eyes wide shut: what do your passwords do when no one is watching?

Eyes Wide Shut: What Do Your Passwords Do When No One is Watching

Paula JanuszkiewiczCQURE: Director of Consulting,; Security ExpertCQURE Academy: TrainerMVP: Enterprise Securitywww.cqureacademy.com

@CQUREAcademy

CONSULTING

Hacking Live Workshop 2017

Used to group one or more Web Applications

Purpose: Assign resources, serve as a security sandbox

Use Worker Processes (w3wp.exe)

Their identity is defined in Application Pool settings

Process requests to the applications

Passwords for AppPool identity can be ’decrypted’ even offline

They are stored in the encrypted form in applicationHost.config

Conclusion: IIS relies it’s security on Machine Keys (Local System)

Demo: Application Pools

Demo: IISWasKey

Class names for keys from HKLM\SYSTEM\CCS\Control\Lsa

HKLM\SECURITY\Cache

HKLM\SECURITY\Policy\Secrets

HKLM\SECURITY\Policy\Secrets

Store configuration in the registry

Always need some identity to run the executable!

Local Security Authority (LSA) Secrets

Must be stored locally, especially when domain credentials are used

Can be accessed when we impersonate to Local System

Their accounts should be monitored

If you cannot use gMSA, MSA, use subscription for svc_ accounts (naming convention)

Conclusion: Think twice before using an Administrative account, use gMSA

Demo: Services

The above means:

To read the clear text password you need to struggle!

Demo: SAM/NTDS.dit

Are ‘cached credentials’ safe?

DK = PBKDF2(PRF, Password, Salt, c, dkLen)

Microsoft’s implementation: MSDCC2=

PBKDF2(HMAC-SHA1, DCC1, username, 10240, 16)

Legend

Before the attacks facilitated by pass-the-hash, we can only

rejoice the "salting" by the username.

There are a number pre-computed tables for users as

Administrator facilitating attacks on these hashes.

There is actually not much of a difference with XP / 2003!

No additional salting.

PBKDF2 introduced a new variable: the number of

iterations SHA1 with the same salt as before (username).

The number of iterations in PBKDF2, it is

configurable through the registry:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SECURITY\Cache

DWORD (32) NL$IterationCount

If the number is less than 10240, it is a multiplier

by 1024 (20 therefore gives 20480 iterations)

If the number is greater than 10240, it is the

number of iterations (rounded to 1024)

Demo: Cached Credentials

Based on the following components:

Password, data blob, entropy

Is not prone to password resets!

Protects from outsiders when being in offline access

Effectively protects users data

Stores the password history

You need to be able to get access to some of your passwords from the past

Conclusion: OS greatly helps us to protect secrets

Demo: Classic DPAPI

Demo: DPAPI Taken Further

Demo: RDG Passwords

1.

2.

3.

Location Plaintext passwords

(Reversibly

encrypted)

NT Hash LM Hash TGT Windows logon

cached password

verifiers

Security Accounts Manager (SAM)

database

- Yes Maybe1 - -

Local Security Authority

Subsystem (LSASS) process

memory

Yes Yes Yes Yes -

Active Directory Database - Yes Maybe1 - -

The Credential Manager

(CredMan) store

Maybe2 - - - -

LSA Secrets in the registry Service Accounts,

Scheduled Tasks, etc.

Computer

Account

- - -

HKLM\Security - - - - Yes

Windows 10 with VSM enabled - Yes / No3 Yes/ No3 No4 -

DPAPI-NG

PowerBroker Password Safe

v6.2

Martin Cannard – Product Manager

Comprehensive Security Management

► Secure and automate the process for managing privileged account passwords and keys

► Control how people, services, applications and scripts access managed credentials

► Auto-logon users onto RDP, SSH sessions and apps, without revealing the password

► Record all user and administrator activity (with keystrokes) in a comprehensive audit trail

► Alert in real-time as passwords, and keys are released, and session activity is started

► Monitor session activity in real-time, and immediately lock/terminate suspicious activity

► Block & Alert when SSH commands are entered during privileged sessions

Privileged Password Management

People Services A2A

Privileged

Session

Management

SSH Key

Management

Native desktop tool (MSTSC/PuTTY etc.) connects

to Password Safe which proxies connection through

to requested resource

Protected ResourcesUser authenticates to Password Safe and requests

session to protected resource

RDP/SSH session is proxied through the Password

Safe applianceHTTPS RDP / SSH

RDP / SSH

Password

SafeProxyProxy

Privileged Session Management

Differentiator:

Adaptive Workflow Control

Adaptive Workflow Control

• Day

• Date

• Time

• Who

• What

• Where

Differentiator:

Included API Cache

(no extra cost)

API for Passwords / Sessions / Onboarding

SessionRelease

PasswordRelease

Password SafeAppliance

API

APICache

PasswordRelease

Host/Account Provisioning

Local Area Connection

Locahost Connection

PasswordRelease

PasswordRelease

APICache

PasswordRelease

Locahost Connection

Differentiator:

Controlling Application Access

Automatic Login to ESXi example

Browser

RDP Client

ESXRDP (4489) RDP (3389)

User selects vSphere application

and credentials

vSphere RemoteApp

CredentialCheckout

Credential Management

UserStore

Session Recording / Logging

HTTPS

Automatic Login to Unix/Linux Applications

Typical Use Cases

• Jump host in DMZ

• Menu-driven Apps

• Backup Scripts

• Role-based Apps

Browser

RDP Client

SSH (22) SSH (22)

User selects SSH application and

credentials

SSH Application

CredentialCheckout

Session Recording / Logging

HTTPS

Differentiator:

Reporting & Analytics

Actionable Reporting

Advanced Threat Analytics

What makes Password Safe different?

• Adaptive workflow control to evaluate and intelligently route based on the

who, what, where, and when of the request

• Full network scanning capabilities with built-in auto-onboard capabilities

• Integrated data warehouse and analytics capability

• Smart Rules for building permission sets dynamically according to data

pulled back from scans

• Session management / live monitoring at NO ADDITIONAL COST

• Clean, uncluttered, and intuitive HTML5 interface for end users

Market Validation

• Leader: Forrester PIM Wave, Q3 2016

− Top-ranked Current Offering (product) among all 10

vendors reviewed

− “BeyondTrust excels with its privileged session

management capabilities.”

− “BeyondTrust […] provides the machine learning and

predictive behavior analytics capabilities.”

• Leadership

− Gartner: “BeyondTrust is a representative vendor for all

five key PAM solution categories.”

− OVUM: “BeyondTrust […] provides an integrated, one-

stop approach to PAM… one of only a small band of

PAM providers offering end-to-end coverage.”

− SC Magazine: “Recommended product.”

− … and more from IDC, KuppingerCole, TechNavio, 451Research,

Frost & Sullivan and Forrester

DEMO

Poll

Q&A

Thank you for attending!