chapter 11 bureaucracy in a democracy bureaucracy basics most private and public organizations are...
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Bureaucracy Basics
• Most private and public organizations are bureaucracies
• Means “rule by office or desk”• A hierarchical organization design to
accomplish policy goals/decisions.• Basis for efficient, efficacious, operations• Public examples - USPS, DOD, DOT,
FEMA, CDC
Bureaucrats
• Public bureaucracies usually draw criticism not praise.
• Bureaucrats perform the day-to-day tasks of the federal government.
• Bureaucrats
— maintain a paper trail,
— communicate,
— implement policy through rulemaking,
— adjudicate disputes.
Growth of the Federal Bureaucracy
• 1789 - State, Tres, War and Justice
• 1849 - Interior• 1889 - Agriculture• 1913 - Commerce and
Labor
• 1953 - HHS• 1965 - HUD• 1966 - DOT• 1977 - Energy• 1989 - VA• 2003 - Home Land
Security
• 1800 - 2000 employees• 1900 - 250,000 employees• 1945 - 4 million employees• 2002 - 2.7 million employees
About 3,000 appointed by President
Types of Bureaucracies
• Executive Office of President
• Executive Departments
• Independent Agencies
• Independent Regulatory Commissions
• Government Corporations
Cabinet Departments
• Fifteen Departments
• Three Layered Levels– Secretary and Deputy– Undersecretaries– Bureau Level Service Agencies
Independent Agencies
• Bureaucratic agency not included in cabinet department headed by single individual
• CIA
• NASA
• General Services Administration (GSA)
• Small Business Administration (SBA)
• National Science Foundation (NSF)
Independent Regulatory Commissions
• Agency outside the cabinet headed by a commission regulating a specific industry or economic activity
• Interstate Commerce Commission– abolished in 1995
• Civil Aeronautics Board– abolished in 1985
• Securities and Exchange Commission• Federal Communications Commission
Government Corporations
• Government agency run like a business so as to operate on self created revenue not taxes.
• USPS
• National Railroad Passenger Corp (Amtrak)
• FDIC
Bureaucrats - Civil Servants• “Government by Gentleman”
• Jacksonian “spoils system”– party loyalists and campaign staff
• The Civil Service System is based on merit and replaced the spoils system with the Civil Service Reform Act - 1883
• Civil Service Reform Act of 1978– Includes the OPM (in EOP) and a Merit Pay System with
tenure and appointments.
– Whistle-blower protection
Presidents Power Has limits
• Article II, Section 3 “ ..he shall take care that the laws are faithfully executed….”
• Size and Diversity make it a challenging task– 1.7 million employees in cabinet departments– 1.0 million employees in independent agencies
• Commitment to specialty not President
• Budget process can be as a control tool
Congress and Bureaucracy• Congress creates agencies through legislative process• Can control the conduct of the federal bureaucracy
through appointment confirmations, oversight and the appropriations process.
• Oversight research tools– GAO, CBO, CRS
• Republican staff cuts in late 90s caused reductions in oversight
Termination
• Termination is the only certain way to reduce the size of the bureaucracy.
• Become very politicized and parochial
• Because of clientele relationships, it is practically impossible to terminate an agency.
Devolution
• Devolution is a policy of removing programs from federal control and placing them under the direction of state and local governments.
• Problems with unequal assumption of responsibilities by states.
Privatization
• Privatization is the process of removing all or part of a program from the public sector and turning its operation over to the private sector.
• Bush wants to move 850,000 federal jobs to the private sector.
Special Interest Groups
• Lobbying
• Going public– grassroots and issue advocacy
• Litigation
• Iron Triangle
Courts
• Judicial review of constitutionality
• Procedural fairness - groups must be given notice to comment on new rules and procedures.
• Interpreting practices - rules are reasonable in light of available evidence.
Regulation Types
• Economic - shape/limit industry or business practices
• Social• Regulatory quasi -legislative• Regulatory quasi-judicial
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