air compresed engine
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HISTROY
Angelo Di Pietro (1950, Avellino, Italy) is an engine designer who
+developed the Di Petrol Motor air engine. He qualified as congegniatore mechanics
in Avellino and moved to Stuttgart to work on the winkle rotary engine at the
Mercedes Benz research laboratory 1969 and 1970.in 1971 he migrate to Australia
where he established a construction engineering company.
From his early experience with winkle rotary engines, Angelo became
interested in developing a more efficient engine than the traditional reciprocating
internal combustion engine, and he has worked on various alternative concepts
intermittently over the last 30 years. In 1999 he made a major design breakthrough
with a winkle rotary motor which runs on compressed air. Di Pietro claims that his
engine is 100% more efficient than competitors’ product and that the reduction in
friction will allow the engine to turn with a pressure of 1 phi.
Angelo Di Pateros targeted locations in which automotive vehicles are
required but cause immense health hazards such as product markets and warehouse.
Angelo Di Pateros was determined to find an alternative that was both
environmentally conscious, comparable in desired power, and inexpensive.
Angelo Di Petrol Director of R & D said: “There is no other motor is
as good as ours, years of research and analyzing other motors around the world gave
me the confidence and obligation to say so. Obligation is the sense that people have
been weighting for ages in relation to efficiency in order to take care of our
environmental situation.100% more efficiency that our competitor is a very serious
claim and should not be confused with some kind of publicity stunt here the interest is
purely to try and make money out of some ridiculous claim. The concept has the
capability to change the method we use for transporting, apart from the benefits of
energy saving in stationary applications.
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1. We have verification of its performance.
2. We have patents issued.
3. It has outstanding efficiency.
4. It has constant high torque.
5. It has low parts counts.6. It has low number of moving parts.
7. It has compact and light.
8. It has virtually no frication.
9. It has virtually no vibration.
10. It has smooth seed control characteristics.
11. Only 1psi of pressure is needed to overcome the frication.
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CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION OF THE PROJECT
A PROJECT IS NOT A PHYSICAL OBJECTIVE NOR IS THE ENDRESULT.
It has something to do with a definite mission generate
activities involving a verity of human resources all directed towards
the fulfillment of the mission end stop once the mission fulfilled.
1.1 MEANING OF PROJECT:
P: Potentials
R: Rate of return/risk
O: Opportunities
J: Judgment on
E: Expectation
C: Cost components
T: Time factor
1.2 OBJECTIVES:
Nowadays more stress lay on engineers to become
entrepreneurs hence the study of project planning has become very
important & for this reason most of the institute have introduces the
project work in their syllabus. The project has following objectives:
1. The project work enables the students to work in group.
2. It enables the students to use their technical knowledge in
practical situation.
3. One can develop ability to plan to work & take appropriate
division.
4. It develops confidence & creative thinking.
5. It helps to arrive at creative solution of a problem.
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6. Students can understand their strength & weakness.
1.3 AIMS OF THE PROJECT WORK
1. To develops planning & decision making skill.
2. To integrate & rain force skills required the students in separate subject.
3. To provide interdisciplinary studies of the subject.
4. To develop higher level of skills for solution of the project.
5. To develop ability to work in team positively.
1.4 ENGINE:
The distinctive feature of our civilization today, one that makes if different
from all other, is the wide use of mechanical power at one time, the primary source of
power for the work of peace or war was chiefly man’s muscles. Later, animal were
trained to help and afterward the wind and the running stream were hardness. But the
great step was taken in this direction when man learned the art of energy conversion
from one form to another.
The machine which does this job energy conversion is called an engine. Anengine is devices which transform one form of energy into another form of energy.
However, while transforming energy from one form to another, efficiency of
conversion plays an important role.
1.5 CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINE:
1.5.1 Non- Combustion Engine:
In these type of engine not combustion of any fuel these types of engine is
known as no emissive engine or non-combustion engine
1. Air compressed engine.
2. Pneumatic engine.
1.5.2 External Combustion Engine:
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In this case, combustion of fuel takes place outside the cylinder as in case of
steam engines where the heat of combustion is employed to generate steam which is
used to move a piston in a cylinder.
Other examples of external combustion engines are hot air engines, steam
turbine and closed cycle gas turbine. These engine are generally used for driving
locomotives, ships, generation of electric power etc.
1. Steam turbine
2. Steam engine
1.5.3 Internal Combustion Engine:
In these case, combustion of the fuel with air occurs within the cylinder if
the engine. The internal combustion engines group includes engines employing
mixtures of combustible gases air, known as gas engines, those lighter liquid fuel or
sprit known as petrol engines and those using heavier liquid fuel, known as oil
compression ignition or diesel engines.
1. S.I.(Spark Ignition) Engine
2. C.I.(Compression Ignition) Engine
S.I. and C.I. engine have classified in the 4-stroke and 2-stroke.
A. 4-stroke
In 4-stroke engine, the cycle of operation is completed in four stroke of
piston or two revolution of the crankshaft, during the four strokes, there are five
events are completed viz. suction, compression, combustion, expansion, exhaust.
Each stroke consists of 180 of crankshaft rotation and hence a 4-stroke cycle is
completed through 720º of crank rotation.
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Table 1.1 Configurations of 4-stroke engine.
Inlet stroke
• Inlet valve
remains
open
• Exhaust
valve remainclosed
• Mixture of
fuel and air
is inlet in
cylinder
• Piston
movement
T.D.C. to
B.D.C.
• The piston is
now made
one stroke
and
crankshaft
180 ºof
rotation
Compression
Stroke
• During this stroke
inlet and exhaust
valve both remain
closed.
• Piston moves B.D.C.
to T.D.C.
• Fuel and air mixture
is compressed up to
its clearance volume.
• Temperature and
pressure both are
raised
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Power
Stroke
• Inlet and
outlet valve
remain
closed.
• Mixture
burn and
transfer
from hot
gases.
• High
pressure
and
temperature
gases push
down the
piston to
create
motive
power.
• Piston
moves
T.D.C. to
B.D.C
Exhaust
Stroke
• Inlet valve remain
closed and exhaust
valve is open.
• The piston move
from B.D.C. to
T.D.C.
• During this motion,
the piston pushes
out the burnt gases
from the cylinder.
• The exhaust valve
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closes at the end of
stroke and part of
burnt gases called
residual gases
remain in the
clearance volume.
B. 2-stroke
In 2-stroke engine the cycle of operation is completed in two stroke of the
piston or the revolution of the crankshaft. Such stroke consists of 180degree of
crankshaft rotation and hence a two stroke cycle is completed through 360degree of
crank rotation. In this type of engine low efficiency compared to 4-stroke engine. As
already mentioned, if the two unproductive stroke the suction and exhaust could be
served by an alternative arrangement.
Figure.1.2 four stroke engine
This system manages to pack one power stroke into every two stroke of the
piston (up-down).this is achieved by exhausting and recharging the cylinder
simultaneously.
The steps involved here are;
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1. Intact and exhaust occur at bottom dead center. Some form of pressure is
need, ether crankcase compression or super charging.
2. Compression stroke: fuel air mix compressed and ignited. In case of diesel:
air.
3. Compressed power piston is pushed downwards by the hot exhaust gases.
Spark ignition twos stroke are small and light for their power output and
mechanically very simple; however, they are also generally less efficient and more
polluting than their four stroke counterparts. In terms of power per cubic centimeter, a
single cylinder small motor application like a two stroke engine produces much more
power than an equivalent four stroke engine due to the enormous advantages of
having one power stroke for every 360º of crank shafts rotation (compared to 720º in
a four stroke motor).
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CHAPTER – 2WORKING
Air compressed engine mainly working in two parts. Inlet Stroke and Power
Stroke, Exhaust Stroke
2.1 Inlet and Power Stroke:
In two stroke engines cycle operation is completed in two stroke of the piston
or one revolution of the crankshaft. In this engine inlet and power stroke both are in
one stroke. It will start with inlet and power stroke inlet valve remain open and
exhaust valve remain closed. This stage of piston and plunger as shown in fig.2.1. In
this position piston move T.D.C. to B.D.C. and plunger position is uncovered inlet
valve. Compressed air passes through inside the cylinder. Compressed air is push the
piston in downward direction and piston move T.D.C.to B.D.C high pressure air push
down the piston to create motive power. In this position the plunger 140 degrees
dwell period. Piston move down and energy transfer piston to crankshaft.
Figure.2.1 Inlet and Power Stroke
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In this stage plunger also be downward direction 80% complete this stroke
and inlet valve is closed or covered inlet valve by plunger. During this stroke that the
expanding compressed air creates a shock wave which we receive hear as a slow
sound noise. In this stroke at last piston is B.D.C. inlet and power stroke is
completed. Completed the first stroke crankshaft 180º of rotation completed.
2.2 Exhaust Stroke:
At the end of the power stroke it will start exhaust stroke when the piston is at
the bottom dead center. The piston move from D.B.C.to T.D.C. and during this
motion. Inlet valve is closed or inlet valve covered by plunger. Exhaust valve is
remaining open but the plunger also at the B.D.C. this position of plunger 140º
revolution of dwell period in B.D.C. This position piston moves upward direction
during this motion of the piston push out the air from cylinder. The pressure air falls
to atmospheric level. After 140º revolution of plunger move upward direction and
exhaust valve also closed or covered by plunger.
Figure.2.2 Exhaust Stroke
The exhaust valve closed at the end of the stroke and part of air is called
residual air remain the clearance space. Now this stroke is completed. End of this
stroke piston position as top dead center. End of this stroke crankshaft 180º revolution
completed after exhaust stroke position of piston and plunger starting the first stroke
and this stage one cycle of engine is completed.
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Two stroke fuel engine every stroke is power stroke but air compressed
engine only one stroke is power stroke. To complete one cycle 360º revolution
completed in crank shaft or one revolution completed. In this engine zero percentage
pollution will produce.
2.1.1 ADVANTAGES:
1. Refueling can be done at home using an air compressor or service station.
The energy required compressing air is produced at large centralized plant,
making it less costly and more effective to manage carbon emission than
from individual vehicles.
2. Compressed air engine reduce the cost of vehicle production, because
there is no need to build a cooling system, spark plugs, starter motor or
mufflers.
3. Expansion of the compressed air lower it s temperature; this may be
exploited for use as air conditioning.
4. Some mechanical configuration may allow energy recovery during
braking by compressing and storing air.
5. Zero percentage pollution produce.
2.1.2 DISADVANTAGES:
1. When air expands in the engine it cools dramatically and must be heated
to ambient temperature using a heat exchanger. The heating is necessary
in order to obtain a significant fraction of theoretical energy output. The
heating necessary in order to obtain a significant fraction of the theoretical
energy output. The heat exchanger can be problematic; while it performs a
similar task to an intercooler for a internal combustion engine, the
temperature between the incoming air and the working gas is smaller. in
heating the stored air ,the device gets very cold and may ice up in cool,
moist climates.
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2. Conversely, where air is compressed to fill the tank it heated up: as the
stored air cools, its pressure decrease and available energy decrease. it is
difficult to cool the tank efficiently while charging and thus it would either
take a long time to fill the tank, or less energy is stored.
CHAPTER – 3
PARTS DETAIL
3.1 PISTON
A piston is fitted to each cylinder as a face to receive air pressure and transmit
the thrust to the connecting rod.
Figure 3.1 Piston
Material EN-8D (ms)A piston is a component of reciprocating engines, pumps and gas compressor.
Located in a cylinder is made gas tight by piston rings. In a engine, it purpose is to
transfer force from expanding gas in the cylinder to the crankshaft via a piston rod
and/or connecting rod. In a pump, the function is received and force is transmitted
from the crank shaft to the piston for the purpose of compressing or ejective the fluid
in the cylinder. In some engine, the piston also acts as a valve by covering and
uncovering ports in the cylinder walls.
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3.2 CYLINDER BLOCK
The cylinder block is the main supporting structure for the various
components the cylinder of a malty cylinder engine is cast as a single unit, called
cylinder block. The cylinder head is mountain on the cylinder block. The cylinder
head and cylinder block are provided with water jacket in the case of water cooling or
with cooling fins in the case of air cooling. Cylinder head gas kit is incorporated
between the cylinder block and cylinder head.
Figure 3.2 Cylinder Block
Material =IS- 2062 Gr-B (ms)
The cylinder head is tight to the cylinder block by number of bolts or studs.
The bottom portion of the cylinder block is called crankcase. A cover called
crankcase which becomes a sump surface of the cylinder block which is machined
and finished accurately to cylinder shape is called bore or face.
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3.3 FLYWHEEL
A flywheel is a mechanical device with a significant moment of inertia used
as a storage device for rotational energy. Flywheels resist changes in their rotational
speed, which helps steady the rotation of the shaft when a fluctuating torque is
exerted on it by its power source such as that caused by a piston-based (reciprocating)
engine, or when an intermittent load, such as the motion of a piston pump, is placed
on it. Flywheels can be used to produce very high power pulses for experiments,
wheredrawing the power from the public network would produce unacceptable
spikes. A small motor can accelerate the flywheel between the pulses. Recently,
flywheels have become the subject of extensive research as power storage devices for
uses in vehicles and power plants.
Figure 3.3 Flywheel
MATERIAL IS- 2062 Gr-B
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The main function of a fly wheel is to smoothen out variations in the speed of
a shaft caused by torque fluctuations. If the source of the driving torque or load
torque is fluctuating in nature, then a flywheel is usually called for. Many machines
have load patterns that cause the torque time function to vary over the cycle. Internal
combustion engines with one or two cylinders are a typical example. Piston
compressors, punch presses, rock crushers etc. are the other systems that have fly
wheel. Flywheel absorbs mechanical energy by increasing its angular velocity and
delivers the stored energy by decreasing its velocity
3.4 CONNECTING ROD
The connecting road is the intermediate member between the piston and the
crankshaft. Its primary function is to transmit the push and pull from the piston pin to
the crank pin and thus convert the reciprocating motion of the piston in to the rotary
motion of the crank. The usual form of the connecting road in internal combustion
engines as shown in fig it consist of long shank, a small end and a big end.
Figure 3.4 Connecting Rod
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MATERIAL EN-3A/C-20
3.4.1 FORCE ACTING ON THE CONNECTING ROD
The various forces acting on the connecting rod are as follows.
1. Force on the piston due to gas presser and inertia of the
reciprocating parts.
2. Force due to inertia of the connecting rod or inertia bending forces.
3. Force due to friction of the piston ring and of the piston, and
4. Force due to friction of the piston pin bearing and crankpin bearing
We shall now drive the expression for the force acting on a vertical
engine.
3.5 CRANK
Crank in mechanical engineering, a bend portion of axle or shaft, or an arm
keyed at right angle to the end of the shaft, by which motion is imparted to or receive
from it.
Figure 3.5 CRANK
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MATERIAL EN-3A/C-20
3.6 CAM
These are made as integral part of the crankshaft and are designed in such away to open the valves at the correct timing to keep them open for the necessary
duration.
Figure 3.6 Cam
MATERIAL EN-3A/C-20
3.6 CRANK SHAFTAs the pistons collectively might be regarded as the heart of the engine , so
the crank shaft may be considered is backbone. The crankshaft is the part of the
engine that transforms the reciprocating motion of the piston to rotary motion.
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Figure 3.6 Crank Shaft
1. Each hole is located and drilled.
2. Each surface is rough machined.
3. The crankshaft, with the exception of the bearing journals, is plated with
alight coating of copper.
4. The bearing journals are case –hardened.
5. The bearing journals are ground to size.
6. Threads are cut in to necessary bolt holes.
3.7 PLUNGER
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Figure 3.7 Plunger
4.1.6 SUMMRY:
TABLE 4.1 DIMENSIONS OF PARTS
SR
NO.
PARTS DIAMETER
(mm)
LENGTH
(mm)
WIDTH
(mm)
THICKNESS
(mm)1 Piston 21 40 - -
2 Cylinder 21 75 50 40
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3 Plunger 11 100 - -4 Flywheel 1008 - - 145 Shaft 8 80 - -6 Connecting
Rod2010 105 - 5
7 Crank 44 - - 68 Cam rod 2610 100 - 5
9 Cam 1008 - - 6
CHAPTER-5
MATERIALSELECTION
5.1 SELECTION OF MATERIALS:
The selection of a proper material, for engineering purpose, is one of the
most difficult problems for the designer. The best material is one which serve the
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decide objective at the minimum cost. The following factors should be considered
while, select the material:
(a) Availability of the materials,
(b) Suitability of the material for the working condition in service, and
(c) The costs of the materials.
The important properties, which find the utility of the material, are
physical, chemical and mechanical properties.
5.2 FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS METALS:
When attempting a project based on resistant materials you must consider
metals as part of your research. A vast range of metals of exits and they fit in two
categories, “ferrous” and “non-ferrous” metals. These metals can be used to build
and manufacture an equally large range of items. Study the properties of the
materials below, you may find that they are useful for your project. You may
need to investigate metal further.
The ferrous metals are those which have the iron as their main constituent,
such as cast iron, iron and steel.
The non-ferrous metals are those which have a metal other than iron as
their main constituent, such as copper, aluminum, brass, tin, zinc etc.
The mechanical properties of the metals are those which are associated
with the ability of the materials to resists mechanical forces and load. These
mechanical properties of the metal include strength, stuffiness, elasticity,
plasticity, ductility, toughness, creep and hardness.
5.3 PART LIST:
TABLE 5.1 PARTS LISTS
SR NO. PART NAME MATERIAL1 Piston Ms
2 Cylinder Block Ms
3 Plunger Ms
4 Connecting Rod Ms
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5 Crank Ms
6 Cam Rod Ms
7 Cam Ms
8 Shaft Ms
9 Flywheel Ms
10 Stand Iron
5.4 PROPERTIES OF FERROUS METALS:
TABLE 5.2 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION LISTS
GRADE EN-8D EN-3A/C-20 IS- 2062 Gr-B IS- 2062 Gr-B
COMPOSITION PISTON CONECTING ROD CYLINDER FLYWHEELFe 98.23 98.84 97.63 98.06C 0.41 0.16 0.06 0.08
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Si 0.24 0.20 0.19 0.22Mn 0.73 0.67 1.53 1.49P 0.031 0.028 0.019 0.016S 0.028 0.022 0.005 0.004Cr 0.03 < 0.01 0.10 0.020Mo < 0.010 < 0.010 0.176 < 0.010 Ni 0.06 0.01 0.13 0.02Al 0.008 0.032 0.024 0.030Co 0.009 0.004 0.007 0.006Cu 0.183 < 0.001 0.003 < 0.001
Nb < 0.003 < 0.003 0.038 0.014Ti 0.002 0.002 0.015 0.004V <0.001 < 0.001 0.030 < 0.001W 0.019 0.023 0.029 0.025Sn 0.011 0.002 0.002 0.005B < 0.0002 < 0.0002 0.0003 0.0005Zr < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001
CHAPTER –7
ANALYSIS
7.1 Experimental Analysis:-
The analysis of our project is given below. In the analysis of compressed air
engine, we were using mainly two equipment for measurement. (1) pressure gauge
and (2)tachometer.
(1) Pressure gauge- pressure gauge is connected between compressor and inlet
valve of piston cylinder. Pressure gauge is measured the pressure of air
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which is inlet in inlet valve. With the help of regulator, we can increase or
decrease pressure.
(2) Tachometer-tachometer is an external equipment. It consist one pointer. If
we connect the pointer of tachometer to the flywheel hub, it display the
revolution of flywheel.
7.1 Experimental reading table:
Sr
No.
Pressur
e (Psi)
Reading-
1 (Rpm)
Reading
-2
(Rpm)
Reading-
3 (Rpm)
Average
(Rpm)
1 10 407 379 364 384
2 15 610 598 586 598
3 20 813 817 808 813
4 25 1041 1044 1043 1043
5 30 1150 1155 1151 1152
6 35 1209 1249 1210 1222
7 40 1269 1271 1270 1270
This is the experimental analysis of pressure V/s reading-1 graph. Blue point
gives the value of pressure and revolution of flywheel. Graph-1 is give us detail of
pressure v/s reading-1 from experimental reading table.
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Graph-7.1: Pressure v/s Reading-1
This graph gives the value of pressure v/s reading-2 . Blue point gives
the value of pressure and revolution of flywheel.
Graph-7.2: Pressure v/s Reading-2
Graph-2 is give us detail of pressure v/s reading-2 from experimental readingtable.
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Graph-7.3 Pressure v/s Reading-3
Graph-3 is give us detail of pressure v/s reading-3 from experimental reading
table.
Graph-7.4 Pressure v/s Average Reading
Graph-6.4 is an average of above three reading.
From the analyzing above graph, we can say that if pressure is increased then
rpm is also highly increased.
From pressure v/s average reading graph, we can say that from 0-25 psi
pressure, rpm of flywheel is increased. From 25-35 psi pressure, rpm of flywheel is
slightly increased. But after 35 psi the rpm of flywheel is mostly remains constant.
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CHAPTER-9
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
9.1 ADVANTAGES:1. Refueling can be done at home using an air compressor or service station.
The energy required compressing air is produced at large centralized plant,
making it less costly and more effective to manage carbon emission than
from individual vehicles.
2. Compressed air engine reduce the cost of vehicle production, because
there is no need to build a cooling system, spark plugs, starter motor or
mufflers.
3. Expansion of the compressed air lower it s temperature; this may be
exploited for use as air conditioning.
4. Some mechanical configuration may allow energy recovery during
braking by compressing and storing air.
9.2 DISADVANTAGES:
A. When air expands in the engine it cools dramatically and must be heated to
ambient temperature using a heat exchanger. The heating is necessary in order
to obtain a significant fraction of theoretical energy output. The heating
necessary in order to obtain a significant fraction of the theoretical energy
output. The heat exchanger can be problematic; while it performs a similar
task to an intercooler for a internal combustion engine, the temperature
between the incoming air and the working gas is smaller. in heating the stored
air ,the device gets very cold and may ice up in cool, moist climates.
B. Conversely, where air is compressed to fill the tank it heated up: as the stored
air cools, its pressure decrease and available energy decrease. it is difficult to
cool the tank efficiently while charging and thus it would either take a long
time to fill the tank, or less energy is stored.
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CHAPTER-10
FUTURE SCOPE
A compressed air engine is create useful work by expanding compressed air.
Many industries and machine to waste the compressed air in atmosphere. In this
waste air reused by compressed air engine. This lost energy transfer to mechanical
energy. In industries how much pressure air in waste is depend on engine capacity.
Other future scope is to in engine zero percentage pollution produce. it
menace public place area to use air compressed engine.
MDI (motor developing international) to used air compressed engine in air
car. In this car storage tank pressure is 150 time pressure in car tyre. Transport1ation
fuel is law.
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