integrated pest management is a philosophy!. ipm it is a preventative approach incorporating a...
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IPM
It is a preventative approach incorporating a number of objectives including the following:
development of a healthy turf that can withstand pest pressure
judicious and efficient use of chemicals enhancement of populations of natural,
beneficial organisms effective timing of handling pest problems at the
most vulnerable stage, often resulting in reduced pesticide usage.
IPM
It is an ecologically based system that uses biological and chemical approaches to control. As with BMPs, IPM strategies should be incorporated into every aspect of turf management especially as they relate to environmental impact.
IPM
programs rely on six basic approaches for plant and environmental protection
Genetic - selecting improved grasses which perform well in specific areas and show a resistance to environmental stress and pest problems
IPM
programs rely on six basic approaches for plant and environmental protection
Regulatory - using certified seed and sod to prevent unwanted weed contamination and guaranteeing true-to-type seed, sod and sprigs of the best adapted turfgrass species and cultivars
IPM
Cultural - following recommendations made for proper cultural practices which will maintain the turf in the most healthy condition and influence its susceptibility and recovery from pest problems. Proper application of practices such as proper mowing techniques, good nutrient management, sound irrigation management, aerification, vertical mowing, and topdressing should produce a high quality turf
IPM
Physical - mechanical removal of pests (i.e. hand weeding in selected areas) and cleaning equipment to prevent spreading of diseases and weeds from infected areas
IPM
Biological - for a limited number of pest problems biological control can be used whereby natural enemies are favored or introduced to effectively compete with the pest; biological control can also include developing habitat to favor natural predation such as installing bird and bat houses thus favoring an increase in populations which feed on insects
IPM
Chemical - pesticides are a necessary and beneficial approach to turf pest problems, but use can be restricted in many cases to curative rather then preventive applications, thus reducing environmental exposure.
IPM
Pesticide selection is based on an ecological risk assessment approach that strives to use only pesticides that are based on effectiveness, are not toxic to non-target species, that act quickly and degrade quickly, are not soluble and not persistent.
IPM
Few pesticide applications should be made on a regularly scheduled basis. Exceptions may include pre-emergent herbicides and fungicides used to control specific diseases which are predictable based on site history and prevailing environmental conditions.
IPM
Additionally, materials must be applied strictly in accordance with label instructions, at labeled rates, under appropriate environmental conditions (i.e., no spraying on windy days or when rain is forecast), with a low-volume sprayer to reduce the possibility of drift or using a shrouded sprayer
IPM
Materials will be rotated for specific uses. This will deter the development of resistant strains of pests which may require more frequent and/or higher rates of pesticide applications.
IPM approach
monitoring of potential pest populations and their environment;
determining pest injury levels and establishing treatment thresholds;
decision making, developing and integrating all biological, cultural, and chemical control strategies;
IPM approach
educating personnel on all biological and chemical control strategies;
timing and spot treatment utilizing either the chemical, biological or cultural methods;
evaluating the results of treatment.
Figure 3 is a flow chart for pest management decision making based on IPM strategies. It starts with preparation of a well planned IPM program
Problem solving flowchartDoes the damn thing
work?
Did you mess with it?
You’re an idiot!
Will you catch hell?
Yes
No
Trash it!
No
No Problem!
Does anyone know?
Don’t messwith it!
Yes No
Hide it!
No
YOU POOR BASTARD!
Yes Yes
Can you blame someone else?
Yes
No
Experience and DataBased Information Input
Conditions Favorable for Pest Occurrence?
No CurativeAction Needed
NO
Implement Preventative Strategies
YES
Monitor for Pest Presence or Symptoms of Pests
Pests are Present or Symptomsof Pests are Found
Continue Pest Monitoring
Program
NO
Identify Pest and Level of Damage
YES
Does Damage and Do Pest Levels Exceed Thresholds? NO
Implement Curative Treatment• Consider all Curative Techniques• Use Risk Assessment Techniques
to Select Pesticides
Determine Effectiveness of Treatment
Determine Effectiveness of Management Strategies
YES
Figure 3. Integrated Pest Management decision flow chart.
• Establish Pest Thresholds• Establish Monitoring Program• Establish Potential Pest Problems• Establish Curative Techniques
IPM approach
This approach establishes the following: identifies potential pest problems to
determine scouting procedures structured scouting or monitoring sets pest damage thresholds determines the preventative and curative
techniques to be used
STRATEGIES OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
Knowledge of turf and pests Monitoring or scouting - intensity
determined by value of area and knowledge of pest life cycles
Recordkeeping - measure the effectiveness of the program and record information on which to make future decisions
SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS - Diseases
DISEASEDISEASEMANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT
CHEMICALCHEMICALANDANDBIOLOGICALBIOLOGICALCONTROLSCONTROLS
RESISTANTRESISTANTSPECIESSPECIESANDANDCULTIVARSCULTIVARS
CULTURAL CONTROLSCULTURAL CONTROLS
SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS - Diseases
Brown Patch - most prevalent in hot weather (>85 F) - need this type of information transcribed to scouting logs -
controlling thatch, avoid excess N and prolonged wet foliage
SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS - Diseases
Brown Patch use of several natural organic
fertilizer/composts in the fertilization/topdressing programs have been shown to reduce incidence
daily scouting during warm weather is highly recommended, this allows a curative approach
SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS - Diseases
Dollar Spot - Warm-moist weather in the spring and fall favors this disease as well as low N levels.
use of several natural organic fertilizer/composts have been shown to reduce the incidence
SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS - Diseases
Dollar Spot daily scouting during warm weather
should preclude treatment except on a curative basis
SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS - Diseases
Pythium Blight - rapidly developing and devastating disease, favored by excess N, very wet and hot weather and low light levels.
Avoid prolonged leaf wetness Preventative approach is taken when
temperatures are 85 F (day) and 68 F (night) or higher
MM AA MM JJ JJ AA SS OO NN DD JJ FF
Leaf diseasesLeaf diseases - -Leaf spot, red threadLeaf spot, red thread
Root diseasesRoot diseases - -Pythium, Pythium, Necrotic ring spotNecrotic ring spot
Leaf diseasesLeaf diseases - -Dollar spot, brownDollar spot, brownpatch, Pythiumpatch, Pythium
Root diseasesRoot diseases - -Pythium, Pythium, Summer patchSummer patch
SP
RIN
GS
PR
ING
SU
MM
ER
SU
MM
ER
INFECTIONINFECTION
SYMPTOMSSYMPTOMS
INFECTION AND SYMPTOMINFECTION AND SYMPTOMRELATIONSHIPSRELATIONSHIPS
TEMPERATURE RANGES FOR TURF DISEASE DEVELOPMENT
DISEASE PATHOGEN OPTIMUM (F)Necrotic ring spot Leptosphaeria korrae 59 - 82Summer patch Magnaporthae poae 83 - 87Brown patch Rhizoctonia spp. 70 - 90Yellow patch Rhizoctonia cerealis Not determinedPythium root rot Pythium spp. 52 - 70Pythium blight Pythium spp. 74 - 93Bipolaris leaf spot Bipolaris sorokiniana > 80Dreschlera leaf spot Dreschlera spp. 59 - 65
TEMPERATURE RANGES FOR TURF DISEASE DEVELOPMENT
DISEASE PATHOGEN OPTIMUM (F)Gray snow mold Typhula spp. 48Pink snow mold Microdochium nivale 68 - 77Dollar spot Sclerotinia homeocarpa Not determinedStripped smut Ustilago spp. Not
determinedRed thread Laetisaria fuciformis Not determinedPowdery mildew Erysiphe graminis 59 - 72Rusts Puccinia spp. Not determined
2020 3030 4040 5050 6060 7070 8080 9090 100100 110110Temp. (F)Temp. (F)
PATHOGEN GROWTH AND TEMPERATURE RANGESPATHOGEN GROWTH AND TEMPERATURE RANGES
Necrotic ring spotNecrotic ring spotSummer patchSummer patch
Brown patchBrown patchYellow patchYellow patch
Pythium root rotPythium root rotPythium blightPythium blightBipolaris leaf spotBipolaris leaf spotDreschlera leaf spotDreschlera leaf spot
Gray snow moldGray snow mold
Pink snow moldPink snow mold
Dollar spotDollar spot
Red threadRed threadStriped smutStriped smut
PYTHIUM BLIGHT FORECAST MODEL - Hall et al.
For the past 24 hHours that temperatureHours that temperatureis equal or greater thanis equal or greater than70 F70 F
Minimum temperature during last 24 hMinimum temperature during last 24 h
>= 18 h>= 18 h
< 18 h< 18 h
Index = 0Index = 0No riskNo risk Index = 1,Index = 1,
Moderate riskModerate riskIndex = 2,Index = 2,High riskHigh risk
< 68 F< 68 F > 68 F> 68 F
PYTHIUM BLIGHT FORECAST MODEL - Nutter et al.
For the past 24 hMax. daily temperatureMax. daily temperaturegreater than 86 F followedgreater than 86 F followedby at least 14 h of relativeby at least 14 h of relativehumidity > 90% with minimumhumidity > 90% with minimumtemperatures ?> 68 F.temperatures ?> 68 F.
Index = 0,Index = 0,No riskNo risk
Index = 1,Index = 1,High riskHigh risk
YesYes
NoNo
CULTURAL DISEASE CULTURAL DISEASE CONTROLCONTROL
Bermudagrass Decline - PreventativeBermudagrass Decline - Preventative Raise mowing heightsRaise mowing heights Aerify greensAerify greens TopdressTopdress Balance N with KBalance N with K Do not lime if pH may approach 7.0Do not lime if pH may approach 7.0
CULTURAL DISEASE CULTURAL DISEASE CONTROLCONTROL
Bermudagrass Decline - CurativeBermudagrass Decline - Curative Raise mowing heightsRaise mowing heights TopdressTopdress Balance N with KBalance N with K Do not lime if pH may approach Do not lime if pH may approach
7.07.0
EFFECTS OF SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDES ON A EFFECTS OF SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDES ON A BERMUDAGRASS PUTTING GREEN INFESTED WITH BERMUDAGRASS PUTTING GREEN INFESTED WITH
GaeumannomycesGaeumannomyces graminisgraminis var. var. graminisgraminisDr. Monica ElliottDr. Monica Elliott
fenarimol, myclobutanil, fenarimol, myclobutanil, propiconazole, terbuconazole, propiconazole, terbuconazole, thiophanate-methyl, triadimefonthiophanate-methyl, triadimefon
None increased turf quality over None increased turf quality over the untreated turf, whether used the untreated turf, whether used curatively or preventativelycuratively or preventatively
EFFECTS OF SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDES ON A EFFECTS OF SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDES ON A BERMUDAGRASS PUTTING GREEN INFESTED WITH BERMUDAGRASS PUTTING GREEN INFESTED WITH
GaeumannomycesGaeumannomyces graminisgraminis var. var. graminisgraminisDr. Monica ElliottDr. Monica Elliott
A significant decline in TQ, when A significant decline in TQ, when compare to the untreated turf was compare to the untreated turf was often associated with repeated use often associated with repeated use of the DMI fungicides fenarimol, of the DMI fungicides fenarimol, myclobutanil, propiconazole and myclobutanil, propiconazole and triadimefon, but not with the use of triadimefon, but not with the use of tebuconazole or thiophanate-methyltebuconazole or thiophanate-methyl
DISEASE THRESHOLDS
Bermudagrass or Bentgrass Greens: 0% Pythium blight 0.5% Dollar spot
Lawn: 10% Dollar spot 15% Brown patch
DISEASE THRESHOLDS
BASED ON: Turfgrass species Prevailing environmental conditions Economic or aesthetic value of site Cost of chemical treatment versus
renovation of damaged turf sites
BIOCONTROL FOR DISEASES?
Some success with composted organics as fertilizers/topdressing on:
Dollar spot Brown patch Red thread Typhula blight Pythium root rot
SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS - Insects
Soil feeding - white grubs, mole crickets
Surface feeding - sod webworms, armyworms, cutworms, etc.
SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS - Insects
STRATEGIES FOR CONTROL: Scouting for signs Mapping of problem areas Establishing thresholds
SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS - Insects
WHITE GRUBS: Identifying threshold levelsTreating when in larval stage
March through May for June beetles September for most others
SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS - Insects
SOD WEBWORMS: Monitoring for inactive adults on the
turfgrass, weeds or on the leaves and stems of trees or shrubs
Larvae are night feeders on the leaves of the grass
Determine thresholds and scout, are burrowed down in the grass
SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS - Insects
ARMYWORM and FALL ARMYWORMActive in the early morning or late in
the evening making scouting a requisite for control
Establish thresholds
SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS - Insects
CUTWORMS Moth larvae which overwinter as pupae or
mature larvae, adults appear by mid-March. Feed on leaves or grass clippings near the
soil Late afternoon scouting or a soap flush to
determine presence Determine thresholds
INSECT THRESHOLDS
FLORIDA -Grubs: #/sq.ft.
Japanese beetle 3 to 4Masked chafer beetle 4
Armyworms 3 to 4Billbugs 6Cutworms 1Mole crickets 1 to 2Sod webworms 5 to 8
INSECT BIOLOGY
BILLBUG LARVAE DEGREE DAY MODEL: Larvae begin to emerge from the stems and
are thus exposed to insecticides used between 925 and 1035 DDbase50; they can be controlled from this time until significant visual damage occurs between 1330 and 1485 DDbase50.
INSECT BIOLOGY
BILLBUG ADULT DEGREE DAY MODEL: March 1 starting date; threshold temperature
of 50 F; first adult activity should occur between 280 and 352 DDbase50; and the 30% first activity (the time the last surface insecticide would be effective) should occur between 560 and 624 DDbase50.
INSECT MONITORING
Spot Checks - 30 second checks in 20 or so locations
Irritants - flushing agents Flotation Pitfall traps Soil sampling
INSECT MONITORING
Mole crickets - map spring activity Grubs - map area to locate
infestations Chinchbugs - monitor early -season
activity during warmer daytime hours Sod webworms - monitor spring
moth flights
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INSECTS
INCORPORATES USE OF: Competitors - uncommon for control
of insects, useful for diseases Predators - if allowed to build up Parasites - wasps or flies Pathogens - bacteria, viruses, fungi
and nematodes
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INSECTS
Biocontrol used through: Introduction of new parasites,
predators or pathogens Augmentation or the addition of
more parasites, predators or pathogens to existing numbers
Conservation of already existing populations
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INSECTS
When a pesticide must be used, select one which has the least impact on the biological controls :
Insecticidal soaps Bt microbial pesticides Botanicals - pyrethrum, azadiractin
Percent of Sod Webworm Eggs Eaten or Carried Off by Predators
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Week 1 Week 3 Week 5
TreatedUntreated
Single applicationof chlorpyrifos
RELATIVE TOXICITY OF PESTICIDES TO EARTHWORMS AS PERCENT REDUCTION
Low (0-25%)2,4-Dtriclopyrdicambapendimethalintriadimefonfenarimolpropiconazolechlorothalonilisofenphos
Moderate (25-50%)trichlorfonchlorpyrifosisazophos Severe (50-75%)benomyldiazinon Very severe (>75%)carbarylbendiocarbethopropfonofos
NEMATODE THRESHOLDS
Nematode
Sting, Awl
Lance
Stubby-root
Spiral
Ring
Sheath, Sheathoid
Root-knot
#/100 cc soil
10
40
40
300
500
80
80
SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS - Weeds
Drought-prone sites
Prostrate spurge
Black medic
Yellow woodsorrel
Goosegrass
Annual lespedeza
Birdsfoot trefoil
Prostrate knotwood
Bracted plantain
Wet sites
Moneywort
Annual sedge
Annual bluegrass
Alligatorweed
Pearlwort
Moss
Liverwort
Rushes (Juncus sp.)
SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS - Weeds
Weeds adapted to shallow rooted conditions associated with compacted soils:
Annual bluegrass Corn speedwell
Annual sedge Goosegrass
Annual lespedeza Prostrate knotweed
Broadleaf plantain Prostrate spurge
SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS - Weeds
High NBirdsfoot trefoilBlack medicBroomsedgeChicoryCommon
speedwell
Low N
Annual bluegrass
Chickweed
Moss
Ryegrass
SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS - Weeds
High/Infrequent
Bull thistle
Burdock
Chicory
Sweet clover
Teasel
Close/FrequentAnnual
bluegrassChickweedsPearlwortThymeleaf
speedwell
Weeds associated with mowing regimes:Weeds associated with mowing regimes:
SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS - Weeds
CRABGRASS: Requires light for germination,
therefore invade a less dense turf Seed germinates when soil
temperatures reach 53 to 58 F at a 4-inch depth - about dogwood bloom
SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS - Weeds
GOOSEGRASS: Prefers dry, compacted sites Seed germinates when soil
temperatures reach 60 to 65 F, probably 2 weeks after crabgrass
SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS - Weeds
Soil conditionLow pHSoil compactionLow NSandy soilsPoor drainageSurface moistureHigh pHNematodesLow mowing
Indicator weed(s)SorrelGoosegrass, knotweed, PoaLegumes (clover, chickweed)Poorjoe, sandspur, quackgrassSedgesAlgaePlantainsSpurges, pusley, knotweedAlgae
SCOUTING WEEDS
Identification - critical Quantification - some estimate of
percent infestation Documentation - include growth
stages which can aid in control decisions
Note confounding factors - thin turf, traffic, shade, drainage,
WEED THRESHOLDS
% Weeds Tolerated
Grassy Broadleaf
Greens 0 to 1 0 to 1
Tees 2 to 6 1 to 4
Fairways 3 to 8 2 to 7
Roughs 7 to 12 8 to 13
THATCH EFFECTS ON PESTICIDE MOBILITY
Units of Thatch
Insecticide Solubility(ppm) to Bind 50%
chlorpyrifos <1 4
diazinon 40 75
isazophos 150 300
trichlorfon 120,000 500+
bendiocarb 40 640+
STARTING AN IPM PROGRAM
Define the role and responsibility of all people who will be involved in the IPM program.
Train personnel Determine management objectives for
specific areas of the course
STARTING AN IPM PROGRAM
Collect information on each hole: turf species mowing height and schedule irrigation amount and frequency soil drainage complete soil analysis fertilizer program traffic patterns shade and air circulation concerns
STARTING AN IPM PROGRAM
Install weather monitoring equipment or have access to daily weather information including soil temperatures
Establish aesthetic or action thresholds
Monitoring
One of the most critical components to IPM programs is monitoring.
A well-trained and experienced turf manager will scout or designate someone who is qualified to scout to detect symptoms of a pest problem on a periodic basis.
Scouting
A scouting schedule may include daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly, quarterly, semi-annual and annual items to be monitored.
Site Specific Information
This approach coupled with compiling a site specific history and keeping informed as to advances in turfgrass management make it a workable program.
IPM Advantages
While the economic advantages of IPM are tangible, the sociological and environmental consequences of judicious pesticide use alone are strong justification for implementation.
SETTING UP THE PROGRAM
Assures more judicious use of fertilizers and pesticides
Economic savings Public relations over environmental
concerns
IPM Programs will not:
Eliminate pests or pest damage Replace pesticides Work without the support of concerned,
conscientious golf course superintendents
BENEFITS OF IPM BENEFITS OF IPM NY STATE: 1986-1994NY STATE: 1986-1994
NEW JOBS: over 100 for state NEW JOBS: over 100 for state residentsresidents
ECONOMIC BENEFITS: reduced ECONOMIC BENEFITS: reduced production costs by $14Mproduction costs by $14M
NEW BUSINESSES: helped develop NEW BUSINESSES: helped develop 3 new small businesses and 3 new small businesses and enhanced the financial climate for enhanced the financial climate for another 6 another 6
BENEFITS OF IPM BENEFITS OF IPM NY STATE: 1986-1994NY STATE: 1986-1994
ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS: ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS: decreases in thedecreases in the tons of pesticides usedtons of pesticides used numbers of pesticide applicationsnumbers of pesticide applications environmental impact of pesticide environmental impact of pesticide
useuse
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