unit i. learn basic brain information unit ii. music in ... · pdf filemusic in the brain; why...

The Neuroscience of Music in Therapy

Course Objectives

Unit I. Learn Basic Brain Information

Unit II. Music in the Brain; Why Music Works

Unit III. Considerations for Populations

a. Rehabilitation

b. Habilitation

Basic Divisions

• Central Nervous System

• Brain

• Cerebrum

• Cerebellum

• Subcortical structures

• Brainstem

• Spinal Cord

Peripheral Nervous Sys.

• Two Divisions:

• Somatic

• Autonomic

• Cranial Nerves

• Spinal Nerves

• Sensory Receptors

Somatic NS

• Functions under voluntary control

• Motor Actions (Efferent or Descending)

• Cortex

• Brainstem

• Motor Nuclei (of Cranial Nerves)

• Periphery

Autonomic NS

• Parasympathetic NS

• cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glandular tissue

• Sympathetic NS

• Body’s response to stress (fight-flight-freeze)

• Maintain homeostasis

Message Transmission

• Neurons

• Process and transmit cellular signals

• Electrochemical signals

• Afferent and Efferent Signals

• Communicate with other neurons

Parts of Neuron

• Dendrite (transmits info. toward soma)

• Soma (cell body)

• Axon (transmits info. away from soma)

• Axon Terminal (transmits info to receiving unit)

Neuron Function

• Excitation

• Increases activity

• Creates action potentials

• Inhibition

• Reduces Activity

• Stops action potentialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Neuron-no_labels.png

Dendrite

Soma Myelin Sheath

Axon Terminal

Nodes of Ranvier

Matter

• Grey Matter

• Neuron cell bodies

• White Mater

• Tracts

Motor Tracts

HendelmanPages 120 -

146

Related Disabilities

• Fragile X syndrome

• Undeveloped dendritic spines

• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

• Degeneration of motor neurons

• Multiple Sclerosis

• Demyelination of axons

Lobes

• Frontal - Conscious Thought, impulse control, socialization, motor function, language production, etc...

• Parietal - integrating sensory information, some visio-spacial processing

• Occipital - Visual Processing

• Temporal - Auditory and olfactory, face processing, memory function

Lateral View: Henry Gray (1825–1861). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.

Coloring Image 1

Prominent Areas You should Be Familiar With

• Primary Motor Area

• Basal Ganglia

• Cerebellum

• Broca’s Area & Wernicke's Area

• Brainstem

• Auditory Cortex

• Limbic Areas

Motor Production

• Primary motor area

• Somatotopically mapped

• Supplementary motor area

• Anterior to primary motor area

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortical_homunculus

Motor Pathway (pyramidal)

HendelmanPages 120 -

146

Related Disabilities

• Upper motor neuron disabilities

• Cerebral Palsy

• Cerebrovascular Accident

• Damage to motor area/tracts

Basal Ganglia

• Large collection of gray matter within the hemispheres

• Corpus striatum (putamen, caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens)

• Globus Pallidus

• Subthalamic Nucleus

• Substantia Nigra Basal GangliaHendelman

Pages 66-84

Basal Ganglia “Loop”

Cortex

!Striatum

!GP/Subst Nigra

!Thalamus

!Cortex

Cortex

Basal Ganglia Thalamus

Cerebellum

HendelmanPages 146 - 154

Cerebellum

• Involved in:

• Coordination and timing of movement

• Balance and equilibrium of muscle tone

• Thought to have other functions, but not clearly understood

Cerebellar Loop

Cortex!pons!cerebellum!dentate nucleus!thalamus!cortex

Cortex

Brain Stem

Thalamus

Cerebellum

Thalamus

• Process and relays sensory information

• Has divisions for different functions (i.e, area for speech)

• Involved in circuit with Basal Ganglia

Location of Thalamus

HendelmanPg 170 -

171

Related Motor Disabilities

• Basal Ganglia Disorders

• Parkinson’s Disease

• Huntington’s Disease

• Cerebellar Disorders

• Ataxic Dysarthria

• Autism

Broca’s Area

• Broca’s Area

• Inferior Frontal Gyrus

• Typically left side specific

• Pars opercularis

• Pars triangularis

• Propositional speech

Free License Commons

Wernicke’s Area

• Wernicke’s Area

• Posterior superior temporal gyrus

• Typically Left Hemisphere

• Language Comprehension and production

• Arcuate fasciculus

• Thought to connects Broca’s and Wernicke's

• Extreme Capsule

• Debated to connect Broca’s and Wernicke’s

Arcuate Fasiculus/ Extreme Capsule

Disorders related to Speech Areas

• Fluent Aphasia

• Non-fluent Aphasia

• Global Aphasia

Coloring Page #2

Brainstem

• Descending and ascending tracts pass through the brainstem

• Plays a role in regulating life functions (cardiac & respiratory)

• Location of cranial nerves III - XII

• Pages 171 - 197Location of BrainStem

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla

Cranial Nerves• III Oculomotor (motor)

• IV Trochlear (motor)

• V Trigeminal (Sensory and motor)

• VI Abducens (motor)

• VII Facial (sensory and motor)

• VIII Vestibulocochlear (sensory)

• IX Glossopharyngeal (sensory and motor)

• X Vagus (sensory and motor)

• XI Accessory (motor)

• XII Hypoglossal (motor)

Related Disabilities

• Brainstem Motor Nuclei Damage

• Paralysis

A.K.A. Auditory Cortex

Superior Temporal Gyrus Auditory Pathway

Pg 100 - 106,Animation on

Disk

Basic Path

• Cochlea

• Spiral Ganglion

• Cochlear Nuclei

• Superior Olivary Complex (bilateral)

• Inferior Colliculus

• Thalamus

• Auditory Cortex (Temporal Lobe)

Coloring Page #2

We’ve come this far...

• A few other “inner” structures

• Corpus Callosum

• Lateral Ventricle

• Amygdala

• Nucleus Accumbens

• Hippocampus Not pictured:Amygdala

Nucleus Accumbens

http://lecerveau.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_03/i_03_cr/i_03_cr_que/i_03_cr_que_1a.jpg

Fun with Brains

• MIT Free Courses:• http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain-and-cognitive-

sciences/

• An Interactive Brain:• http://www.healthline.com/human-body-

maps/brain• PBS Brain:

• http://www.pbs.org/wnet/brain/3d/

Course Objectives

Unit I. Learn Basic Brain Information

Unit II. Music in the Brain; Why Music Works

Unit III. Considerations for Populations

a. Rehabilitation

b. Habilitation Music & the Brain

Historically

• It was thought that music was a function of the right hemisphere

• Language was a left-hemisphere function

• Now known to be an oversimplification

• Musical processing involves numerous areas of the cortex

Right-Brained?

“It is now known that music listening, performing, and composing engage regions throughout the brain, bilaterally, and in the cortex, neocortex, paleo-, and neocerebellum”

(Levitin & Tirovolas, 2009, p. 214)

Music Engages The

• Bilateral cortex

• Subcortex

• Brainstem

• Cerebellum

Cortex

CerebellumBrainstem

Music Engages The

• Bilateral cortex

• Subcortex

• Brainstem

• Cerebellum

Subcortex

Seung et al. 2005Inner Structures:

Hippocampus, Amygdala, Basal GangliaNucleus Accumbens, Corpus Callosum

Hemispheric Differences

• Most processes are distributed across both hemispheres

• Research has shown that there is hemispheric dominance for some functions

Right Hemisphere Dominance

• Recognition of pitch and timbre

• Representation of melodies (error detection)

• Music Performance

• Emotional response to music

• Music memory (Peretz 2009)

Left HemisphereDominance

• Rhythmic skills

• Sight-reading

• Naming notes, intervals and chords

• Learning music

• Lyric memorization

Perception of Rhythm: Well-Cited Areas

• Basal Ganglia (Janata & Grafton 2003; Levitin & Tirovolas, 2009)

• Premotor Cortex (Chen et al. 2008; Halsband et al. 1993)

• Supplementary Motor Area (Chen et al. 2008; Halsband et al. 1993; Levitin & Tirovolas, 2009)

• Cerebellum (Chen et al. 2008; Janata & Grafton 2003; Levitin & Tirovolas, 2009)

During Tempo Tasks

Grahn, J.A. and McAuley, J.D. 2009. Grahn & Brett, 2007

Integrated Processing

• Pitch, rhythm, and loudness are thought to be processed separately and then come together

• Give the impression of a complete musical product (Levitin 2009).

• Studies with persons who have had neurologic insult support this theory (see Peretz 2005)

Stay At Home #1

• Music processing and production is distributed throughout the brain

Left Right

X

Stay At Home #2

• Extended Cortical Networks

Evidence of Plasticity

• Can change response in left anterior hippocampus (Herdener 2010)

• Sensorimotor connectivity (Pasual-Leone 2001)

• Perception-Action Mediation (Bengtsson et al. 2009)

• Auditory cortex with sensorimotor-auditory training (Pantev 2009)

• Differences in auditory cortex (Trainer et al. 2012) Arcuate Fasiculus/ Extreme Capsule

Arcuate Fasiculus/ Extreme Capsule

Stay At Home #3

• Cortical plasticity

Malcolm et al., 2008 Stay At Home #4

• Entrainment

Auditory System

• Deals with temporal information

• Is primed for time-based information

• Is highly effective and efficient in processing temporal information

Conway, 2009

Auditory Scaffolding Theory

• Proposes that the brain assigns temporal information predominantly to the auditory system

• Auditory system is specialized and highly sensitive for perceiving time information.

• Auditory tone sequences are better tracked and remembered than other stimuli

Conway 2009

Auditory Scaffolding Theory

• Since many cognitive abilities require complex temporal organization, experiences in sound may provide a kind of “scaffolding”

• Used in re-training general cognitive abilities that involve temporal patterns or structure.

• Music may provide a superior auditory ‘scaffold’

Auditory Scaffolding Cont.

• Music is highly temporal and predictable

• May provide enhanced auditory scaffolding experience

• Aid in more efficient/optimized rehabilitation and learning

Stay At Home #5

• Auditory Scaffolding

Supporting Music Neuroscience

• Music is cortically distributed

• Music perception/production shares cortical networks with similar nonmusical tasks

• Musical processes can be maintained despite loss of similar nonmusical process

• Music can drive functions despite cortical damage (i.e., rhythmic entrainment and motor movement)

• The brain that engages in music is changed by engaging in music