air generation from speed braker
TRANSCRIPT
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AIR GENERATION FROM SPEED BRAKER
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The main components in this project are Air pumps, Return spring, Tank (air
storage), speed breaker, safety valve and non return valve. The air pump
arrangements are fixed at the bottom of the speed brake arrangement ith to
return springs. The speed brake arrangement is mounted on the frame. !f any
vehicle crosses over the setup the air pump start to pump the air it moves upard
and donard simultaneously. "ue to this motion compressed air is produced.
Then the compressed air is stored in the tank. #on return valves are used to direct
the air to the tank and not return to the air pump.
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SYNOPSIS
!n our project e are producing the compressed air using ith the aid of
speed breaker setup in road ays. This is the simple and easy method of producing
the compressed air ithout using the electricity. #oadays the electric poer
demand is increased. $o e are generating the compressed air ithout using the
electric poer. %ere instead of electric drive e are using the mechanical drive to
generate the compressed air.
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&!#' "!ARA
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AIR PUMP
A pump is a device that moves fluids (li*uidsor gases), or sometimes slurries, by
mechanical action. +umps can be classified into three major groups according to
the method they use to move the fluid direct lift, displacement, and gravity pumps.
+umps operate by some mechanism (typically reciprocatingor rotary), and
consume energyto perform mechanical orkby moving the fluid. +umps operate
via many energy sources, including manual operation, electricity, engines, or ind
poer, come in many si-es, from microscopic for use in medical applications to
large industrial pumps.
echanical pumps serve in a ide range of applications such aspumping ater
from ells, a*uarium filtering,pond filteringand aeration, in the car
industryforatercoolingand fuel injection, in the energy industryforpumping
oiland natural gasor for operating cooling toers. !n the medical industry, pumps
are used for biochemical processes in developing and manufacturing medicine, and
as artificial replacements for body parts, in particular the artificial heartandpenileprosthesis.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slurryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocating_motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_workhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_well_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_well_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_coolinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_injectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumping_(oil_well)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumping_(oil_well)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penile_prosthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penile_prosthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slurryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocating_motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_workhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_well_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_well_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_coolinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_injectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumping_(oil_well)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumping_(oil_well)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penile_prosthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penile_prosthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid -
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!n biology, many different types of chemical and biomechanical pumps
have evolved, andbiomimicryis sometimes used in developing ne types of
mechanical pumps.echanical pumps may be submerged in the fluid they are
pumping or be placed external to the fluid.
+umps can be classified by their method of displacement intopositive
displacement pumps, impulse pumps, velocity pumps, gravity pumps, steam
pumpsand valveless pumps.
+ositive displacement pump/edit0
A lobe pump
lobe pump internals
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomimicryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump#Positive_displacement_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump#Positive_displacement_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump#Impulse_pumpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump#Velocity_pumpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump#Gravity_pumpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steam_pumps&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steam_pumps&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump#Valveless_pumpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit§ion=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobe_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomimicryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump#Positive_displacement_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump#Positive_displacement_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump#Impulse_pumpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump#Velocity_pumpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump#Gravity_pumpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steam_pumps&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steam_pumps&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump#Valveless_pumpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit§ion=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobe_pump -
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echanism of a scroll pump
A positive displacement pump makes a fluid move by trapping a fixed amount and
forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge pipe.$ome positive
displacement pumps use an expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing
cavity on the discharge side. &i*uid flos into the pump as the cavity on thesuction side expands and the li*uid flos out of the discharge as the cavity
collapses. The volume is constant through each cycle of operation.
+ositive displacement pump behavior and safety
+ositive displacement pumps, unlike centrifugalor rotodynamic pumps,
theoretically can produce the same flo at a given speed (R+) no matter hat the
discharge pressure. Thus, positive displacement pumps are constant flo machines.
%oever, a slight increase in internal leakage as the pressure increases
prevents a truly constant flo rate.
A positive displacement pump must not operate against a closed valve on thedischarge side of the pump, because it has no shutoff head like centrifugal pumps.
A positive displacement pump operating against a closed discharge valve continues
to produce flo and the pressure in the discharge line increases until the line
bursts, the pump is severely damaged, or both.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scroll_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scroll_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_pump -
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A relief or safety valveon the discharge side of the positive displacement pump is
therefore necessary. The relief valve can be internal or external. The pump
manufacturer normally has the option to supply internal relief or safety valves. The
internal valve is usually only used as a safety precaution. An external relief valve
+ositive displacement types
$cre pump
A positive displacement pump can be further classified according to the
mechanism used to move the fluid1
Rotarytype positive displacement internal gear, scre, shuttle
block, flexible vane or sliding vane, circumferential piston, flexible impeller,
helical tisted roots (e.g. the 2endelkolben pump) or li*uid ringvacuum
pumps
Reciprocatingtype positive displacementpistonor diaphragm pumps
&ineartype positive displacement rope pumpsand chain pumps
Rotary positive displacement pumps
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_vane_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible_impellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rope_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_vane_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible_impellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rope_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_pump -
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Rotary vane pumps similar to scroll compressors, these have a cylindrical
rotor encased in a similarly shaped housing. As the rotor orbits, the vanes trap
fluid beteen the rotor and the casing, draing the fluid through the pump.
Reciprocating positive displacement pumps/edit0
ain article Reciprocating pump
$imple hand pump
%andoperated, reciprocating, positive displacement, ater pump in3o4ice
5ahanovce, $lovakia(alking beam pump)Reciprocating pumps move the fluid
using one or more oscillating pistons, plungers, or membranes (diaphragms), hile
valves restrict fluid motion to the desired direction.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_vane_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scroll_compressorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocating_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%A1icehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A4ahanovcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_vane_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scroll_compressorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocating_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%A1icehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A4ahanovcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia -
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+umps in this category range from simplex, ith one cylinder, to in some
cases *uad (four) cylinders, or more. any reciprocatingtype pumps
are duplex (to) ortriplex (three) cylinder. They can be either singleacting ith
suction during one direction of piston motion and discharge on the other,
or doubleacting ith suction and discharge in both directions. The pumps can be
poered manually, by air or steam, or by a belt driven by an engine. This type ofpump as used extensively in the 16th century7in the early days of steam
propulsion7as boiler feed ater pumps. #o reciprocating pumps typically pump
highly viscous fluids like concrete and heavy oils, and serve in special applications
that demand lo flo rates against high resistance. Reciprocating hand
pumpsere idely used to pump ater from ells. 8ommonbicycle pumpsand
foot pumps for inflationuse reciprocating action.
These positive displacement pumps have an expanding cavity on the suction side
and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. &i*uid flos into the pumps as the
cavity on the suction side expands and the li*uid flos out of the discharge as the
cavity collapses. The volume is constant given each cycle of operation.
Typical reciprocating pumps are
+lunger pumps a reciprocating plunger pushes the fluid through one or to
open valves, closed by suction on the ay back.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflatablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunger_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflatablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunger_pump -
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"iaphragm pumps similar to plunger pumps, here the plunger pressuri-es
hydraulic oil hich is used to flex a diaphragm in the pumping cylinder.
"iaphragm valves are used to pump ha-ardous and toxic fluids.
+iston pumpsdisplacement pumps usually simple devices for pumping
small amounts of li*uid or gel manually. The common hand soap dispenser is
such a pump.
Radial piston pumps
9arious positive displacement pumps/edit0
The positive displacement principle applies in these pumps
Rotary lobe pump
+rogressive cavity pump
Rotary gear pump
+iston pump
"iaphragm pump
$cre pump
ear pump
%ydraulic pump
Rotary vane pump
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_piston_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobe_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_cavity_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_vane_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_piston_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobe_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_cavity_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_vane_pump -
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Regenerative (peripheral) pump
+eristaltic pump
Rope pump
:lexible impeller
ear pump/edit0
ain article ear pump
ear pump
This is the simplest of rotary positive displacement pumps. !t consists of to
meshed gears that rotate in a closely fitted casing. The tooth spaces trap fluid and
force it around the outer periphery. The fluid does not travel back on the meshed
part, because the teeth mesh closely in the centre. ear pumps see ide use in car
engine oil pumps and in various hydraulic poer packs.
Screw pumpain article $cre pump
A $cre pumpis a more complicated type of rotary pump that uses to or three
scres ith opposing thread7e.g., one scre turns clockise and the other
counterclockise. The scres are mounted on parallel shafts that have gears that
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regenerative_pump&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristaltic_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rope_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible_impellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit§ion=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_power_pack&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regenerative_pump&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristaltic_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rope_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible_impellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit§ion=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_power_pack&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_pump -
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mesh so the shafts turn together and everything stays in place. The scres turn on
the shafts and drive fluid through the pump. As ith other forms of rotary pumps,
the clearance beteen moving parts and the pump;s casing is minimal.
+rogressing cavity pump/edit0
ain article +rogressive cavity pump
2idely used for pumping difficult materials, such as seage sludge contaminated
ith large particles, this pump consists of a helical rotor, about ten times as long as
its idth. This can be visuali-ed as a central core of diameter x ith, typically, a
curved spiral ound around of thickness half x, though in reality it is manufactured
in single casting. This shaft fits inside a heavy duty rubber sleeve, of all thickness
also typically x. As the shaft rotates, the rotor gradually forces fluid up the rubber
sleeve. $uch pumps can develop very high pressure at lo volumes.
Rootst!pe pumps
ain article Rootstype supercharger
#amed after the Roots brothers ho invented it, this lobe pumpdisplaces the
li*uid trapped beteen to long helical rotors, each fitted into the other hen
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit§ion=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_cavity_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots-type_superchargerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobe_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit§ion=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_cavity_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots-type_superchargerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobe_pump -
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perpendicular at 6
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have been made). A number of rollers, shoes, or ipers attached to
a rotorcompresses the flexible tube. As the rotor turns, the part of the tube under
compression closes (or occludes), forcing the fluid through the tube. Additionally,
hen the tube opens to its natural state after the passing of the cam it dras(restitution) fluid into the pump. This process is calledperistalsisand is used in
many biological systems such as the gastrointestinal tract.
P"u%*er pumps
ain article +lunger pump
A plunger pump compared to apiston pump+lunger pumps are
reciprocating positive displacement pumps.These consist of a cylinder ith a
reciprocating plunger. The suction and discharge valves are mounted in the head of
the cylinder. !n the suction stroke the plunger retracts and the suction valves open
causing suction of fluid into the cylinder. !n the forard stroke the plunger pushes
the li*uid out of the discharge valve. 'fficiency and common problems 2ith only
one cylinder in plunger pumps, the fluid flo varies beteen maximum flo hen
the plunger moves through the middle positions, and -ero flo hen the plunger is
at the end positions. A lot of energy is asted hen the fluid is accelerated in the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotor_(turbine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristalsishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunger_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotor_(turbine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristalsishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunger_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_pump -
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piping system. 9ibration and ater hammermay be a serious problem. !n general
the problems are compensated for by using to or more cylinders not orking in
phase ith each other.
Tr#p"e+st!"e p"u%*er pumps
Triplex plunger pumps use three plungers, hich reduces the pulsation of single
reciprocating plunger pumps. Adding a pulsation dampener on the pump outlet canfurther smooth the pump ripple, or ripple graph of a pump transducer. The dynamic
relationship of the highpressure fluid and plunger generally re*uires high*uality
plunger seals. +lunger pumps ith a larger number of plungers have the benefit of
increased flo, or smoother flo ithout a pulsation dampener. The increase in
moving parts and crankshaft load is one draback.
8ar ashes often use these triplexstyle plunger pumps (perhaps ithout pulsation
dampeners). !n 16>?, 2illiam @ruggeman significantly reduced the si-e of the
triplex pump and increased the lifespan so that car ashes could use e*uipment
ith smaller footprints. "urable high pressure seals, lo pressure seals and oil
seals, hardened crankshafts, hardened connecting rods, thick ceramic plungers and
heavier duty ball and roller bearings improve reliability in triplex pumps. Triplexpumps no are in a myriad of markets across the orld.
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Triplex pumps ith shorter lifetimes are commonplace to the home user. A person
ho uses a home pressure asher for 1< hours a year may be satisfied ith a pump
that lasts 1
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Rope pump schematic
"evised in 8hina as chain pumps over 1
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of the pump.
+ump is also reversible.
The pulser pump
!mpulse pumps/edit0
!mpulse pumps use pressure created by gas (usually air). !n some impulse pumps
the gas trapped in the li*uid (usually ater), is released and accumulated
somehere in the pump, creating a pressure that can push part of the li*uid
upards.
!mpulse pumps include
%ydraulic rampumps E kinetic energy of a lohead ater supply is storedtemporarily in an airbubble hydraulic accumulator, then used to drive ater to
a higher head.
+ulser pumps run ith natural resources, by kinetic energy only.
Airlift pumps run on air inserted into pipe, pushing up the ater, hen
bubbles move upard, or on pressure inside pipe pushing ater up.
%ydraulic ram pumps/edit0
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit§ion=18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_ramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_accumulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulser_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airlift_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit§ion=19http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit§ion=18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_ramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_accumulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulser_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airlift_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit§ion=19 -
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Airlift pump vs. eyser pump
A hydraulic ramis a ater pump poered by hydropoer.
!t takes in ater at relatively lo pressure and high florate and outputs ater at a
higher hydraulichead and loer florate. The device uses the ater
hammereffect to develop pressure that lifts a portion of the input ater that poers
the pump to a point higher than here the ater started.
The hydraulic ram is sometimes used in remote areas, here there is both a source
of lohead hydropoer, and a need for pumping ater to a destination higher in
elevation than the source. !n this situation, the ram is often useful, since it re*uires
no outside source of poer other than the kinetic energy of floing ater.
9elocity pumps/edit0
A centrifugal pump uses an impeller ith backardsept arms
Rotodynamic pumps(or dynamic pumps) are a type of velocity pump in
hich kinetic energyis added to the fluid by increasing the flo velocity. This
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increase in energy is converted to a gain in potential energy (pressure) hen the
velocity is reduced prior to or as the flo exits the pump into the discharge pipe.
This conversion of kinetic energy to pressure is explained by the :irst la of
thermodynamics, or more specifically by @ernoulli;s principle.
"ynamic pumps can be further subdivided according to the means in hich the
velocity gain is achieved./H0
These types of pumps have a number of characteristics
1. 8ontinuous energy
. 8onversion of added energy to increase in kinetic energy(increase in
velocity)
B. 8onversion of increased velocity (kinetic energy) to an increase in pressure
head
A practical difference beteen dynamic and positive displacement pumps is ho
they operate under closed valve conditions. +ositive displacement pumpsphysically displace fluid, so closing a valve donstream of a positive displacement
pump produces a continual pressure build up that can cause mechanical failure of
pipeline or pump. "ynamic pumps differ in that they can be safely operated under
closed valve conditions (for short periods of time).
Radialflo pumps/edit0
/>0These simply referred to as centripetal design pumps. The fluid enters along theaxial plane, is accelerated by the impeller and exits at right angles to the
shaft(radially). Radialflo pumps operate at higher pressures and loer flo rates
than axial and mixedflo pumps.
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Axialflo pumps/edit0
ain article Axialflo pump
Axial pump (propeller in pipe)
These are referred to as centrifugal design pumps. The fluid is pushed outardfrom the center or axis. Axialflo pumps F 8entrifugal design pumps operate at
much loer pressures and higher flo rates than radialflo pumps F cepumps.
ixedflo pumps/edit0
ixedflo pumps function as a compromise beteen radial and axialflo
pumps. The fluid experiences both radial acceleration and lift and exits the
impeller somehere beteen < and 6< degrees from the axial direction. As aconse*uence mixedflo pumps operate at higher pressures than axialflo pumps
hile delivering higher discharges than radialflo pumps. The exit angle of the
flo dictates the pressure headdischarge characteristic in relation to radial and
mixedflo.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit§ion=22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial-flow_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit§ion=23http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit§ion=22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial-flow_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit§ion=23 -
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'ductorjet pump
ain article 'ductorjet pump
This uses a jet, often of steam, to create a lo pressure. This lo pressure sucks in
fluid and propels it into a higher pressure region.
ravity pumps/edit0
ravity pumps include the syphonand %eron;s fountain. The hydraulic ramis also
sometimes called a gravity pump in gravity pump the ater is lift by gravitational
force.
$team pumps/edit0
$team pumps have been for a long time mainly of historical interest. They include
any type of pump poered by a steam engineand alsopistonless pumpssuch
as Thomas $avery;s or the +ulsometer steam pump.
Recently there has been a resurgence of interest in lo poer solar steam pumps
for use in smallholder irrigation in developing countries. +reviously small steamengines have not been viable because of escalating inefficiencies as vapour engines
decrease in si-e. %oever the use of modern engineering materials coupled ith
alternative engine configurations has meant that these types of system are no a
cost effective opportunity.
9alveless pumps/edit0
9alveless pumpingassists in fluid transport in various biomedical and engineering
systems. !n a valveless pumping system, no valves (or physical occlusions) are
present to regulate the flo direction. The fluid pumping efficiency of a valveless
system, hoever, is not necessarily loer than that having valves. !n fact, many
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eductor-jet_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit§ion=25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron's_fountainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_ramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit§ion=26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistonless_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Saveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsometer_steam_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit§ion=27http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valveless_pumping&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eductor-jet_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit§ion=25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron's_fountainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_ramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit§ion=26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistonless_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Saveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsometer_steam_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit§ion=27http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valveless_pumping&action=edit&redlink=1 -
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fluiddynamical systems in nature and engineering more or less rely upon valveless
pumping to transport the orking fluids therein. :or instance, blood circulation in
the cardiovascular system is maintained to some extent even hen the heartIs
valves fail. eanhile, the embryonic vertebrate heart begins pumping blood longbefore the development of discernible chambers and valves. !n microfluidics,
valveless impedance pumpshave been fabricated, and are expected to be
particularly suitable for handling sensitive biofluids. !nk jet printers operating on
the +ie-oelectric transducerprincipal also use valveless pumping. The pump
chamber is emptied through the printing jet due to reduced flo impedance in that
direction and refilled by capillary action.
+ump repairs/edit0
'xamining pump repair records and mean time beteen failures (T@:) is of
great importance to responsible and conscientious pump users. !n vie of that fact,
the preface to the
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#ot all plants are refineries, hoever, and different results occur elsehere. !n
chemical plants, pumps have traditionally been KthroaayK items as chemical
attack limits life. Things have improved in recent years, but the somehat
restricted space available in KoldK "!# and A$'standardi-ed stuffing boxesplaces limits on the type of seal that fits. Jnless the pump user upgrades the seal
chamber, the pump only accommodates more compact and simple versions.
2ithout this upgrading, lifetimes in chemical installations are generally around H< percent of the refinery values.
Jnscheduled maintenance is often one of the most significant costs of onership,
and failures of mechanical seals and bearings are among the major causes. 3eep in
mind the potential value of selecting pumps that cost more initially, but last much
longer beteen repairs. The T@: of a better pump may be one to four years
longer than that of its nonupgraded counterpart. 8onsider that published average
values of avoided pump failures range from J$O>
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AIR INLET .ALUE
The complete program of air inlet valves, manufactured out ofhigh *uality polyurethane, provides perfect solutions in practically all
poss ible vent ilat ion conceptsN for poul try as el l as pig houses . The
inlets, almost all executed ith automatic return or opening springs, are
available in a ide range of dimensions making projection possible in
practically all house concepts and cl imate condit ions .
The use of high *uality polyurethane ith a very high insulation value,
makes our program especially suitable for cold climate areas. The
program comprises of a full range of all inlet valves, ceil ing inle t
valves, inletunits for tunnel ventilation. #ely e expanded the
program ith an air inlet valve ith incorporated motor.
The air inlet valves are mostly available ith a curved inner flap or a
straight inner flap. The inlets ith a curved inner flap guide the air in the
direction of the animals. This execution is often used for poultry. The
straight inner flaps are more often used for pigs preventing the air to be
guided directly over the animals.The several series as you ill find them
on our site are divided in capacity.!n each series, the available executions
are indicated ith their on specific details.
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A SAFETY .AL.E
A safety valve is a valvemechanism hich automatically releases a substance
from aboiler,pressure vessel, or other system, hen the pressure or temperature
exceeds preset limits.
!t is one of a set of pressure safety valves (+$9) or pressure relief valves (+R9),
hich also includes relief valves, safety relief valves,pilotoperated relief valves,
lo pressure safety valves, and vacuum pressure safety valves.
$afety valves ere first used on steam boilers during the !ndustrial Revolution.
'arly boilers operating ithout them ere prone to accidental explosion.
9acuum safety valves (or combined pressureFvacuum safety valves) are used to
prevent a tank from collapsing hile it is being emptied, or hen cold rinse ateris used after hot 8!+ (cleaninplace) or $!+ (sterili-ationinplace) procedures.
2hen si-ing a vacuum safety valve, the calculation method is not defined in any
norm, particularly in the hot 8!+ F cold ater scenario, but some
manufacturers /10have developed si-ing simulations.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot-operated_relief_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler_explosionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_valve#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot-operated_relief_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler_explosionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_valve#cite_note-1 -
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:unction and design
A crosssectionof a proportionalsafety valve
The earliest and simplest safety valve as used on a 1>L6 steam digesterand
utili-ed a eight to retain the steam pressure (this design is still commonly used
onpressure cookers)N hoever, these ere easily tampered ith or accidentally
released. Cn the $tockton and "arlington Railay, the safety valve tended to go
off hen the engine hit a bump in the track. A valve less sensitive to sudden
accelerations used a spring to contain the steam pressure, but these (based on
a $alterspring balance) could still be screed don to increase the pressure
beyond design limits. This dangerous practice as sometimes used to marginally
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiview_orthographic_projection#Cross-sectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_digesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_cookerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockton_and_Darlington_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Salter_(inventor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_balancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiview_orthographic_projection#Cross-sectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_digesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_cookerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockton_and_Darlington_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Salter_(inventor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_balance -
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increase the performance of a steam engine. !n 1?H>,Mohn Ramsbottominvented a
tamperproof spring safety valve that became universal on railays.
$afety valves also evolved to protect e*uipment such aspressure vessels(fired or
not) and heat exchangers. The term safety valve should be limited to compressible
fluid applications (gas, vapor, or steam).
The to general types of protection encountered in industry are thermal
protection and flo protection.
:or li*uidpacked vessels, thermal relief valvesare generally characteri-ed by the
relatively small si-e of the valve necessary to provide protection from excess
pressure caused by thermal expansion. !n this case a small valve is ade*uate
because most li*uids are nearly incompressible, and so a relatively small amount of
fluid discharged through the relief valve ill produce a substantial reduction in
pressure.
:lo protection is characteri-ed by safety valves that are considerably larger than
those mounted for thermal protection. They are generally si-ed for use in situations
here significant *uantities of gas or high volumes of li*uid must be *uickly
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ramsbottom_(engineer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exchangerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thermal_relief_valve&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ramsbottom_(engineer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exchangerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thermal_relief_valve&action=edit&redlink=1 -
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$afety relief valve ($R9) an automatic system that relieves by static
pressure on both gas and li*uid/citation needed0.
+ilotoperated safety relief valve (+C$R9) an automatic system thatrelieves on remote command from a pilot, to hich the static pressure (from
e*uipment to protect) is connected/clarification needed0.
&o pressure safety valve (&+$9) an automatic system that relieves static
pressure on a gas. Jsed hen the difference beteen the vessel pressure and
the ambient atmospheric pressureis small.
9acuum pressure safety valve (9+$9) an automatic system that relieves
static pressure on a gas. Jsed hen the pressure difference beteen the vessel
pressure and the ambient pressure is small, negative and near to atmospheric
pressure.
&egal and code re*uirements in industry
!n most countries, industries are legally re*uired to protect pressure vessels and
other e*uipment by using relief valves. Also, in most countries, e*uipment design
codes such as those provided by the A$', A+!and other organi-ations like !$C
(!$C G1>) must be complied ith. These codes include design standards for relief
valves./0/B0
Today, the food, drinks, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals industriescall for hygienic safety valves, fully drainable and 8leanable!n+lace. ost are
made of stainless steelN the hygienic norms are mainly BA in the J$A and '%'"
in 'urope.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_valve#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_valve#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_valve#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_valve#cite_note-3 -
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"evelopment of the safety valve/edit0
"eadeight lever valves/edit0
lever arm safety valve
The first safety valve as invented by "enis +apinfor his steam digester, an early
pressure cooker rather than an engine./G0A eight acting through a lever held don
a circular plug valve in the steam vessel. @y using a KsteelyardK lever a smaller
eight as re*uired, also the pressure could easily be regulated by sliding the
same eight back and forth along the lever arm. +apin retained the same design forhis 1L0'arly safety valves ere regarded as one of the
engineman;s controls and re*uired continuous attention, according to the load on
the engine. !n a famous early explosion at reenichin 1?
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2hen used on locomotives, these valves ould rattle and leak, releasing near
continuous puffs of aste steam.
"irectacting deadeight valves/edit0
"eadeight safety valve(16
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$alter spring balance
The $altercoil springspring balancefor eighing, as first made in @ritain by
around 1LL
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+hoenix (1?G0This as
encouraged by them being fitted ith easily adjustable ing nuts, the practice of
adjusting the boiler;s orking pressure via the safety valve being an accepted
behaviour ell into the 1?H
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+aired springbalance safety valves of a P$" 8lass H.
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!n 1?HH, Mohn Ramsbottom, later locomotive superintendent of the R,
described a ne form of safety valve intended to improve reliability and especially
to be tamperresistant. A pair of plug valves ere used, held don by a common
springloaded lever beteen them ith a single central spring. This lever ascharacteristically extended rearards, often reaching into the cab on early
locomotives. Rather than discouraging the use of the spring lever by the fireman,
Ramsbottom;s valve encouraged this. Rocking the lever freed up the valves
alternately and checked that neither as sticking in its seat. /10'ven if the fireman
held the lever don and increased the force on the rear valve, there as a
corresponding reduction of force on the forard valve./110/0
9arious forms of Ramsbottom valve ere produced. $ome ere separate fittings to
the boiler, through separate penetrations./0Cthers ere contained in a Jshaped
housing fastened to a single opening in the boiler shell. As boiler diameter
increased, some forms ere even set inside the boiler shell, ith the springs
housed in a recess inside and only the valves and balance lever protruding outside./0
These had obvious drabacks for easy maintenance.
@ 166166 L Mune 1?HH $afety valves, feeding apparatus for steam
boilers.
A draback to the Ramsbottom type as its complexity. +oor maintenance or
misassembly of the linkage beteen the spring and the valves could lead to a
valve that no longer opened correctly under pressure. The valves could be heldagainst their seats and fail to open or, even orse, to allo the valve to open
but insufficiently to vent steam at an ade*uate rate and so not being an obvious
and noticeable fault./B0isassembly of just this nature led to a fatal boiler
explosion in 16
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as almost ne, at only eight months old. /G0The report of the in*uiry into this
accident as
#aylor valves ere introduced around 1?>>. Abellcrankarrangement reduced
the strain(percentage extension) of the spring, thus maintaining a more
constant force./note 10They ere used by the&QQ#'R./H0
K+opK valves/edit0
Ross pop valve, from Tornado
All of the preceding safety valve designs opened gradually and had a tendency
to leak a KfeatherK of steam as they approached KbloingoffK, even though this
as belo the pressure. 2hen they opened they also did so partially at first and
didn;t vent steam *uickly until the boiler as ell over pressure./110
The *uickopening KpopK valve as a solution to this. Their construction as
simple the existing circular plug valve as changed to an inverted Ktop hatK
shape, ith an enlarged upper diameter. They fitted into a stepped seat of to
matching diameters. 2hen closed, the steam pressure acted on the small
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_valve#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellcrankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_(mechanics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_valve#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_%26_Yorkshire_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Eastern_Railway_(UK)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_valve#cite_note-Ahrons.2C_176-26http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/valveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornadohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_valve#cite_note-Semmens.2C_Steam_Locomotives.2C_safety_valves-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_valve#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellcrankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_(mechanics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_valve#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_%26_Yorkshire_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Eastern_Railway_(UK)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_valve#cite_note-Ahrons.2C_176-26http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/valveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornadohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_valve#cite_note-Semmens.2C_Steam_Locomotives.2C_safety_valves-11 -
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diameter and as balanced by the spring force. Cnce the valve opened a little,
steam could pass the loer seat and began to act on the larger upper diameter
too. This greater area overhelmed the spring force and the valve fle
completely open ith a KpopK.
Rather than demonstrating their virility by alays shoing a feather at
the valve, firemen no tried toavoid noisy bloing off, especially around
stations or under the large roof of a major station. This as mostly at the behest
of stationmasters, but firemen also realised that any bloing off through a popvalve asted several pounds of boiler pressureN estimated at < psi lost and
1> lbs or more of shovelled coal.
+op valves derived from Adams;s patent design of 1?LB, ith an extended lip.R & Ross;s valves ere patented in 16
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AD.ANTAGES
'asy to operate
'asy to maintain
#o need of electrical energy to generate compressed air
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DISAD.ANTAGES
8ost of e*uipment is high
Air is produced only at the time of vehicles crossing
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APPLICATIONS
Applicable in all speed breakers on the road and traffic rush areas.
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