european revolutions (1815-1848) the age of revolutions

European Revolutions (1815-1848)THE

AGE

OF

REVOLUTIONS

Congress of Vienna – The “Quadruple Alliance”

Austria – Prince Metternich Very conservative, resists liberals and reformers

England – Robert Steward, Lord Castlereagh Wanted to surround France with bigger and stronger countries

Prussia – Karl von Hardenberg Wanted to recover Prussian territory and take control of the rebel

kingdom of Saxony

Russia – Tsar Alexander I Back and forth on liberal and reactionary views, wanted a “free”

and “independent” Poland of which he would be king

Goals of the Congress of Vienna

Legitimacy restoring the power to ruling families disposed by the revolutionary warfare

Compensation territorial rewards to states that had made sacrifices to defeat Napoleon

Balance of Power Arraigning the map of Europe that that no one state could upset the international order

Congress System Meetings held periodically by the great powers to defend the status quo

Industrial Revolution - Review

Where did it begin?

Roots of the Industrial Revolution? (4)

Changes in: Class Structure Social Construct Capitalism Class Disparity

Impact of the “isms”

Romanticism

Conservatism

Liberalism

Nationalism

Socialism

Conservative Backlash

Conservative leaders had “contained” the liberal ideals Growing disconnect between the traditional ruling class and

the middle class which embodied many of these “new” ideals

Postwar Repression (1815-1820) England enacted a number of acts France “Restoration” period of Louis XVIII, constitutional

monarchy Austria & Germany Ruled by Prince Metternich Russia ruled in traditional authoritarian style

Europe in Crisis (Revolutions I: 1815-1833)

Nationalism, liberalism, socialism all factors in the outbreaks of revolutions

Outside of Europe Monroe Doctrine (1823), Latin American revolution

Europe in Crisis (Revolutions I: 1815-1833)

Spain (1820-1823) FAILED Liberals rose up against King Ferdinand VII crushed by a

French army

Italy (1820-1821) FAILED Secret liberal-nationals rose up against Ferdinand I

crushed by an Austrian army

Greek Revolt (1821-1830) SUCCESS! Nationalist uprising against the Ottoman Empire England, France and Russia all assisted the Greeks

Europe in Crisis (Revolutions I: 1815-1833)

Russia, Decembrist Uprising (1825) FAILED Alexander I died unexpectedly, crisis over succession Nicholas was to take the throne highly conservative Liberals rose up (Decembrists were noble opponents) Russia became a police state

Shuts down Polish Revolution, Hungarian nationalism, wants to expand into the Ottoman Empire (Crimean War)

England Chooses Reform Repealed some acts, updated outdated laws,

accommodated for new rising merchant & middle class

Europe in Crisis (Revolutions II: 1830-1833)

France July Revolution (1830) SUCCESS Charles X tried to restore the Old Regime Replaced Charles X with Louis-Philippe the “bourgeois

king” France controlled by the bourgeois and

bankers/businessmen

“When Frances sneezes, the rest of Europe catches a cold”

This revolution was a spark for other countries!

Europe in Crisis (Revolutions II: 1830-1833)

Belgium (1830-1831) SUCCESS Merged with Holland in 1815 Revolt against the Dutch Dutch army was defeated A national congress wrote a liberal constitution and

named Leopold of Saxe-Coburg (1831-1865) as king

Poland (1830-1831) FAILED Challenged Russian domination of Poland, crushed by the

Russian army Poland became “a land of graves and crosses”

Europe in Crisis (Revolutions II: 1830-1833)

Italy (1831-1832) FAILED Wanted to unify Italy (Italian nationalists) Crushed by the Austrians again

Germany (1830-1833) FAILED Freedoms were restricted German students and professors led the liberal/national

charge liberal constitutions Crushed by the Germany Confederation

Revolutions of 1848

Similar conditions existed across Europe

Revolutions of 1848: Republicanism

Revolutions of 1848: Nationalism Resisted

Revolutions of 1848: Liberalism Halted

Revolutions of 1848: Victorian Compromise

Why the Revolutions Failed

Moving Forward