genetically modified organisms › ~cfink › es 10 › es 10 powerpoint lectures › gmo’s...
Post on 23-Jun-2020
8 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
4/21/2016
1
GMO’s: Genetically Modified Organisms
Genetically Modified Organisms
• GMO’s, GM
• GE (Genetically Engineered)
• Transgenic
• “Frankenfoods”
DNA from 1 organism transplanted into another
Overview of an Organism• Organism
• Organs systems
• Tissues
• Cells
• Organelles
• Molecules
• Atoms
4/21/2016
2
DNARNAProteins
Proteins: molecules that provide physical structure, hormones, enzymes, etc.
DNA: molecule made of “bases” and “backbone”
http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/dna2.php
Genes: specific physical sequences of DNA that code for specific proteins
Brown eyes sequence: AAAAGCGCCCGGBlue eyes sequence: AAATGCGCCCGC
http://www.mrpscience.com/Genetics/DNAFingerprint.htm
4/21/2016
3
Number of Genes in Different Species
Chromosome: one long, double‐stranded DNA molecule, containing many genes
http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Human_Karyotype.html
“Genetically Modified”DNA from 1 organism transplanted into another
Conventionally done via
• Hybridization
• Selective breeding
http://2011russellbiology.wikispaces.com/Chapter+8+Mendel+and+Genetics
4/21/2016
4
Hybridization
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_breeding
History of Corn
Selective Breeding
Liger
Tigon
Dogs
4/21/2016
5
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
Genetic Engineering: transplanting DNA (gene) from one organism to another
13
http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/27/us‐monkeys‐green‐idUSTRE54Q4A520090527
How to create transgenic organisms:
http://www.nepadbiosafety.net/subjects/biotechnology/plant‐transformation‐bombardment http://www.research.uci.edu/tmf/dnaMicro.htm
Gene gun DNA Microinjection
Why Create GMOs?
• Better taste
• Better appearance
• Faster growth
• Longer shelf‐life
• Improved nutrition
• Pest‐resistant
• Herbicide resistant
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Golden_Rice.jpg
http://extension.entm.purdue.edu/radicalbugs/default.php?page=pests/european_corn_borer
4/21/2016
6
Advantages of GMOs:
•Increased crop yield/efficiency of food production
•Drought/frost resistant crops
•Disease resistant crops
•Improved nutritional content
• Decreased allergenicity
16
•Food without toxins or allergens
•Plants that contain vaccines
•Animals that produce pharmaceutical drugs
•Animals that grow faster, eat less
•Animals that could donate organs?
“Pharm” animals
17
Wild‐type plant Salt‐tolerant plant18
4/21/2016
7
19
AquAdvantage salmon vs. Wildtype
Potential Disadvantages of GMOs
• Human health risks (allergies)
• Ecological/environmental risks (contamination)
• Economic/social justice concerns (patents, intellectual property)
Concerns Regarding GMOs
• GMOs could “escape”
• Might interbreed with wild relatives
• Might accelerate pesticide resistance
• Unequal access to technology
21
4/21/2016
8
Specific Examples of GMOs
• Bt corn
• Round‐up ready crops
• Flavr Savr tomatoes
http://www.lifesciencesfoundation.org/printer_events‐The_FlavrSavr_tomato.htmlhttp://www.21stcentech.com/agriculture‐update‐gm‐minnesota‐family‐farm‐perspective/
http://blogs.cornell.edu/agsci‐interns/2012/08/05/highlights‐of‐crop‐scouting‐with‐wnycma/
Conventional apple
Arctic apple
Arctic Apples
“Truly a non‐browning apple!”
Bt CornBacillus thuringiensis gene inserted into corn genome
Corn plant that can produce Bt in every cell (or not)
Pests eat Bt plant
Pests die
4/21/2016
9
Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis )
•Pests $$billions of damage per year to crops
•Bt protein kills pests selectively
•Used as insecticide for decades by organic farmers
Advantages of Bt corn over topically applied Bt:
•Bt toxin not destroyed by UV, heat, dessication
•Wider coverage of insect feeding sites
•No guessing as to when to apply
Roundup
Glyphosate
Herbicide, Created by Monsanto in 1970
4/21/2016
10
Pros and Cons…
Pros:•Increase crop yields•Affects enzyme only in plants
Cons:•Human health effects?•Environmental impacts (soil/water contamination)•Superweeds/resistance
RoundUp‐Ready Crops:
• Crops genetically modified to be resistant to Roundup
•Currently Include:soy, corn, canola, alfalfa, cotton, sorghum (wheat is under development)
•"terminator seeds“‐‐ crops produced from Roundup Ready seeds are sterile.
Monsanto: Myth or Fact?
• Monsanto routinely sues farmers whose fields are unintentionally contaminated with their seeds
• Monsanto gouges farmers, forcing them to buy fresh seed each year
• Glyphosate is an established carcinogen
• Pesticide use has increased due to use of GMO crops
4/21/2016
11
U.S. Government Regulation of GMOs
1. EPA – evaluates for environmental safety
2. USDA – evaluates whether the plant is safe to grow
3. FDA – evaluates whether the plant is safe to eat
Current Use of GMOs
• GMOs are used internationally
• U.S. majority of soybeans, cotton, corn are GMOs
• 60% of all processed food estimated to contain GMOs
• No “GMO” label is required in the U.S.
32
http://mic.com/articles/89341/64‐countries‐have‐taken‐the‐bold‐stand‐against‐monsanto‐the‐u‐s‐won‐t
4/21/2016
12
Zika Virus
• Related to virus that causes dengue, yellow fever
• May cause mild symptoms in adults (most are asymptomatic)
• Linked to microcephaly, Guillain‐Barré Syndrome
• Transmitted by mosquitoes, sex
• There is no widely available test for Zika
• There is no treatment
• There is currently no vaccine
• Aedes aegypti is a particularly challenging foe
The Bad News…
The Good News—GMO Mosquitoes to the Rescue
• Male mosquitoes modified to contain gene that makes larvae unviable
• GMO males mate with wild females “dud” eggs (larvae die before adulthood)
• Wild Aedes aegypti population decreases
4/21/2016
13
Pros and Cons of these GMO Mosquitoes
• Males, so don’t bite
• Safer than insecticides
• Reduced the number of mosquito larvae by 80‐90% in test city
• Aedes aegypti is not native to the Americas
U.S. Labeling LawsThe U.S. Food and Drug Administration currently requires labeling of GM foods if:
• the food has a significantly different nutritional property
• a new food includes an unexpected allergen (e.g., a peanut protein in a soybean product)
• if a food contains a toxicant beyond acceptable limits.
Pro‐labeling Arguments
• Consumers have a right to know what’s in their food
• Would allow consumers to identify and avoid food products that cause them problems.
• Some people want to avoid eating animal products, including animal DNA.
4/21/2016
14
Anti‐labeling Arguments
• No significant differences between GMO and conventional foods have been detected.
• Would impose a cost on all consumers.
• Certified organic foods by definition cannot be produced with GM ingredients.
• Current food system could not accommodate segregation of GM and non‐GM products.
• No GM products currently on the market or under review contain animal genes
FDA Voluntary Guidelines for Labeling
• If GMO food is significantly different, the name must be changed to describe the difference.
• If a bioengineered food has a significantly different nutritional property, its label must reflect the difference.
• If a new food includes an allergen, the presence of that allergen must be disclosed on the label.
Issues with Mandatory Labeling
• What specific technologies for crop variety development would require a label?
• What percentage of a GE ingredient must be present in a food before a label is required?
• Would meat, eggs and dairy products from livestock that are fed transgenic crops require labeling?
• How should regulators verify claims that a food is or is not genetically engineered?
• What is the economic impact of labeling?
4/21/2016
15
California Proposition 37 Genetically Engineered Foods Labeling
Initiative Statute
• Raw or processed food made from plants or animals with genetic material changed in specified ways.
• Prohibits labeling or advertising such food, or other processed food, as “natural.”
Prop 37 Exempts foods that are:
– unintentionally produced with GM material
– made from animals fed or injected with GM material but not GM themselves
– processed with or containing only small amounts of GM ingredients
– administered for treatment of medical conditions
– sold for immediate consumption such as in a restaurant
– alcoholic beverages
top related