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Agricultural Mechanization: Its Role in the Development of Civilization
Part 1- Agricultural Mechanization: a Success Story of Mankind Part 2- Agricultural Mechanization: a Key for Future Mankind Welfare
CLUB of BOLOGNA
25th Annual Meeting of the Club of Bologna November 15-16, 2014
Bologna – EIMA International 2014
Luigi Bodria – luigi.bodria@unimi.it K.T Renius – renius@ftm.mw.tum.de
CLUB of BOLOGNA
25th Annual Meeting of the Club of Bologna November 15-16, 2014
Bologna – EIMA International 2014
Luigi Bodria - luigi.bodria@unimi.it
Part 1 Agricultural Mechanization: a
Success Story of Mankind
Basic Development Paradigm
Agriculture → Food
Food → People
Agricultural Tools → Food Surplus
Food Surplus → People Free for Development
25th Annual Meeting – November 15-16, 2014 Key Note Bodria-Renius I
Agricultural Mechanization
The oldest technologies in the world = mother of future innovation
Still essential (or crucial?) for human survival and development
25th Annual Meeting – November 15-16, 2014 Key Note Bodria-Renius I
Population growth is closely linked to agricultural yield
25th Annual Meeting – November 15-16, 2014 Key Note Bodria-Renius I
Main steps of human development are linked to the increased efficiency of agricultural processes
25th Annual Meeting – November 15-16, 2014 Key Note Bodria-Renius I
Population (106)
Seed Efficiency
Labour requirement (man-our/ha)
Classical Age 200 1 : 2 -
Middle Age 350 1 : 4 -
Agricultural Revolution ‘700
600 1 : 7 1000
1950 2500 1 : 15 500
2000 6000 1 : 50 6-9
Innovation in the Neolithic Revolution
25th Annual Meeting – November 15-16, 2014 Key Note Bodria-Renius I
25th Annual Meeting – November 15-16, 2014 Key Note Bodria-Renius I
• Population: 1 - 200 (106)
• Growth rate: 20,000 (people/y)
• Seeding efficiency: 1:2
Neolithic Revolution 10,000 – 1 BC
Innovation in the Middle Age
25th Annual Meeting – November 15-16, 2014 Key Note Bodria-Renius I
• Handcraft and iron working • Improved plough • Improved animal traction • Water and windmill
Middle Age 1300 AC
• Population: 350 (106)
• Growth rate: 200,000 (people/y)
• Seeding efficiency: 1:4
25th Annual Meeting – November 15-16, 2014 Key Note Bodria-Renius I
Innovation in the Agricultural Revolution
•Better land management
•Improved crop and breeding system
•Agricultural tool become ag. machinery
25th Annual Meeting – November 15-16, 2014 Key Note Bodria-Renius I
Agricultural Revolution 1700
• Population: 600 (106)
• Growth rate: 4,000,000 (people/y)
• Seeding efficiency: 1: 7
• Labour efficiency: 1000 (man-hour/ha)
25th Annual Meeting – November 15-16, 2014 Key Note Bodria-Renius I
Industrial Revolution 1800-1950
• Population: 2500 (106)
• Growth rate: 43,000,000 (people/y)
• Seeding efficiency: 1: 15
• Labour efficiency: 50 (man-hour/ha)
25th Annual Meeting – November 15-16, 2014 Key Note Bodria-Renius I
Global average yields of major cereals, 1961-2009
25th Annual Meeting – November 15-16, 2014 Key Note Bodria-Renius I
25th Annual Meeting – November 15-16, 2014 Key Note Bodria-Renius I
Undernourished in developing countries declined from over 30% to 15% in 45 years
2014 Combine Harvesting World Record Lincolnshire, 15 August 2014
• Total time: 8 hours
• Average yield: 9.95 t/ha
• Harvesting flow: 90.7 t/h
• Fuel consumpion; 1.12 dm3/t
In fifty years the fuel consumption per ton of wheat harvested is reduced to one third
25th Annual Meeting – November 15-16, 2014 Key Note Bodria-Renius I
Millennium challenges
•Sustainability of intensive production
•Food self-sufficiency for less developed counties
25th Annual Meeting – November 15-16, 2014 Key Note Bodria-Renius I
CLUB of BOLOGNA
25th Annual Meeting of the Club of Bologna November 15-16, 2014
Bologna – EIMA International 2014
renius@ftm.mw.tum.de
Part 2 Agricultural Mechanization:
a Key for Future Mankind Welfare
25th Annual Meeting – November 15-16, 2014 Key Note Bodria-Renius II
Part II (Renius): Agricultural Mechanization: a Key for Future Mankind Welfare
1. The classical role: mechanization of plant and animal production, storage and processing in order to feed the planet
2. The recently added environmental role: mechanization of raw material and energy production & landscape maintenance in order to safeguard the planet and its resources
3. The strategic role: mechanization of agriculture to increase labour productivity in order to develop welfare of complete national economies
Three global roles of agricultural mechanization
Renius 2008: key note celebrating 50 years of agricultural engineering within VDI
25th Annual Meeting – November 15-16, 2014 Key Note Bodria-Renius II
Part II (Renius): Agricultural Mechanization: a Key for Future Mankind Welfare
Item 1 and 2:
Agricultural mechanization addresses
a) Land productivity
b) Labour productivity
25th Annual Meeting – November 15-16, 2014 Key Note Bodria-Renius II
Part II (Renius): Agricultural Mechanization: a Key for Future Mankind Welfare
a) Land productivity: Ag mechanization is one among several important factors:
Breading Fertilizing Irrigation
Plant protection Post harvesting methods Mechanization
80% plant production increase expected for 2050. Estimated population growth is „only“ ~30% , but additionally expected is a progressiv increase of animal, energy and raw material production!
25th Annual Meeting – November 15-16, 2014 Key Note Bodria-Renius II
Part II (Renius): Agricultural Mechanization: a Key for Future Mankind Welfare
b) Labour productivity: Ag mechanization is the by far the dominating factor :
Milking machine …....... factor (Renius 2008) 15 Two horses ploughing ….………..…..…..... 25 Small tractor ploughing ….……..……..….... 50 Multi purpose tractor mowing ………....…. 500 Large tractor ploughing …………............ 1000 Large combine ………………….........….. 4000
Objective: To reduce labour input, secure low food prices
25th Annual Meeting – November 15-16, 2014 Key Note Bodria-Renius II
Part II (Renius): Agricultural Mechanization: a Key for Future Mankind Welfare
Brasil 31 Combines, followed by 12 direct-seeders
Working power equal to about 100.000 hand workers … with reduced losses and rather better working quality
Source: Club of Bologna 2009 - E. Ch. Mantovani / Brasil
25th Annual Meeting – November 15-16, 2014 Key Note Bodria-Renius II
Part II (Renius)
GDP and
% working
people in
agriculture
Source: Bodria/FAO
25th Annual Meeting – November 15-16, 2014 Key Note Bodria-Renius II
Part II (Renius): Agricultural Mechanization: a Key for Future Mankind Welfare
Source: Fourastié 1963, Renius 2008
Three sector model: the case of USA
25th Annual Meeting – November 15-16, 2014 Key Note Bodria-Renius II
Part II (Renius): Agricultural Mechanization: a Key for Future Mankind Welfare
a high level of poverty a low level of infrastructure high illiteracy low expectation of life low drinking water availability high infant mortality often: low interest of investors
The three sector model and the global future:
A low level in agricultural mechanization usually means
25th Annual Meeting – November 15-16, 2014 Key Note Bodria-Renius II
Part II (Renius): Agricultural Mechanization: a Key for Future Mankind Welfare
The majority of the nations of this globe still needs a considerably higher level in agricultural mechanization.
How to realize?
An important general condition is Political stability and internal peace.
What can be done in ag engineering?
25th Annual Meeting – November 15-16, 2014 Key Note Bodria-Renius II
Part II (Renius): Agricultural Mechanization: a Key for Future Mankind Welfare
Globally planned tractor & machinery save costs for the industry and thus enables adequate prices for the farmer.
But :
How to meet the extremely wide span of demanded machinery specifications from „very simple“ to „high sophisticated?“
25th Annual Meeting – November 15-16, 2014 Key Note Bodria-Renius II
Part II (Renius): Agricultural Mechanization: a Key for Future Mankind Welfare
FORDSON F – 50% world market share around 1925, (Source: Renius farm)
25th Annual Meeting – November 15-16, 2014 Key Note Bodria-Renius II
Part II (Renius): Agricultural Mechanization: a Key for Future Mankind Welfare
Source: Renius 1999, CIGR Handbook III, chapter “Tractors: Two Axle Tractors”
Technology levels – a first step 1999
25th Annual Meeting – November 15-16, 2014 Key Note Bodria-Renius II
Part II (Renius): Agricultural Mechanization: a Key for Future Mankind Welfare
Technology levels – example complete tractor (2002)
Renius 2002: Global tractor development: Product families and technology levels . 30. Symposium Actual Tasks on Agricultural Engineering, Opatiya 12.-15.03.2002
25th Annual Meeting – November 15-16, 2014 Key Note Bodria-Renius II
Part II (Renius): Agricultural Mechanization: a Key for Future Mankind Welfare
Technology transfer: licences for blue prints Technology transfer: ISO standards Technology transfer: intern. co-operation Technology transfer: intern. publications Technology transfer: patents being expired Building up national ag engineering societies Improved national engineering education
Low tech machinery projects in de-veloping countries can benefit by
25th Annual Meeting – November 15-16, 2014 Key Note Bodria-Renius II
Part II (Renius): Agricultural Mechanization: a Key for Future Mankind Welfare
25th Annual Meeting – November 15-16, 2014 Key Note Bodria-Renius II
Part II (Renius): Agricultural Mechanization: a Key for Future Mankind Welfare
Productivity Product quality Traceability Sustainability
Upper technology levels: IT penetration benefits all important areas of farming:
Environment Energy efficiency Safety and comfort Farm management
See also Part I - Bodria
25th Annual Meeting – November 15-16, 2014 Key Note Bodria-Renius II
Part II (Renius): Agricultural Mechanization: a Key for Future Mankind Welfare
Automation in agriculture is based on the
cybernetic principle of “closed loop control”
Regulator Process Sensor
Disturbing factors
Feed back
Set value Output
(Maxwell 1867, ……….…….. , Isidori Club of Bologna 2012)
25th Annual Meeting – November 15-16, 2014 Key Note Bodria-Renius II
Integrated farming: Vision Auernhammer-Schueller 1999
Part II (Renius): Agricultural Mechanization: a Key for Future Mankind Welfare
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