AIR ENGINEPROJECT REPORT 2008-2009

Submitted by: (Team name)

Guided by:

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Award of Diploma in -----------------------------------------By the State Board of Technical Education Government of Tamilnadu, Chennai.

Department:College name:

COLLEGE LOGO

Place:

COLLEGE NAME

COIMBATORE

DEPARTMENT PROJECT REPORT-2008-2009

This Report is certified to be the Bonafide work done by

Selvan/Selvi ---------------- Reg.No. ------------ Of VI

Semester class of this college.

Guide Head of the Department

Submitter for the Practical Examinations of the board of

Examinations,State Board of Technical Education,Chennai,

TamilNadu.On -------------- (date) held at the ------------

(college name),Coimbatore

Internal Examiner External Examiner

DEDICATED TO OUR BELOVED PARENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At this pleasing movement of having successfully completed our project, we wish to convey our sincere thanks and gratitude to the management of our college and our beloved chairman------------------------.who provided all the facilities to us.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to our principal ------------------for forwarding us to do our project and offering adequate duration in completing our project.

We are also grateful to the Head of Department prof…………., for her/him constructive suggestions &encouragement during our project.

With deep sense of gratitude, we extend our earnest &sincere thanks to our guide --------------------, Department of

Mechanical for her/him kind guidance and encouragement during this project we also express our indebt thanks to our TEACHING staff of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, ---------- (college Name).

AIR ENGINE

CONTENTS

CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE

SYNOPSIS

LIST OF FIGURES

1 Introduction2 Literature review

3 Description of equipments

3.1 Compressor

3.2 Solenoid valve

3.3 Gear arrangement

3.4 Control unit

4 Design and drawing

4.1 Components

4.2 General machine Specifications

5 Working principle

6 Merits & demerits

7 Applications

8 List of materials

9 Cost Estimation

10 Conclusion

Bibliographyphotography

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF FIGURES

FigureNumber Title

1 Compressor

2 Solenoid valve

3 Spur gear

4 Overall diagram

SYNOPSIS

SYNOPSIS

This air engine is the new innovative concept to run the bicycle

by using the compressed air system. Begins with an introduction to

pneumatic it’s various applications and units and briefly explains a

few devices capable of utilizing air effectively and their relative merits.

The pneumatic operated of air engine is equipment and it is very

useful for drive the vehicle. It is operated by pneumatic system. Air is

the working substance of our machine. This system gives smooth

operation and smooth movement vehicle.

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

Vehicles, derived from the Latin word, vehiculum, are non-living

means of transport. Most often they are manufactured (e.g. bicycles,

cars, motorcycles, trains, ships, boats, and aircraft), although some

other means of transport which are not made by humans also may be

called vehicles; examples include icebergs and floating tree trunks.

Vehicles may be propelled or pulled by animals, for instance, a

chariot, a stagecoach, a mule-drawn barge, or an ox-cart. However,

animals on their own, though used as a means of transport, are not

called vehicles, but rather beasts of burden or draft animals. This

distinction includes humans carrying another human, for example a

child or a disabled person.

A rickshaw is a vehicle that may carry a human and be powered by a

human, but it is the mechanical form or cart that is powered by the

human that is labeled as the vehicle. For some human-powered

vehicles the human providing the power is labeled as a driver.

Vehicles that do not travel on land often are called craft, such as

watercraft, sailcraft, aircraft, hovercraft, and spacecraft

Land vehicles are classified broadly by what is used to apply steering

and drive forces against the ground: wheeled, tracked, railed, or

skied.

CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE SURVEY

CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE SURVEY

HISTORY OF THE AUTOMOBILE

Although Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is often credited with building

the first self-propelled mechanical vehicle or automobile in about

1769 by adapting an existing horse-drawn vehicle, this claim is

disputed by some, who doubt Cugnot's three-wheeler ever ran or was

stable. Others claim Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit

mission in China, built the first steam-powered vehicle around 1672

which was of small scale and designed as a toy for the Chinese

Emperor that was unable to carry a driver or a passenger, but quite

possibly, was the first working steam-powered vehicle ('auto-mobile').

What is not in doubt is that Richard Trevithick built and demonstrated

his Puffing Devil road locomotive in 1801, believed by many to be the

first demonstration of a steam-powered road vehicle although it was

unable to maintain sufficient steam pressure for long periods, and

would have been of little practical use.

In Russia, in the 1780s, Ivan Kulibin developed a human-pedalled,

three-wheeled carriage with modern features such as a flywheel,

brake, gear box, and bearings; however, it was not developed further.

François Isaac de Rivaz, a Swiss inventor, designed the first internal

combustion engine, in 1806, which was fueled by a mixture of

hydrogen and oxygen and used it to develop the world's first vehicle,

albeit rudimentary, to be powered by such an engine. The design was

not very successful, as was the case with others such as Samuel

Brown, Samuel Morey, and Etienne Lenoir with his hippomobile, who

each produced vehicles (usually adapted carriages or carts) powered

by clumsy internal combustion engines.

In November 1881 French inventor Gustave Trouvé demonstrated a

working three-wheeled automobile that was powered by electricity.

This was at the International Exhibition of Electricity in Paris.

Although several other German engineers (including Gottlieb Daimler,

Wilhelm Maybach, and Siegfried Marcus) were working on the

problem at about the same time, Karl Benz generally is

acknowledged as the inventor of the modern automobile.

An automobile powered by his own four-stroke cycle gasoline engine

was built in Mannheim, Germany by Karl Benz in 1885 and granted a

patent in January of the following year under the auspices of his

major company, Benz & Cie., which was founded in 1883. It was an

integral design, without the adaptation of other existing components

and including several new technological elements to create a new

concept. This is what made it worthy of a patent. He began to sell his

production vehicles in 1888.

In 1879 Benz was granted a patent for his first engine, which had

been designed in 1878. Many of his other inventions made the use of

the internal combustion engine feasible for powering a vehicle.

His first Motorwagen was built in 1885 and he was awarded the

patent for its invention as of his application on January 29, 1886.

Benz began promotion of the vehicle on July 3, 1886 and

approximately 25 Benz vehicles were sold between 1888 and 1893,

when his first four-wheeler was introduced along with a model

intended for affordability. They also were powered with four-stroke

engines of his own design. Emile Roger of France, already producing

Benz engines under license, now added the Benz automobile to his

line of products. Because France was more open to the early

automobiles, initially more were built and sold in France through

Roger than Benz sold in Germany.

In 1896, Benz designed and patented the first internal-combustion flat

engine, called a boxermotor in German. During the last years of the

nineteenth century, Benz was the largest automobile company in the

world with 572 units produced in 1899 and because of its size, Benz

& Cie., became a joint-stock company.

Daimler and Maybach founded Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft

(Daimler Motor Company, DMG) in Cannstatt in 1890 and under the

brand name, Daimler, sold their first automobile in 1892, which was a

horse-drawn stagecoach built by another manufacturer, that they

retrofitted with an engine of their design. By 1895 about 30 vehicles

had been built by Daimler and Maybach, either at the Daimler works

or in the Hotel Hermann, where they set up shop after falling out with

their backers. Benz and the Maybach and Daimler team seem to

have been unaware of each other's early work. They never worked

together because by the time of the merger of the two companies,

Daimler and Maybach were no longer part of DMG.

Daimler died in 1900 and later that year, Maybach designed an

engine named Daimler-Mercedes, that was placed in a specially-

ordered model built to specifications set by Emil Jellinek. This was a

production of a small number of vehicles for Jellinek to race and

market in his country. Two years later, in 1902, a new model DMG

automobile was produced and the model was named Mercedes after

the Maybach engine which generated 35 hp. Maybach quit DMG

shortly thereafter and opened a business of his own. Rights to the

Daimler brand name were sold to other manufacturers.

Karl Benz proposed co-operation between DMG and Benz & Cie.

when economic conditions began to deteriorate in Germany following

the First World War, but the directors of DMG refused to consider it

initially. Negotiations between the two companies resumed several

years later when these conditions worsened and, in 1924 they signed

an Agreement of Mutual Interest, valid until the year 2000. Both

enterprises standardized design, production, purchasing, and sales

and they advertised or marketed their automobile models jointly

although keeping their respective brands.

On June 28, 1926, Benz & Cie. and DMG finally merged as the

Daimler-Benz company, baptizing all of its automobiles Mercedes

Benz as a brand honoring the most important model of the DMG

automobiles, the Maybach design later referred to as the 1902

Mercedes-35hp, along with the Benz name. Karl Benz remained a

member of the board of directors of Daimler-Benz until his death in

1929 and at times, his two sons participated in the management of

the company as well.

In 1890, Emile Levassor and Armand Peugeot of France began

producing vehicles with Daimler engines and so laid the foundation of

the automobile industry in France.

The first design for an American automobile with a gasoline internal

combustion engine was drawn in 1877 by George Selden of

Rochester, New York, who applied for a patent for an automobile in

1879, but the patent application expired because the vehicle was

never built and proved to work (a requirement for a patent). After a

delay of sixteen years and a series of attachments to his application,

on November 5, 1895, Selden was granted a United States patent

(U.S. Patent 549,160   ) for a two-stroke automobile engine, which

hindered, more than encouraged, development of automobiles in the

United States. His patent was challenged by Henry Ford and others,

and overturned in 1911.

In Britain there had been several attempts to build steam cars with

varying degrees of success with Thomas Rickett even attempting a

production run in 1860. Santler from Malvern is recognized by the

Veteran Car Club of Great Britain as having made the first petrol-

powered car in the country in 1894 followed by Frederick William

Lanchester in 1895 but these were both one-offs. The first production

vehicles in Great Britain came from the Daimler Motor Company, a

company founded by Harry J. Lawson in 1896 after purchasing the

right to use the name of the engines. Lawson's company made its

first automobiles in 1897 and they bore the name Daimler.

In 1892, German engineer Rudolf Diesel was granted a patent for a

"New Rational Combustion Engine". In 1897 he built the first Diesel

Engine. Steam-, electric-, and gasoline-powered vehicles competed

for decades, with gasoline internal combustion engines achieving

dominance in the 1910s.

Although various pistonless rotary engine designs have attempted to

compete with the conventional piston and crankshaft design, only

Mazda's version of the Wankel engine has had more than very limited

success.

CHAPTER-3

DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT

DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENTS

3.1 COMPRESSOR:

A gas compressor is a mechanical device that increases

the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. Compressors are

similar to pumps: both increase the pressure on a fluid and both can

transport the fluid through a pipe. As gases are compressible, the

compressor also reduces the volume of a gas. Liquids are relatively

incompressible, so the main action of a pump is to transport liquids.

The key part of any facility for supply of compressed air is by means

using reciprocating compressor. A compressor is a machine that

takes in air, gas at a certain pressure and delivered the air at a high

pressure.

Compressor capacity is the actual quantity of air compressed

and delivered and the volume expressed is that of that of the air at

intake conditions namely at atmosphere pressure and normal

ambient temperature.

Clean condition of the suction air is one of the factors, which

decides the life of a compressor. Warm and moist suction air will

result increased precipitation of condense from the compressed air.

Compressor may be classified in two general types.

1. Positive displacement compressor

2. Turbo compressor

Positive displacement compressors are most frequently employed for

Compressed air plant and have proved highly successful and supply

air for pneumatic control application.

The types of positive compressor

1. Reciprocating type compressor

2. Rotary type compressor

Turbo compressors are employed where large of air required at

low discharge pressures. They cannot attain pressure necessary for

pneumatic control application unless built in multistage designs and

are seldom encountered in pneumatic service.

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS:

Built for either stationary (or) portable service the reciprocating

compressor is by far the most common type. Reciprocating

compressors lap be had is sizes from the smallest capacities to

deliver more than 500m3/min.In single stage compressor, the air

pressure may be of 6 bar machines discharge of pressure is up to

15bars.Discharge pressure in the range of 250bars can be obtained

with high pressure reciprocating compressors that of three & four

stages. Single stage and 1200 stage models are particularly suitable

For applications, with preference going to the two stage design as

soon as the discharge pressure exceeds 6 bars, because it in

capable of matching the performance of single stage machine at

lower costs per driving powers in the range.

The compressibility of the air was first investigated by Robot

Boyle in 1962 and that found that the product of pressure and

volumes of particular quantity of gas.

The usual written as

PV =C (or) P1V1 =P2V2

In this equation the pressure is the absolute pressured

which for free is about 14.7Psi and is of courage capable of

maintaining a column of mercury, nearly 30 inches high in an ordinary

barometer.

3.2 SOLENOID VALVE:

The directional valve is one of the important parts of a

pneumatic system. Commonly known as DCV; this valve is used to

control the direction of air flow in the pneumatic system. The

directional valve does this by changing the position of its internal

movable parts.

This valve was selected for speedy operation and to reduce the

manual effort and also for the modification of the machine into

automatic machine by means of using a solenoid valve.

A solenoid is an electrical device that converts electrical energy

into straight line motion and force. These are also used to operate a

mechanical operation which in turn operates the valve mechanism.

Solenoid is one is which the plunger is pulled when the solenoid is

energized.

The name of the parts of the solenoid should be learned so that

they can be recognized when called upon to make repairs,to do

service work or to install them.

PARTS OF A SOLENOID VALVE

1. Coil

The solenoid coil is made of copper wire. The layers of wire are

separated by insulating layer. The entire solenoid coil is covered with

a varnish that is not affected by solvents, moisture, cutting oil or often

fluids. Coils are rated in various voltages such as 115 volts

AC,230volts AC,460volts Ac,575 Volts AC.6Volts DC,12Volts DC,

24 Volts DC,115 Volts DC &230Volts DC.they are designed for such

Frequencies as 50Hz to 60Hz.

2. FRAME

The solenoid frame serves several purposes. Since it is made

of laminated sheets, it is magnetized when the current passes

through the coil. the magnetized coils attract the metal plunger to

move. The frame has provisions for attaching the mounting. They are

usually bolted or welded to the frame. The frame has provisions for

receivers, the plunger. The wear strips are mounted to the solenoid

frame, and are made of materials such as metal or impregnated less

Fiber cloth.

3. SOLENOID PLUNGER

The solenoid plunger is the mover mechanism of the solenoid. The

plunger is made of steel laminations which are riveted together

under high pressure, so that there will be no movement of the

lamination with respect to one another. At the top of the plunger a

pin hole is placed for making a connection to some device. The

solenoid plunger is moved by a magnetic force in one direction

and is usually returned by spring action.

Solenoid operated valves are usually provided with cover either

the solenoid or the entire valve. This protects the solenoid from dirt

and other foreign matter, and protects the actuator. In many

applications it is necessary to use explosion proof solenoids.

3.2.1. WORKING OF SOLENOID VALVE:

The solenoid valve has 5 openings. These ensure easy exhausting of

5/2Valve.the spool of the 5/2 valve slide inside the main bore

according to spool position: the ports get connected and

disconnected.

The working principle is as follows.

Position-1

When the spool is actuated towards outer direction port ‘P’ gets

Connected to ‘B’ and ‘S’ remains closed while ‘A’gets connected to

‘R’.

Position-2

When the spool is pushed in the inner direction port ‘P’ and ‘A’

Gets connected to each other and ‘B’ to ‘S’ while port ‘R’remains

closed.

SOLINOID VALVE (OR) CUT OFF VALVE:

The control valve is used to control the flow direction is called cut off

valve or solenoid valve. This solenoid cutoff valve is controlled by the

electronic control unit.

In our project separate solenoid valve is used for flow direction

of vice cylinder. It is used to flow the air from compressor to the single

acting cylinder.

3.3 GEAR ARRANGEMENT:

SPUR GEAR:

Spur gears are the simplest and most common type of gear.

Their general form is a cylinder or disk. The teeth project radially, and

with these straight-cut gears, the leading edges of the teeth are

aligned parallel to the axis of rotation. These gears can only mesh

correctly if they are fitted to parallel axles. The torque ratio can be

determined by considering the force that a tooth of one gear exerts

on a tooth of the other gear. Consider two teeth in contact at a point

on the line joining the shaft axes of the two gears. The force will have

both a radial and a circumferential component. Gears are a very

useful simple machine. The torque ratio can be determined by

considering the force that a tooth of one gear exerts on a tooth of the

other gear. Consider two teeth in contact at a point on the line joining

the shaft axes of the two gears.

A gear is component within a transmission device. Transmit

rotational force to another gear or device. A gear is different from a

pulley in that a gear is a round wheel. Mesh with other gear teeth,

allowing force to be fully transferred without slippage. Depending on

their construction and arrangement, geared devices can transmit

forces at different speeds, torques, or in a different direction, from the

power source. Gears are a very useful simple machine. The most

common situation is for a gear to mesh with another gear, but a gear

can mesh with any device having compatible teeth, such as linear

moving racks.

3.4 CONTROL UNIT:

Here the compressed air form the compressor firstly enters the

Control unit. In the control unit the pressure of the air is controlled unit

the pressure of the air is controlled and sent to the solenoid valve to

supply the air to pneumatic gun for the movement of the vehicle using

the gear arrangement.

CHAPTER-4

DESIGN AND DRAWING

CHAPTER-IV

DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT AND DRAWING

4.1 COMPONENTS

The air engine is consists of the following components to full fill

the requirements of complete operation of the machine.

1. Compressor

2. Solenoid valve

3. Pneumatic gun

4. Gear arrangement

5. Control unit

DRAWING

DRAWING FOR AIR ENGINE

Chapter -5

WORKING PRINCIPLE

CHAPTER-V

WORKING PRINCIPLE

In this project we are fabricating the air engine model, it is

operated by using the air. Here we are using the bicycle model too

work with air supply using the pneumatic rotator. In this the

pressurized air is passed through the control unit and then the control

unit will gives the signal to the solenoid valve to operate the

pneumatic rotator. The pneumatic rotator are fixed in the bottom of

the bicycle which is shown in the below diagram. The pneumatic rotor

output shaft is coupled with the chain spocket with chain drive

arrangements to operate our cycle model with out using the pedaling.

The total system is controlled through the control unit. This is one of

the new innovative concepts to drive the bicycle through the

compressed air with out pedaling by just switch on the pneumatic

rotator to on it for to run the cycle.

Chapter -6

MERITS AND DEMERITS

CHAPTER-VI

MERITS AND DEMERITS

MERITS

Idle time of the machine is reduced.

In this mechanism there is no backlash

Easy to install

Low cost

Two way running of cycle

DEMIRTS

May be a choice of air leakage

Need the separate cylinder for air

CHAPTER -7

APPLICATIONS

CHAPTER-VII

APPLICATIONS

It is applicable in bicycle

Chapter-8

LIST OF MATERIALS

CHAPTER-VIII

LIST OF MATERIALS

FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS

The various factors which determine the choice of material are

discussed below.

1. Properties:

The material selected must posses the necessary properties for

the proposed application. The various requirements to be satisfied

Can be weight, surface finish, rigidity, ability to withstand

environmental attack from chemicals, service life, reliability etc.

The following four types of principle properties of materials

decisively affect their selection

a. Physical

b. Mechanical

c. From manufacturing point of view

d. Chemical

The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal

Conductivity, specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific

gravity, electrical conductivity, magnetic purposes etc.

The various Mechanical properties Concerned are strength in tensile,

Compressive shear, bending, torsional and buckling load, fatigue

resistance, impact resistance, eleastic limit, endurance limit, and

modulus of elasticity, hardness, wear resistance and sliding

properties.

The various properties concerned from the manufacturing point

of view are,

Cast ability

Weld ability

Surface properties

Shrinkage

Deep drawing etc.

2. Manufacturing case:

Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or

surface qualities obtainable by the application of suitable coating

substances may demand the use of special materials.

3. Quality Required:

This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately

the material. For example, it would never be desirable to go casting of

a less number of components which can be fabricated much more

economically by welding or hand forging the steel.

4. Availability of Material:

Some materials may be scarce or in short supply. It then

becomes obligatory for the designer to use some other material which

though may not be a perfect substitute for the material designed. the

delivery of materials and the delivery date of product should also be

kept in mind.

5. Space consideration:

Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the

forces involved are high and space limitations are there.

6. Cost:

As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of

material plays an important part and should not be ignored.

Some times factors like scrap utilization, appearance, and non-

maintenance of the designed part are involved in the selection of

proper materials.

CHAPTER-9

COST ESTIMATION

Chapter-IX

COST ESTIMATION

1. LABOUR COST:

Lathe, drilling, welding, grinding, power hacksaw, gas cutting cost

2. OVERGHEAD CHARGES:

The overhead charges are arrived by”manufacturing cost”

Manufaturing Cost =Material Cost +Labour Cost

=

=

Overhead Charges =20%of the manufacturing cost

=

3. TOTAL COST:

Total cost = Material Cost +Labour Cost +Overhead Charges

=

=

Total cost for this project =

Chapter-10

CONCLUSION

CHAPTER-X

CONCLUSION

The project carried out by us made an impressing task in the

field of automobile department. It is useful for industrial purpose etc..,

This project will reduce the cost involved in the concern. Project

has been designed to perform the entire requirement task at the

shortest time available.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Design data book -P.S.G.Tech.

2. Machine tool design handbook –Central machine tool

Institute, Bangalore.

3. Strength of Materials -R.S.Kurmi

4. Manufaturing Technology -M.Haslehurst.

5. Design of machine elements- R.s.Kurumi

PHOTOGRAPHY