America Becomes a World Power1890-1914

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PLEASE READ!!!!!

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America Becomes a World Power

America’s Foreign Policy before 1890

Isolationism• The policy that the United

States should stay out of other countries problems or issues.

• It is wrong to invade and control other countries

America’s Foreign Policy After 1890

Imperialism• The policy of the United

States gaining control over other lands and using them to gain an empire•American borders already stretched from Atlantic to Pacific.•America bought Alaska from Russia.•It was time to look overseas.

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America’s Foreign Policy, Isolationist or Expansionist?foreign policy = the way a country deals with other countries

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America Becomes a World Power

1. Economic Desire for new markets and raw materials

United States Expansion

2. Military Desire for naval bases and coaling stations

3. Ideological Desire to bring Christianity, western style culture, and democracy to other people

3 Causes of American Expansion

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Causes of Expansion: Economic and Military

Military interests• International competition for colonies would leave

America behind. • American Security - 1890 funding approved for 3

battleships (US becomes 2 ocean navy). • International navy needs coaling ports.

Expand business interests• US economy boomed with

products to trade and needed resources

• Companies built overseas factories.

• Need new markets to prevent financial panics.

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Social Darwinism• US must expand to survive. Whites are superior

race. Must spread superiority

Spread Christianity• All nations should be Christian. Bring values to

“backward” people

American Frontier Closed • US pioneer spirit looks towards foreign interests.

Expand or explode

Causes of Expansion -- Ideological

Cartoon-European grab bag

International competition for colonies would leave America behind.

America Becomes a World Power

Cartoon-European grab bag

America Becomes a World PowerColonial Claims in 1900

America Becomes a World Power

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Looking Toward Asia – Opening Trade with Japan

• Japan was isolated and unindustrialized until the mid-1800s.

• American naval officer Matthew Perry brought 4 ships to Japan in 1853 to pressure Japan to open its ports to trade.

• Japan quickly became an industrial and military power to compete with the West.

America Becomes a World Power

• The port of Pearl Harbor in Hawaii was ideally located for coaling stations and bases for ships trading between the U.S. and Asia.

• Many American planters bought land to plant sugar cane.

• Americans wanted control of Hawaiian government.

• Queen Liliuokalani resented American involvement.

• Planters and U.S. Marines, overthrew the Queen.

• America annexed Hawaii in 1898.10

Looking Toward Asia – Taking Control of Hawaii

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America Becomes a World Power

Looking Toward Asia – Relations with China

Open Door Policy• China was weak and had very little

industry. • European countries divided China into

areas in order to control trade.• U.S. and Great Britain asked Chinese

leaders to make an Open Door Policy for trade.

Boxer Rebellion • A group of Chinese trained in martial

arts called the Boxers didn’t want foreigners involved in China so they murdered foreigners and Christians.

• Rebellion was stopped by American forces.

Results• Gave all nations equal trading access in

China. Guaranteed that China would not be taken over by a foreign power.

America Becomes a World Power

• U.S. needed to protect American merchant ships traveling the world

• President Teddy Roosevelt sent 16 battleships—The Great White Fleet—on a world tour.

• People around the world could see the power of the U.S. Navy

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Looking Toward Asia – The Great White Fleet

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America Becomes a World PowerThe Cuban Revolt: America to the Rescue?

Cuba vs. Spain• Spanish oppressed the Cubans. Cubans

rebel.• Spain sends General “Butcher” Weyler to

crush the rebellion. • Cuban rebels placed in concentration

camps. (many died due to poor sanitation).

America Backs Cuba• Cuba was the underdog.• American businesses traded $100

million/year.• Spain was a dying empire in America’s

area of control. Whoever controls Cuba controls a future Panama Canal.

Yellow Journalism• Hearst vs. Pulitzer. Each reported on the

atrocities in Cuba. • Sensationalized news = more readers. • Hearst printed De Lome Letter (Spanish

letter calling President McKinley weak and a puppet).

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The U.S.S. Maine Explosion and War

The USS Main• US battleship sent to Cuba to protect

and evacuate Americans if rebellion intensified.

• the Maine exploded in Havana harbor (260 sailors killed). “Remember the Maine, to Hell with Spain.”

Results• Spanish investigation: Explosion was

accidental and internal (not confirmed until 1976 US Navy investigation).

• American investigation: Explosion caused by Spanish mine. The American public is ready for war!

McKinley and War• President McKinley was conflicted. He

didn’t want a war, yet he didn’t want Spain to control Cuba.

• McKinley responds to American public and businesses pressure for war. The US declares war on Spain.

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The Spanish-American War

The Philippines• Admiral Dewey told to attack the Spanish

fleet in the event of war.• Dewey’s surprise attack defeated the

Spanish fleet in Manila Bay. • American troops with Filipino rebels led by

Emilio Aguinaldo capture ManilaCuba• Decisive battle at Santiago. Rough Riders

(supported by 2 black regiments) fight at San Juan and Kettle Hills.

• Trapped by US naval blockade and US Army, Spain surrendered.

Results• Few casualties (400 to bullets; 5,000 to

malaria, typhoid fever, dysentery). • War only lasted 113 days. • America gained respect and prestige. • Closed the North-South divide (from Civil

War).• US gained an empire that they couldn’t

defend.

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End of the War – The Treaty of Paris

Treaty of Paris officially ended the Spanish-American War. • The once-proud Spanish empire

was virtually dissolved as the United States took over much of Spain's overseas holdings.

• Puerto Rico and Guam were ceded to the United States.

• The Philippines were bought for $20 million (10 times more U.S. troops died suppressing the Philippines than in defeating Spain).

• Cuba became a U.S. protectorate.

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America Becomes a World PowerAmerica and the Philippines: $20 Million for a Rebellion? What to do with the Philippines

• 3 options. • Give the islands back to Spain.• Leave the islands and not give them any

help. • US annexation.

Bitterness and Rebellion• Filipinos wanted independence. • Emilio Aguinaldo led rebellion against the

US. • US responded by sending 126,000 troops. • Both sides commit atrocities such as water

boarding and concentration camps.

Results• Fighting lasts until 1902. • 4,234 Americans killed. 600,000 Filipinos

killed. • Philippines not granted independence until

July 4, 1946.

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The United States, a World Power

imperialism = the policy of one nation gaining control over other lands and using them to gain an empire

Imperialists• Some Americans and politicians

wanted United States to continue empire building like other European countries of the time period.

Anti-Imperialists• Declaration of Independence and the

Constitution state it is the right of the people to choose their form of government.

• Imperialism was against America’s anti-colonial policy.

• Imperialism would be too costly.• Annexation would pull the US

politically and militarily into Asia (okay to be pulled economically).

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Panama Canal

Background• US needs a two ocean navy to protect

interests. • Spanish-American war demonstrated the

lack of mobility. Rights to the Canal• US authorized to construct and manage a

Central American canal. • The canal was to be open to all nations

and rates to be fair and equal. • Congress chose the Panama route. Revolution• Panama was part of Colombia. • Colombia rejected $10 million and

$250,000/year to build the canal. • US navy supported Panamanian revolt.• US recognized independent Panama 3

days after revolt. Construction-(1904-1914) • Cost $400 million. • Problems with labor, landslides, and

disease.

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America Becomes a World PowerTheodore Roosevelt’s Foreign Policy: Carry a Big Stick

Roosevelt Corollary-1904• Preventative intervention “Speak Loudly

and Carry a Big Stick”. • U.S. would intervene in Latin America to

keep European powers out of the Western Hemisphere.

Corollary Results• Used to justify all interventions for the

next 30 years. • U.S. Marines will be sent multiple times

to Latin American countries. • Latin American countries views this as

American oppression.

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Write your summary.

1. Review your notes from the beginning to the end. 2. Use your own words to explain the main ideas and the details that support the main ideas.