introduction to information systems shelly cashman rosenblatt systems analysis & design

INTRODUCTION TOINFORMATION SYSTEMS

Shelly Cashman Rosenblatt

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS & DESIGN

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS & DESIGN 3E

Chapter 1

Introduction to Information Systems

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Objectives

Describe an information system and explain its components and characteristics

Explain how different levels of a business organization use and handle information

Describe the phases and objectives of the systems development life cycle

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Objectives

Explain the use of software tools in the development of information systems

List the major functions performed by the information systems department

Discuss a systems analyst’s responsibilities, skills, and opportunities

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Objectives

Identify six common business information systems and describe their primary features

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Why do businesses depend on computers more than ever? Global competition Intense pressure for quality Information technology can mean the

difference between survival and failure

Introduction

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What is required for successful business information systems? The right hardware and software A team of talented, motivated people who use

information technology to achieve business goals

Introduction

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Introduction

IBM summed it up this way:

“Knowledge Management

Calls for a New Way of Thinking”

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Introduction

IBM study cited 4 basic rules for success in the new marketplace The customer always is right Skilled employees create happy customers The organization and its information systems

must reflect customer expectations — not the other way around

Information technology will be the essential factor in determining success

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Systems and Procedures

Procedures specify how the work must be done

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Systems and Procedures

Procedures specify how the work must be done

A system is a group of related procedures for a specific business function

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS & DESIGN 3E

Systems and Procedures

Procedures specify how the work must be done

A system is a group of related procedures for a specific business function

Data is basic facts that are the system's raw material

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS & DESIGN 3E

Systems and Procedures

Procedures specify how work must be done A system is a group of related procedures for a

specific business function Data is basic facts that are the system's raw

material Processing transforms input into accurate,

meaningful business information

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS & DESIGN 3E

Information System Components

Hardware Software Data Procedures People

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Hardware is the physical layer of the information system

Information System Components

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Software System software controls the hardware and

software environment and includes the operating system

Application software consists of programs that that process data to produce information

Information System Components

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS & DESIGN 3E

Data stored in files and databases is a vital component of every system

Information System Components

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Procedures define the tasks that must be performed by users, managers, and IS staff

Information System Components

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People who use the system are called users, or end users, and include employees, customers, vendors, or others who interact with the system

Information System Components

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Business Information Systems

Companies are classified based on their main activities: Production-oriented (industrial ) companies that

manufacture & sell goods Service companies that mainly offer

information, services, or sell goods made by others

Combined industrial & service companies

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS & DESIGN 3E

Business Information Systems

Characteristics of business information systems

4 main characteristics affect a business information system’s complexity Relationships with other systems Boundaries Specialized business needs Size of the company

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Types of Information Systems

Operational systems Management information systems Decision support systems Executive information systems Expert systems Office systems

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Types of Information Systems

Operational systems process data generated by day-to-day business transactions

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS & DESIGN 3E

Types of Information Systems

Management information systems generate timely and accurate information for top, middle, and lower managers

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Types of Information Systems

Decision support systems help managers make business decisions by analyzing data and providing a what-if model

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Types of Information Systems

Executive information systems support information requirements of top-level managers who make unstructured decisions

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Expert systems simulate human reasoning and decision-making using a knowledge base and inference rules

Office systems are used by knowledge workers

Types of Information Systems

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Elements include Local and wide area networking Electronic mail, voice mail, and fax Video conferencing, word processing,

automated calendars, electronic filing Database management, spreadsheets, desktop

publishing, presentation graphics Company intranets, and Internet access

throughout the company

Types of Information Systems

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS & DESIGN 3E

Four organizational levelsOperational personnelLower managementMiddle managementTop management

Organizational Levels

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Four organizational levelsOperational personnelLower managementMiddle managementTop management

Responsibilities, decision-making styles, and information system requirements

Organizational Levels

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Four organizational levelsOperational personnelLower managementMiddle managementTop management

Responsibilities, decision-making styles, and information system requirements

Empowerment of operational personnel

Organizational Levels

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS & DESIGN 3E

Systems planning Systems analysis Systems design Systems implementation Systems operation and support

Systems Development Life Cycle

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS & DESIGN 3E

Systems planning Preliminary investigation report

Systems analysis System requirements document

Systems design System design specification

Systems implementation Complete functioning information system

Systems operation and support Operational information system

Systems Development Life Cycle

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS & DESIGN 3E

Systems planning Purpose – identify problem’s nature/scope Systems request – begins the process &

describes desired changes/improvements Systems planning – includes preliminary

investigation or feasibility study End product – preliminary investigation report

Systems Development Life Cycle

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Systems analysis Purpose is to learn exactly how the current

system operates Fact-finding or requirements determination is

used to define all functions of the current system

Systems Development Life Cycle

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Options Develop a system in-house Purchase a commercial package Modify an existing system Stop development

The end product for this phase is the systems requirements document

Systems Development Life Cycle

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Systems designPurpose is to satisfy all documented

requirements Identify all outputs, inputs, files, manual

procedures, & application programsAvoid misunderstanding through manager and

user involvementEnd product is system design specification

Systems Development Life Cycle

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Systems implementationConstruct/deliver information system Prepares functioning, documented systemWrite, test, document application programsUser and manager approval obtainedFile conversion occursUsers, managers, IS staff trained to operate and

support the systemPost-implementation evaluation performed

Systems Development Life Cycle

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Systems operation and supportNew system supports business operationsMaintenance changes correct errors or meet

requirementsEnhancements increase system capabilityAfter several years of operation, systems

experience need for extensive changes Systems development life cycle ends with

system replacement

Systems Development Life Cycle

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Systems Development Life Cycle

General considerationsComplete the phases in sequenceFocus on end productsEstimate required resources

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Systems Development Life Cycle

Automated tools for systems development

Software toolsPrototypesComputer-aided software engineering

(CASE)

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TRADEOFF

Is it better to have more or fewer phases in the SDLC? More phases can result in more checkpoints,

end products, and work Fewer phases can result in less cost and faster

development time Success really depends on the skills and

motivation of the development team

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A KEY QUESTION

Should Momma’s, a small chain of 12 bed and breakfast inns, adopt the SDLC process of Global Hotels, a large multinational hotel company?

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Information Systems Department

Operations group responsible for centralized computers and processing

Technical support group installs and supports systems software and serves in an advisory and support capacity to other groups in the IS department

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Information Systems Department

Applications group analyzes, designs, programs, tests, installs, and maintains the company’s information systems

Information center (IC) provides users with technical resources, information, and support

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The Systems Analyst Position

Responsibilities Required skills and background Career opportunities

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TRADEOFF

As a systems analyst, is working at a small or large company better for you?

Points to consider: Professional growth and experience Corporate culture Variety in assignments Amount of responsibility Salary, location, and company’s prospects

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Which job offer should Lisa Jameson choose?

Pembroke BoatsSmall boat-building firmLocated in small townLisa would create a new IS department

A KEY QUESTION

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Albemarle Express Nationwide trucking company headquartered in

Detroit Higher salary Lisa would start as programmer/analyst Opportunity to become systems analyst Acquisition rumors

A KEY QUESTION

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Background and history Company organization chart IS department structure

SOFTWEAR, LIMITED

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SOFTWEAR, LIMITED

Background and history Manufactures and sells casual and recreational

clothing Formed in 1991 $250 million total 1997 sales Total of 450 employees California & Texas manufacturing plants 125 people work at SWL’s headquarters in

Raleigh, N.C. SWL maintains a Web site

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Company organization chart President, Robert Lansing – four direct reports

Vice President Operations, David Josephs Vice President Marketing, Amy Neal Vice President Finance, Michael Jeremy Vice President Human Resources, Tina

Pham

SOFTWEAR, LIMITED

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Company organization chart President, Robert Lansing – four direct reports

Vice President Operations, David Josephs Vice President Marketing, Amy Neal Vice President Finance, Michael Jeremy

Director of Information Systems, Ann Hon, reports to the Vice President Finance, Michael Jeremy

Vice President Human Resources, Tina Pham

SOFTWEAR, LIMITED

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SOFTWEAR, LIMITED

IS department structure Director of Information Systems, Ann Hon, has

three direct reportsManager Applications, Jane RossmanManager Tech Support, Kerry KraussManager Operations, Gene Talkington

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