternary

Shorelines, Africa subcommission workshop, 19-26 April 1997,

Pietermaritzburg:Council for Geoscience, 1997.pp. iii-104.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : PALAEOENVIRONMENTS; SAVANNA; KWAZULU NATAL

Notes : The concept of a multidisciplinary workshop on the coastal plain region

has been mooted for some time, but it was the availability of INQUA-sponsorship

which provided the impetus for scientists from diverse disciplines to interact

during a field-based workshop. The goal of the subcommission is to encourage

communication between persons interested in the evolution of the African

continental margin or castal zone during the past 2.4 million years. The

workshop theme draws attention to an area where significant research is being

undertaken, which can serve as a reference framework for less intensely studied

areas to the north. Discussion between scientiests involved in the Maputaland

region, including the southern Mozambique and northern KwaZulu-Natal coastal

plains, could encourage better understanding of the lithostratigraphic framework

and interpretations of sea-level change used in the respective areas.

Ecologists and wildlife conservationists were involved, as was a strong

delegation representing the commercial sector.

Ref ID : 799

54. Anonymous The terrestrial biosphere and global change: implications for

natural and managed ecosystems. A synthesis of GTCE and related research. IGBP

Science No.1. Walker, B. and Steffen, W.Anonymous International Geosphere-

Biosphere Programme (IGBP):Stockholm, Sweden. :2-32, 1997.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : CLIMATE CHANGE; GLOBAL CHANGE; BIODIVERSITY

Notes : This executive summary presents the major findings of the synthesis of

the first six years of the Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems (GCTE) Core

Project of the IGBP. It begins by identifying the major components and drivers

of global change. It then outlines the important ecosystem interactions with

global change, focusing on the functioning of ecosystems and the structure and

composition of vegetation. The executive summary then discusses the

implications of these ecosystem interactions with global change in terms of

impacts in three key areas: managed production systems; biodiversity; and the

terrestrial carbon cycle. The full synthesis, results and conclusions, with a

complete reference list, are presented as a volume in the IGBP Book Series No.

4, published by Cambridge University Press (Walker et al.). Here key references

only are included.

Ref ID : 801

55. Anonymous Questionnaire on SWC approaches: a framework for the evaluation of

soil and water conservation, Bern, Switzerland:Centre for Development and

Environment, WOCAT, 1997.pp. i-Q55.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL CONSERVATION; SOIL EROSION; METHODOLOGIES; WATER CONSERVATION;

CONSERVATION; MAPS

Notes : Three questionnaires are used to analyse and evaluate soil and water

conservation (SWC): (i) technologies (consisting of agronomic, vegetative,

structural and management issues), (ii) soil and water approaches (defines the

enabling ecological and socio-economic environment, and the ways and means which

are used to realise a SWC technology on the ground. Elements include:

participants, inputs and means, know-how and levels of intervention), and (iii)

a soil and water map. The questionnaires are complementary.

Ref ID : 1541

56. Anonymous 1996 Audit of gender related data sources: a report. Development

Bank of Southern Africa. Halfway House:Development Bank of Southern Africa,

Development Information Business Unit, Publications Division. , 1997.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOUTHERN AFRICA; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; RURAL DEVELOPMENT;

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; GENDER ASPECTS

Notes : The overall aim of this audit is to contribute towards the aims of:

delivering services to meet basic needs; transform state and society; grow the

economy through the Growth and Development Strategy; and to develop our human

resources. A number of difficulties were encountered in attempting to complete

the audit, although the original intention of the Development Bank was to make a

commitment to maintaining and regularly updating the information. The relative

wealth of information generated by NGO sources was positive, but was hampered by

financial and resource constraints. Most disappointing was the lack of gender

information in government departments. The audit must be seen as a work in

progress.

Ref ID : 2004

57. Anonymous Vegetation of Southern Africa, Cambridge:Cambridge University

Press, 1997.



Ref ID : 425

58. Anonymous White farms, black labour: the state and agrarian change in

southern Africa, 1910-1950, Heinemann and James Currey, 1997.-360.


Keywords : POLITICAL ASPECTS; COMMUNAL AREA; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; POLICY;

ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY

Ref ID : 1210

59. Anonymous Geo-information for sustainable land management (SLM). Beek, K.J.,

de Bie, K.A.J.M., and Driessen, P.M.Anonymous Netherlands:International

Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences (ITC). 3/4:205-363, 1997.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : REMOTE SENSING; SATELLITE IMAGERY; SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE;

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; LAND USE; MODELS; CARRYING CAPACITY; LEGISLATION

Notes : This is a special congress issue of the ITC Journal. Beek gives the

opening address and raises key questions for debate: how can the perceived needs

of land users be incorporated in the formulation of sustainability criteria?;

where do top-down and bottom-up land use planning processes meet?; how can the

physical and economic processes pertinent to sustainable land management, the

levels of spatial and temporal resolution, and the corresponding data to

characterize these processes be identified?; how can bridges be built between

the scientific disciplinary models of natural phenomena and the practical

integral land use planning models for management and decision support?; how can

the biophysical carrying capacity of the land be matched with socio-economic

sustainability?; how can we cover the last mile of the information highway to

the famers in the developing countries, who are hesitant to adopt

recommendations derived from externally defined systems of land evaluation,

preferring instead their own criteria and knowledge systems?; how can we

overcome institutional and administrative problems such as standardisation,

legislation and quality control, which are creating major bottlenecks in the

progress of information and communication technology?; is geo-information

currently adequate for sustainable land management?; and how can it be collected

in a cost effective and timely manner with remote sensing?

Ref ID : 1650

60. Anonymous Sustainable land management: some signposts for South Africa,

Sovenga:University of the North Press, 1998.pp. 1-176.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : RURAL DEVELOPMENT; LAND REFORM; LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION; AGRICULTURAL

EXTENSION; COMMUNAL AREA; FARMING SYSTEMS; INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS; SUSTAINABLE

AGRICULTURE

Ref ID : 1262

61. Anonymous Agricultural News.Anonymous Anonymous Pretoria:National Department

of Agriculture. (11):1-12, 1998.

Reprint : In File,

Ref ID : 1591

62. Anonymous Draft National Environmental Management Bill. Pretoria:Government

Printer. Government Gazette 19031(397), 1998.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : POLICY; LEGISLATION; ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

Notes : The stated principles of the Bill are: all policy emerging from any

organ of state should be consistent; the provisions of the Bill should provide a

general framework within which environmental management and implementation plans

should be formulated; it will serve as a guideline for any organ of state when

functioning concerns protection of the environment; any conciliator will be

guided by the principles contained in the Bill; and the Bill should guide the

administration and implementation of the Act.

Ref ID : 1643

63. Anonymous Communal rangelands in Southern Africa: A synthesis of knowledge.

Proceedings of a symposium on policy-making for the sustainable use of southern

African communal rangelands. de Bruyn, T.D. and Scogings, P.F.Anonymous

University of Fort Hare, Alice:Department of Livestock & Pasture Science. :1-

291, 1998. 07-09-1998.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOUTHERN AFRICA; COMMUNAL AREA; POLICY; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Ref ID : 1193

64. Anonymous Discussion document: A national strategy for integrated

environmental management in South Africa, Pretoria:Department of Environmental

Affairs and Tourism, 1998.pp. 4-57.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : POLICY

Notes : The authors suggest that a National Strategy for revision of the concept

of Integrated Environmental Management needs to be revised for the following

reasons: so that it can be brought in line with the White Paper on Environmental

Management Policy for SA (Government Notice R 1096 of 28 July 1997); so that it

can cater specifically for sensitive environments; so that it can facilitate

tiered decision-making through a hierarchy of procedures; so as to provide for

improved environmental management after Environmental Impact Assessments; and so

as to make better use of the range of available environmental management

instruments rather than relying on Environmental Impact Assessments alone. This

document explores these points in detail.

Ref ID : 1259



Reprint : In File,

Ref ID : 1431

66. Anonymous A recommended carring capacity map for the Transkei & Ciskei.

1998. Transkei; Ciskei.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : MAPS; TRANSKEI; CISKEI

Ref ID : 2257

67. Anonymous Sustainable land management: some signposts for South Africa,

Sovenga:University of the North Press, 1998.

Reprint : In File,

Ref ID : 1260



Reprint : In File,

Ref ID : 1261



Reprint : In File,

Ref ID : 2443

70. Anonymous Anonymous , 1999.


Ref ID : 2520

71. Anonymous 1999.


Ref ID : 738

72. A'Bear, D.R., Henderson, C.M., Little, A.M., Louw, C.L., and Mander, J.J.

Management of natural and human resources through community development in north

eastern Natal, South Africa. Paper presented at the 1993 colloquium of the

International Association for Community Development in Banglamung, Thailand.

Occasional Paper 121.Anonymous Anonymous Scottsville:Institute of Natural

Resources. , 1993. The research shows that neither top-down, nor bottom-up

approaches to community development will be adequate if used exclusively. It was

found that in areas where underdevelopment exists, the possibility and scope of

forming equitable partnerships between local and national level institutions is

increased. Such partnerships lead to real empowerment of communities;

sustainable natural resource use and conservation; and a grasping toward the

common good rather than sectarian interest. In order to form these

partnerships, it was found that the top-down and bottom-up approaches have to

come together if there is to be effective and long-term development.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : KWAZULU NATAL; VELD MANAGEMENT; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; RURAL

DEVELOPMENT; CONSERVATION

Ref ID : 706

73. A'Bear, D.R. and McKechnie, J. State of the environment report for the

Izingolweni District in KwaZulu-Natal. A report prepared for Africa Co-operative

Action Trust (ACAT) KwaZulu-Natal. Investigational Report 138.Anonymous

Pietermaritzburg:Institute of Natural Resources, University of Natal. IR 138:1-

53, 1996. The Izingolweni area is one of the most isolated districts in the

Province. The rugged terrain makes accessibility and communications difficult.

Consequently, there are some very wild and remote areas which are, nonetheless,

densely populated. The population is growing steadily and resources in areas of

densest population, and flat land are unlikely to be able to sustain the

population adequately. There is land with good cropping soils, but these are

located in pockets and do not blanket entire areas. ACATK have 33 Savings Clubs

spread across the fourteen tribal authorities and are achieving an important

presence in the arerar because there are few NGO's working in the region. One

of the only others known is LIMA, which is also an agricultural service

provider. The Savings Clubs are clearly an important institution in an

otherwise poor district and the fact that ACATK targets the poorest people is to

be supported because if development happens at t hat level then it is likely

that development will filter through all levels in the society. There are

thirteen development committees in the district and these are represented on an

umbrella body called the Umzamo Wamakosi. The development committees are of

varying ages, some having started as long ago as 1985 but the majority are

recent and have only been in place since the 1994 general election. The

representation on Umzamo Wamakosi reflected a higher level of skills and

development experience than the Savings Clubs, emphasising the different

constituencies from which both groups are drawn.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : LAND DEGRADATION; KWAZULU NATAL; COMMUNAL AREA; POPULATION

Ref ID : 1520

74. Abel, N. Carrying capacity, rangeland degradation and livestock development

for the communal rangelands of Botswana. Pastoral Development Network

(December):1-9, 1993.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : CARRYING CAPACITY; BOTSWANA; COMMUNAL AREA; STOCKING RATE; POLICY;

VELD MANAGEMENT; LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION; MODELS; DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; SOIL

EROSION; PRODUCTION POTENTIAL; GRAZING EFFECTS; LEGISLATION; CONSERVATION;

POLITICAL ASPECTS

Abstract : Conclusions reached are: opponents in the debate over range

management and livestock development in the communal areas should drop dogma,

formulate hypotheses and test them. Modelling has a part to play in

understanding the behaviour of the complex systems being discussed; like de

Queiroz, the writer notes that range science is undergoing a paradigm shift, and

proponents of de-stocking should be sure they are not basing their case on

outmoded theory; the debate would be clarified if degradation were defined in

terms of an irreversible decline in output from a specified system of

management; the writer agrees with de Queiroz that degradation occurs in

Botswana, but the term is a relative, not an absolute one. At least in relation

to soil loss, there is no clear threshold of stocking rate at which degradation

begins or ceases - the process is continuous, and the curve relating to the rate

of degradation to stocking density smooth. Technical analysis cannot in these

circumstances set a 'carrying capacity', it can only estimate the costs and

benefits of de-stocking, and of the extension of soil life; as White (1992)

points out, in their pre-occupation with stocking density, policy makers are

neglecting the potential benefits of stocking strategies; theory, empirical

evidence and modelling all support White's (1992) contention that de-stocking

will lower the productivity of communal range. In the writer's study area the

costs of de-stocking to recommended levels would be unbearable to herd owners;

and when de-stocking is considered necessary to conserve range, the option cost

should be estimated. Scientists have a role to play in this. The actual

stocking density should be set, however, not by scientists but through political

debate which takes account of the needs of present and future generations.

Ref ID : 1521

75. Abel, N. and Stocking, M. A rapid method for assessing rates of soil erosion

from rangeland: an example from Botswana. Journal of Range Management 40(5):460-

466, 1987.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; EROSION; BOTSWANA; RANGELAND DEGRADATION; RAPID RURAL

APPRAISAL; MODELS

Abstract : The erosion of rangeland soils is a widespread problem in Africa.

Yet, there are a few methods for estimating its rate. Using data from 2

catchments in Botswana, a technique for estimating erosion and sediment yield is

demonstrated. It involves low level photographic sampling of vegetation cover,

kriging to interpolate percentage cover from sample points, and the application

of a simplified soil loss estimation procedure called SLEMSA. This modelling

approach gives gross soil loss and allows the estimation of sediment yield. It

is easy and cheap to apply and gave results in line with field experience.

Ref ID : 2512

76. Abrahams, G. Unraveling tenure and administrative issues in a former

homelandtown: a case study of Alice in the Eastern Cape. Consultant

Report.Anonymous East London: 1997.


Keywords : EASTERN CAPE; LEGISLATION; LAND TENURE; CISKEI; INSTITUTIONAL

ASPECTS; POLICY; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; LAND REFORM

Notes : The purpose of the study was to unravel the land tenure issues to create

some equity of tenure right across the municipality and to address the

administrative issues so that the local municipality can coherently govern its

area of jurisdiction into the next century. The consultant got most of the

information from literature review and through informal discussions with people

in the study areas. The findings reveal that in the township areas, the

National Minister of Land Affairs and Agriculture is the nominal owner of the

land and was responsible for the administration of these areas. Much of the

legislation has been delegated to the province to the effect administration. The

mechanics of it are, however, still largely unresolved. The local municipality

would like to administer the entire area within its boundary but is currently

hestitating in doing so due to legal, administrative, financial and technical

hurdles. The author suggested that there is a need to take a fresh look at

legal and institutional procedures, as it seems unhelpful to keep amending

sections of old apartheid laws in a piecemeal way. There has to be a mechanism

to integrate land development, land administration and tenure upgrading. This

report is obtainable from the Border Rural Committee Resource Centre, East

London. See also ID ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 159

77. Acocks, J.P.H. The Veld Types of South Africa. Memoirs of the Botanical

Survery of South Africa 8:1-128, 1953.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : BOTANICAL SURVEY; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; VEGETATION CHANGE; MAPS

Abstract : Earlier vegetation maps of the Union, those of Pole Evans (1935),

Adamson (1938) and Pentz (1949), are the broadest lines, recognizing only 19, 14

and 21 vegetation types respectively. In 1945 the present survey was initiated

and, for general utility, it was decided to drwa the vegetation boundaries on

the existing 1:1,500,000 Postal Communications Map. It has to be admitted that

the basic map contains certain inaccuracies, particularly as regards the

positions of country post offices. Thus in using the Veld Type Map, this must

be borne in mind in cases where a post office appears to be situation in the

wrong veld type. The western half of the Union is mapped in less detail than

the eastern half; so is the north-western Transvaal and Basutoland. The north-

western Transvaal was mapped by Irvine (1941), accompanied in the later stages

by the present writer, and Irvine's map has been taken over with minor

modifications. The collation of field-notes and other available information is

not yet complete, nor has it been possible to study all the relevant literature.

This account, therefore, is a preliminary description of the map, and is an

outline of the botanical and related agro-ecological problems and theories which

it is hoped to discuss in detail at a later date.

Ref ID : 3

78. Acocks, J.P.H. Karoo vegetation in relation to the development of deserts.

In: Ecological studies in Southern Africa. edited by Davis, D.H.S.The

Hague:Junk, 1964,p. 100-112.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; KAROO DESERTIFICATION; NAMA KAROO;

SUCCULENT KAROO; GRASSLAND; VEGETATION CHANGE; RAINFALL; CONSERVATION; RUNOFF;

LEGISLATION

Abstract : Throughout the ges herdsmen have preferred short grass pastures to a

tall flowering sward. One of the reasons for this stems from the idea that tall

grass is less palatable than short grass. Although this may be true in the

cooler high rainfall regions, known as sour veld, it does not necessarily hold

true for the warmer regions which receive a lower rainfall. The manner in which

the natural vegetation has been kept short is by continuous close grazing. This

is one of the most destructive practices in the more arid sweet veld areas.

Considering the deterioration which has occurred in South Africa in a

comparatively short period of time, it is tempting to lay the blame for the vast

wastelands in North Africa and Arabia at the doorstep of poor management of the

natural vegetation. It is to be hoped, however, that in South Africa both

farmers and scientists are interested and willing enough to take steps to save

the arid and semi-arid regions from becoming wastelands. And example of this

awakened interest is seen in the recent conservation of the Swartberg Range in

the Cape. Some years ago the veld on the Swartberg was burnt in order to

facilitate rapid runoff of rain so that the dams in the Little Karoo could be

filled. Today, however, such burning of the mountains is controlled by

legislation.

Ref ID : 2234

79. Acocks, J.P.H. Non-selective grazing as a means of veld reclamation.

Proceedings of the Grassland Society of southern Africa 1:33-39, 1966.


Ref ID : 158

80. Acocks, J.P.H. Riverine vegetation of the semi-arid and arid regions of

South Africa. Journal of the South African Biological Society 17:21-35, 1976.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : BOTANICAL SURVEY; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; KAROO DESERTIFICATION;

NAMA KAROO; SUCCULENT KAROO; VEGETATION CHANGE

Abstract : The former presence of the hippopotamus in the rivers of the

temperate semi-arid to arid western half of the Republic of South Africa

suggests that these reivers were not as they are now. The fact that an animal

could survive, whose daily intake of vegetation is to be measured by the

hundredweight, surely requires that what little is known of the surviving

remnants of the riverine vegetation should be collated in an attempt to

determine how this was possible.

Ref ID : 236

81. Acocks, J.P.H. The flora that matched the fauna. Bothalia 12(4):673-709,

1979.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : BOTANICAL SURVEY; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; KAROO DESERTIFICATION;

NAMA KAROO; SUCCULENT KAROO; VEGETATION CHANGE

Abstract : An attempt is made to reconstruct the vegetation of the plains,

plateaux, mountains and rivers of the semi-arid to arid western half of the

Republic of South Africa as it was before it came under the influence of any

type of man other than the Bushman and the Hottentot. Species of plants that

were likely to have been important are listed, even if they are rare today.

Particular attention is paid to the riverine vegetation. Features of the

vegetation and topography that might have influenced the fauna are noted.

Ref ID : 12

82. Adams, N.J. and Kerley, G.I.H. Domestic and indigenous herbivores: their

water use efficiencies and rangeland impacts. A hypothesis to address rangeland

degradation. Proceedings of the Second Valley Bushveld Symposium. Grassland

Society of Southern Africa Special Publication :52, 1996.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY; GRAZING EFFECTS; DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; SAVANNA

Abstract : Although the description and assessment of the impacts of domestic

and wild ungulate foraging has received some research attention, mechanisms

underlying different impacts, apart from noting differences in densities and

effective availability of favoured plants, have been little studied. It is

hypothesised that the greater water demands of domestic ungulates restricts

their foraging area and food choice options compared to wild ungulates, and

consequently they have a high potential for detrimentally impacting on

vegetation even at low densities. It is thus proposed to measure the water

budgets of selected livestock and wild ungulate species in natural rangelands.

Habitat use and food selectivity will be evaluated simultaneously using direct

feeding observations coupled with radiotelemetry. Recommendations will be made

with regard to stocking densities and provision of artificial water sources in

order that Valley Bushveld may be utilized in a more sustainable fashion with

these species.

Ref ID : 1205

83. Adie, H.R. Vegetation and ant dynamics in the southern Karoo.University of

Natal, Pietermaritzburg. , 1997. The aim of this thesis was to describe the

structure and dynamics of ant and plant communities in the southern Karoo and to

assess mechanisms of species coexistence in ant and plant communities. The role

of species interactions in structuring natural communities was emphasised.

Diversity indices were used to determine the importance of habitat in

maintaining ant species diversity. Ant species diversity was not predicted by

measurements of plant species diversity or vegetation structural diversity. Ant

species richness was correlated with vegetation structural diversity but not

with plant species diversity. Ant species appeared to respond to aspects of

vegetation height. Although vegetation complexity influences ant species

richness, competitive effects, particularly of dominant ant species, appear to

suppress sub-ordinate ant species influencing measures of richness and

diversity. Aggressive dominant ant species determine the distribution and

abundance of sub-ordinate ant species. Interference competition for space was

prevalent between dominant ant species and competitive success was a function of

vegetation. It was not clear whether ants respond directly to physical

conditions created by vegetation which then influences foraging activity or,

alternatively, whether ants respond to productivity gradients which are affected

by vegetation. Understanding vegetation dynamics is critical to interpreting

patterns of ant species distribution and abundance. A patchy habitat disrupts

the competitive dominance of aggressive dominant species, removing the potential

towards habitat monopolisation, and therefore maintaining ant species diversity.

In the Portulacaria afra rangeland, Pheidole sp. 2 was superior in well-shaded

microhabitats but Messor capensis nested successfully under woody shrubs and

several ant species (Tetramorium peringueyi, T. quadrispinosum, Monomorium

alamarum, Ocymyrmex barbiger) persisted on bare nutrient-rich patches. Rangeland

dominated by grass would favour Pheidole sp. 2 at the expense of other ant

species which would be unable to establish successfully. There is no evidence

supporting the notion that ant communities are at equilibrium. Rather,

dominance hierarchies lead to the replacement of species over vegetation

gradients with the tendency towards the aggressive acquisition and

monopolisation of space. The coexistence of dominant ant species at study sites

in the southern Karoo was a combination of territorial strategy and colonisation

ability. In the P. afra rangeland most ant species escaped the severe

competitive effect of Pheidole sp. 2 by persisting as fugitives on bare areas of

local disturbance where Pheidole sp. 2 was less successful. At Tierberg,

competitively inferior ant species with a decentralised territorial system

coexisted with competitively superior ant species in an unstable equilibrium by

pre-empting newly available space through the lateral expansion of territories.

Competitively superior species, however, replace the inferior competitor (yet,

superior coloniser) in time. Plant succession in the Portulacaria afra

rangeland follows a deterministic pattern of cyclical replacement. No single

mechanism adequately explains the coexistence of all plant species in this

community. Nurse-plant effects were important for the establishment of P. afra

and later-successional trees below woody shrubs and P. afra respectively. Soil

moisture and nutrient levels below nurse plants were favourable for the

successful establishment of seedlings but nurse plants also disrupt the

inhibitory effect of grass on seedlings and young plants. Linked to the

facilitative process is the directed dispersal of seeds by biotic vectors. Seed

dispersal by ants and birds moves propagules away from the harsh competitive

environment of established adult plants (particularly grass) to safe

establishment sites below nurse plants. Complementary root systems of seedlings

and nurse plants may facilitate the establishment of young plants but ultimately

competition will reduce nurse plant vigour leading inevitably to the death of

the nurse plant. At least two plant species (Lycium cinereum and Psilocaulon

absimile) persist in the P. afra rangeland as fugitives on areas of local

disturbance. The relatively cool and moist environment below P. afra clumps

supports a variety of detritivorous taxa that enrich the soil. Once the P. afra

clump collapses and dies, bare nutrient rich patches that favour the

establishment of L. cinereum and P. absimile, ahead of the competitively

superior grass component, remain. However, the replacement of the fugitive

plant species by grass is inevitable as the soil nutrient levels decline. The

competitive superiority of grass controls the dynamics of the P. afra rangeland

system. Disruption of the inhibitory effect of grasses by elevated nutrient

levels (e.g. detritivore activity, ant nests) permits plant species to establish

that which it would otherwise be unable to in the absence of disturbance.

Degradation of the grass component by overgrazing at the P. aftra rangeland site

has the same effect as disturbance by soil-nutrient enrichment and results in an

increase in plant species diversity. All stages of the cyclical process would

be relatively uncommon in a grass dominated system because of the inability of

plants to establish successfully in grass. Strong feedback links exist between

the ant and plant communities studied. Habitat patchiness maintains ant species

diversity by disrupting dominance hierarchies. Ants maintain plant species

diversity by moving seeds out of competitively harsh microhabitats into safe

sites (often below nurse plants) for establishment. Soil nutrient enrichment

(ant nests and various detritivore taxa) create disturbances which also

facilitates plant establishment. Overgrazing by domestic stock causes the

replacement of palatable by unpalatable plant species. Unpalatable plant

species, released of suppressive effects, develop into a monospecific stand that

inhibits the further establishment of seedlings. Loss of habitat patchiness

results in habitat monopolisation by one (or two) dominant ant species. Habitat

degradation therefore severs the complex feedback links between the plant

community and the important invertebrate component (dispersal agents and

detrtitivores) which disrupts the dynamic processes driving the system.Doctor of

Philosophy.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : EASTERN CAPE; KAROO DESERTIFICATION; LAND DEGRADATION; PLANT-ANIMAL

INTERACTIONS; RESTORATION; SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; VELD

MANAGEMENT; SOIL NUTRIENTS

Ref ID : 268

84. Adler, E.D. Ons kwynende bodem. Ekos 3(1):2-27, 1981.


Keywords : SOIL EROSION; LAND DEGRADATION

Ref ID : 1249

85. Adler, E.D. Soil Conservation in South Africa, Pretoria:Department of

Agriculture and Water Supply, 1985.pp. 1-44.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL CONSERVATION; CONSERVATION; POPULATION; POLICY

Abstract : A concise and general review of the problems surrounding conservation

and care of a resource to which man's survival is inextricably linked. Twenty-

two years have elapsed since the appearance of J.C. Ross's well-known brochure

Soil Conservation in South Africa in which inter alia, the history of the Soil

Conservation Act was explained. During this period the agricultural scene

underwent changes that were no less dramatic than those of the preceding three

centuries. Many of these changes not only influenced the framer's ability to

produce, but also the resources which form the farmer's basic means of

production. To try and maintain a balance between utilisation and conservation

of the agricultural resources in the midst of exponential growth in population

numbers and consumer demand, the policy of optimum resource use was accepted by

this department in the seventies. This is a long-term strategy which has had

remarkable succcess in some respects. But in the conservation and care of the

natural resources, it became equally clear that these facets will demand

sustained and dedicated attention from all concerned with agriculture. The

matter of soil conservation has in the interim also become part and parcel of

man's greater awareness of his environment. There is already greater

sensitivity towards the conservation and care of both the resources that provide

man with food and fibre and the other natural endowments within which man finds

himself and which are so vital to the quality of his daily existence.

Ref ID : 1522

86. Agnew, C. Spatial aspects of drought in the Sahel. Journal of Arid

Environments 18:279-293, 1990.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : DROUGHT; RAINFALL; DESSICATION

Abstract : The incidence of drought in the Sahelian country of Niger is analysed

firstly through examination of annual rainfalls (meteorological drought) and

secondly by the determination of shortages of moisture leading to the failure of

millet, (Pennisetum typhoides), (agricultural drought). Meteorological and

agricultural drought appeared widespread and persistent during the 1970's in the

drier (less than 300 mm mean annual rainfall) regions where rainfalls appeared

to exhibit a trend towards increasing desiccation. In the wetter South (more

than 500 mm mean annual rainfall), meteorological drought was infrequent during

the 1970's, and there was little evidence for agricultural drought. Annual

rainfalls at some stations in this wetter regions showed no clear, recent

downward trend.

Ref ID : 2530

87. Ainslie, A. Managing natural resources in a rural settlement, Peddie

district.Rhodes University, Grahamstown. , 1998.


Keywords : CISKEI; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; CONSERVATION; VELD MANAGEMENT

Notes : The objective of the research was to investigate how natural resources

were commonly managed by Gwabeni villager dwellers in the Peddie district. A

socio-anthropological method was used in gathering the data for the study. This

involves oral interviews and discussion. Several results or findings related to

the study have been presented in the document. This thesis is obtainable from

the Rhodes University library, Grahasmtown. See also ID ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 2513

88. Ainslie, A., Cinderby, S., Petse, T., Ntshona, Z., Bradley, P.N.,

Deshingkar, P., and Fakir, S. Rural livelihoods and local level natural resource

management in Peddie district. Technical Report: ISBN 9/887 14497.Anonymous ISBN

9/887 14497, 1997.


Keywords : POLICY; CISKEI; VELD MANAGEMENT; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; SOCIOECONOMIC

ASPECTS; LEGISLATION; INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS; GENDER ASPECTS

Notes : The research study had four objectives. They were : 1. to

systematically identify and analyse those factors which currently impact on the

use and management of natural resources at four levels, namely the household,

village, district and provincial levels; 2. to investigate the relationships

between environmental factors and a range of social variables which interact to

have an impact on the management of natural resources in a specific rural area;

3. to conduct research that can make a substantial contribution to the debate

around natural resource management (NRM) policy formulation at national and

provincial levels; and 4. to make recommendations to SIDA regading approaches

for appropriate and successful NRM/ development interventions in semi-arid areas

of rural South Africa. In achieving objectives 1,2, and 3, extensive use was

made of both standard social research techniques such as a thorough household

questionnaire survey, a collection of life histories and participatory rural

appraisal techniques. For the fourth objective, a key intervention was made to

commit project resources to building the institutional capacity of village and

district level administrative bodies through formal training courses and

workshops on research findings. Pilot - NRM development projects were initiated

in two of the sample villages. The findings of this study include the following:

1. the study revealed that a wide range of natural resources available on the

village commons is used by all rural households to varying degrees; 2. no formal

natural resource management regimes were found to be in place; and 3.

consideration was given to the role of rural women in the management of natural

resources. This report is obtainable from the Rhodes University, Grahamstown.

See also ID ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 2456

89. Ainslie, A., Fox, R., and Fabricius, C. Towards policies for feasible and

sustainable natural resource use: the mid Fish river zonal study, Eastern

Cape.Anonymous Grahamstown:ISER, Rhodes University. , 1994.


Keywords : POLICY; EASTERN CAPE; LAND DEGRADATION; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT;

DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; CISKEI; LAND REFORM; LAND USE

Notes : The original brief to the Zonal study team of ISER was to: a. research

current natural resource use patterns; b. analyse the causes of natural resource

degradation; and c. make recommendations which would assist policy makers in

drawing up a feasible natural resource use regimes for the future. The overall

goal of the study was to provide basic information that will guide and advise

the process of natural resources management policy formulation, particularly in

the light of the post apartheid widening of access to land and other resources.

In order to avoid a repetition of the widespread land degradation and

unsustainable land use regimes in the future, the current natural resource

management regimes base was also analysed. The Mid-Fish river Zonal study was

conducted by multi-disciplinary team of researchers and academics, co-ordinated

and managed by ISER. The study was divided into various components.

Contributors to the Zonal study were given specific briefs and allocated

components of the study to research, although the regular workshops on findings

made evident the presence of unavoidable overlaps. The specific research

methods used during data collection included desk study and the collation of

existing data, but with a strong emphasis on fieldwork. Questionnaire surveys

were conducted in households in eight village settlements and on more than 10

commercial farms. Participatory workshops, key informant interviews and group

discussions were conducted in the course of the data collection. Regular

workshops were held so that contributors to the study could exchange ideas and

information. This report is available from the ISER, Rhodes University,

Grahamstown. See also ID ref no. 2339.

Ref ID : 2441

90. Ainslie, A., Hintsa, M.D., Palmer, A.R., and Zondani, V. Describing the key

attributes of successful rangeland management systems in the semi-arid

rangelands of the Eastern Cape. Rehabilitation ecology: veld rehabilitation,

reclamation and revegetation of degraded land.Anonymous Grahamstown:ARC-Range

and Forage Institute. Contract 5: 5.3, 1999.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : EASTERN CAPE; COMMUNAL AREA; POPULATION; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT;

VELD MANAGEMENT; CISKEI; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES; AGRICULTURAL

EXTENSION

Notes : There is a general assumption that people in rural communal areas (in

the former homelands) are ecologically ignorant and cannot be relied upon to

manage their natural environment. Most studies in the past have highlighted the

degradation of rangelands in these areas and the overall deterioration of the

natural resource base. Of course, there are areas which are badly degraded due

to heavy human and livestock population pressure that are often linked to a

breakdown in local controls and resource management strategies. In constrast to

this scenario, however, there appear to be some areas, such as Cizele and Tutra,

where some formal management and control of both grazing lands and the

utilisation of communal resources persists. It is also enlightening to note the

extent to which local people are informed about their natural environment.

Although local people claim that there have never been any veld rehabilitation

schemes introduced from outside, the grazing resources are still in good

condition. Goqwana (1998) suggests that the above argument and the persistence

of a management regime are clear indications that grazing is in a stable

condition. What is encouraging is the absence of a formal resource management

policing structure, like grazing rangers that are encountered in other areas.

Local people, both on their own and (sometimes) in conjunction with traditional

authorities are actively managing their rangelands. Problems encountered in

these areas, however, include the continued demarcation of residential and

arable sites in grazing lands. The youth in these villages are less involved in

agricultural activities. The demarcation of sites in grazing veld, rather than

to look for alternative lands is a clear indication of this. If government,

especially DALA, does not intervene in the coming five to ten years, there will

be a steady decline in the availability of grazing lands, especially at Tutura.

The second area of concern in the area is DALA itself: its role in promoting

agricultural development remains unclear at present. Although there are

development assistants and extension officers, these people are only visible in

their offices in towns. Agricultural officers no longer reside in villages to

give advice and direction to rural farmers on a daily basis. Neither of the two

areas of study have extension officers based in the area on a continuous basis.

There are, of course, numerous other concerns that people in both areas have.

While the short period of study did not allow for some of these concerns to be

raised, others are clearly outside the ambit of this study and indeed, outside

the line function of agriculture more generally. While interesting insights

have been generated during the course of this study, the overall research

questions of why grazing is in good condition in these communal areas has only

really begun to be addressed and more detailed research is still required.

Ref ID : 2497

91. Ainslie, A., Kepe, T., Cinderby, S., and Petse, T. Rural livelihoods and

local level management of natural resources in the Peddie district.Anonymous ,

1996.


Keywords : POPULATION; EASTERN CAPE; CISKEI; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; ECONOMIC

ASPECTS; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS

Notes : The purpose of the study was to investigate the factors which currently

impact on the utilization and management of natural resources at four levels,

namely the regional, district, village and household level. Questionnaires and

participatory rural appraisal were used in the study. The study revealed that

the battle for basic survival in the rural Peddie continues. Dependency on the

outside sources, such as welfare grants and remittances from family members in

the cities, does not augur well for the development of a strong rural economy in

the near future. The population of these villages appears, however, to be

sedentary with under 8% of the tota

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