Agro-MAPSA global spatial database onsub national agricultural land-use statistics

Land use (LU)..human activities which are directly related to land, making use of its resources or having an impact on it ... FAO, 1995Socio-economic purpose of the activities (functional definition)Usually multiple purposesManipulation of natural ecosystems in order to obtain benefits Material benefits/ products (e.g. cereals, livestock)Immaterial benefits/ services (e.g. erosion prevention)Often some unwanted impacts!!

ManagementOutputsInputsWhat is the land used for?production vs. extractive process

Why we need LU informationLand resources are finite & usually scarce!Competition among various land uses (e.g. urban expansion into agricultural areas)Different land uses affect the natural equilibrium of ecosystems differently - dissimilar impacts on the sustainable flow of goods & servicesThus, knowledge of current LU (& land resources) is needed for formulating changes leading to sustainable use of the resources LU Key input for planning & policy formulationnational regional/global scales

Local development issues

ZambiaCited in NEAP: Land degradation Deforestation (Zambia 2.4%/yr FRA 2000)Air pollution & acid rain in mining areas Water pollution & inadequate sanitation Wildlife (game & fish) depletion

Most recent country wide LU information 1975Focus of ILUA (integrated land use assessment) initiativeSource: 2nd Zambian National report to UNCCD

Environmental conventionsThe Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar Convention), 1971Programs to conserve and use wisely all wetlands; 137 Parties;Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, CITES 1975To safeguard species from over exploitation; 164 parties; Appropriate wildlife management & trade policiesConvention on Biological Diversity, CBD 1992187 Parties; biodiversity conservationUN Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992Kyoto Protocol (joint implementation, CDM, emissions trading)UN Convention to Combat Desertification, UNCCD, 1994 Programs to reduce degradation of land in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas; 166 Parties;

LU information requirements

Status of available data - 1Regional/ global dataCrops FAOSTAT; IFPRIForests FAO (FRA) Water AQUASTAT, U. KasselCultivation intensity NASAEco systems USGSProtected areasUNEP-WCMCLand cover/use FAO(Africover); USGS; IFPRI; SAGE; LUCC; MA; GLC2000;Global Mapping; Shortcomings: limited coverage / number of classes; non-standard definitions; insufficient information on management aspects; insufficient detail; modelled data

Status of available data - 2Food security & povertyLand degradationClimate changePolicy formulation Land use planningInvestments in sustainable agriculture..Insufficient agricultural land use information needed to examine national, regional & global issuesTOPICAL ISSUES

Agricultural land useWhere?Location & spatial extentWhat?Objectives: Products, servicesHow?Management: inputs, technologiesWhy?eg. reasons (biophysical, socio-economic,.)When?Timing of operationsHow much?Quantities: areas, products, ..Major characteristics of agricultural land use Versus Land cover... the observed (bio)physical cover on the earths surface (LCCS, 2000)

Agro-MAPS database contentsWhere?Location & spatial extentWhat?Objectives: Products, servicesHow much?Quantities: areas, products, ..Statistics aggregated by sub-national administrative districts. crop production area harvestedcrop yields Major contents of the Agro-MAPS database

Contributors to Agro-MAPSGlobal data base; subnational; geo-referenced; Pooled contributions (FAO, IFPRI, SAGE, CIAT, ..) Map source: CGIARIFPRISAGE

Compilation - tabular statisticsbarleyMissing; not available; zero; validation vs FAOSTATBoundary file codes; SALBSpelling; name changes redistrictingarea harvestedproductionData from diverse sources; IPR issuesHarmonization; accuracy!!FAO codes

Compilation of boundariesFAOIFPRIDifferences in 2nd level boundaries from different secondary sourcesBoundary disputesCoding schemeMALAWI

Matching statistics to boundariesChallenge: Find the right map!

Subnational vs national statisticsFAOSTATAgro-MAPSCrop distribution Maize Statistics aggregated by 57 CountriesStatistics aggregated by 5690 Administrative units

Status of Agro-MAPSCountries for which data are contained in Agro-MAPS

Agro-MAPS ExplorerSearch & output parameters Admin1; maize; production Most recent data; shapefile A tool for browsing the Agro-MAPS database

On-line query & data accessCD-ROM publication: all regions - end 2004Interactive query & display of mapsDownload data

Applications of Agro-MAPS dataFood security & povertyLand degradationClimate changePolicy formulation Land use planningInvestments in sustainable agriculture..Potential for expansion of agricultural areasratio of cultivated to cultivable landPotential for intensificationRatio of harvested to cropland areasRatio of cultivated land to fallow land agricultural land under irrigationSustainability arable and permanent cropland area (the cropland area used for food production) (UNCSD indicator)Indicator analysis (e.g. monitoring progress - MDG Goals)Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty & hungerGoal 7: Ensure environmental sustainabilityTOPICAL ISSUESSELECTED INDICATORS from Agro-MAPS

Land degradation assessmentMacro-economic policies Growth in population, income Land use Land tenure Poverty Natural disastersPoverty & migration Reduction in products & servicesCarbon sequestrationWater quality; biodiversityHabitat destructionRising demandsAgriculture sector: products / inputs - over grazing - nutrient miningWaste disposalMacro-economic policies Land tenure policies Conservation/ rehabilitation Early warning systems InvestmentsAgro-MAPS dataEcosystem ApproachRelationships: DPSIR Decision making toolLADA project

Indicators: pressurePercentage of agricultural land under exploitation% of agricultural land used for crops (annual/ permanent)Agricultural area per crop (cereal, oil crops, forage, woodlands)Number of hectares of agricultural land per farmer; arable land per capitaSize of agricultural land under irrigationRatio of cultivated to cultivable landRatio of cultivated land to fallow landIncrease in cropping intensity (harvested areas/total cropland)Agricultural area (intensely farmed, semi-intensely farmed, and uncultivated)Increase in percentage irrigated area to cropland areaPercentage of cultivation on open access land, common property and private property Land use (e.g. cultivated areas) in areas of high erosion potential

Indicators: StateRatio between actual and estimated crop yieldsLand productivity adjusted for input use.Net nutrient extraction in cropland, pastures, and forestsNumber of crops under cultivation (>100ha) (bio-diversity)Number of rare/minor crops under cultivation (>100ha) (biodiversity)Area of each crop (biodiversity)Number of cultivars per crop (biodiversity)Area of each cultivar in a given year or period (biodiversity)Crops (livestock) grown as a percentage of number 30 years beforehandNumber of key crop varieties (domestic, non-domestic)Value of Production (VoP) per hectare of cropland

Indicators - ResponseDecentralized local-level NRM involving key stakeholdersEnvironmental impact statement requirementGovernment spending in rural infrastructure (e.g. wells)Subsidies to agricultural productionNGOs programs and actions plansNumber of land titles givenIncreased access to non-traditional sources of energyPercentage of protected areas of different ecosystemsPercentage of rural population having access to extension servicesFarmers served by soil conservation programsUse of techniques for soil improvement/ conservationChanges in input use/ management practices (fertiliser, irrigation, genetic improvements, conservation agriculture,..); Increase in access to credit for switching to better management practicesEnvironmental protection expenditures

Zones at risk to degradationComparison:Soil suitability - Results of agro-ecologic studiesAgro-MAPS data on actual land useGAEZ Cultivation potential for rain-fed grain maize production (intermediate input level)Agro-MAPSAmliorer: Rpartition selon les zones des cultures au lieu des units administratives

Characterization -Farming systems8. Cereal-rootAgro-MAPS: major crop combinations Appropriate investment strategy?Expansion; intensification; Off-farm income; abandon agricultureFarming systems & poverty study, 2001

Future plans - Agro-MAPS

Publish data: CD & web Database improvement & Development of applications in partnership with other institutionstime series dataimproved spatial allocation (RS input)......http://www.fao.org/landandwater/agll/agromaps/interactive/index.jspLand and Plant Nutrition Management Service, AGLLLand and Water Development DivisionFAO

Land classificationUsed as a guide for collecting selected information on land relevant for decision makingpolicy formulation; environmental monitoring (e. land degradation); ..... Systematic arrangement ; grouping by similar characteristicsland cover (bio-physical cover) (LCCS-FAO)land use (purpose: goods & services, inputs, management)Class definitiona priori (before data collection)standardized classes; rigida posteriori (cluster after data collection)could yield non-standardized classes; flexiblehierarchic vs. non hierarchic (different scales!)Characterization vs. classification

Land cover map using LCCS ... the observed (bio)physical cover on the earths surface (LCCS, 2000)

FAO - LC classification system + more classifiers & optional Attributesincreasing worldwide adoption of LCCS as standardpossible to relate LCCS & UNSD classes (NB. forest thresholds differ 15 vs. 10%)

FAO Land cover classification system IIVEGETATEDTerrestrial - A1Aquatic/reg. flooded land - A2cultivated A11(semi)natural A12cultivated A23(semi)natural A24Environmental attributesTechnical (discipline) attributesClassifiers

LCCS: Classifiers & attributes A11CODE: A11 A1 B2 C1 D1A. Life formB. Spatial AspectsC. Crop combinationD. Cultural practicesL. Land formM/N. Lithology /SoilsO. ClimateP. AltitudeQ. ErosionW. Crop Cover/ densityS. Crop typetrees, shrubs, herbaceous,.large, medium, small sized fieldscontinuous, scattered (clustered, isolated)single, multiple croprainfed, post flooding, irrigated,.shifting cultivation, fallow, permanentfood/ non-food cropslevel, sloping, steep land; composite landformsigneous, sedimentary, metamorphicbare rock, soil, loose sands, hard pans; soil grouptropics, sub-tropics, temperate, ... .; LGP5000 metres,.erosion visible, not visible.permanent (trees, shrubs); temporary (herbaceous)treessmall-sizedsingle croprainfed

Additional attributesNot adequately covered in LCCSpest/disease/ weed managementcontrolled environment management (i.e use not related to inherent land suitability)use of fertilizer, or other soil amendmentsterrain or slope modificationsabove and below ground biomass managementdrainage managementsoil conservation/ cover protectionwater treatment/ use management

Environmental conventions - 1

Why we need LU information

Harmonizing definitionsPredominantlyforestry land useHigh tree presenceOption zone, KPThreshold FRAThreshold FRANo treesLAND USEPredominant land use other than forestry FRA: ForestUNFCCC/KP: ForestFRA: Trees outside forestsUNFCCC/KP: ForestFRA: Trees outside forestsUNFCCC/KP: non-forestFRA: ForestUNFCCC/KP: optional forestFRA: Other wooded landUNFCCC/KP: non-forestFRA: Other land without treesUNFCCC/KP: non-forestFRA: Trees outside forestsUNFCCC/KP: optional forestLAND COVER

Linkages to other statisticsFRA 2005 definition (=UNSD)Other wooded land: land under forestry or no land use, spanning more than 0.5 ha; with trees > 5m & a canopy cover of 5-10%, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ; or with a combined cover of shrubs, bushes & trees over 10%5%10%5 metersHeight of treesCanopy cover0

Linkages to other statisticsFRA 2005 definition (= UNSD)Forest: land under forestry or no land use, spanning more than 0.5 ha; with trees > 5m & a canopy cover of > 10%, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situincludes areas under reforestation; temporarily unstocked areas that are able to regenerateincludes firebreaks, windbreaks, tree corridors with area > 0.5ha & width > 20mexcludes tree stands used in agricultural production systems (e.g. fruit plantations, agroforestry systems,..)canopy cover: % of ground area that is directly covered by tree crowns

Attributes: agricultural land use

BenefitsMaterial productsFood; freshwater; fibre; bio-chemicals, genetic resourcesRegulating servicesClimate regulation, disease control, flood control, detoxification, ..Cultural servicesSpiritual, recreational, aesthetic, inspirational; educational, communal, symbolic,..