powerpoint presentation for chapter six - hcc learning
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Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Changing Directions in the Study of Conditioning
Observational Learning
Adaptation to the Environment
Learning—any process
through which
experience at one time
can alter an individual’s
behavior at a future time
Adaptation to the Environment
Conditioning—the process of
learning the associations
between environmental events
and behavioral responses
Learning Processes
• Classical conditioning
• Behaviorism
• Operant conditioning
• Social learning/modeling
Pavlov’s
Classical
Conditioning
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Observational
Learning
Classical Conditioning
• Ivan Pavlov
• Terminology
– Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
– Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
– Unconditioned Response (UCR)
– Conditioned Response (CR)
Unconditioned Stimulus eg. Food
Always elicits a reflex
action: an unconditioned
response food
blast of air
•noise
Unconditioned Response— eg.
Salivation
A response to an unconditioned
stimulus—naturally occurring
Salivation at smell of food
Eye blinks at blast of air
Startle reaction in babies
Conditioned Stimulus—eg. Bell
The stimulus that was originally neutral
becomes conditioned after
it has been paired with the unconditioned
stimulus
•Will eventually elicit the
unconditioned response by itself
Conditioned Response
The original unconditioned
response becomes conditioned
after it has been elicited by the
neutral stimulus
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Observational
Learning
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Observational
Learning
(NS)
Neutral Stimulus
(NR)
No Response
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Observational
Learning
(UCS)
Unconditioned
Stimulus
(UCR)
Unconditioned
Response
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Observational
Learning
No response
(NS)
Neutral
Stimulus
(UCR)
Unconditioned
Response
(UCS)
Unconditioned
Stimulus
Repeated
pairings
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Observational
Learning
(CS)
Conditioned
Stimulus
(CR)
Conditioned
Response
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Observational
Learning
Classical
Conditioning
at BGSU
Video courtesy of David Johnson
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Observational
Learning
Acquisition
(CS-US pairings)
0
15
10
5
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Observational
Learning
Extinction
(CS alone)
0
15
10
5
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Observational
Learning
Extinction
(CS alone)
0
15
10
5
24-hour
rest
Spontaneous Recovery
(CS alone)
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Observational
Learning
Figure 6.2 The sequence of events in classical conditioning
Figure 6.3 Classical conditioning of a fear response
Basic Processes in Classical Conditioning
• Acquisition
• Extinction
• Spontaneous recovery
• Stimulus generalization
• Stimulus discrimination
• Higher-order conditioning
Figure 6.6 Acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery
Figure 6.8 Higher-order conditioning
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Observational
Learning
John
Watson
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Observational
Learning
John B. Watson and Little Albert
Conditioned
emotional responses
•Generalization
•Extinction
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Observational
Learning
(CR)
(UR) Fear
(CS) White Rat
(US) Loud Gong
Little
Albert
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Observational
Learning
CS CR
Skinner’s
Operant
Conditioning
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Observational
Learning
B. F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
•Interested in emitted behaviors
•Operant—voluntary response that
acts on the environment to
produce consequences
B. F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement—the
occurrence of a stimulus
following a response that
increases the likelihood
of the response being
repeated
Basic Processes in Operant Conditioning
• Acquisition
• Shaping
• Extinction
• Stimulus Control
– Generalization
– Discrimination
Behavior
Consequence
Patronize
Elmo’s Diner
Response Rewarding
Stimulus Presented
Tendency to tell
jokes increases
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Observational
Learning
Speaker Signal lights
Lever To food dispenser
Food pellet
Electric grid
To shock generator
Skinner
Box
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Observational
Learning
Cumulative
Recorder Drum
Pen Series
of rapid
responses
Reinforcement
slash Not
responding
One
response
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Observational
Learning
Rat in a
Skinner box
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Observational
Learning
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Observational
Learning
Table 6.1 Comparison of Basic Processes in Classical and Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement:
Consequences that Strengthen Responses
• Primary Reinforcers
– Satisfy biological needs
• Secondary Reinforcers
– Conditioned reinforcement (ex. Money,
good grades, praise, etc.)
Priscilla
the Pig
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Observational
Learning
Shaping – the reinforcement of closer
and closer approximations to the
desired behavior
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Observational
Learning
Cum
ula
tive R
esponses
Time
Response
extinguished High rate
Rate decreasing
Rate increasing
Reinforcement Schedules
Continuous—every correct response
is reinforced; good way to get a low-
frequency behavior to occur
Partial—only some correct responses
are reinforced; good way to make a
behavior resistant to extinction
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Observational
Learning
Continuous Reinforcement Intermittent Reinforcement
Response Reinforcer
Response Reinforcer
Response Reinforcer
Response Reinforcer
Response Reinforcer
Response Reinforcer
Response Reinforcer
Response Reinforcer
Response
Response
Response Reinforcer
Response
Response
Response Reinforcer
Partial Schedules—Ratio
Ratio schedules are based on number of responses emitted
Fixed ratio (FR)—a reinforcer is delivered after a certain (fixed) number of correct responses
Variable ratio (VR)—a reinforcer is delivered after an average number of responses, but varies from trial to trial
Cum
ula
tive R
esponses
Time
Fixed-ratio (FR) Lower resistance
to extinction Rapid responding
Short pause after
reinforcement
Note: Higher ratios generate
higher response rates
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Observational
Learning
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Observational
Learning
Cum
ula
tive R
esponses
Time
Variable-ratio (VR) Higher resistance
to extinction
High, steady rate
without pauses
Note: Higher ratios generate
higher response rates
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Observational
Learning
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Observational
Learning
Partial Schedules—Interval
Interval schedules are based on time.
Fixed interval (FI)—reinforcer is delivered for
the first response after a fixed period of time
has elapsed
Variable interval (VI)—reinforcer is delivered
for the first response after an average time has
elapsed, differs between trials
Cum
ula
tive R
esponses
Time
Fixed-interval (FI) Lower resistance
to extinction
Long pause
after reinforcement
yields “scalloping” effect
Note: Short intervals generate
higher rates overall
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Observational
Learning
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Observational
Learning
Cum
ula
tive R
esponses
Time
Variable-interval (VI) Higher resistance
to extinction
Low, steady rate
without pauses
Note: Short intervals generate
higher rates overall
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Observational
Learning
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Observational
Learning
Operant Conditioning positive and
negative reinforcement
Positive reinforcement –
following an operant with the
addition of a reinforcing stimulus
Negative reinforcement –
Following an operant with the
avoidance or removal of an aversive
stimulus
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Observational
Learning
Tendency to press
lever increases
Behavior
Response
Press lever
Consequence
Rewarding Stimulus Presented
Food delivered
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Observational
Learning
Tendency to press
lever increases
Behavior
Response
Press lever
Consequence
Aversive Stimulus Removed
Shock turned off
Positive or Negative Reinforcement?
A toddler begins to cry in a toy store.
The toddler’s mother gives her a toy
to quiet her down.
Next time they go to the store,
the child starts crying again. Positive
Reinforcement
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Observational
Learning
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Observational
Learning
Escape
(CR)
(UR) Fear
(CS) Light
(US) Shock
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Observational
Learning
Avoidance
Consequences:
Reinforcement and Punishment
• Increasing a response:
– Positive reinforcement = response followed by rewarding stimulus
– Negative reinforcement = response followed by removal of an aversive stimulus
• Escape learning
• Avoidance learning
• Decreasing a response:
– Punishment
– Problems with punishment
Punishment
• Type I (Positive) Punishment -Presentation of an aversive stimulus following a behavior that acts to decrease the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated
• Type II (Negative) Punishment – Removal of a reinforcing stimulus following a behavior that acts to decrease the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated.
*Problems with Punishment*
1. Does not teach or promote alternative,
acceptable behavior
2. May produce undesirable results such as
hostility, passivity, fear
3. Likely to be temporary
4. May model aggression
Figure 6.16 Comparison of negative reinforcement and punishment
Changing Directions in the Study
of Conditioning
• Biological Constraints on Conditioning
– Instinctive Drift
– Conditioned Taste Aversion
– Arbitrary vs. ecological conditioned stimuli
• Cognitive Influences on Conditioning
– Latent learning
– Signal relations
– Response-outcome relations
Figure 6.19 Latent learning
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Observational
Learning
(CR)
(UR) Nausea
Conditioned Stimulus
(Taste of Berries)
Unconditioned
Stimulus
(Illness)
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Observational
Learning
Snake
Phobia
Changing
Directions
in the Study
of Conditioning
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Observational
Learning
Albert
Bandura
Observational Learning
• Albert Bandura
– Observational learning
• Basic processes
– attention
– retention
– reproduction
– motivation
Figure 6.20 Observational learning
Do as I say, not as I do.
This will teach you to hit your
brother!
Why do you do that? You know you
get in trouble for it.
Famous Last Words???
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