anatomy – structure physiology - function. gross anatomy regional anatomy systemic anatomy surface...

•Anatomy – Structure

•Physiology - Function

• Gross Anatomy

• Regional Anatomy

• Systemic Anatomy

• Surface Anatomy

• Developmental Anatomy

• Microscopic Anatomy– Cytology– Histology

• Cellular/molecular Physiology

• Renal Physiology

• Neurophysiology

• Cardiophysiology

What a structure can do depends on its specific form.

• Chemicals– Atoms– Molecules

• Cellular– Organelles– Variety of shapes and functions

• Tissue– Epithelium– Connective– Muscular– Nervous

Levels (Continued)

• Organs– Heart– Brain

• Organ Systems– Integumentary– Skeletal– Muscular– Nervous– Endocrine

Levels (Continued)

• Organ System (Continued)– Cardiovascular– Lymphatic– Respiratory– Digestive– Urinary– Reproductive

• Organism

• Maintain Boundaries• Movement• Responsiveness• Digestion• Metabolism• Excretion• Reproduction• Growth

• Nutrients

• Oxygen

• Water

• Temperature

• Pressure– Atmospheric– Hydrostatic

Homeostasis

• Stable internal environment

• Control Mechanism– Receptor– Control Center– Effector

Homeostasis (Continued)

• Types of Regulation– Autoregulation– Extrinsic Regulation

Homeostasis (Continued)

• Homeostatic feedback– Positive Feedback

• Enhances (Strengthens) the stimulus• Change proceeds in same direction as original

change.

– Negative Feedback• Most feedback mechanisms• Reduces the stimulus• Change proceeds in the opposite direction as

original change.

Anatomical Position

• Standing erect

• Facing forward

• Feet slightly apart

• Arms to the side

• Palms facing forward (anterior)

• Thumbs pointing away from the body

• Superior (Cranial or Cephalad)

• Inferior (Caudal)

• Anterior (Ventral)

• Posterior (Dorsal)

• Medial

• Lateral– Ipsolateral– Contralateral

Directional Terms

Directional Terms (Continued)

• Intermediate

• Distal

• Proximal

• Superficial (Exterior)

• Deep (Interior)

Divisions of the Body

• Axial – Head– Neck– Trunk

• Appendicular– Appendages– Attachments (Girdles)

Planes and Sections

• Sagittal Plane– Midsagittal– Parasagittal

Planes and Sections

• Frontal (Coronal) Plane

Planes and Sections

• Transverse (Horizontal) Plane

• Sections– Cross Section– Oblique Section

Body Cavities

• Dorsal Body Cavities– Cranial Cavity

• Most superior• Encases Brain

– Vertebral (Spinal) Cavity• Continuous with Cranial

Cavity• Encloses spinal cord

Body Cavities

• Ventral Cavities– Minor Cavities

• Orbital• Nasal• Buccal• Digestive• Middle Ear• Synovial

Body Cavities

• Ventral Cavities– Major Cavities

• Thoracic– Pleural Cavities– Mediastinum

» Pericardial Cavity

Body Cavities

• Ventral Cavities– Major Cavities

• Abdominopelvic – Abdominal– Pelvic

Body Cavities

• Abdominopelvic Regions– Right hypochondriac region– Epigastric region– Left hypochondriac region– Right lumbar region– Umbilical region– Left lumbar region– Right iliac (Inguinal) region– Hypogastric (pubic) region– Left iliac (Inguinal) region

Body Cavities

• Abdominopelvic Quadrants– Right Upper– Left Upper– Right Lower– Left Lower