an interlinear analysis of seven kalispel texts from hans vogt
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Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School
2007
An Interlinear Analysis of Seven Kalispel Texts From Hans Vogt An Interlinear Analysis of Seven Kalispel Texts From Hans Vogt
Kelsi Camp The University of Montana
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AN INTERLINEAR ANALYSIS OF SEVEN KALISPEL TEXTS FROM HANS VOGT
By
Kelsi Marie Camp
B.A. University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 2000
Thesis
presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
Master of Arts
in Linguistics
The University of Montana
Missoula, MT
Summer 2007
Approved by:
Dr. David A. Strobel, Dean
Graduate School
Dr. Anthony Mattina, Chair
Linguistics
Dr. Mizuki Miyashita
Linguistics
Dr. James Scott
Modern and Classical Languages and Literatures
ii
Camp, Kelsi, M.A., Summer 2007 Linguistics
A� I�TERLI�EAR A�ALYSIS OF SEVE� KALISPEL TEXTS FROM
HA�S VOGT
Chairperson: Dr. Anthony Mattina
This thesis is an interlinearization of seven Kalispel texts originally published in 1940
by Hans Vogt. The texts were published with sentence-by-sentence English translations
but were not further analyzed by Vogt. Here, they are analyzed at the morpheme level,
providing data for further research on the language and for language documentation and
preservation purposes. The thesis includes an introductory section with background and
methodology, the interlinearized texts, and a list of stems, affixes, and roots occurring in
the texts.
iii
ACK�OWLEDGME�TS
I would like to thank the faculty, staff, and students of the Linguistics Department
at the University of California, Santa Barbara. I am grateful for the experience of
studying there for three years. I would also like to thank the faculty and students of the
Linguistics Program at the University of Montana; Trace Stone, for the initial project-
specific Toolbox setup; and Jeanie Castillo, for her organizational and moral support.
Finally, Tony Mattina was an invaluable resource with his extensive knowledge of
Interior Salishan languages and incredible patience, and this project would have been
impossible without him. I am very fortunate to have been able to come back to Montana
to study with him.
iv
Table of Contents
Abstract ii
Acknowledgments iii
List of Abbreviations v
Charts of Symbols vi
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Methods 4
1.3 Project Significance 6
2.0 Texts 7
2.1 Text II 7
2.2 Text III 18
2.3 Text IV 27
2.4 Text V 42
2.5 Text VI 71
2.6 Text VII 75
2.7 Text VIII 88
3.0 List of Forms 104
3.1 Stems 104
3.2 Affixes 120
3.2.1 Prefixes 120
3.2.2 Suffixes 121
3.2.3 Lexical Affixes 123
3.2.4 Infixes 125
3.3 List of Roots 126
References 139
v
LIST OF ABBREVIATIO�S
1 first person
2 second person
3 third person
ACT actual
ANTIP antipassive
ART article
CISLOC cislocative
COLL collective
COND conditional
CONJ conjunction
CONT continuative
CUST customary
DEM demonstrative
DIM diminutive
FUT future
IMP imperative
INCH inchoative
INSTR instrumental
INTJ interjection
INTERR interrogative
INTR intransitive
LOC locative
NEG negative
NOM nominalizer
OBJ object
OBL oblique
OPT optative
PART particle
PASS passive
PL plural
POSS possessive
RECP reciprocal
REFL reflexive
SG singular
TR transitivizer
TRANS transitive subject
vi
CHARTS OF SYMBOLS (CO�SO�A�TS O�LY)
Table 1: Vogt’s orthography (from Vogt 1940a:11)1
Stops Spirants Affricates Sonants
glottalized non-glottalized
Labials p � p m w
Dentals ṭ t s š c č c ̣ č ̣ n y
Laterals ƛ ̣ ƛ ł l
Mid-palatals ḳu k
u x
u
Post-palatals q � q x�
q �u qu x�u
Aspiration h
All the sonants may occur glottalized ṃ ẉ ṇ y � ḷ.
Table 2: Updated orthography (arranged after Vogt)
Stops Spirants Affricates Sonants
glottalized non-glottalized
Labials p� p m w
Dentals t t s š c č c č n y
Laterals � * ɬ l
Mid-palatals k� k� x�
Post-palatals q� q x�
q�� q� x��
Aspiration h
Glottalized sonants m� w� n� y� l
* Non-glottalized � is not phonemic.
1 Vogt does not list the glottal stop (his symbol ') as a phoneme in his chart. In this study it is represented
by the glottal stop symbol ʔ.
1
1.0 I�TRODUCTIO�
This thesis presents an interlinear analysis of seven texts originally published in
Hans Vogt’s (1940a) grammar of the Kalispel language. Kalispel is a Southern Interior
Salish language in a dialect continuum with Flathead and Spokan that traditionally
stretched through Eastern Washington, Nothern Idaho, and Western Montana. In 1997
there were 200 speakers – all older adults – on the Kalispel Reservation in Washington
and the Flathead Reservation in Montana (Gordon 2005). This thesis assumes a
familiarity with Salishan languages and is not intended to provide a grammatical
overview of the Kalispel language; for such, see Carlson’s (1972) grammar of Spokan, in
addition to Vogt (1940a).
Section 2 of this thesis contains the interlinearized texts, and section 3 lists the
stems that appear in the texts with glosses, roots, alternate forms, and any additional
notes. That is followed by a list of affixes and, finally, a list of roots.
1.1 Background
Hans Vogt, a Norwegian linguist who had studied Armenian, Georgian, and other
European and Caucasian languages in France and Norway, came to the United States in
1937 to spend a year studying with Edward Sapir and Leslie Spier at Yale University
(Bergsland 1989). That summer, Vogt spent eleven weeks on the Kalispel Reservation in
Pend Oreille County, Washington, collecting data for a reference grammar of the Kalispel
language. During the last month of his stay on the reservation, he collected traditional
and personal tales from an 85-year-old man called One-Eyed Tom, a prestigious
storyteller. A monolingual speaker of Kalispel, One-Eyed Tom was “almost totally blind
and rather deaf, but mentally still alert” (Vogt 1940a:8). Vogt also worked with a
2
bilingual teenager, Joe Abrahamson, who initially repeated One-Eyed Tom word for
word while Vogt transcribed One-Eyed Tom’s Kalispel and Abrahamson’s English
translation on the spot – there were apparently no audio recordings made. Vogt would
also later check the texts and translations again with Abrahamson.
The collected texts – nineteen in all – included traditional animal stories and
personal stories presumably from One-Eyed Tom’s life, and were published with the
grammar and a dictionary (Vogt 1940a). The texts were arranged with the original
Kalispel printed on one page and the sentence-by-sentence English translation printed on
the facing page, as shown in Figure 1:
Figure 1: Scanned image of pages 80-81 of Vogt 1940a
3
Vogt labeled the stories with Roman numerals and divided them into seemingly-arbitrary
numbered units of a few sentences each. Figures 2 and 3 show a closer view of the
beginning of Text II.
Figure 2: Detail of part of Text II (Vogt 1940a:80)
Figure 3: Detail of part of the English translation of Text II (Vogt 1940a:81)
4
Figure 2 shows the Kalispel text, and Figure 3 shows the corresponding English
translation. The English translations, for the most part, line up with the original Kalispel
text sentence by sentence. Vogt did not analyze the texts any further than this.
After his year in the United States, Vogt returned to Europe, where he resumed
his work on Caucasian and European languages (see Bergsland 1989). With the
exception of a short comparative study of Kalispel, Spokan, Colville, and Coeur d’Alene
(1940b), Vogt produced no other works on Kalispel or Salishan languages.
1.2 Methods
Of the nineteen texts published with Vogt’s grammar, I analyzed seven of them –
texts II through VIII (Vogt 1940a:80-93). (Text I had been analyzed by another student.)
The texts were interlinearized using Field Linguist’s Toolbox, a shareware program
distributed by SIL International. First, the Kalispel text was entered into the program
along with the English translation. The text was entered as it appears in Vogt with only
minor orthographic changes – Vogt’s superscript u was changed to w; Vogt’s sub-dot and
super-dot, indicating glottalized consonants, were changed to ’; and Vogt’s glottal stop '
was changed to the glottal stop symbol ʔ. Orthographic changes include the following:
Vogt current
m� m� (and similar)
q� q�
x� x�
Cu Cw
' ʔ
A sentence from the fifth section of text II, for example, which originally appeared in
Vogt (1940a:80) as hói kuku'éc, kuéṃt qe'laáp, was initially transcribed as:
5
(1) hói kukuʔéc, k�ém�t qeʔlaáp.
This text line was then updated more significantly to reflect current orthographic and
word-division practices. Vogt did not indicate rounding of velar and post-velar
consonants before or after rounded vowels, and many morphemes that Vogt wrote as
prefixes are now considered clitics or free words. The text in (1), then, was retranscribed
as follows:
(2) hóy k�uk�uʔéc, k�ém�t qeʔ laáp.
The i in hói was changed to its non-syllabic counterpart y, unrounded k in kukuʔéc was
changed to k�, and the proclitic qeʔ appears as a separate word. The sentence in (2) now
reflects current word-division and orthographic practices and is ready to be analyzed at
the morpheme level.
To highlight the grammar of the language, this study focuses on inflectional rather
than derivational morphology. Inflectional affixes are indicated by a hyphen (-) and are
analyzed in the morpheme line. Derivational and word-formation morphemes are marked
with a plus sign (+) but are not labeled or further analyzed in the interlinearization2.
Segmentable parts of words may have historical significance, and many derivational
affixes are very productive with transparent meanings (such as epɬ- ‘have’ and eɬ-
‘again, back’), but they are nevertheless left unanalyzed here. Lexical affixes (referred to
by Vogt as “field-suffixes” [1940a:51]) are indicated with a double hyphen (=). For
practical purposes, clitics appear as separate words in this analysis. Segments that I do
not know how to analyze are marked with a question mark (?) or asterisks (***). Glosses
for forms were primarily found in the dictionary included at the end of the Vogt grammar
2 The exceptions are the transitivizers, derivational suffixes that are marked with a hyphen and individually
identified in the interlinearization.
6
and in the Spokane Dictionary (Carlson et al.), or, in the many cases where no glosses
could be found, were suggested by Dr. Anthony Mattina.
An interlinearization project such as this is a never-ending learning process;
analyses are chosen based on the knowledge the researcher has at the time, and, as that
knowledge grows, better analyses are often found that supersede the previous analyses.
There will undoubtedly be many instances of this in my interlinearization of the texts
presented here, not to mention mistakes, but I hope that, overall, this analysis presents an
accurate reflection of the grammar of the Kalispel language.
1.3 Project Significance
These texts, as far as I know, have not been subject to any large-scale
interlinearization before this project. Interlinear analyses of texts are valuable for
language documentation and linguistic analysis, providing researchers with data for
syntactic, pragmatic, and other grammatical studies. These texts also provide historical
and cultural information and, presented here in a continuous format with a current
orthography, may prove useful to current speakers of Kalispel and those involved in
language revitalization projects, as they could be used to create language teaching
materials. Because derivational and word-formation affixes are not separately analyzed,
the resulting interlinearization may be easier to read and more accessible to non-linguists.
It is my hope that the remaining unanalyzed Vogt texts will be interlinearized and,
along with the texts from this study, will aid future work on the Kalispel language.
7
2.0 TEXTS
The interlinearized texts are presented in this section, labeled with Vogt’s Roman
numerals and internal numbering system (II.001 indicates the first section of the second
text). The first line is the Kalispel text as it appears in Vogt with minor necessary
orthographic changes, as described in the introduction. The second line is the updated
Kalispel with current orthographic and word-division practices. The third line shows the
Kalispel analyzed into stems and inflectional affixes, with the next line giving glosses for
those. This is followed by a line giving the English translation of the Kalispel sentence
or clause.
2.1 Text II
II.001
esq�éi uɬinlʔéu u skúi.
esq�éy uɬinlʔéu u sk�úy
es+q�éy3 uɬ4= hin- lʔéu u s+k�uy people.live COLL= 1SG.POSS- father and mother
My father and my mother lived.
esčinəm�qín ɬuʔinlʔéuʔ ečax�í tquyeʔé.
esčinəm�qín ɬuʔ inlʔéuʔ ečax�í t q�uyeʔé
es- čnm�=qin ɬuʔ hin- lʔéu ec+ʔax�í t q�uyeʔé ACT- blind ART 1SG.POSS- father like OBL 1SG
My father was blind as I am.
3 This form, a stylized story opener (see also texts IV, V, VII, and VIII), is analyzed here as a lexicalized unit. 4 The collective-possessive sequence here is unexpected, possibly an instance of a derivational morpheme
(the lexical prefix uɬ= ‘COLL’) occurring outside of an inflectional morpheme (hin- ‘1SG.POSS’). For another occurrence of the collective prefix, see V.013.
8
číʔcəntəm tčiná sqaltəmíx� (tsqaltəmix�?)5555.
číʔcəntəm t činá6 t sqaltəmíx�
čiʔc7 -nt -m t č=naqs t s+qlt+mix� arrive.PL -TR -PASS OBL one.person OBL man
A man called on us.
cúntəm ɬuʔinp�ox�út
cúntəm ɬuʔ inp�ox��út
cu -nt -m ɬuʔ hin- p�x��ut say -TR -PASS ART 1SG.POSS- parent
He said to my parents:
yesx�alítəm ɬuʔq�iq�iscú.
yesx�alítəm8 ɬuʔ q�iq�iscú.
hin9- es- x�alít+m ɬuʔ q�y+q�y+scut 1SG.POSS ACT- ask.INTR ART Quiquiscu
I am coming after Quiquiscu.
II.002
cúntəm yé sqaltəmíx� u aqsesčénəm.
cúntəm yé sqaltəmíx� u aqsesčénəm.
cu -nt -m ye s+qlt+mix� u han- qs- es- čen+m say -TR -PASS this man and 2SG.POSS- FUT- ACT- do.what.INTR
They said to the man: What are you going to do with him?
5 Parenthetical forms such as this represent “probable conjectures” on Vogt’s part (1940a:80) and were
apparently not in the original utterances. 6 This is an example of truncation, a well-known feature of Kalispel, where material is lost after the stressed
vowel. Other examples in these texts include the name q�iq�iscú (q�y+q�y+scut) and nté ‘think’
(nt=els). See Vogt note 26 (1940a:17). 7 The plural infix -ʔ- is not segmented here or elsewhere. 8 The realization of the possessive and actual prefixes here (yes-) is homophonous to, for example, forms in V.021, ‘He was watching’, which do not contain the first person possessive prefix. 9 The surface form of the first person singular possessive prefix here (y-) is different from the underlying
form (hin-). Variant forms are listed in section 3.2 with their underlying forms.
9
cúti yé sqaltəmíx�
cúti yé sqaltəmíx�
cú+t+i ye s+qlt+mix� he.said this man
The man said:
qaqstíx��i tsuw�éʔuɬ.
qa qstíx�i t suw�éʔuɬ
qeʔ qs- tix� -i t s+w�e+w�ɬ 1PL.INTR FUT- obtain -FUT OBL fish
We'll get some fish.
k�ucúntəm: x�ú, x�cəməncútš.
k�u cúntəm x�ú x�cəməncútš
k�u cu -nt -m x�u x�c+mn+cut -š 1SG.OBJ say -TR -PASS all.right ready -SG.INTR.IMP
They said to me10: Well, get ready.
činx�cəməncút u qeʔxúi ɬuʔčə�iyéʔs.
čin x�cəməncút u qeʔ x�úy ɬuʔ č �iyéʔs
čn x�c+mn+cut u qeʔ x�uy ɬuʔ č �iyéʔ -s 1SG.INTR ready and 1PL.INTR go ART to bark.canoe -3POSS
I got ready, and we went to his canoe.
II.003
hói qeʔlaáp, qeʔxúi u qeʔcqqús
hóy qeʔ laáp, qeʔ x�úy u qeʔ cqqús
hoy qeʔ laáp qeʔ x�uy u qeʔ cq+q=us then 1PL.INTR paddle 1PL.INTR go and 1PL.INTR land
We paddled, we went and we pulled ashore.
10 Vogt has the translation as “They said to him...” (1940a:81), corrected here to reflect the first person
object of the Kalispel.
10
hói qeʔtkuʔút, qeʔepɬšiləmín, qeʔtíx��əm ts��úk�eʔ.
hóy qeʔ tk�uʔút qeʔ epɬšiləmín
hoy qeʔ tk�ʔut qeʔ epɬ+šil+mín then 1PL.INTR walk 1PL.INTR have.axe
We walked, we had an axe,
qeʔ tíx�əm t s��úk�eʔ
qeʔ tix�+m t s+�+�úk�+eʔ 1PL.INTR obtain.INTR OBL pitch.wood
we got some pitch-wood.
xuʔít ɬuʔqeʔsctix�� u qeʔeɬk�əɬq��éɬtəməntəm.
x�uʔít ɬuʔ qeʔ sctix�
x�ʔit ɬuʔ qeʔ sc+tix� much ART 1PL.POSS gathered.stuff
We got very much
u qeʔ eɬk�əɬq��éɬtəməntəm
u qeʔ eɬ+q��ɬ+q��éɬt+m -nt -m and 1PL.INTR carry.back.PL.on.back -TR -1PL.TRANS
and we carried it back on our backs.
II.004
qeʔeɬiʔáp ɬulšéy�u qeʔeso;lús
qeʔ eɬiʔáp ɬu l šéy�u qeʔ eso;lús
qeʔ eɬ+yʔáp ɬuʔ l šéyu qeʔ es=wl=ús 1PL.INTR go.back ART LOC DEM 1PL.POSS fireplace
We went back to where the fire-place was going to be,
u k�ém�t kúlis.
u k�ém�t k�úlis
u k�em�t k�ul -nt -s and and.then work -TR -3TRANS
and he fixed it.
11
sáx��is u ilčilčəntés xuʔít ɬuʔqaqɬs��úk�eʔ (qaqs��úk�eʔ?) ɬuʔnp�ənntés
ɬulqeʔ�iyéʔ
sáx��is u i lčilčəntés x�uʔít
sax�� -nt -s u i lč+lč -nt -es x�ʔit split.wood -TR -3TRANS and PART tie.PL -TR -3TRANS much
ɬuʔ qa qɬs��úk�eʔ ɬuʔ np�ənntés
ɬuʔ qeʔ qɬ- s+�+�úk�+eʔ ɬuʔ n+p�in -nt -es ART 1PL.POSS to.be- pitch.wood ART lay.in -TR -3TRANS
ɬu l qeʔ �iyéʔ
ɬuʔ l qeʔ �iyéʔ ART LOC 1PL.POSS bark.canoe
He split and tied together in bundles all our pitch-wood, which he put in our canoe.
II.005
hói kukuʔéc, k�ém�t qeʔlaáp.
hóy k�uk�uʔéc k�ém�t qeʔ laáp
hoy k�+k�ʔec k�em�t qeʔ laáp then get.dark and.then 1PL.INTR paddle
The night came, we paddled.
k�em�t k�éis ɬuʔɬuʔmíntis u nɬuʔétkum ɬuʔtsuw�éʔuɬ.
k�em�t k�éis ɬuʔ ɬuʔmíntis
k�em�t k�en -nt -s ɬuʔ ɬuʔ+mín+tn -s and.then take -TR -3TRANS ART spear -3POSS
u nɬuʔétk�um ɬuʔ t suw�éʔuɬ
u n=ɬuʔ=étk�+m ɬuʔ t s+w�e+w�ɬ and spear.in.water ART OBL fish
He took his spear and speared in the water after fish.
hói pút ɬulqestx��tóx�t lšéy�u x�a;líp.
hóy pút ɬu l qe stx��tóx��t lšéy�u x�a;líp
hoy put ɬuʔ l qeʔ s+tx��+tox��+t l_šéyu11 x�alíp then just ART LOC 1PL.POSS straight then morning
When we had come straight opposite to our place (?)12, the morning came.
11 This instance of preposition l and deictic šéyu is an example of multiple words functioning as a single unit, marked here and elsewhere with an underscore (_).
12
II.006
hói x��q��éʔusis ɬuʔsuwéʔuɬ.
hóy x��q��éʔusis ɬuʔ suw�éʔuɬ
hoy x��q��=ew�s -nt -s ɬuʔ s+w�e+w�ɬ then divide -TR -3TRANS ART fish
He divided the fish,
išeʔ qeʔpəlíp13.
išeʔ qeʔ pəlíp
išeʔ qeʔ pl+ip DEM 1PL.INTR drift.along
we drifted along.
k�ém�t pút u qsc�eʔčəmí spq�aní, kucúis yé tisəlá:
k�ém�t pút u qsc�eʔčəmí sp�q�aní k�u cúis
k�em�t put u qs- c+�eʔč+m -i s+p�q�+ni k�u cu -nt -s and.then just and FUT- rise.CISLOC -FUT sun 1SG.OBJ say -TR -3TRANS
yé t isəlá
ye t hin- s+lax�t this OBL 1SG.POSS- friend
Just as the sun came up over the hills, my friend said to me:
təlcíʔ mk�ctk�əncút miyé tələʔé mčintk�əncú
təl cíʔ m k� ctk�əncút miyé təl ʔé m čin tk�əncú
tl ciʔ m k� c+tk�+ncut miyé tl ʔe m čn tk�+ncut from here FUT 2SG.INTR lie.down *** from here FUT 1SG.INTR lie.down
You shall lie down over there, I'll lie down over here.
12 Question marks in parentheses in the translations indicate Vogt’s doubts about the translation (1940a:81).
13 There appears to be a typesetting error here in Vogt (1940a:80), with the space (and apparently the dot
and stress mark) for an i, although the character is not there. The form is listed in Vogt’s dictionary as
pəlíp (156), so I have added the í here.
13
II.007
tk�əncút u čintk�əncút u činʔítš.
tk�əncút u čin tk�əncút u čin ʔítš
tk�+ncut u čn tk�+ncut u čn ʔitš lie.down and 1SG.INTR lie.down and 1SG.INTR sleep
He lay down and I lay down and fell asleep.
ilqsəmi;pənún činesx�ísti.
i lqsəmiypənún čin esx�ísti
i l14- qs- miy+p+nú -n čn es- x�ist -i PART *** FUT- find.out -1SG.TRANS 1SG.INTR CONT- walk -CONT
I felt as if (?) I was walking.
wíčtən ɬuʔqapéɬceʔ escáq.
wíčtən ɬuʔ qapéɬceʔ escáq
wič -nt -n ɬuʔ qp=éɬceʔ es- caq see -TR -1SG.TRANS ART dish ACT- placed
I saw a dish lying.
lkút ɬuʔqapéɬceʔ u lkút ɬiʔé čəʔé.
lk�út ɬuʔ qapéɬceʔ u lk�út ɬiʔé č ʔé
lk�u+t ɬuʔ qp=éɬceʔ u lk�u+t ɬiʔé č ʔe it.is.far ART dish and it.is.far this to here
The dish was very far from here.
II.008
ó;;; čink�əɬiyém�m�
ó;; čin k�əɬiyém�m�
o čn k�ɬ+yem�+m� oh 1SG.INTR hesitate
Oh, I hesitated.
14 The prefix l- in this form is unexplained.
14
ó;;; yé təʔé mčiqsčɬq�ítəšilši.
ó yé tə ʔé m či qsčɬq��ítəšilši
o ye t ʔe m čn qs- čɬ+q��ítš+ilš -i oh this OBL here FUT 1SG.INTR FUT- jump.on -FUT
Oh, I want to step over in this direction.
činqaluwétəm, k�ém�t činníšilš.
čin qaluwétəm k�ém�t čin níšilš
čn qaluwét+m k�em�t čn n+íš+ilš 1SG.INTR step.INTR and.then 1SG.INTR down.in
I made a step, then I went down (in the water).
qíɬt ɬuʔisəláx�t.
qíɬt ɬuʔ isəláx�t
qiɬ+t ɬuʔ hin- s+lax�t awake ART 1SG.POSS- friend
My friend woke up.
ičinčúu yé təl�iyéʔ.
i čin čúu yé təl �iyéʔ
i čn čuw ye tl �iyéʔ PART 1SG.INTR absent this from bark.canoe
I had disappeared from the canoe.
u esiíʔuʔi ye �iyéʔ.
u esyíʔuʔi ye �iyéʔ
u es- yíʔuʔ -i ye �iyéʔ and CONT- move -CONT this bark.canoe
The canoe was moving.
II.009
š�úsəm ɬuʔisəláx�t.
š�úsəm ɬuʔ isəláx�t
š�=us+m ɬuʔ hin- s+lax�t look.around ART 1SG.POSS- friend
My friend looked around.
15
yé lséuɬk� čɬniʔk�étk�.
yé l séuɬk� čɬniʔk�étk�
ye l sewɬ=k� čɬ+niʔk�=étk� this LOC water movement.on.water
There was some movement in the water.
nté hói činn�létk�. pút nté hói činn�létk�
nté hóy čin n�létk� pút nté hóy čin n�létk�
nt=els hoy čn n+�l=etk� put nt=els hoy čn n+�l=etk� think then 1SG.INTR drown just think then 1SG.INTR drown
He thought I had drowned,
u yé ttx��tóx�ts u čineɬteʔék�
u yé t tx��tóx��ts u čin eɬteʔék�
u ye t tx��+tox��+t -s u čn eɬ+teʔék�15 and this OBL straight -3POSS and 1SG.INTR resurface.INCH
and just in front of him I came up again.
II.010
lšéy�u16 kutənčənáʔusqis
l šéy�u k�u tənčənáʔusqis
l_šéyu k�u t+n+čn=aw�s=q -nt -s then 1SG.OBJ grab.by.hair -TR -3TRANS
Then he grabbed me by the hair before (I went down again).
u təʔácəx�ən u čin��éčcənəm.
u təʔácəx�ən u čin ��éčcənəm
u t+ʔacx� -n u čn �+�eč=cn+m and look.over.at -1SG.TRANS and 1SG.INTR stick.out.tongue
I looked at him from the water and stuck out my tongue.
15 The inchoative infix -ʔ- is not segmented here or elsewhere.
16 The initial character here is not clear in the original Vogt. It is analyzed as an l here by analogy with
II.004 and II.005, although it could possibly be meant to be a t.
16
tá yesqíɬt u ɬuʔčinuiʔs��éčcənəm u činqíɬt
tá yesqíɬt u ɬuʔ čin uiʔs��éčcənəm
ta hin- es- qiɬ+t u ɬuʔ čn wy�+s+�+�eč=cn+m NEG 1SG.POSS- ACT- awake and ART 1SG.INTR stuck.out.tongue
u čin qíɬt
u čn qiɬ+t and 1SG.INTR awake
I was not awake, and when I had stuck out my tongue, I woke up
u síc činpsáp u čineɬéli čiqeʔeɬnq�əpəmí.
u síc čin psáp u čin eɬéli
u sic čn ps+ap u čn eɬ+éli and finally 1SG.INTR scared and 1SG.INTR try.again
či qeʔ eɬnq�əpəmí
čn qeʔ eɬ+n+qa�ip+mí 1SG.INTR 1PL.POSS get.back.in.canoe
and then I got scared, and tried to get up in the canoe again.
II.011
hói ɬuʔčineɬnqa�íp u yo;yo;scút laáp čəcíʔtx�s.
hóy ɬuʔ čin eɬnqa�íp u yo;yo;scút laáp
hoy ɬuʔ čn eɬ+n+qa�íp u yo;+yo;+scút laáp then ART 1SG.INTR get.back.in.canoe and hard paddle
č cíʔtx�s
č ciʔtx� -s to house.PL -3POSS
When I had got up in the canoe, he paddled as hard as he could to their house.
k�ém�t činčɬix�mús činsúʔit.
k�ém�t čin čɬix�mús čin súʔit
k�em�t čn čɬ+yix�m=ús čn súʔit and.then 1SG.INTR be.cold.all.over 1SG.INTR cold
I felt very cold.
17
šéʔi qeʔeɬiʔáp ɬuʔčəcíʔtx�s u čineɬquʔéc.
šéʔi qeʔ eɬiʔáp ɬuʔ č cíʔtx�s
šéʔi qeʔ eɬ+yʔáp ɬuʔ č ciʔtx� -s that 1PL.INTR go.back ART to house.PL -3POSS
u čin eɬqwuʔéc
u čn eɬ+qwʔéc and 1SG.INTR warm.again
Then we came back to their house, and I warmed myself.
šéy�u hói.
šéy�u hóy
šéyu hoy DEM stop
That's the end.
18
2.2 Text III
III.001
yé nkúʔ pút ičisɬk�koy�úm�eʔ.
yé nk�úʔ pút i či sɬk�k�oy�úm�eʔ
ye nk�uʔ pút_i čn s+ɬ+k�+k�y�úm�=eʔ this one still 1SG.INTR child
One year, I was still a kid.
k�ém�t taʔasəmistén ɬuʔstəlqém.
k�ém�t ta ʔasəmistén ɬuʔ stəlqém
k�em�t ta es- miy -st -en ɬuʔ s+tlq+em and.then NEG CUST- know -CUST -1SG.TRANS ART dance
Then I did not know how to dance.
činséuneʔ qstəlqamí.
čin séuneʔ qstəlqamí
čn séw=neʔ qs- tlq+em -i 1SG.INTR hear.something FUT- dance -FUT
I heard there was going to be a dance.
séuneʔ ɬuʔinp�ox�p�ox�út u kucúntəm:
séuneʔ ɬuʔ inp�ox��p�ox��út u k�u cúntəm
séw=neʔ ɬuʔ hin- p�x��+p�x��ut u k�u cu -nt -m hear.something ART 1SG.POSS- parents and 1SG.OBJ say -TR -PASS
My parents heard it and said to me:
tá k�qeʔesxúi, míɬ ik�q�éuu,
tá k� qeʔesx�úy míɬ i k� q�éuu
ta k� qeʔ- es- x�uy miɬ i k� q�ew+w NEG 2SG.INTR FUT- ACT- go too PART 2SG.INTR crazy
You shall not go, you are too crazy,
19
x�í né k�čq�q�əčstəmɬtúmš
x�í né k� čq�q�əčstəmɬtúmš
x�i_ne k� čq�+q�=čst+m=ɬtumš lest 2SG.INTR behave.foolishly.in.a.crowd
you might do some foolish things in front of all the people.
III.002
k�ém�t činnté kumíʔ u wíčtən u k�ém�t čink�əɬnq�omí
k�ém�t čin nté k�umíʔ u
k�em�t čn nt=els k�miʔ u and.then 1SG.INTR think OPT and
wíčtən u k�ém�t čin k�əɬnq��omí
wič -nt -n u k�em�t čn k�ɬn+q��om+í see -TR -1SG.TRANS and and.then 1SG.INTR leave.suddenly
Then I thought: I wish I could see it, and then I stole away.
k�ém�t ɬuʔkukuʔéc,
k�ém�t ɬuʔ k�uk�uʔéc
k�em�t ɬuʔ k�+k�ʔec and.then ART get.dark
When the night fell,
ɬulesx�ixúi u činčšín.
ɬu l esx�ix�úyi u čin čšín
ɬuʔ l es- x�y+x�uy -i u čn č+šin17 ART LOC CONT- go.PL -CONT and 1SG.INTR follow
I joined all the people who were going.
III.003
hói činnʔúɬx� u wíčtən sqélix� itúʔ.
hóy čin nʔúɬx� u wíčtən sqélix� i túʔ
hoy čn n+ʔuɬx� u wič -nt -n s+qél=ix� i tuʔ then 1SG.INTR go.in and see -TR -1SG.TRANS people PART crowd
I went in and saw crowds of people.
17 šin, analyzed as the root here, is identical to and probably cognate with the lexical suffix =šn ‘foot’
20
hói činlémt ɬuʔwíčtən ɬiʔé cítx� wísšən.
hóy čin lémt ɬuʔ wíčtən ɬiʔé cítx� wísšən
hoy čn lem+t ɬuʔ wič -nt -n ɬiʔé citx� wis=šn then 1SG.INTR glad ART see -TR -1SG.TRANS this house long
I was glad when I saw this long house.
hói təlqém ɬuʔsqélix� u kucúntəm:
hóy təlqém ɬuʔ sqélix� u k�u cúntəm
hoy tlq+em ɬuʔ s+qél=ix� u k�u cu -nt -m then dance ART people and 1SG.OBJ say -TR -PASS
The people danced and said to me:
xúi təlqéiš.
x�úy təlqéiš
x�uy tlq+em -š go dance -SG.INTR.IMP
Go and dance.
III.004
hói k�ém�t čintəlqém taʔasiyoʔstén.
hóy k�ém�t čin təlqém ta ʔasiyoʔstén
hoy k�em�t čn tlq+em ta es- yoʔ -st -en then and.then 1SG.INTR dance NEG CUST- learn -CUST -1SG.TRANS
Then I danced, I had not learnt it.
činʔaíx��t u činɬáqšilš u čintkúk� čin�íts.
čin ʔaíx��t u čin ɬáqšilš u čin
čn ʔayx��+t u čn ɬáqš+ilš u čn 1SG.INTR get.tired and 1SG.INTR sit.down and 1SG.INTR
tk�úk� čin ʔíts
tk�+uk� čn ʔitš fall.over 1SG.INTR sleep
I got tired, sat down; fell over and fell asleep.
21
hói ɬuʔqskúləm u kuqíɬəntəm x��əl tá qstám esiyáʔ u qeʔesqíɬqəɬti.
hóy ɬuʔ qsk�úləm u k�u qíɬəntəm
hoy ɬuʔ qs- k�ul+m u k�u qiɬ -nt -m then ART FUT- work.INTR and 1SG.OBJ wake.up -TR -PASS
x��əl tá qstám esiyáʔ u qeʔ esqíɬqəɬti
x��l ta qs+tam es+yáʔ u qeʔ es- qiɬ+qɬ+t -i because NEG definitely.not every and 1PL.INTR CONT- awake -CONT
As they were going to dance, they woke me up because everyone has to be awake.
III.005
hói činx�tílš, činnx�stélceʔ, činq�ásq�i.
hóy čin x�tílš čin nx�stélceʔ čin q�ásq�i
hoy čn x�t+ilš čn n+x�ist=élceʔ čn q�ásqwi then 1SG.INTR get.up 1SG.INTR walk.in.the.room 1SG.INTR bluejay
I got up, I walked around in the room, I was the blue-jack.
taʔasəmistén k�əšéʔ činesqéʔisi.
ta ʔasəmistén k�əšéʔ čin esqéʔisi
ta es- miy -st -en k�+šeʔ čn es- qey�s -i NEG CUST- know -CUST -1SG.TRANS that 1SG.INTR CONT- dream -CONT
I did not know that I did it dreaming.
hói činqíɬt u k�ém�t činceʔéš ɬuʔsqélix� xuʔít.
hóy čin qíɬt u k�ém�t čin ceʔéš ɬuʔ
hoy čn qiɬ+t u k�em�t čn ceʔéš ɬuʔ then 1SG.INTR awake and and.then 1SG.INTR bashful ART
sqélix� x�uʔít
s+qél=ix� x�ʔit people much
I woke up and got bashful for all these people.
22
III.006
k�ém�t luʔčinqíɬt wé čiqeʔeɬʔócqeʔi u kucúntəm: tá;;
k�ém�t ɬuʔ čin qíɬt wé či
k�em�t ɬuʔ čn qiɬ+t we čn and.then ART 1SG.INTR awake although 1SG.INTR
qeʔeɬʔócqeʔi u k�u cúntəm tá;;
qeʔ- eɬ+ʔócqeʔ -i u k�u cu -nt -m ta FUT- go.out.again -FUT and 1SG.OBJ say -TR -PASS NEG
When I woke up, I wanted to go out, but they said to me: No.
k�ém�t ɬuʔuy�éčst u wé čiqeʔeɬxúi, kucúntəm: tá;;
k�ém�t ɬuʔ uy�éčst u wé či
k�em�t ɬuʔ wy�=ečst u we čn and.then ART finish and although 1SG.INTR
qeʔeɬx�úyi k�u cúntəm tá;;
qeʔ- eɬ+x�úy -i k�u cu -nt -m ta FUT- go.back -FUT 1SG.OBJ say -TR -PASS NEG
Then when they had finished, I wanted to go out, but they said to me: No.
kucúntəm: təmá ném wiʔselíɬn, mqx�oməncú.
k�u cúntəm təmá ném wiʔselíɬn m px��oməncú
k�u cu -nt -m tma nem wy�+s+ʔel+ʔíɬn m px��+mn+cut 1SG.OBJ say -TR -PASS INTERR PART finish.eating FUT disperse
They said to me: They'll leave when they have eaten.
III.007
hói činʔemút.
hóy čin ʔemút
hoy čn ʔemút then 1SG.INTR sit
I sat down,
23
hói kúləntəm ɬuʔscəʔíɬn u ʔelíɬn ɬuʔsqélix�.
hóy k�úləntəm ɬuʔ scəʔíɬn u ʔelíɬn ɬuʔ sqélix�
hoy k�ul -nt -m ɬuʔ sc+ʔiɬn u ʔel+ʔíɬn ɬuʔ s+qél=ix� then work -TR -PASS ART food and eat.PL ART people
food was prepared and the people ate.
hói ɬuʔwiʔselíɬn u kux�íčəštəm txuʔít tiqscəʔíɬn ɬuʔné čineɬk�əɬčí.
hóy ɬuʔ wiʔselíɬn u k�u x�íčəštəm
hoy ɬuʔ wy�+s+ʔel+ʔíɬn u k�u x�ič -št -m then ART finish.eating and 1SG.OBJ give -TR -PASS
t x�uʔít t iqscəʔíɬn ɬuʔ né
t x�ʔit t hin- qɬ- sc+ʔiɬn ɬuʔ ne OBL much OBL 1SG.POSS- to.be- food ART COND
čin eɬq��əɬčí18
čn eɬ+q��ɬ+čí 1SG.INTR carry.back.on.back
When they had eaten, they gave me much food to take home (?).
III.008
hói k�ém�t ɬuʔpx�oməncút, �é x�alíp.
hóy k�ém�t ɬuʔ px��oməncút, �é x�alíp
hoy k�em�t ɬuʔ px��+mn+cut �e x�alíp then and.then ART disperse already morning
When they left, it was already morning.
hói čineɬxúi u čineɬnʔúɬx�.
hóy čin eɬx�úi u čin eɬnʔúɬx�
hoy čn eɬ+x�úy u čn eɬ+n+ʔúɬx� then 1SG.INTR go.back and 1SG.INTR go.back.in
I went home and went in again.
18 eɬk�əɬčí is analyzed here as a mistake for eɬq��əɬčí. –čí is probably the lexical suffix =ičn ‘back’.
24
kuséuntəm ɬuʔtinp�ox�p�ox�út:
k�u séuntəm ɬuʔ t inp�ox��p�ox��út
k�u sew -nt -m ɬuʔ t hin- p�x���+p�x��ut 1SG.OBJ ask -TR -PASS ART OBL 1SG.POSS- parents
My parents asked me:
čəčén� u k�esəlcíʔi?
čə čén� u k� esəlcíʔi
č čen� u k� es- l_ciʔ -i to where and 2SG.INTR CONT- in.here -CONT
Where have you been?
III.009
hói cún:
hóy cún
hoy cu -n then say -1SG.TRANS
I said:
čəšéʔi u činesxúi čestəlqamí.
čə šéʔi u čin esx�úi č estəlqamí
č šéʔi u čn es- x�uy -i č es- tlq+em -i to that and 1SG.INTR CONT- go -CONT to CONT- dance -CONT
I was going to the dance.
hói kucúis ɬuʔtinléu:
hóy k�u cúis ɬuʔ t inléu
hoy k�u cu -nt -s ɬuʔ t hin- lʔéu then 1SG.OBJ say -TR -3TRANS ART OBL 1SG.POSS- father
My father said to me:
25
né činessu;núʔmt né činséuneʔ təlsuwét né k�čq�q�əčstəmɬtúmš,
né čin essewnúʔmt né čin
ne čn es- sew+núʔmt ne čn COND 1SG.INTR ACT- ask.information COND 1SG.INTR
séuneʔ təl suwét né k� čq�q�əčstəmɬtúmš
séw=neʔ tl swet ne k� čq�+q�=čst+m=ɬtumš hear.something from who COND 2SG.INTR behave.foolishly.in.a.crowd
If I ask and hear from someone that you have done crazy things,
mɬcəncín,
m ɬcəncín
m ɬc -nt -si -n FUT whip -TR -2SG.OBJ -TR
I'll whip you,
x��əl wé x�eʔnncín u k�k�əɬnq�omí.
x��əl wé x�eʔnncín u k� k�əɬnq��omí
x��l we x�eʔn -nt -si -n u k� k�ɬn+q��om+í because although forbid -TR -2SG.OBJ -1SG.TRANS and 2SG.INTR leave.suddenly
because I told you not to go and you stole away.
III.010
hói ɬuʔčelúx�,
hóy ɬuʔ čelúx�
hoy ɬuʔ člux� then ART evening
When the evening came,
tá sséuneʔ u k�ém�t ta' kusɬcəntés.
tá sséuneʔ u k�ém�t tá k�u sɬcəntés
ta s+séw=neʔ u k�em�t ta k�u s- ɬc -nt -es NEG hear.something and and.then NEG 1SG.OBJ ***
19- whip -TR -3TRANS
he had not heard anything, and did not whip me.
19 This s- could be the es- ‘ACTUAL’ prefix.
26
šéy�u hói.
šéy�u hóy
šéyu hoy DEM stop
That's the end.
27
2.3 Text IV
IV.001
yé ʔesq�éi.
yé ʔesq�éy
ye es+q�éy this there.is.a.house
There was a house.
epɬčičiy�éʔ.
epɬčičiy�éʔ
epɬ+čy+čiy�=éʔ have.a.grandmother
He had a grandmother.
hói k�ém�t tənk�á nq�ən�n�əmís ɬuʔčičiy�éʔs ɬuʔx��əl �é sp�ox�p�ox�út.
hóy k�ém�t t nk�á nq�ən�n�əmís ɬuʔ čičiy�éʔs
hoy k�em�t t nk�=asq�t n+q�n�n�+mi -s ɬuʔ čy+čiy�=éʔ -s then and.then OBL one.day pity -3TRANS ART grandmother -3POSS
ɬuʔ x��əl �é sp�ox��p�ox��út
ɬuʔ x��l �e s+p�x��+p�x��ut ART because now old
One day he pitied his grandmother, because she was now very old.
cúis yé čičiy�éʔs:
cúis yé čičiy�éʔs
cu -nt -s ye čy+čiy�=éʔ -s say -TR -3TRANS this grandmother -3POSS
He said to her:
hói činx�íst.
hóy čin x�íst
hoy čn x�ist then 1SG.INTR walk
I'll go.
28
IV.002
hói ɬuʔx�alíp u k�en�čstəmíst.
hóy ɬuʔ x�alíp u k�en�čstəmíst
hoy ɬuʔ x�alíp u k�en=čst+míst then ART morning and get.ready
The next morning he got ready,
hói cúis ɬuʔčičiy�éʔs:
hóy cúis ɬuʔ čičiy�éʔs
hoy cu -nt -s ɬuʔ čy+čiy�=éʔ -s then say -TR -3TRANS ART grandmother -3POSS
and said to his grandmother:
k�iqscuwétštəm taqɬolq�šscútən.
k� iqscuwétštəm t aqɬolq�šscútən
k� hin- qs- cwet -št -m t han- qɬ- olq�+š+scút+n 2SG.INTR 1SG.POSS- FUT- go.after -TR -ANTIP OBL 2SG.POSS- to.be- helper
I'll get someone to help you.
hói x�íst ɬiʔé ɬtətəw�ít.
hóy x�íst ɬiʔé ɬtətəw�ít
hoy x�ist ɬiʔé ɬ+t+tw�+it then walk this young.boy
Then the young man walked away.
IV.003
xúi ɬaq�omúleʔx� ɬulestíx��i tsx��eʔlí.
x�úy ɬaq��omúleʔx� ɬu l estíx�i t sx��eʔlí
x�uy ɬaq��+m=úleʔx� ɬuʔ l es- tix� -i t s+x��eʔlí go come.into.open.space ART LOC CONT- obtain -CONT OBL camas.in.ground
He came to an open field where people were gathering camas.
29
hói ɬáqšilš ɬtətəw�ít.
hóy ɬáqšilš ɬtətəw�ít
hoy ɬáqš+ilš ɬ+t+tw�+it then sit.down young.boy
The young man sat down.
k�ém�t ɬuʔesx�écti,
k�ém�t ɬuʔ esx�écti
k�em�t ɬuʔ es- x�ect -i and.then ART CONT- dig.roots -CONT
While they were digging,
hói �uʔ�uʔúsəm u wíčəm u cúti:
hóy �uʔ�uʔúsəm u wíčəm u cúti
hoy �eʔ+�eʔ=ús+m u wič+m u cú+t+i then look.around.INTR and see.INTR and he.said
he looked around and saw someone and said:
šéʔi ɬuʔik�íllqs ɬuʔiqsəmʔém.
šéʔi ɬuʔ i k�íllqs ɬuʔ iqsəmʔém
šéʔi ɬuʔ i k�il=lqs ɬuʔ hin- qɬ- s+m+ʔem that ART PART red.shirt ART 1SG.POSS- to.be- woman
The one with the red shirt is going to be my wife.
IV.004
hói xúi,
hóy x�úy
hoy x�uy then go
He went,
xuʔít ɬiʔé ax�ax�təčím u čícis u q�əlq�élstəm,
x�uʔít ɬiʔé ax�ax�təčím u čícis u q�əlq�élstəm
x�ʔit ɬiʔé ax�+ax�=tč+ím u čic -nt -s u q�l+q�el -st -m much this work.PL.INTR and arrive -TR -3TRANS and talk -TR -PASS
many people were working. He came up to her, she talked to him
30
cúntəm:
cúntəm
cu -nt -m say -TR -PASS
and said:
éx�, təʔé u k�esx�stəluísi.
éx�, tə ʔé u k� esx�stəluísi
ex� t ʔe u k� es- x�st+lwis -i INTJ OBL here and 2SG.INTR CONT- walk.around -CONT
Hallo, so you are walking around here?
cúis: é;;; kuyescuwétəm k�iqsəmʔém.
cúis é;; k� yescuwétəm k�
cu -nt -s é k� hin- es- cwet+m k� say -TR -3TRANS yes 2SG.INTR 1SG.POSS- ACT- go.after.INTR 2SG.INTR
iqsəmʔém
hin- qɬ- s+m+ʔem 1SG.POSS- to.be- woman
He answered: Yes, I come for you, you are going to be my wife.
IV.005
hói ʔácəx�stəm ɬiʔé tsx�cx�cúts u cún séuntəm:
hóy ʔácəx�stəm ɬiʔé t sx�cx�cúts u cún
hoy ʔacx� -st -m ɬiʔé t s+x�c+x�c+ut -s u cu -n then look -TR -PASS this OBL companions -3POSS and say -1SG.TRANS
20
séuntəm
sew -nt -m ask -TR -PASS
Her companions watched them and said to her and asked her:
20 The form here may be a false start for the passive form cúntəm.
31
k�eseʔcín�təm�s cí tɬtətəw�ít.
k� eseʔcín�təm�s cí t ɬtətəw�ít
k� es- ecín�t+m -s ciʔ t ɬ+t+tw�+it 2SG.INTR ACT- say.what.INTR -3POSS that.one OBL young.boy
What is that young man saying to you?
cúis: kuʔescúnəms: kuyescuwétəm k�iqsəmʔém.
cúis k�u ʔescúnəms k�
cu -nt -s k�u es- cu+n+m -s k� say -TR -3TRANS 1SG.OBJ ACT- say -3POSS 2SG.INTR
yescuwétəm k� iqsəmʔém
hin- es- cwet+m k� hin- qɬ- s+m+ʔem 1SG.POSS- ACT- go.after.INTR 2SG.INTR 1SG.POSS- to.be- woman
She said: He tells me: I come for you, you are going to be my wife.
x��ax��eʔéi ɬiʔé sx�cx�cúts ɬiʔé semʔém.
x��ax��eʔéy ɬiʔé sx�cx�cúts ɬiʔé semʔém
x��a+x��eʔ+éy ɬiʔé s+x�c+x�c+ut -s ɬiʔé s+m+ʔem laugh this companions -3POSS this woman
The woman's companions laughed,
čx��ax��eʔeyəmíntəm ɬiʔé ɬtətəw�ít.
čx��ax��eʔeyəmíntəm ɬiʔé ɬtətəw�ít
č+x��a+x��eʔ+ey+mín -nt -m ɬiʔé ɬ+t+tw�+it laugh.PL -TR -PASS this young.boy
they laughed at the young man.
IV.006
cúntəm ɬiʔé tsəlx�aláx�ts səmʔém:
cúntəm ɬiʔé t səlx�aláx�ts səmʔém
cu -nt -m ɬiʔé t s+lx�a+láx�t -s s+m+ʔem say -TR -PASS this OBL friends -3POSS woman
The woman's friends said to her:
32
xúiš eɬčšínt né təlčíʔčeʔt mk�eɬcp�əlčú.
x�úiš eɬčšínt né təl číʔčeʔt m k�
x�uy -š eɬ+č+šín -nt ne tl číʔ+čeʔt m k� go -SG.INTR.IMP follow.back -TR COND from short.distance FUT 2SG.INTR
eɬcp�əlčú
eɬ+c+p�lč=ús turn.back
Go and follow him and then after a short while, turn back.
hói k�ém�t eɬčšintém iɬčíʔčeʔt u cúntəm ɬiʔé tsəlx�aláx�ts ɬiʔé səmʔém:
hóy k�ém�t eɬčšintém i eɬčíʔčeʔt
hoy k�em�t eɬ+č+šin -nt -em i eɬ+číʔ+čeʔt then and.then follow.back -TR -PASS PART back.from.short.distance
u cúntəm ɬiʔé t səlx�aláx�ts ɬiʔé səmʔém
u cu -nt -m ɬiʔé t s+lx�a+láx�t -s ɬiʔé s+m+ʔem and say -TR -PASS this OBL friends -3POSS this woman
The[n] she followed him a little while, and the woman's companions said to her:
k�ənunnx�éneʔ aqeʔeɬčšiním?
k�ə nunnx�éneʔ aqeʔeɬčšiním
k� n+wnex�=éneʔ han- qeʔ- eɬ+č+šin+ím 2SG.INTR believe 2SG.POSS FUT- follow.back.INTR
Do you really believe him and go home with him?(?)
IV.007
k�ém�t ɬiʔé cúntəm:
k�ém�t ɬiʔé cúntəm
k�em�t ɬiʔé cu -nt -m and.then this say -TR -PASS
They said to her:
33
eɬcp�əlčúsiš u k�ém�t k�éis ɬiʔé tɬtətəw�ít ɬiʔé səmʔém u k�ém�t cánəmsts k�éis.
eɬcp�əlčúsiš u k�ém�t k�éis ɬiʔé
eɬ+c+p�lč=ús+m -š u k�em�t k�en -nt -s ɬiʔé turn.back.INTR -SG.INTR.IMP and and.then grab -TR -3TRANS this
t ɬtətəw�ít ɬiʔé səmʔém u k�ém�t cánəmsts
t ɬ+t+tw�+it ɬiʔé s+m+ʔem u k�em�t cn+m -st -s OBL young.boy this woman and and.then tight -TR -3TRANS
k�éis
k�en -nt -s grab -TR -3TRANS
Turn back. But then the young man grabbed the woman and held her tight.
k�ém�t wé čxúyəməntəm u wé čp�í�čstəməntəm,
k�ém�t wé čx�úyəməntəm u wé čp�í�čstəməntəm
k�em�t we č+x�uy+mn -nt -m u we č+p��é=čst+min -nt -m and.then although go.up.to -TR -PASS and although let.go.of -TR -PASS
They went up to him and tried to take his hands off her,
IV.008
cúti: ta qsp�éčstəməncən,
cúti ta qsp�éčstəməncən
cú+t+i ta qs- p�e=čst+m -nt -s -n he.said NEG FUT- let.go -TR -2SG.OBJ -1SG.TRANS
but he said: I won't let you go,
činescúti: k�iqsəmʔém.
čin escúti k� iqsəmʔém
čn es- cu+t -i k� hin- qɬ- s+m+ʔem 1SG.INTR CONT- say -CONT 2SG.INTR 1SG.POSS- to.be- woman
I say: You are going to be my wife.
cúntəm: tá, činepsqaltəmíx�, na;ɬisqélix�.
cúntəm tá čin epsqaltəmíx� na;ɬisqélix�
cu -nt -m ta čn epɬ+s+qlt+míx� n+ʔiɬn+s+qél=ix� say -TR -PASS NEG 1SG.INTR have.a.husband man.eater
She said: No, I have a husband -- a man-eater.
34
cúis yé tɬtətəw�ít:
cúis yé t ɬtətəw�ít
cu -nt -s ye t ɬ+t+tw�+it say -TR -3TRANS this OBL young.boy
The young man said to her:
suwét ɬuʔasqaltəmíx�?
suwét ɬuʔ asqaltəmíx�
swet ɬuʔ han- s+qlt+mix� who ART 2SG.POSS- man
Who is your husband?
IV.009
cúntəm: �é stəltəlá ɬuʔisqaltəmíx�.
cúntəm �é stəltəlá ɬuʔ isqaltəmíx�
cu -nt -m �e s+tl+tl=aʔ+m ɬuʔ hin- s+qlt+mix� say -TR -PASS already thunder ART 1SG.POSS- man
She said to him: The thunder is already my husband.
hahá;;;stəm, k�əšéʔ tá k�epsqaltəmíx�.
hahástəm k�əšéʔ tá k� epsqaltəmíx�
ha+há -st -m k�+šeʔ ta k� epɬ+s+qlt+míx� laugh -TR -PASS that NEG 2SG.INTR have.a.husband
He laughed, no, you have no husband.
cúntəm: tá, ném k��íl.
cúntəm tá ném k� �íl
cu -nt -m ta nem k� �il say -TR -PASS NEG PART 2SG.INTR dead
She said: No, you might die.
cúis: k�əšéʔ tá k�epsqaltəmíx�.
cúis k�əšéʔ tá k� epsqaltəmíx�
cu -nt -s k�+šeʔ ta k� epɬ+s+qlt+míx� say -TR -3TRANS that NEG 2SG.INTR have.a.husband
He said: No, you have no husband.
35
IV.010
k�ém�t čəɬúʔ ʔecsuíš čináqs səmʔém.
k�ém�t č ɬúʔ ʔecsuíš čináqs səmʔém
k�em�t č ɬuʔ ʔec+s+wíš č=naqs s+m+ʔem and.then to there stand.SG one.person woman
Another woman stood over there.
k�ém�t estax��əlú escənpəmá yé ʔesk�ésts.
k�ém�t estax��əlú escənpəmá yé ʔesk�ésts
k�em�t estax��əlú es- cn+p+ma ye es- k�en -st -s and.then *** ACT- tight this ACT- catch -TR -3TRANS
He started holding her still tighter.
šéy�u cúntəm:
šéy�u cúntəm
šéyu cu -nt -m DEM say -TR -PASS
Then she said:
�é kup�éčstəmənt, x�í né k��íl.
�é k�u p�éčstəmənt x�í né k� �íl
�e k�u p�e=čst+m -nt x�i_ne k� �il now 1SG.OBJ let.go -TR lest 2SG.INTR dead
Let me go now, you might die.
k�ém�t cúis: tá.
k�ém�t cúis tá
k�em�t cu -nt -s ta and.then say -TR -3TRANS NEG
He said: No,
36
k�ém�t: tá k�epsqaltəmíx��21.
k�ém�t tá k� epsqaltəmíx�
k�em�t ta k� epɬ+s+qlt+míx� and.then NEG 2SG.INTR have.a.husband
you have no husband.
IV.011
ɬiʔé činá səmʔém ɬiʔé ʔecsuíš, cúti:
ɬiʔé činá səmʔém ɬiʔé ʔecsuíš cúti
ɬiʔé č=naqs s+m+ʔem ɬiʔé ʔec+s+wíš cú+t+i this one.person woman this stand.SG she.said
The other woman who stood over there, she said:
pppuwá, pppuwá
pppuwá pppuwá
pppuwá pppuwá pppooa pppooa
pppooa, pppooa
má k�ém�t �é k�esənmiyépəm.
má k�ém�t �é k� esənmiyépəm
má k�em�t �e k� es- n+miy+ép+m INTJ and.then already 2SG.INTR ACT- told.on
Look, you are being told on already.
ɬiʔé wiʔsq�əlq�élt ɬiʔé səmʔém,
ɬiʔé wiʔsq�əlq�élt ɬiʔé səmʔém
ɬiʔé wy�+s+q�l+q�el+t ɬiʔé s+m+ʔem this finish.talking this woman
And as the woman finished talking:
21 The form for ‘have a husband’ here is recorded with x�� but all other instances have x�.
37
wicín;;; wicín;;;. iq�ái;;;.
wicín wicín i q�áy
wy�=cin wy�=cin i q�ay weetseen weetseen PART blue
weetseen, weetseen, and the sky darkened.
k�ém�t cúntəm: má šéy�u ɬuʔisqaltəmíx�.
k�ém�t cúntəm má šéy�u ɬuʔ isqaltəmíx�
k�em�t cu -nt -m ma šéyu ɬuʔ hin- s+qlt+mix� and.then say -TR -PASS INTJ DEM ART 1SG.POSS- man
She said: Look, that is my husband.
é;;; oy�incú u cúti:
é;; oy�incú u cúti
é oy�+ncút u cú+t+i yes laugh and he.said
Oh, he laughed and said:
k�əšéʔ tá k�epsqaltəmíx�.
k�əšéʔ tá k� epsqaltəmíx�
k�+šeʔ ta k� epɬ+s+qlt+míx� that NEG 2SG.INTR have.a.husband
No, you have no husband.
IV.012
k�ém�t yecax�í u yé lsčɬtx��éʔneʔs (rec. lčɬtx��éʔneʔis)
k�ém�t i ecax�í u yé l sčɬtx��éʔneʔis
k�em�t i ec+ʔax�í u ye l s+čɬ+tx��=éneʔ -nt -s and.then PART like and this LOC straight.above.PL -TR -3TRANS
Then all of a sudden, as the thunder came straight over their heads,
u q�əlq�élt ɬuʔstəltəláʔm.
u q�əlq�élt ɬuʔ stəltəláʔm
u q�l+q�el+t ɬuʔ s+tl+tl=aʔ+m and talk.INTR ART thunder
he roared.
38
cuntəm: �é míʔ kup�éčstəmənt,
cuntəm �é míʔ k�u p�éčstəmənt
cu -nt -m �e miʔ k�u p�e=čst+m -nt say -TR -PASS now FUT 1SG.OBJ let.go -TR
She said: Let me go now, please,
x�í né k��íl.
x�í né k� �íl
x�i_ne k� �il lest 2SG.INTR dead
you might die.
tá qsp�éčstəməncən,
tá qsp�éčstəməncən
ta qs- p�e=čst+m -nt -s -n NEG FUT- let.go -TR -2SG.OBJ -1SG.TRANS
I won't let you go,
təmá k�iqsəmʔém.
təmá k� iqsəmʔém
tma k� hin- qɬ- s+m+ʔem INTERR 2SG.INTR 1SG.POSS- to.be- woman
because you are going to be my wife.
čx�təpəmíntəm tstəltəláʔm ɬiʔé sx�əlótqs.
čx�təpəmíntəm t stəltəláʔm ɬiʔé sx�əlótqs
č+x�t+p+min -nt -m t s+tl+tl=aʔ+m ɬiʔé s+x�l=ot=qs jump.on -TR -PASS OBL thunder this prarie.rabbit
The thunder fell upon the rabbit.
IV.013
ɬiʔé ččiʔtəmín�təm u təncqúsəm ičiliyálsəm.
ɬiʔé ččiʔtəmín�təm u tə ncqúsəm i čiliyálsəm
ɬiʔé č+čiʔt+mín -nt -m u t n+cq=us+m i č+yl+yal=s+m this go.near.to -TR -PASS and OBL look.up PART look.at.with.big.eyes
As he came quite close, the rabbit looked up at him, with eyes wide open.
39
lšéy�u c�líp, nx�éləməntəm, eɬšilčəməncút, eɬčx�təpəmíntəm.
lšéy�u c�líp nx�éləməntəm eɬšilčəməncút
l_šéyu c+�l+p n+x�íl+min -nt -m eɬ+šilč+mn+cút then stop get.scared -TR -PASS turn.self.around
eɬčx�təpəmíntəm
eɬ+č+x�t+p+mín -nt -m jump.on.again -TR -PASS
The thunder stopped and got scared, turned around, and fell upon him for the second
time.
šéʔ eɬččiʔtəmín�təm, šéʔ təncqúsəm, šéʔ ičiliyálsəm, šéʔ nx�éləməntəm.
šéʔ eɬččiʔtəmín�təm šéʔ tə ncqúsəm šéʔ i
šéʔi eɬ+č+čiʔt+mín -nt -m šéʔi t n+cq=us+m šéʔi i that get.close.again -TR -PASS that OBL look.up that PART
čiliyálsəm šéʔ nx�éləməntəm
č+yl+yal=s+m šéʔi n+x�íl+min -nt -m look.at.with.big.eyes that get.scared -TR -PASS
As he came close up to him, again the rabbit looked up at him, with eyes wide open , and
the thunder got scared.
IV.014
čəʔé u téšilš stəltəlá u cúntəm yé ɬtətəw�ít:
čə ʔé u téšilš stəltəlá u cúntəm yé ɬtətəw�ít
č ʔe u téš+ilš s+tl+tl=aʔ+m u cu -nt -m ye ɬ+t+tw�+it to here and stand.up thunder and say -TR -PASS this young.boy
The thunder stopped there and said to the young man:
xúi kunq�ən�n�əmínt,
x�úy k�u nq�ən�n�əmínt
x�uy k�u n+q�n�n�+min -t go 1SG.OBJ pity -TR
Go, have pity on me,
40
kueɬx�ícəɬt isəmʔém.
k�u eɬx�ícəɬt isəmʔém
k�u eɬ+x�íc -ɬt hin- s+m+ʔem 1SG.OBJ give.back -TR 1SG.POSS- woman
give me my wife back!
k�ɬúʔ ilšéy�u k�q�ən�q�ən�scín,
k� ɬúʔ i lšéy�u k� q�ən�q�ən�scín
k� ɬuʔ i l_šéyu k� q�n�+q�n�+s=cin 2SG.INTR ART PART then 2SG.INTR ask.for.pity
If you had asked for pity at once,
šéʔ kuné u eɬx�ícəɬcən.
šéʔ k�uné u eɬx�ícəɬcən
šéʔi k�uné u eɬ+x�íc -ɬt -s -n that CONJ and give.back -TR -2SG.OBJ -1SG.TRANS
I should have given her back to you.
IV.015
k�ém�t cúntəm:
k�ém�t cúntəm
k�em�t cu -nt -m and.then say -TR -PASS
The thunder said to him:
šéʔ inx�aménč, kuaqeʔeɬx�ícəɬtəm.
šéʔ inx�aménč k�u aqeʔeɬx�ícəɬtəm
šéʔi hin- x�am=énč k�u han- qeʔ- eɬ+x�íc -ɬt -m that 1SG.POSS- love 1SG.INTR 2SG.POSS- FUT- give.back -TR -ANTIP
I love her, you must give her back to me.
šéy�u cúti yé ɬtətəw�ít:
šéy�u cúti yé ɬtətəw�ít
šéyu cú+t+i ye ɬ+t+tw�+it DEM he.said this young.boy
Then the young man said:
41
há;;; kuntá néx� iqɬx�amé.
há;; k�untá néx� iqɬx�amé
ha k�untá nex� hin- qɬ- x�am=énč ha perhaps(?) also 1SG.POSS- to.be- love
Ha! perhaps I'll love her too!
42
2.4 Text V
V.001
esq�éi nk�éɬx�.
esq�éy nk�éɬx�
es+q�éy nk�=eɬx� there.is.a.house one.house
There was a house.
séuneʔ tesiyapqín�i (rec. tesiyapq�ín�i).
séuneʔ t esiyapqín�i
séw=neʔ t es+ya+p=qín�+i22 hear.something OBL powwow
They heard about a pow-wow.
čəmí sqalqaltəmíx� u nk�éɬx�.
čəmí sqalqaltəmíx� u nk�éɬx�
čmi s+ql+qlt+mix� u nk�=eɬx� only men and one.house
In one house there were only men.
cúis yé tčiná:
cúis yé t činá
cu -nt -s ye t č=naqs say -TR -3TRANS this OBL one.person
The one said to the other:
hói kúliš qaqɬstíɬəm.
hóy k�úliš23 qa qɬstíɬəm
hoy k�ul -š qeʔ qɬ- s+tiɬ+m then work -SG.INTR.IMP 1PL.POSS to.be- boat
Make a canoe for us!
22 The form for ‘powwow’, occurring in a position normally occupied by nouns, is analyzed here and
throughout as a noun lexicalized with verbal affixes still attached. An occurrence in V.008, however, is
analyzed as a verbal form. 23 The i in this word is possibly an intransitive stem-forming suffix +m, underlying /k�úl+m-š/ realized as
[k�úliš].
43
cuntəm yé tsəláx�ts u qaqsesčéni.
cuntəm yé t səláx�ts u qa
cu -nt -m ye t s+lax�t -s u qeʔ say -TR -PASS this OBL friend -3POSS and 1PL.INTR
qsesčéni
qs- es- čen -i FUT- ACT- do.what -FUT
His friend asked: What are we going to do?
cúis: qaqsxúi ɬuʔčesiyapqín�i.
cúis qa qsx�úy ɬuʔ č esiyapqín�i
cu -nt -s qeʔ qs- x�uy ɬuʔ č es+ya+p=qín�+i say -TR -3TRANS 1PL.INTR FUT- go ART to powwow
He said: We'll go to the pow-wow.
V.002
hói kúləntəm (rec. kúləm) yé tčiná stíləm.
hóy k�úləntəm yé t činá stíləm
hoy k�ul -nt -m ye t č=naqs s+tiɬ+m then work -TR -PASS this OBL one.person boat
Then he made a canoe.
hói x��á k�ənšá wiʔstés ɬiʔé stíɬəm.
hóy x��á k�ənšá wiʔstés ɬiʔé stíɬəm
hoy x��a k�inš=ásq�t wy� -st -es ɬiʔé s+tiɬ+m then maybe several.days finish -TR -3TRANS this boat
After a few days, he had the canoe all ready.
hói čɬcqéʔtk�is ɬiʔé stíɬəm.
hóy čɬcqéʔtk�is ɬiʔé stíɬəm
hoy čɬ+cq=eʔtk� -nt -s ɬiʔé s+tiɬ+m then onto.water.PL -TR -3TRANS this boat
They set it on the water.
44
q�ámqumt x�ést.
q�ámq�umt x�ést
q�am+q�m+t x�es+t wonderful good
It was mighty fine.
cúntəm yé tsəláx�ts ulčén� u qaqsʔax�íli.
cúntəm yé t səláx�ts u l čén� u
cu -nt -m ye t s+lax�t -s u l čen� u say -TR -PASS this OBL friend -3POSS and LOC where and
qa qsʔax�íli
qeʔ qs- ʔax�íl -i 1PL.INTR FUT- do -FUT
His friend asked him: How are we going to do?
təmá lesʔústi u esiyapqín�i (?)
təmá l esʔústi u esiyapqín�i
tma l es- ʔus+t -i u es+ya+p=qín�+i INTERR LOC CONT- dive -CONT and powwow
Isn't this a pow-wow with diving contest?
V.003
wé ʔúst,
wé ʔúst
we ʔus+t although dive
He dived,
ilttšen�é u eɬteʔék�,
ilttšen�é u eɬteʔék�
il+t+tšen�é u eɬ+teʔék� in.a.short.while and resurface.INCH
after a short while he came up again
45
cúis yé səláx�ts: qaqsq�íli.
cúis yé səláx�ts qa qsq�íli
cu -nt -s ye s+lax�t -s qeʔ qs- q�il -i say -TR -3TRANS this friend -3POSS 1PL.INTR FUT- cheat -FUT
and said to his friend: We'll cheat.
ɬx�únt cí qeʔstíɬəm.
ɬx��únt cí qeʔ stíɬəm
ɬx�� -nt ci qeʔ s+tiɬ+m hole -TR this 1PL.POSS boat
Make a hole in (the bottom of) our canoe.
k�ém�t ɬx��əntés ɬiʔé stíʔɬəms.
k�ém�t ɬx��əntés ɬiʔé stíʔɬəms
k�em�t ɬx�� -nt -es ɬiʔé stiʔɬ+m -s and.then hole -TR -3TRANS this boat.PL -3POSS
He made a hole in their canoe.
V.004
k�ém�t essúx��əmeʔsts né pút čiʔék� ɬiʔé spɬqís x��əl né qeʔespu;péulši.
k�ém�t essúx�əmeʔsts né pút
k�em�t es- súx�=meʔ -st -s ne put and.then CUST- measure -CUST -3TRANS COND just
čiʔék� ɬiʔé spɬqís x��əl né qeʔ
čiʔék� ɬiʔé s+pɬ=qin -s x��l ne qeʔ go.through this head -3POSS for COND 1PL.INTR
espu;péulši
es- pw+pew+lš -i CONT- breathe -CONT
Then they measured the hole, so that he could breathe when he stuck his head through the
hole.
46
k�ém�t wiʔsɬx��əntés u x��ím u eɬʔənq�eʔúsis (?).
k�ém�t wiʔsɬx��əntés u x��ím u
k�em�t wy�+s+ɬx�� -nt -es u x��i+m u and.then finish.hole -TR -3TRANS and whittle.INTR and
eɬʔənq�eʔúsis
eɬ+ʔn+q�eʔ=ús -nt -s stick.in.again -TR -3TRANS
He finished it, whittled a stick and stuck it in the hole.
hói esčɬq�alíʔ k�túnt u laáp.
hóy esčɬq�alíʔ k�túnt u laáp
hoy es+čɬ+q�l+íʔ k�tun+t u laáp then lake big and paddle
There was a big lake, and they went along in the canoe.
V.005
esčx�oyép u tšéy�u šiy�úʔ.
esčx�oyép u t šéy�u šiy�úʔ
es+č+x��y=ép u t šéyu šy�uʔ bend.in.water? and OBL DEM pass.by.PL
The lake turns and there they passed by.
ɬuʔččeʔíʔt ɬiʔé lesčx�oyép u wíʔčəm ecax�í tsqélix� ʔemút.
ɬuʔ ččeʔíʔt ɬiʔé l esčx�oyép u wíʔčəm
ɬuʔ č+čeʔíʔt ɬiʔé l es+č+x��y=ép u wiʔč+m ART near this LOC bend.in.water? and see.PL.INTR
ecax�í t sqélix� ʔemút
ec+ʔax�í t s+qél=ix� ʔemút like OBL man sit
As they came closer to it, they saw someone sitting who looked like a man.
súx��is yé tčiná:
súx�is yé t činá
sux� -nt -s ye t č=naqs know -TR -3TRANS this OBL one.person
One of them recognized him:
47
ó;;; ecax�í tsənčəlé.
ó;; ecax�í t sənčəlé
o ec+ʔax�í t s+n+čl=ep oh like OBL coyote
Oh, he looks like coyote.
V.006
cúntəm: tá qeʔesčq�eʔélsəmstx�,
cúntəm tá qeʔ esčq�eʔélsəmstx�
cu -nt -m ta qeʔ es- č+q�eʔ=éls+m -st -x� say -TR -PASS NEG 1PL.INTR CUST- pay.attention -CUST -2SG.TRANS
The other one said to him: Don't pay any attention to him,
x�í né qeʔesəmeʔéčstəmɬəls.
x�í né qeʔ esəmeʔéčstəmɬəls
x�i_ne qeʔ es- meʔ=éčst=mɬ+ls lest 1PL.INTR ACT- bother.people
he might get us into trouble.
hói məltx�omíʔs ɬiʔé pút u ɬulšéy�u ʔemút ɬuʔsənčəlé.
hóy məltx��omíʔs ɬiʔé pút u ɬu l šéy�u
hoy ml+tx��+mi+ʔ -s ɬiʔé put u ɬuʔ l šéyu then flow.straight -3TRANS this just and ART LOC DEM
ʔemút ɬuʔ sənčəlé
ʔemút ɬuʔ s+n+čl=ep sit ART coyote
They passed exactly opposite the place where coyote was sitting.
hói esʔácəx� sənčəlé:
hóy esʔácəx� sənčəlé
hoy es- ʔacx� s+n+čl=ep then ACT- look coyote
Coyote was watching:
48
tčén� ɬuʔpesxúi?
t čén� ɬuʔ p esx�úyi
t čen� ɬuʔ p es- x�uy -i OBL where ART 2PL.INTR CONT- go -CONT
Where are you going, where are you going?
V.007
ɬuʔčesiyapqín�i ɬuʔqeʔesxúi.
ɬuʔ č esiyapqín�i ɬuʔ qeʔ esx�úyi
ɬuʔ č es+ya+p=qín�+i ɬuʔ qeʔ es- x�uy -i ART to powwow ART 1PL.INTR CONT- go -CONT
We are going to the pow-wow.
ó;;; x�é;;; čiqsčšinəmí.
ó;; x�é či qsčšinəmí
o x�es čn qs- č+šin+min -i oh good 1SG.INTR FUT- go.with -FUT
Oh, that's fine, I'll go with you.
cúntəm: né k�epɬiyúcəmən.
cúntəm né k� epɬiyúcəmən
cu -nt -m ne k� epɬ+yúc+mn say -TR -PASS COND 2SG.INTR have.red.paint
They said to him: If you have got red paint.
cú: činepɬiyúcəmən.
cú čin epɬiyúcəmən
cu čn epɬ+yúc+mn say 1SG.INTR have.red.paint
He said: I have got some red paint.
ɬuʔné k�epsčíɬt.
ɬuʔ né k� epsčíɬt
ɬuʔ ne k� epɬ+s+číɬ+t ART COND 2SG.INTR have.clay
If you have got white clay.
49
činepsčíɬt.
čin epsčíɬt
čn epɬ+s+číɬ+t 1SG.INTR have.clay
I have got some white clay.
hói čtax��ələməncútəməntəm.
hóy čtax��ələməncútəməntəm
hoy č+tax��+l+mncút+m -nt -m then go.up.to -TR -PASS
They went up to him.
V.008
hoi laáp,
hoy laáp
hoy laáp then paddle
They paddled (on again),
xúi ɬulesčx�oyépən,
x�úy ɬu l esčx�oyépən
x�uy ɬuʔ l es+č+x��y=ép+n24 go ART LOC bend.in.water?
went to a turn of the lake,
k�əɬ�eʔéč (?) məlšéʔi mesiyapqín�i.
k�əɬ�eʔéč m l šéʔi m esiyapqín�i
k�ɬ+�eʔéč m l šéʔi m es- yap=qín� -i appear FUT LOC that FUT CONT- powwow -CONT
came in sight, there the pow-wow was going to be held.
24 The final –n in this form is unexpected and unexplained.
50
ɬiʔé tsənčəlé cúis yé səlx�aláx�ts:
ɬiʔé t sənčəlé cúis yé səlx�aláx�ts
ɬiʔé t s+n+čl=ep cu -nt -s ye s+lx�a+láx�t -s this OBL coyote say -TR -3TRANS this friends -3POSS
Coyote said to his25 friends:
hói yé ləʔé mkuccíʔlš.
hóy yé l ʔé m k� ccíʔlš
hoy ye l ʔe m k� c+ciʔlš then this LOC here FUT 2SG.INTR camp.PL
Now let us camp here.
hói ccíʔlš.
hóy ccíʔlš
hoy c+ciʔlš then camp.PL
They camped.
hói ɬuʔx�alíp,
hóy ɬuʔ x�alíp
hoy ɬuʔ x�alíp then ART morning
The next morning,
cúis yé čina: cxúiš.
cúis yé čina cx�úyš
cu -nt -s ye č=naqs c+x�uy -š say -TR -3TRANS this one.person come -SG.INTR.IMP
he said to one of them: Come!
čxúyəməntəm u ɬáqšilš.
čx�úyəməntəm u ɬáqšilš
č+x�uy+mn -nt -m u ɬáqš+ilš go.up.to -TR -PASS and sit.down
He went up to him and sat down.
25 The original translation in Vogt reads “Coyote said to this friends”, a minor typographical error that is
corrected here.
51
V.009
hói kúlis,
hóy k�úlis
hoy k�ul -nt -s then work -TR -3TRANS
He fixed him,
hói tiyúcəmən kúlis yé spɬqín.
hóy t yúcəmən k�úlis yé spɬqín
hoy t yuc+mn k�ul -nt -s ye s+pɬ=qin then OBL red.paint work -TR -3TRANS this head
fixed the head with red paint.
k�ém�t ɬuʔwiʔstés:
k�ém�t ɬuʔ wiʔstés
k�em�t ɬuʔ wy� -st -es and.then ART finish -TR -3TRANS
When he had finished it:
hayó;;; suiʔwíʔnumti.
hayó;; suiʔwíʔnumti
hayó s+wy�+wíy�+numt+i oh.my beautiful
Oh, how he looks fine!
hói x�alítis yé činá.
hóy x�alítis yé činá
hoy x�alít -nt -s ye č=naqs then ask -TR -3TRANS this one.person
Then he called the other one,
52
ku;;; lis yé čináqs x�ést yé tsčíɬt u itq��ái.
k�ulis yé čináqs x�ést yé t
k�ul -nt -s ye č=naqs x�es+t ye t create -TR -3TRANS this one.person good this OBL
sčíɬt u i t q��áy
s+čiɬ+t u i t q��ay clay and PART OBL black
fixed him beautifully with the white clay and with black.
V.010
hói wiʔstes yé səlx�aláx�ts u ɬáqqsts tsənčəlé.
hóy wiʔstés26 yé səlx�aláx�ts u
hoy wy� -st -es ye s+lx�a+láx�t -s u then finish -TR -3TRANS this friends -3POSS and
ɬáqqsts t sənčəlé
ɬaq+q -st -s t s+n+čl=ep sit.down.INCH -TR -3TRANS OBL coyote
When he had finished, he made his friends sit down.
hayó;;; suiʔwíʔnumti.
hayó;; suiʔwíʔnumti
hayó s+wy�+wiy�+numt+i oh.my beautiful
They both looked very beautiful.
k�éis ɬuʔcənílc yúcəmis ip�úm.
k�éis ɬuʔ cənílc yúcəmis i p�úm
k�en -nt -s ɬuʔ cniɬc yuc+mn -s i p�um take -TR -3TRANS ART 3SG red.paint -3POSS PART tan.color
Then he took his own brown paint
26 Vogt neglects to mark stress on this word (1940a:86) but by analogy with the occurrence in V.009 I am
marking it on the last syllable.
53
k�ém�t npq�učinéčstəmis u nsíxuʔsts tséuɬk� u iílk�is yé sču;čuwáx�is u sk�ə�ús.
k�ém�t npq�učinéčstəmis u
k�em�t n+pq�u=čn�=éčst+m -nt -s u and.then in.palm.of.hand -TR -3TRANS and
nsíx�uʔsts t séuɬk� u
n+síx�+uʔ -st -s t sewɬ=k� u pour -TR -3TRANS OBL water and
yílk�is yé sču;čuwáx�is u sk�ə�ús
yilk� -nt -s ye s+čw+čw=ax�n -s u s+k��=us rub -TR -3TRANS this arms -3POSS and face
scattered it out in the palm of his hand, mixed it with water and rubbed his arms and face
with it.
V.011
ɬuʔkúlis, cúis yé səlx�aláx�ts:
ɬuʔ k�úlis cúis yé səlx�aláx�ts
ɬuʔ k�ul -nt -s cu -nt -s ye s+lx�a+láx�t -s ART work -TR -3TRANS say -TR -3TRANS this friends -3POSS
Doing so, he said to his friends:
šéʔi ɬuʔquyeʔé ink�ən�čstəmístən.
šéʔi ɬuʔ q�uyeʔé ink�ən�čstəmístən
šéʔi ɬuʔ q�uyeʔé hin- k�n�=čst+mist+(t)n that ART 1SG 1SG.POSS- try.by.hand
This is my fixing.
cúis yé səlx�aláx�ts:
cúis yé səlx�aláx�ts
cu -nt -s ye s+lx�a+láx�t -s say -TR -3TRANS this friends -3POSS
He said to his friends:
54
qaqsk�əɬtalɬtém né xúi tix��sqélix� məlšéʔi mqecax�íli
qa qsk�əɬtalɬtém né x�úy
qeʔ qs- k�ɬ+tal -ɬt -em ne x�uy 1PL.TRANS FUT- make.rites -TR -1PL.TRANS COND go
tix�sqélix� m l šéʔi m qe ecʔax�íli
tix�+s+qél=ix� m l šéʔi m qeʔ es- ʔax�íl -i get.people FUT LOC that FUT 1PL.INTR CONT- do.a.certain.way -CONT
We will start this custom for the generations to come.
ɬuʔsqélix� ɬuʔesčo;sqélix�i qeʔpccíʔlši (qeʔpɬccíʔlši?).
ɬuʔ sqélix� ɬuʔ esčo;sqélix�i qeʔpɬccíʔlši27
ɬuʔ s+qél=ix� ɬuʔ es- čw+s+qél=ix� -i qeʔ- epɬ+c+cíʔlš -i ART people ART CONT- go.to.gamble -CONT FUT- have.camps -FUT
When it gets more people, they shall do as we have done now, when they gather for
gambling and some people camp.
V.012
hói laáp,
hóy laáp
hoy laáp then paddle
They paddled along
ɬuʔpút tsənɬuʔís (rec. cənɬuʔís) u k�əɬ�éʔčč.
ɬuʔ pút t sənɬuʔís u k�əɬ�éʔčč
ɬuʔ put t s+nɬ+wʔis u k�ɬ+�eʔéč+č ART just OBL early.morning and appear
and just as the sun had mounted a little on the sky, they got in sight.
hói tuíʔčtəm.
hóy twíʔčtəm
hoy t+wiʔč -nt -m then see.coming.PL -TR -PASS
They saw them coming.
27 Vogt’s conjecture is analyzed here.
55
cúis: yé ʔesq�éi,
cúis yé ʔesq�éy
cu -nt -s ye es+q�éy say -TR -3TRANS this camp
He said to them: there is the camp,
xú xú xú xú
x�ú x�ú x�ú x�ú
x�u x�u x�u x�u all.right all.right all.right all.right
fine, fine.
šéy�u ʔauʔáʔauɬtəm ɬuʔsk�sk�éʔsts.
šéy�u ʔauʔáʔauɬtəm ɬuʔ sk�sk�éʔsts
šéyu ʔaw+ʔá+ʔaw -ɬt -m ɬuʔ s+k�s+k�eʔs+t -s DEM say.aloud.PL -TR -PASS ART name.PL -3POSS
Then they told their names.
V.013
esčo;sqéʔlix�i uɬspuwálqən u esčo;sqéʔlix�i ttq�én�é u sənčəlép ččeʔčeʔɬéʔs.
esčo;sqéʔlix�i uɬ=spuwálqən
es- čw+s+qéʔl=ix� -i uɬ=s+pw=ál=qn CONT- go.to.gamble.PL -CONT red.headed.woodpecker.and.group
u esčo;sqéʔlix�i ttq�én�é u
u es- čw+s+qéʔl=ix� -i ttq�én�eʔ u and CONT- go.to.gamble.PL -CONT wood.duck and
sənčəlép ččeʔčeʔɬéʔs
s+n+čl=ep č+čeʔ+čeʔɬéʔs coyote three.people
The wood-pecker with his friends - the wood-duck and coyote - came in order to gamble,
all three of them.
56
čɬiyúʔx��təməntəm ɬiʔé česél sqalqaltəmíx� yé ttq�én�eʔ u spuwálqən.
čɬiyúʔx�təməntəm ɬiʔé česél sqalqaltəmíx�
č+ɬ+yiʔx�+t+m -nt -m ɬiʔé č+ʔesél s+ql+qlt+mix� envy.PL -TR -PASS this two men
yé ttq�én�eʔ u spuwálqən
ye ttq�én�eʔ u s+pw=al=qn this wood.duck and red.headed.woodpecker
The two men - the wood-pecker and the wood-duck - were very much envied and
admired.
V.014
hói cqqúʔs u ntéʔš.
hóy cqqúʔs u ntéʔš
hoy cq+q=uʔs u nteʔš then land.PL and go.ashore.PL
They pulled ashore, went ashore
hói ɬáʔqq.
hóy ɬáʔqq
hoy ɬaʔq+q then sit.down.PL
and sat down.
cúntəm: y�é spuwálqən tsx�ásəlqs tšéy�u tšilšéʔustəm.
cúntəm y�é spuwálqən t sx�ásəlqs t
cu -nt -m yeʔé s+pw=al=qn t s+x�as=lqs t say -TR -PASS this red.headed.woodpecker OBL moose OBL
šéy�u tšilšéʔustəm
šéyu tš+ilš=éw�s -st -m DEM oppose -TR -PASS
Somebody said: The wood-pecker shall be matched against the moose.
cúntəm ttq�én�eʔ:
cúntəm ttq�én�eʔ
cu -nt -m ttq�én�eʔ say -TR -PASS wood.duck
The wood-duck was told
57
tsənečɬceʔ tšilšéʔústəm.
t sənečɬceʔ tšilšéʔústəm
t s+néč=ɬceʔ tš+ilš=éw�s -st -m OBL cow.elk oppose -TR -PASS
to be matched against the elk.
cúntəm sənčəlé:
cúntəm sənčəlé
cu -nt -m s+n+čl=ep say -TR -PASS coyote
Coyote was told:
tpuwélsčən tšilšéʔustəmt.
t puwélsčən tšilšéʔustəmt
t pw=els=čn tš+ilš=éw�s -st -m -t OBL buck oppose -TR -2SG.OBJ -1PL.TRANS
We will match you against the buck.
V.015
cú tá sənčelé.
cú tá sənčəlé
cu ta s+n+čl=ep say NEG coyote
Coyote said: No.
cúntəm: xú�, tstiyé.
cúntəm x�ú� t stiyé
cu -nt -m x�u� t s+tye say -TR -PASS all.right OBL caribou
They said: All right then, against the caribou.
cú: tá;;;.
cú tá
cu ta say NEG
He said: No.
58
cú sənčəlé: né cí tq��əyəq��ayəstəm�á mqeʔx�cx�cím�.
cú sənčəlé né cí t q��əyəq��ayəstəm�á m
cu s+n+čl=ep ne ciʔ t q��y+q��ay+stm�á m say coyote COND that.one OBL buffalo.cow FUT
qeʔ x�cx�cím�
qeʔ x�c+x�c+iʔm 1PL.INTR gamble.PL
Coyote said: We will gamble with the buffalo-cow as stake.
hói q�amq�amílš u cúti:
hóy q�amq�amílš u cúti
hoy q�am+q�am+ílš u cú+t+i then discuss.PL and he.said
They talked it over and said:
ó;;; míɬx�ést scəʔíɬn.
ó;; míɬ x�ést scəʔíɬn
o miɬ x�es+t sc+ʔiɬn oh very good food
Oh, that's too good food.
cúʔti: ó;;; �é šéʔi kú x��əlcənílc,
cúʔti ó;; �é šéʔi k�ú x��əl cənílc
cúʔ+t+i o �e šéʔi k�u x��l cniɬc say.PL oh already that but for 3SG
They said: It's all right for him,
čəmí x��əlcí səlx�aláx�ts.
čəmí x��əl cí səlx�aláx�ts
čmi x��l ci s+lx�a+láx�t -s only for this friends -3POSS
only his friends matter (?).
59
V.016
né qeʔš�ipənúʔntəm,
né qeʔ š�ipənúʔntəm
ne qeʔ š�+ip+núʔ -nt -m COND 1PL.TRANS win.PL -TR -1PL.TRANS
When we beat them,
mqeʔpúlstəm ɬuʔsənčəlé,
m qeʔ púlstəm ɬuʔ sənčəlé
m qeʔ puls -st -m ɬuʔ s+n+čl=ep FUT 1PL.TRANS kill -TR -1PL.TRANS ART coyote
we'll kill coyote
mtšéʔi mqeʔcq�amíntəm cí senčəlé,
m t šéʔi m qeʔ cq�amíntəm cí senčəlé
m t šéʔi m qeʔ cq�+min -nt -m ciʔ s+n+čl=ep FUT OBL that FUT 1PL.TRANS throw.away -TR -1PL.TRANS that.one coyote
and throw away this coyote
mčəmí cí səlx�aláx�ts mqéʔíɬntəm.
m čəmí cí səlx�aláx�ts m qéʔ íɬntəm
m čmi ciʔ s+lx�a+láx�t -s m qeʔ ʔiɬn -nt -m FUT only that.one friends -3POSS FUT 1PL.TRANS eat -TR -1PL.TRANS
and eat only his friends.
cú: xú, �é šéʔi �é tq��əyəq��ái mqeʔtšilšéʔustəm cí sənčəlé.
cú x�ú �é šéʔi �é t q��əyəq��áy m qeʔ
cu x�u �e šéʔi �e t q��y+q��ay m qeʔ say all.right then that then OBL buffalo FUT 1PL.TRANS
tšilšéʔustəm cí sənčəlé
tš+ilš=éw�s -st -m ciʔ s+n+čl=ep oppose -TR -1PL.TRANS that.one coyote
They said: All right, we'll match this coyote against the buffalo.
60
V.017
cú: xú;;;.
cú x�ú
cu x�u say all.right
He said: All right.
sqaléʔu ɬuʔqɬʔeutúʔsc.
sqaléʔu ɬuʔ qɬʔeutúʔsc
s+qal=éw� ɬuʔ qɬ- ʔewt=úʔs -s beaver ART to.be- their.opponent -3POSS
The beaver was going to be their opponent in the contest.
ɬulnihéʔusəm u esəncəlétk� ʔesél lúk�.
ɬu l nihéʔusəm u esəncəlétk� ʔesél lúk�
ɬuʔ l n+ihé=ew�s+m u es+n+cl=étk� ʔesél luk� ART LOC middle.of.water and pole.in.water two stick.of.wood
In the middle of the water two poles were stuck.
lšéy�u esʔusʔúst.
l šéy�u esʔusʔúst
l šéyu es+ʔus+ʔús+t LOC DEM dive.PL
There they used to dive.
hói xúʔui ɬiʔé lesəncəlétk�.
hóy x�úʔuy ɬiʔé l esəncəlétk�
hoy x�úʔuy ɬiʔé l es+n+cl=étk� then go.PL this LOC pole.in.water
They went out to the poles in the water.
61
V.018
cúti ɬiʔé spuwálqən:
cúti ɬiʔé spuwálqən
cú+t+i ɬiʔé s+pw=al=qn he.said this red.headed.woodpecker
The wood-pecker said:
pən� iqeʔesəmím mqeʔš�íp,
pən� iqeʔesəmím m qeʔ š�íp
pn� hin- qeʔ- es- miy+m m qeʔ š�+ip but 1SG.POSS- FUT- ACT- know.INTR FUT 1PL.INTR lose
But I want to know for sure when we get beat,
k�ém�t yé lsčsáx�əms ɬiʔé lesəncəletk� mčinesčɬcqétk�.
k�ém�t yé l sčsáx�əms ɬiʔé l esəncəletk�
k�em�t ye l s+č+sax�+m -s ɬiʔé l es+n+cl=étk� and.then this LOC near -3POSS this LOC pole.in.water
m čin esčɬcqétk�.
m čn es- čɬ+cq=etk� FUT 1SG.INTR CUST- on.water
so I'll be sitting here in the boat, close to the poles in the water.
hói xúʔui ʔusʔúʔst.
hóy x�úʔuy ʔusʔúʔst
hoy x�úʔuy ʔus+ʔúʔs+t then go.PL dive.PL
They went and dived.
k�ém�t u lənk�álq� ɬuʔsqaléʔu u lənk�álq� ɬuʔttq�én�eʔ.
k�ém�t u l nk�álq� ɬuʔ sqaléʔu u l
k�em�t u l nk�=alq� ɬuʔ s+qal=éw� u l and.then and LOC one.pole ART beaver and LOC
nk�álq� ɬuʔ ttq�én�eʔ
nk�=alq� ɬuʔ ttq�én�eʔ one.pole ART wood.duck
There was one pole for the beaver, and one for the wood-duck.
62
V.019
iʔúʔst u eɬestənʔacəx�étkum
i ʔúʔst u eɬestənʔacəx�étk�um
i ʔuʔs+t u eɬ+es+t+n+ʔacx�=étk�+m PART dive.PL and look.back.in.water
As soon as they had dived, they were watched in the water from the boat.
u tuíčis ɬuʔttq�én�eʔ cəntiyéš
u twíčis ɬuʔ ttq�én�eʔ cəntiyéš
u t+wič -nt -s ɬuʔ ttq�én�eʔ c+n+tyeš and see.coming -TR -3TRANS ART wood.duck crawl.towards
He (i.e. the wood-pecker) saw the wood-duck coming swimming towards him carefully.
u k�én nku�úsis u tšéy�u c�áčqanəm ɬuʔttq�én�eʔ.
u k�én nk�u�úsis
u k�en n+k�u�=ús -nt -s and take unplug -TR -3TRANS
He took out the plug
u t šéy�u c�áčqanəm ɬuʔ ttq�én�eʔ
u t šéyu c+�éč=qin+m ɬuʔ ttq�én�eʔ and OBL DEM stick.head.through ART wood.duck
k�ém�t ��čím�qən ttq�én�eʔ.
k�ém�t ��čím�qən ttq�én�eʔ
k�em�t �+�čím�=qin ttq�én�eʔ and.then stick.head.up wood.duck
and the wood-duck stuck his head up in the hole, and held it there.
yíʔuʔ (rec. yíʔu) ɬiʔé lšéy�u ɬuʔsqaléʔu ɬiʔesənštétk�.
yíʔuʔ ɬiʔé l šéy�u ɬuʔ sqaléʔu ɬiʔe sənštétk�
yíʔuʔ ɬiʔé l šéyu ɬuʔ s+qal=éw� ɬiʔé s+n+št=etk� move this LOC DEM ART beaver this stand.in.water
The pole in the water belonging to the beaver moved.
63
V.020
k�ém�t ɬiʔé x�iɬn�é u eɬnoósəmiʔ ttq�én�eʔ,
k�ém�t ɬiʔé x�iɬn�é u eɬnoósəmiʔ ttq�én�eʔ
k�em�t ɬiʔé x�iɬn�é u eɬ+n+ʔús+miʔ ttq�én�eʔ and.then this maybe and dive.again wood.duck
After a little while (?), the duck when down again,
k�ém�t iíʔumsts ɬiʔé cənílc.
k�ém�t yíʔumsts ɬiʔé cənílc
k�em�t yíʔum -st -s ɬiʔé cniɬc and.then move -TR -3TRANS this 3SG
and moved his own pole.
k�ém�t wiʔsiíʔumsts u eɬcxúi
k�ém�t wiʔsiíʔumsts u eɬcx�úy
k�em�t wy�+s+íʔum -st -s u eɬ+c+x�úy and.then finish.moving -TR -3TRANS and come.again
When he had moved it, he came up again
u eɬc�áčqanəm yé tstíʔɬəms.
u eɬc�áčqanəm yé t stíʔɬəms
u eɬ+c+�éč=qin+m ye t stiʔɬ+m -s and stick.head.through.again.INTR this OBL boat.PL -3POSS
and stuck his head again through the hole in their canoe.
hó;;;i šéʔ ntx��qín taʔpɬes�áčqanəm.
hóy šéʔ ntx��qín taʔ
hoy šéʔi n+tx��=qín ta then that noon NEG
epɬes�áčqanəm
epɬ+es+�éč=qin+m28 head.showing.INTR
It was noon, and nobody had come up to the surface.
28 Here the prefix epɬ- ‘have’ is attached to a stem that is formed with the prefix es- ‘ACTUAL’. epɬ- in this case is similar in meaning to ‘there is’.
64
pút čitəɬx��á ntx��qín u imál,
pút čitəɬ x��á ntx��qín u i mál
put čitɬ_x��á_n+tx��=qín u i mal just past.noon and PART bubble
A little while after noon (?), bubbles appeared,
np�uʔétkum sqaléʔu.
np�uʔétk�um sqaléʔu
n+p�uʔ=étk�+m s+qal=éw� fart.in.water beaver
the beaver had farted in the water.
V.021
ɬulsx�cín u ɬuʔsənčəlé,
ɬu l sx�cín u ɬuʔ sənčəlé
ɬuʔ l sx�=cin u ɬuʔ s+n+čl=ep ART LOC shore and ART coyote
On the shore was coyote,
wíčis ɬiʔé np�uʔétkum sqaléʔu
wíčis ɬiʔé np�uʔétk�um sqaléʔu
wič -nt -s ɬiʔé n+p�uʔ=étk�+m s+qal=éw� see -TR -3TRANS this fart.in.water beaver
he saw that the beaver had farted in the water
u čo;ším, cú: hoi np�uʔétkum.
u čo;ším cú hoy np�uʔétk�um
u čoš+ím cu hoy n+p�uʔ=étk�+m and he.shouted say then fart.in.water
shouted and said: Now he farted.
cúti: čéʔ tčeʔɬés qsənp�uʔetkum
cúti čéʔ t čeʔɬés qsənp�uʔétk�um
cú+t+i čeʔ t čeʔɬés qs- n+p�uʔ=étk�+m he.said yet OBL three FUT- fart.in.water
He said: He'll fart in the water three more times,
65
mčɬtk�k�étk�.
m čɬtk�k�étk�
m čɬ+tk�+k�=etk� FUT come.to.surface.of.water
and then he'll come up.
cúti ɬuʔsənčəlé:
cúti ɬuʔ sənčəlé
cú+t+i ɬuʔ s+n+čl=ep he.said ART coyote
Coyote said:
sisiyús ɬuʔttq�én�eʔ,
sisiyús ɬuʔ ttq�én�eʔ
si+siy=ús ɬuʔ ttq�én�eʔ smart ART wood.duck
The duck is good,
éx� x��a;sʔítši.
éx� x��a; esʔítši
ex� x��a es- ʔitš -i INTJ maybe CONT- sleep -CONT
he must be sleeping!
hói k�ém�t yesʔácəx� sənčəlé u imál.
hóy k�ém�t yesʔácəx� sənčəlé u i mál
hoy k�em�t i es- ʔacx� s+n+čl=ep u i mal then and.then PART ACT- look coyote and PART bubble
Coyote was watching, and it bubbled.
á;;;i ʔesél sp�uʔúm,
áy ʔesél sp�uʔúm
ay ʔesél s+p�uʔ+úm oh two fart
Oh, he farted for the second time,
66
čéʔ təʔesél qsp�uʔúm.
čéʔ t ʔesél qsp�uʔúm
čeʔ t ʔesél qs- p�uʔ+úm yet OBL two FUT- fart
he'll fart two more times.
k�ém�t yesʔácəx�, yesʔácəx�,
k�ém�t yesʔácəx� yesʔácəx�
k�em�t i es- ʔacx� i es- ʔacx� and.then PART ACT- look PART ACT- look
He was watching, watching,
tá sq�asíp u yeɬmál
tá sq�asíp u yeɬmál
tá_s+q�asíp u i eɬ+mál not.long and PART bubble.again
and very soon it bubbled again.
u čéʔ tənkúʔ qsp�uʔúm u mčɬtk�k�étk�.
u čéʔ t nk�úʔ qsp�uʔúm u m čɬtk�k�étk�
u čeʔ t nk�uʔ qs- p�uʔ+úm u m čɬ+tk�+k�=etk� and yet OBL one FUT- fart and FUT come.to.surface.of.water
- He'll fart once more, and then he'll come up.
V.022
k�ém�t yesʔácəx� sənčəlé
k�ém�t yesʔácəx� sənčəlé
k�em�t i es- ʔacx� s+n+čl=ep and.then PART ACT- look coyote
Coyote was watching,
x��əl čéʔ tənkúʔ qsp�uʔúm mčɬtk�k�étk�.
x��əl čéʔ t nk�úʔ qsp�uʔúm m čɬtk�k�étk�
x��l čeʔ t nk�uʔ qs- p�uʔ+úm m čɬ+tk�+k�=etk� because yet OBL one FUT- fart FUT come.to.surface.of.water
because he should fart once more and then come up.
67
tá sq�asíp ɬuʔyesʔácəx� sənčəlé
tá sq�asíp ɬuʔ yesʔácəx� sənčəlé
tá_s+q�asíp ɬuʔ i es- ʔacx� s+n+čl=ep not.long ART PART ACT- look coyote
A short while after, as the coyote was watching,
u imál u k�ém�t čo;ším sənčəlé:
u i mál u k�ém�t čo;ším sənčəlé
u i mal u k�em�t čoš+ím s+n+čl=ep and PART bubble and and.then he.shouted coyote
it bubbled and he shouted:
šéy�u čɬtk�k�étk� sqaléʔu.
šéy�u čɬtk�k�étk� sqaléʔu
šéyu čɬ+tk�+k�=etk� s+qal=éw� DEM come.to.surface.of.water beaver
Now the beaver came up!
ntəltəlqapən�cú, čo;ším:
ntəltəlqapən�cú čo;ším
n+tl+tlq=ap+ncút čoš+ím jump.around he.shouted
He jumped around and shouted:
í;;; qeʔš�əpá.
í;; qeʔ š�əpá
í;; qeʔ š�+ip=álq INTJ 1PL.INTR win.PL
We won the game!
V.023
k�ém�t ɬiʔé sc�exúʔps ctəppstém
k�ém�t ɬiʔé sc�ex�úʔps ctəppstém
k�em�t ɬiʔé s+c+�x�uʔp -s c+tp+p -st -em and.then this win.PL -3POSS standing.up.PL -TR -PASS
Then the animals they had won, were lined up in front of them, the moose,
68
sx�ásəlqs u sənéčɬceʔ u q��əyəq��ái.
sx�ásəlqs u sənéčɬceʔ u q��əyəq��áy
s+x�as=lqs u s+néč=ɬceʔ u q��y+q��ay moose and cow.elk and buffalo
the elk and the buffalo.
hói k�ém�t nníčəsəntəm q��əyəq��ái tsənčəlé.
hóy k�ém�t nníčəsəntəm q��əyəq��áy t sənčəlé
hoy k�em�t n+nič=s -nt -m q��y+q��áy t s+n+čl=ep then and.then cut.off.head -TR -PASS buffalo OBL coyote
Then coyote cut the buffalo's head off,
hói k�ém�t nníčəsəntəm sənéčɬceʔ tttq�én�eʔ.
hóy k�ém�t nníčəsəntəm sənéčɬceʔ t ttq�én�eʔ
hoy k�em�t n+nič=s -nt -m s+néč=ɬceʔ t ttq�én�eʔ then and.then cut.off.head -TR -PASS cow.elk OBL wood.duck
the wood-duck cut the elk's head off,
hói k�ém�t nníčəsəntəm sx�ásəlqs tspuwálqən.
hóy k�ém�t nníčəsəntəm sx�ásəlqs t spuwálqən
hoy k�em�t n+nič=s -nt -m s+x�as=lqs t s+pw=al=qn then and.then cut.off.head -TR -PASS moose OBL red.headed.woodpecker
and the wood-pecker cut the moose's head off.
V.024
hói k�ém�t ɬiʔé česo;lús esčpk�íčən� sšén�š.
hóy k�ém�t ɬiʔé č eso;lús esčpk�íčən� sšén�š
hoy k�em�t ɬiʔé č es=wl=ús es+č+pk�=íčn� s+šen�š then and.then this to fireplace throw.rocks stone
Then stones were thrown on the fire,
69
qamíʔs ɬuʔqsəʔíɬis ɬiʔé lsšén�s u q�əléʔpis.
qamís ɬuʔ qsəʔíɬis ɬiʔé l sšén�s u
qmin -nt -s ɬuʔ qs+ʔiɬn-s ɬiʔé l s+šen�š u lay -TR -3TRANS ART food -3POSS this LOC stone and
q�əléʔpis
q�l=eʔp -nt -s blacken.PL -TR -3TRANS
they threw their food on the stones and cooked it.
tá sq�asíp u p�iy�áq.
tá sq�asíp u p�iy�áq
tá_s+q�asíp u p�y�aq not.long and cooked
A short while after, it was all cooked.
V.025
hói k�ém�t maʔw�is
hóy k�ém�t maʔw�is
hoy k�em�t maʔw� -nt -s then and.then take.off.PL -TR -3TRANS
They took it out of the fire,
u k�ém�t čtk�épəmis ɬuʔq��əyəq��ái tsənčəlé.
u k�ém�t čtk�épəmis ɬuʔ q��əyəq��áy
u k�em�t č+tk�=ep+m -nt -s ɬuʔ q��y+q��ay and and.then put.by.side -TR -3TRANS ART buffalo
t sənčəlé
t s+n+čl=ep OBL coyote
coyote put the buffalo over to his side,
k�ém�t čtk�épəmis sənéčɬceʔ tttq�én�é.
k�ém�t čtk�épəmis sənéčɬceʔ t ttq�én�é
k�em�t č+tk�=ep+m -nt -s s+néč=ɬceʔ t ttq�én�eʔ and.then put.by.side -TR -3TRANS cow.elk OBL wood.duck
the wood-duck put the elk over to his side,
70
k�ém�t čtk�épəmis tspuwálqən ɬuʔsx�ásəlqs.
k�ém�t čtk�épəmis t spuwálqən
k�em�t č+tk�=ep+m -nt -s t s+pw=al=qn and.then put.by.side -TR -3TRANS OBL red.headed.woodpecker
ɬuʔ sx�ásəlqs
ɬuʔ s+x�as=lqs ART moose
and the wood-pecker put the moose over to his side.
hói k�ém�t ʔíʔɬn.
hóy k�ém�t ʔíʔɬn
hoy k�em�t ʔiʔɬn then and.then eat.PL
Then they ate.
ʔí;;;ʔɬn u qomíʔp čcəmpé.
ʔíʔɬn u q�omíʔp čcəmpé
ʔiʔɬn u q�m+iʔp č+cm+p=els eat.PL and die.PL sick.from.greasy.food
They ate and died from too much greasy food.
šéy�u hói.
šéy�u hóy
šéyu hoy DEM stop
That's the end.
71
2.5 Text VI
VI.001
yé ʔemút sq�áq�ciʔ.
yé ʔemút sq�áq�ciʔ
ye ʔemút s+q�á+q�c=iʔ this sit cotton.tail.rabbit
There sat a rabbit.
esʔíɬni ɬiʔé sq�áq�ciʔ tsupúleʔx�.
esʔíɬni ɬiʔé sq�áq�ciʔ t supúleʔx�
es- ʔiɬn -i ɬiʔé s+q�á+q�c=iʔ t s+wup=úleʔx� CONT- eat -CONT this cotton.tail.rabbit OBL grass
The rabbit was eating grass.
enuwénəm sq�áq�ciʔ u təʔácəx�.
enuwénəm sq�áq�ciʔ u təʔácəx�
ʔenwén+m s+q�á+q�c=iʔ u t+ʔacx� sense.INTR cotton.tail.rabbit and look.over.at
The rabbit heard something and looked back.
háhá, �é ččiʔtəmín�təm tsənqəcú.
háhá �é ččiʔtəmín�təm t sənqəcú
ha+há �e č+čiʔt+mín -nt -m t s+n+qc=uɬ laugh already go.near.to -TR -PASS OBL lynx
Ha ha, the lynx had come quite close to him already.
nté: hói čin�íl sq�áq�ciʔ,
nté hóy čin �íl sq�áq�ciʔ
nt=els hoy čn �il s+q�á+q�c=iʔ think then 1SG.INTR dead cotton.tail.rabbit
Then he thought: Now I am dead.
72
nté: hói pən� iqsčescínəm.
nté hóy pən� iqsčescínəm
nt=els hoy pn� hin- qs- čes=cín+m think then but 1SG.POSS- FUT- bad.mouth
He thought: But I'll call him names.
VI.002
k�ém�t cúis ɬuʔtsq�áq�ciʔ:
k�ém�t cúis ɬuʔ t sq�áq�ciʔ
k�em�t cu -nt -s ɬuʔ t s+q�á+q�c=iʔ and.then say -TR -3TRANS ART OBL cotton.tail.rabbit
Then the rabbit said to him:
nmq�úps.
nmq��úps
n+mq��=ups big.rump
Big-rump!
yestəʔácəx� ɬiʔé sq�áq�ciʔ,
yestəʔácəx� ɬiʔé sq�áq�ciʔ
i es- t+ʔacx� ɬiʔé s+q�á+q�c=iʔ PART ACT- look.over.at this cotton.tail.rabbit
The rabbit was looking at him from his place,
yesčescínəms u čx�təpəmíntəm.
yesčescínəms u čx�təpəmíntəm
i es- čes=cín+m -s u č+x�t+p+min -nt -m PART ACT- bad.mouth -3TRANS and jump.on -TR -PASS
was calling him names and (the lynx) ran upon him.
ɬiʔestəʔácəx� u k�ém�t x�típ ɬuʔsq�áq�ciʔ
ɬiʔe estəʔácəx� u k�ém�t x�típ ɬuʔ sq�áq�ciʔ
ɬiʔé es- t+ʔacx� u k�em�t x�tip ɬuʔ s+q�á+q�c=iʔ this ACT- look.over.at and and.then run ART cotton.tail.rabbit
He was watching and then the rabbit ran
73
u nɬx��p�əmépuʔsčəntəm
u nɬx��p�əmépuʔsčəntəm
u n+ɬx��p+m=ép=uʔsčn -nt -m and escape.below.thighs -TR -PASS
in between his legs in his lap
u k�ém�t k�isqélix� sənqəcú
u k�ém�t k�isqélix� sənqəcú
u k�em�t k�in+s+qél=ix� s+n+qc=uɬ and and.then grab.person lynx
The lynx made a grab,
u k�ém�t pút u ɬuʔtčéʔis u cípis.
u k�ém�t pút u ɬuʔ tčéʔis u cípis
u k�em�t put u ɬuʔ tčey� -s u cip -nt -s and and.then just and ART penis -3POSS and pinch -TR -3TRANS
and then he just pinched off his own penis.
VI.003
k�ém�t esʔácəx�sts ɬiʔe tsq�áq�ciʔ.
k�ém�t esʔácəx�sts ɬiʔe t sq�áq�ciʔ
k�em�t es- ʔacx� -st -s ɬiʔé t s+q�á+q�c=iʔ and.then CUST- look -CUST -3TRANS this OBL cotton.tail.rabbit
The rabbit was watching.
hói u �íl.
hóy u �íl
hoy u �il then and dead
Then he (the lynx) died.
k�ém�t esʔácəx�sts tsq�áq�ciʔ u �íl
k�ém�t esʔácəx�sts t sq�áq�ciʔ u �íl
k�em�t es- ʔacx� -st -s t s+q�á+q�c=iʔ u �il and.then CUST- look -CUST -3TRANS OBL cotton.tail.rabbit and dead
Then the rabbit was watching, he (the lynx) died,
74
u oy�əncút (rec. hoy�əncút) u x�típ.
u oy�əncút u x�típ
u oy�+ncút u x�tip and laugh and run
and he laughed and he ran away.
lcíʔ estúk� sənqəcú.
l cíʔ estúk� sənqəcú
l ciʔ es- tuk� s+n+qc=uɬ LOC here ACT- lie.down lynx
There the lynx lay.
šéʔi ɬuʔx�típ ɬuʔsq�áq�ciʔ.
šéʔi ɬuʔ x�típ ɬuʔ sq�áq�ciʔ
šéʔi ɬuʔ x�tip ɬuʔ s+q�á+q�c=iʔ that ART run ART cotton.tail.rabbit
Then the rabbit ran away.
hói ncaʔix�á.
hóy ncaʔix�á
hoy ncay�x�=áp=lqs then finish.story
That's the end.
75
2.6 Text VII
VII.001
šéʔi ɬiʔé ʔesq�éi sqélix�.
šéʔi ɬiʔé ʔesq�éy sqélix�
šéʔi ɬiʔé es+q�éy s+qél=ix� that this people.live people
Some people lived.
číʔcəntəm čtk�k�éʔlpəməntəm tx�iʔx�ey�úl təna;ɬisqélix�.
číʔcəntəm čtk�k�éʔlpəməntəm
čiʔc -nt -m č+tk�+k�=eʔlp+m -nt -m arrive.PL -TR -PASS put.up.camp.PL -TR -PASS
t x�iʔx�ey�úl tə na;ɬisqélix�
t x�y�+x�ey�=úɬ t n+ʔiɬn+s+qél=ix� OBL animal OBL man.eater
Some animals29 -- man-eaters -- came to the camp and put up their tents.
cúntəm yé sqélix�:
cúntəm yé sqélix�
cu -nt -m ye s+qél=ix� say -TR -PASS this people
They said to the people:
kuqsx�cx�cəm�i.
k�u qsx�cx�cəm�i
k�u qs- x�c+x�c+iʔm -i 1SG.OBJ FUT- gamble.PL -FUT
Let us gamble.
cú: xú, kuqscəlálq�i.
cú x�ú k�u qscəlálq�i
cu x�u k�u qs- cl=alq� -i say all.right 1SG.OBJ FUT- stick.game -FUT
They said: All right, let us play stick-game.
29 The plural is in the translation, but does not seem to be in the Kalispel, here or throughout this story.
76
sisiyús ɬiʔé x�iʔx�ey�úɬ.
sisiyús ɬiʔé x�iʔx�ey�úɬ
si+siy=ús ɬiʔé x�y�+x�ey�=úɬ smart this animal
These animals were very good gamblers.
VII.002
k�ém�t ɬáʔqq, tk�əštuwéx�.
k�ém�t ɬáʔqq tk�əštuwéx�
k�em�t ɬaʔq+q tuk�+št+wéx� and.then sit.down.PL place.bet.RECP
They sat down, made their bets,
hói cəlálq�əm.
hóy cəlálq�əm
hoy cl=alq�+m then play.stick.game.INTR
and played.
k�ém�t š�íp ɬiʔé sqélix�.
k�ém�t š�íp ɬiʔé sqélix�
k�em�t š�+ip ɬiʔé s+qél=ix� and.then lose this people
The people lost.
k�ém�t tk�əštuwéx�,
k�ém�t tk�əštuwéx�
k�em�t tuk�+št+wéx� and.then place.bet.RECP
They made their bets
šéʔ eɬcəlálq�əm.
šéʔ eɬcəlálq�əm
šéʔi eɬ+cl=álq�+m that play.stick.game.again.INTR
and played again.
77
k�ém�t esənté ɬiʔé na;ɬisqélix�:
k�ém�t esənté ɬiʔé na;ɬisqélix�
k�em�t es- nt=els ɬiʔé n+ʔiɬn+s+qél=ix� and.then ACT- think this man.eater
The man-eaters were thinking:
né cəspənúɬts ɬuʔteʔstém�s,
né cəspənúɬts ɬuʔ teʔstém�s
ne cs+p+nu -ɬt -s ɬuʔ teʔ+s+tém� -s COND all.used.up -TR -3TRANS ART possession -3POSS
When they have lost all their goods,
ɬuʔsqamənəlscúts né cəspənúɬts, esiyáʔ ɬiʔé teʔstém�s -
ɬuʔ sqamənəlscúts né cəspənúɬts esiyáʔ
ɬuʔ s+qam+n=lscút -s ne cs+p+nu -ɬt -s es+yáʔ ART goods -3POSS COND all.used.up -TR -3TRANS every
ɬiʔé teʔstém�s
ɬiʔé teʔ+s+tém� -s this possession -3POSS
all their things --
u sk�ésts ɬiʔé sqélix ɬuʔsqamənəlscúts -
u sk�ésts ɬiʔé sqélix� ɬuʔ sqamənəlscúts
u s+k�es+t -s ɬiʔé s+qél=ix� ɬuʔ s+qam+n=lscút -s and name -3POSS this people ART goods -3POSS
the name of these people was their Goods --
k�ém�t nté ɬiʔé na;lisqélix�:
k�ém�t nté ɬiʔé na;lisqélix�
k�em�t nt=els ɬiʔé n+ʔiɬn+s+qél=ix� and.then think this man.eater
the man-eaters thought:
78
né esiyáʔ �exúpɬtən ɬuʔsqamənəlscúts,
né esiyáʔ �ex�úpɬtən ɬuʔ sqamənəlscúts
ne es+yáʔ �x�up -ɬt -n ɬuʔ s+qam+n=lscút -s COND every win -TR -1SG.TRANS ART goods -3POSS
When we have won all their goods,
mnéx� cəníʔlc iqs�exúʔpəm.
m néx� cəníʔlc iqs�ex�úʔpəm
m nex� cniʔlc hin- qs- �x�uʔp+m FUT also 3PL 1SG.POSS- FUT- win.PL.INTR
we'll win them too.
né �exúʔpən mk�ém�t k�én iqscəʔíɬn.
né �ex�úʔpən m k�ém�t k�én iqscəʔíɬn
ne �x�uʔp -n m k�em�t k�en hin- qɬ- sc+ʔiɬn COND win.PL -1SG.TRANS FUT and.then take 1SG.POSS- to.be- food
When we have won them, we will take them and eat them.
VII.003
k�ém�t casíp ɬuʔteʔstém�s.
k�ém�t casíp ɬuʔ teʔstém�s
k�em�t cs+ip ɬuʔ teʔ+s+tém� -s and.then all.gone ART possession -3POSS
Then they lost all their things.
číʔcəntəm.
číʔcəntəm
čiʔc -nt -m arrive.PL -TR -PASS
A man arrived.
cúti: šéʔi ɬuʔqeʔeɬtcəlálq�i.
cúti šéʔi ɬuʔ qeʔ- eɬtcəlálq�i
cú+t+i šéʔi ɬuʔ qeʔ- eɬ+t+cl=álq� -i they.said that ART FUT- play.stick.game.again -FUT
They said: This is the one who now is going to play.
79
šéʔi ɬuʔqeʔeɬtcəlálq�i ɬuʔsk�ésts sx��ix��iɬtətəw�it.
šéʔi ɬuʔ qeʔ- eɬtcəlálq�i ɬuʔ sk�ésts
šéʔi ɬuʔ qeʔ- eɬ+t+cl=álq� -i ɬuʔ s+k�es+t -s that ART FUT- play.stick.game.again -FUT ART name -3POSS
sx��ix��iɬtətəw�it
s+x��i+x��i+ɬ+t+tw�ít Sleepy.Boy
The name of this man who now was going to play, was Sleepy-Boy (So JA).
tá lčén� yé lstúlix� u esuíčstəm ɬiʔé ɬtətəw�ít.
tá l čén� yé l stúlix� u esuíčstəm
ta l čen� ye l s+túl=ix� u es- wič -st -m NEG LOC where this LOC ground and CUST- see -CUST -PASS
ɬiʔé ɬtətəw�ít
ɬiʔé ɬ+t+tw�+it this young.boy
They had nowhere on the earth seen this young man.
k�ém�t wíčtəm,
k�ém�t wíčtəm
k�em�t wič -nt -m and.then see -TR -PASS
Now they saw
yó;;;m suíʔnumti.
yó;;m swíʔnumti
yóm s+wíy�+numt+i so beautiful
he was very good-looking.
VII.004
taʔassúx��stəm ɬiʔé tsqélix�.
ta ʔassúx�stəm ɬiʔé t sqélix�
ta es- sux� -st -m ɬiʔé t s+qél=ix� NEG CUST- know -CUST -PASS this OBL people
These people did not know him.
80
hói ɬuʔkukuʔéc u cəlálq�əm.
hóy ɬuʔ k�uk�uʔéc u cəlálq�əm
hoy ɬuʔ k�+k�ʔec u cl=alq�+m then ART get.dark and play.stick.game.INTR
When the night came, they played.
xúistəm ɬiʔé ɬtətəw�it qsš�ipəmí.
x�úistəm ɬiʔé ɬtətəw�it qsš�ipəmí
x�uy -st -m ɬiʔé ɬ+t+tw�+it qs- š�+ip+m -i go -TR -PASS this young.boy FUT- lose.INTR -FUT
The young man was going to lose.
číʔčeʔt qsš�íp
číʔčeʔt qsš�íp
číʔ+čeʔt qs- š�+ip near FUT- lose
He was just on the point of losing,
u p�əlčúsəm, nɬeʔúsəm sx��ix��iɬtətəw�ít.
u p�əlčúsəm nɬeʔúsəm sx��ix��iɬtətəw�ít
u p�ilč=ús+m n+ɬeʔ=ús+m s+x��i+x��i+ɬ+t+tw�ít and turn.back.INTR turn.back.INTR Sleepy.Boy
as the luck changed and Sleepy-Boy started to beat them.
VII.005
hói s�əpáɬq,
hóy š�əpáɬq
hoy š�+ip=áɬq then win
He won the game,
hói eɬcəlálq�əm,
hóy eɬcəlálq�əm
hoy eɬ+cl=álq�+m then play.stick.game.again.INTR
they played again,
81
eɬtk�əštuwéx�.
eɬtk�əštuwéx�
eɬ+tuk�+št+wéx� place.bet.again.RECP
made their bets again.
xúi qsš�ipəmí ɬtətəw�ít.
x�úy qsš�ipəmí ɬtətəw�ít
x�uy qs- š�+ip+m -i ɬ+t+tw�+it go FUT- lose.INTR -FUT young.boy
The young man was going to lose,
šeʔ p�əlčúsəm.
šeʔ p�əlčúsəm
šéʔi p�ilč=ús+m that turn.back.INTR
the luck changed,
k�ém�t xúi,
k�ém�t x�úy
k�em�t x�uy and.then go
he went on (?)
šéʔ š�əpáɬq.
šéʔ š�əpáɬq
šéʔi š�+ip=áɬq that win
and won the game.
hói cúti ɬuʔna;ɬisqélix�tən --
hóy cúti ɬuʔ na;ɬisqélix�tən
hoy cú+t+i ɬuʔ n+ʔiɬn+s+qél=ix�+tn then they.said ART man.eater
Then the man-eaters said --
82
mi;pənúis, mi;pənúis yé təna;ɬisqélix�tən
miypənúis miypənúis yé
miy+p+nú -nt -s miy+p+nú -nt -s ye find.out -TR -3TRANS find.out -TR -3TRANS this
tə na;ɬisqélix�tən
t n+ʔiɬn+s+qél=ix�+tn OBL man.eater
the man-eaters understood, they understood
tá pi;stém� qsš�ipənúis --
tá pi;stém� qsš�ipənúis
ta_piʔstém� qs- š�+ip+nú -nt -s never FUT- win -TR -3TRANS
that they would never beat him --
VII.006
hói k�ém�t cúti ɬiʔé na;ɬisqélix�tən:
hóy k�ém�t cúti ɬiʔé na;ɬisqélix�tən
hoy k�em�t cú+t+i ɬiʔé n+ʔiɬn+s+qél=ix�+tn then and.then they.said this man.eater
these man-eaters said:
hói qeʔhoyəhó.
hóy qeʔ hoyəhó
hoy qeʔ hoy+hóy then 1PL.INTR stop
Let us quit!
né ʔeɬkukuʔéc, mqeʔeɬcəlálq�əm.
né ʔeɬk�k�ʔéc m qeʔ eɬcəlálq�əm
ne eɬ+k�+k�ʔéc m qeʔ eɬ+cl=álq�+m COND tomorrow.night FUT 1PL.INTR play.stick.game.again.INTR
We'll play again to-morrow night.
83
hói etíʔtš.
hóy etíʔtš
hoy ʔet+ʔíʔtš then sleep.PL
They went to sleep.
x�alíp čúu ʔím�š ɬuʔx�iʔx�ey�úɬ.
x�alíp čúu ʔím�š ɬuʔ x�iʔx�ey�úɬ
x�alíp čuw ʔim�š ɬuʔ x�y�+x�ey�=úɬ morning absent move.camp ART animal
The next morning the animals moved away.
ɬuʔsk�ésts ɬiʔé na;ɬisqélix� ʔax��ʔax��iyəná.
ɬuʔ sk�ésts ɬiʔé na;ɬisqélix� ʔax��ʔax��iyəná
ɬuʔ s+k�es+t -s ɬiʔé n+ʔiɬn+s+qél=ix� ʔax��+ʔax��+iyəná(?) ART name -3POSS this man.eater (name.of.a.tribe)
The name of these man-eaters was ʔax��ʔax��iyəná.
hói nx�éɬ təlóq�� ʔáx��ʔax��iyəná.
hóy nx�éɬ təlóq�� ʔáx��ʔax��iyəná
hoy n+x�eɬ tloq�� ʔax��+ʔax��+iyəná(?) then be.afraid run.away (name.of.a.tribe)
They got scared and ran away.
VII.007
k�ém�t x�alítis yé sqélix� ɬiʔé tsx��ix��iɬtətəw�ít.
k�ém�t x�alítis yé sqélix� ɬiʔé t
k�em�t x�alít -nt -s ye s+qél=ix� ɬiʔé t and.then ask -TR -3TRANS this people this OBL
sx��ix��iɬtətəw�ít
s+x��i+x��i+ɬ+t+tw�ít Sleepy.Boy
Then Sleepy-Boy called the people together.
84
hói iʔáʔ (OT: iʔáʔ, JA: iyaʔaʔmíʔlš).
hóy iyaʔaʔmíʔlš
hoy yaʔaʔ+m+íʔlš then gather.PL
They gathered.
xú eɬq�úʔmənt šéʔ teʔstém�mp,
x�ú eɬq��úʔmənt šéʔ teʔstém�mp
x�u eɬ+q��úm� -nt šéʔi teʔ+s+tém� -mp all.right take.back -TR that possession -2PL.POSS
All right, take back your things,
təmá essúx��stəp ɬuʔteʔstém�mp,
təmá essúx�stəp ɬuʔ teʔstém�mp
tma es- sux� -st -p ɬuʔ teʔ+s+tém� -mp INTERR CUST- know -CUST -2PL.TRANS ART possession -2PL.POSS
you certainly know your own things,
eɬq�úʔmənt.
eɬq�úʔmənt
eɬ+q��úm� -nt take.back -TR
take them back.
VII.008
hói esiyáʔ eɬq�úʔmis ɬiʔé teʔstém�s.
hóy esiyáʔ eɬq�úʔmis ɬiʔé teʔstém�s
hoy es+yáʔ eɬ+q��úm� -nt -s ɬiʔé teʔ+s+tém� -s then every take.back -TR -3TRANS this possession -3POSS
Then they all took back their things.
hói ɬuʔwiʔstéʔs, šéʔi cú:
hóy ɬuʔ wiʔstéʔs šéʔi cú
hoy ɬuʔ wy� -st -eʔs šéʔi cu then ART finish -TR -3PL.TRANS that say
When they had finished, he said:
85
šéʔi kuʔesk�əɬpaʔx�stép.
šéʔi k�u ʔesk�əɬpaʔx�stép
šéʔi k�u es- k�ɬ+paʔx� -st -ep that 1SG.OBJ CUST- deliberate -CUST -2PL.TRANS
Now you have been thinking what to do with me.
šéʔi ɬuʔčisəláq�i.
šéʔi ɬuʔ či səláq�i
šéʔi ɬuʔ čn s+láq�+i that ART 1SG.INTR sweat.lodge
I am the Sweat-Lodge.
k�ém�t piqscúnəm:
k�ém�t p iqscúnəm
k�em�t p hin- qs- cu+n+m and.then 2PL.INTR 1SG.POSS- FUT- say
I'll tell you:
esiyáʔ ɬuʔteʔstém�mp u iqstéʔ.
esiyáʔ ɬuʔ teʔstém�mp u iqstéʔ
es+yáʔ ɬuʔ teʔ+s+tém� -mp u hin- qɬ- s+teʔ every ART possession -2PL.POSS and 1SG.POSS- to.be- thing
All your things are going to be my things.
VII.009
né tsuwét mkueskúlsts,
né t suwét m k�u esk�úlsts
ne t swet m k�u es- k�ul -st -s COND OBL who FUT 1SG.OBJ CUST- work -CUST -3TRANS
If someone fixes me,
ɬuʔiso;lší, miqɬx�áq�amən.
ɬuʔ iso;lší m iqɬx�áq�amən
ɬuʔ hin- s+wl=ši m hin- qɬ- x�aq�+mn ART 1SG.POSS- fire FUT 1SG.POSS- to.be- pay
my fire, that will be my payment.
86
né tsuwét kux�aménč,
né t suwét k�u x�aménč30
ne t swet k�u x�am=énč COND OBL who 1SG.OBJ love
If someone likes me,
hói k�ém�t šéʔi x�aménčs yetəɬx��á ɬuʔsəláq�i.
hóy k�ém�t šéʔi x�aménčs yetəɬx��á ɬuʔ səláq�i
hoy k�em�t šéʔi x�am=énč -s y�e_tɬx��é ɬuʔ s+láq�+i then and.then that love -3TRANS today ART sweat.lodge
then he likes to-day (at the same time?) the Sweat-Lodge.
hoi k�ém�t x��əlšéy�u yetəɬx��á x�améʔnčs ɬuʔsəláq�i.
hoy k�ém�t x��əl šéy�u yetəɬx��á x�améʔnčs ɬuʔ səláq�i
hoy k�em�t x��l šéyu y�e_tɬx��é x�am=éʔnč -s ɬuʔ s+láq�+i then and.then because DEM today love.PL -3TRANS ART sweat.lodge
That's why people to-day like the Sweat-Lodge.
VII.010
hói k�ém�t ɬiʔetəɬx��á təʔé
hóy k�ém�t ɬiʔetəɬx��á tə ʔé
hoy k�em�t ɬiʔe_tɬx��é t ʔe then and.then today OBL here
And to-day,
u wíčtəm ɬuʔsqélix� čx�síceʔ,
u wíčtəm ɬuʔ sqélix� čx�síceʔ
u wič -nt -m ɬuʔ s+qél=ix� č+x�s=íceʔ and see -TR -PASS ART people well.dressed
you may sometime see people well-dressed,
30 The –s third person transitive suffix is expected here, as it appears in the next line.
87
má k�ém�t ɬiʔetəɬx��á ɬuʔx��əltammíɬ činesəláq�i k�ém�t téyeʔ ɬuʔinx�cənúʔmtən.
má k�ém�t ɬiʔetəɬx��á ɬuʔ x��əl tam míɬ čin esəláq�i
má k�em�t ɬiʔe_tɬx��é ɬuʔ x��l tam miɬ čn es- s+láq�+i INTJ and.then today ART because not very 1SG.INTR ACT- sweat.lodge
k�ém�t téyeʔ ɬuʔ inx�cənúʔmtən
k�em�t téyeʔ ɬuʔ hin- x�c+num�+tn and.then bad ART 1SG.POSS- clothing
but look, because I don't go very often to the Sweat-Lodge, my garments are miserable.
šéy�u hói ncaʔix��á.
šéy�u hóy ncaʔix�á
šéyu hoy ncay�x�=áp=lqs DEM then finish.story
That's the end.
88
2.7 Text VIII
VIII.001
yé ʔesq�éi nx�ənx�éʔus.
yé ʔesq�éy nx��ənx��éʔus
ye es+q�éy nx��+nx��=ew�s this people.live married.couple
A married couple lived in a house.
escústəm sənqəcú ɬuʔsqaltəmíx�.
escústəm sənqəcú ɬuʔ sqaltəmíx�
es- cu -st -m s+n+qc=uɬ ɬuʔ s+qlt+mix� CUST- say -CUST -PASS lynx ART man
The man was called lynx.
hói tix��sx�síxult.
hóy tix�sx�síx�ult
hoy tix�+sx�+síx�=lt then have.a.child
They got a son.
cúis ɬiʔé nóx�ənx�s: čiqs�uʔ�uʔúsi.
cúis ɬiʔé nóx��ənx��s či qs�uʔ�uʔúsi
cu -nt -s ɬiʔé nox��+nx�� -s čn qs- �eʔ+�eʔ=ús -i say -TR -3TRANS this wife -3POSS 1SG.INTR FUT- look.around -FUT
He said to his wife: I'll go and look around.
cúntəm: xúiš tqsqeʔéms.
cúntəm x�úiš t qsqeʔéms
cu -nt -m x�uy -š t qɬ- s+qeʔ+m -s say -TR -PASS go -SG.INTR.IMP OBL to.be- milk -3POSS
She said to him: Go and get some milk for him.
89
VIII.002
k�ém�t x�íst ɬuʔsqaltəmíx�.
k�ém�t x�íst ɬuʔ sqaltəmíx�
k�em�t x�ist ɬuʔ s+qlt+mix� and.then walk ART man
The husband walked away,
xúi ɬiʔé čepsəmɬíč,
x�úy ɬiʔé č epsəmɬíč
x�uy ɬiʔé č epɬ+s+mɬ=íč go this to place.that.has.salmon
went to a salmon-place,
k�əɬčíc, kúləm tqɬcítx�s.
k�əɬčíc k�úləm t qɬcítx�s
k�ɬ+čic k�ul+m t qɬ- citx� -s manage.to.arrive work.INTR OBL to.be- house -3POSS
arrived, made a house.
hói ɬuʔčelúx�,
hóy ɬuʔ čelúx�
hoy ɬuʔ člux� then ART evening
When the evening came,
k�ém�t wéʔ,
k�ém�t wéʔ
k�em�t weʔ and.then shout
he shouted,
x�alítis ɬuʔsəmɬíč.
x�alítis ɬuʔ səmɬíč
x�alít -nt -s ɬuʔ s+mɬ=ič invite -TR -3TRANS ART salmon
calling the salmon.
90
k�ém�t nciílš ɬuʔsəmɬíč.
k�ém�t nciílš ɬuʔ səmɬíč
k�em�t n+ci+ílš ɬuʔ s+mɬ=ič and.then upstream ART salmon
The salmon came upstream.
k�eʔcí,
k� eʔcí
k� eʔ+cí 2SG.INTR where
-- Where are you, salmon?
səmɬíč u nciílš ɬuʔčənmənanínɬp.
səmɬíč u nciílš ɬuʔ č nmənanínɬp
s+mɬ=ič u n+ci+ílš ɬuʔ č n+mn+an+ín=ɬp salmon and upstream ART to (placename)
They came up into the ?
VIII.003
k�ém�t nciílš ɬuʔsəmɬič,
k�ém�t nciílš ɬuʔ səmɬič
k�em�t n+ci+ílš ɬuʔ s+mɬ=ič and.then upstream ART salmon
The salmon came upstream,
k�ém�t čx�təpəmsqélix�,
k�ém�t čx�təpəmsqélix�
k�em�t č+x�t+p+m+s+qél=ix� and.then rush.at
and he rushed at them,
k�ém�t eɬq�omépəm,
k�ém�t eɬq��omépəm
k�em�t eɬ+q��m=ép+m and.then leave.again.suddenly
they escaped,
91
ʔax�ísts u kunnúis nkúʔ ɬk�koy�úm�eʔ səmɬíč.
ʔax�ísts u k�unnúis nk�úʔ
ʔax�íl -st -s u k�en+nú -nt -s nk�uʔ do.a.certain.way -TR -3TRANS and manage.to.catch -TR -3TRANS one
ɬk�k�oy�úm�eʔ səmɬíč
ɬ+k�+k�y�úm�=eʔ s+mɬ=ič small salmon
he did his best and caught one little salmon.
k�ém�t xúi ɬuʔčəcítx�s u nɬsq�éʔusts.
k�ém�t x�úy ɬuʔ čə cítx�s u nɬsq�éʔusts
k�em�t x�uy ɬuʔ č citx� -s u n+ɬ+sq�=ew�s -st -s and.then go ART to house -3POSS and divide.into.small.parts -TR -3TRANS
He went home, divided it into two small parts,
k�ém�t ɬʔíʔɬis ɬiʔesčút.
k�ém�t ɬʔíʔɬis ɬiʔe sčút
k�em�t ɬ+ʔiʔɬ -nt -s ɬiʔé s+čut and.then eat.DIM -TR -3TRANS this half
and ate one.
k�ém�t ɬuʔx�alíp,
k�ém�t ɬuʔ x�alíp
k�em�t ɬuʔ x�alíp and.then ART morning
The next morning
eɬʔíɬis ɬiʔesčút u eɬhói.
eɬʔíɬis ɬiʔe sčút u eɬhóy
eɬ+ʔíɬn -nt -s ɬiʔé s+čut u eɬ+hóy eat.again -TR -3TRANS this half and finish.again
he ate the other part, and that was all.
92
VIII.004
hói nkúʔ səmx�úp.
hóy nk�úʔ səmx��úp
hoy nk�uʔ s+mx��+up then one winter
Then one winter,
k�ém�t �é p�ox�tílš (rec. -íls).
k�ém�t �é p�ox��tílš
k�em�t �e p�x��t+ilš and.then already grew.up
(his son) had grown up already.
cúis yé skúis:
cúis yé sk�úis
cu -nt -s ye s+k�uy -s say -TR -3TRANS this mother -3POSS
He said to his mother:
tá činepɬléu.
tá čin epɬléu
ta čn epɬ+lʔéu NEG 1SG.INTR have.a.father
I have no father.
cúntəm: k�epɬléu,
cúntəm k� epɬléu
cu -nt -m k� epɬ+lʔéu say -TR -PASS 2SG.INTR have.a.father
He was told: You have a father,
k�estíx��štəms taqsqeʔém,
k� estíx�štəms t aqsqeʔém
k� es- tix� -št -m -s t han- qɬ- s+qeʔ+m 2SG.INTR ACT- obtain -TR -2SG.OBJ -3TRANS OBL 2SG.POSS- to.be- milk
he is getting some milk for you.
93
méyeʔɬtəm ɬuʔtskúi.
méyeʔɬtəm ɬuʔ t sk�úy
méye -ɬt -m ɬuʔ t s+k�uy tell -TR -PASS ART OBL mother
So he was told by his mother.
VIII.005
hói xúi ɬiʔé ɬtətəw�ít.
hóy x�úy ɬiʔé ɬtətəw�ít
hoy x�uy ɬiʔé ɬ+t+tw�+it then go this young.boy
The young man went.
hói čícis.
hóy čícis
hoy čic -nt -s then arrive -TR -3TRANS
He arrived to his father's place.
cúis: yó . . . təʔé u k�esx�stəluísi.
cúis yó tə ʔé u k� esx�stəluísi
cu -nt -s yo t ʔe u k� es- x�st+lwis -i say -TR -3TRANS so OBL here and 2SG.INTR CONT- walk.around -CONT
He said to him: So you are walking around here.
hói k�ém�t kúlšts (rec. kúlsts) tqscəʔíɬis ɬiʔesčíccis.
hóy k�ém�t k�úlšts t qscəʔíɬis ɬiʔe
hoy k�em�t k�ul -št -s t qɬ- sc+ʔiɬn -s ɬiʔé then and.then work -TR -3TRANS OBL to.be- food -3POSS this
sčíccis
s+čic+c+n -s guest -3POSS
He prepared some food for his guest.
94
hói k�ém�t taʔascústs:
hóy k�ém�t ta ʔascústs
hoy k�em�t ta es- cu -st -s then and.then NEG CUST- say -CUST -3TRANS
He did not say:
šéʔi ɬuʔkuʔasq�séʔ.
šéʔi ɬuʔ k�u asq�séʔ
šéʔi ɬuʔ k�u han- s+q�s=eʔ that ART 1SG.OBJ 2SG.POSS- son
I am your son.
ɬuʔčelux�, cúis yé tɬtətəw�ít:
ɬuʔ čelux� cúis yé t ɬtətəw�ít
ɬuʔ člux� cu -nt -s ye t ɬ+t+tw�+it ART evening say -TR -3TRANS this OBL young.boy
In the evening the boy said:
xúiš k�iqeʔesʔácəx�əm.
x�úiš k� iqeʔesʔácəx�əm
x�uy -š k� hin- qeʔ- es- ʔacx�+m go -SG.INTR.IMP 2SG.INTR 1SG.POSS- FUT- ACT- look.INTR
Go, I'll be watching you.
VIII.006
hói ɬiʔé ʔóʔlq�eʔ,
hóy ɬiʔé ʔóʔlq�eʔ
hoy ɬiʔé ʔóʔlq�eʔ then this go.PL.down.to.the.river
They went down to the river,
hói wéʔ: k�eʔčén�, səmɬíč.
hóy wéʔ k� eʔčén� səmɬíč
hoy weʔ k� eʔ+čén� s+mɬ=ič then shout 2SG.INTR where salmon
he shouted: Where are you, salmon?
95
nciílš ɬuʔčənmənanínɬp.
nciílš ɬuʔ č nmənanínɬp
n+ci+ílš ɬuʔ č n+mn+an+ín=ɬp upstream ART to (placename)
The salmon came upstream into the ?
hói k�ém�t ičuw�ép,
hóy k�ém�t i čuw�ép
hoy k�em�t i čw+up31 then and.then PART stop.shouting
As soon as he stopped shouting,
k�ém�t iyoóx� ɬuʔesənciílši təʔesšiy�ústi,
k�ém�t i yoóxw ɬuʔ esənciílši
k�em�t i yoóxw ɬuʔ es- n+ci+ílš -i and.then PART sound.of.running.water ART CONT- upstream -CONT
tə ʔesšiy�ústi
t es- šy�us+t -i OBL CONT- pass -CONT
it splashed in the water by the salmon coming upstream.
k�ém�t čx�təpəmsqélix�.
k�ém�t čx�təpəmsqélix�
k�em�t č+x�t+p+m+s+qél=ix� and.then rush.at
He ran upon them,
hói q�omépəm.
hóy q��omépəm
hoy q��m=ep+m then leave.suddenly
they escaped.
31 Another possible analysis of this form is a compound of čuw ‘quiet, empty, gone’ and weʔ ‘shout’ with
an inchoative suffix –p. This form also occurs in VIII.009.
96
VIII.007
k�ém�t nté:
k�ém�t nté
k�em�t nt=els and.then think
He (i.e. the son) thought:
hayó q�ən�q�ín�t inlʔéu,
hayó q�ən�q�ín�t inlʔéu
hayó q�n�+q�in�+t hin- lʔéu oh.my poor 1SG.POSS- father
My father is really poor,
ɬuʔx��əl tšéʔi naʔás u čiɬn�k�éɬceʔ.
ɬuʔ x��əl t šéʔi naʔás u čiɬn�k�éɬceʔ
ɬuʔ x��l t šéʔi naʔás u č+ʔiɬn+nk�=éɬceʔ ART because OBL that get.wet and eat.one
because he is all wet and has got only one little fish.
cúis ɬuʔtɬtətəw�ít ɬuʔeɬiʔáʔp:
cúis ɬuʔ t ɬtətəw�ít ɬuʔ eɬiʔáʔp
cu -nt -s ɬuʔ t ɬ+t+tw�+it ɬuʔ eɬ+yʔáʔp say -TR -3TRANS ART OBL young.boy ART arrive.again.PL
As they had come home again, the young man said to him:
xumíʔ k�isʔácəx�əɬtəm ɬuʔančélš.
x�umíʔ k� isʔácəx�əɬtəm ɬuʔ ančélš
x�umíʔ k� hin- s+ʔacx� -ɬt -m ɬuʔ han- čelš OPT 2SG.INTR 1SG.POSS- look -TR -ANTIP ART 2SG.POSS- hand
I should like to look at your hands.
97
hói ʔácəx�əɬts ɬuʔčélšc --
hóy ʔácəx�əɬts ɬuʔ čélšc
hoy ʔacx� -ɬt -s ɬuʔ čelš -s32 then look -TR -3TRANS ART hand -3POSS
He looked at his hands --
ɬuʔesʔácəx�sts ɬuʔwé k�isqélix� ɬulsəmɬíč,
ɬuʔ esʔácəx�sts ɬuʔ wé k�isqélix�
ɬuʔ es- ʔacx� -st -s ɬuʔ we k�in+s+qél=ix� ART CUST- look -CUST -3TRANS ART to.no.avail grab.person
ɬu l səmɬíč
ɬuʔ l s+mɬ=ič ART LOC salmon
when he had been watching him, trying to catch the salmon,
šéʔi ɬaháq�� --
šéʔi ɬaháq��
šéʔi ɬaháq�� that slippery
they slipped through --
ʔácəx�eɬts ɬuʔčélšc:
ʔácəx�eɬts ɬuʔ čélšc
ʔacx� -ɬt -s ɬuʔ čelš -s look -TR -3TRANS ART hand -3POSS
he looked at his hands:
yó;m, tá lčén� mqeʔecáx�í mkunél (?)
yó;m tá l čén� m qeʔecáx�í m k�unél
yom ta l čen� m qeʔ- ec+ʔax�í m k�en=él so NEG LOC where FUT FUT- like FUT catch
He is never likely to catch any fish.
32 -s is the underlying form of the third person possessive, and the expected form here. –c is expected after
–s and -ɬ; see Vogt note 33 (1940a:19).
98
VIII.008
ʔócqeʔ ɬtətəwít u x��ím ts��úk�eʔ,
ʔócqeʔ ɬtətəwít u x��ím t s��úk�eʔ
ʔócqeʔ ɬ+t+tw�+it u x��i+m t s+�+�úk�+eʔ go.out young.boy and whittle.INTR OBL pitch-wood
The young man went out, whittled some pitch-wood,
siyéɬts ɬuʔčélšc.
siyéɬts ɬuʔ čélšc
syen -ɬt -s ɬuʔ čelš -s count -TR -3TRANS ART hand -3POSS
counted the fingers.
hói eɬnʔúɬx�
hóy eɬnʔúɬx�
hoy eɬ+n+ʔúɬx� then go.back.in
He went in again,
u kúlis, štəɬtés ɬuʔčélšc.
u k�úlis štəɬtés ɬuʔ čélšc
u k�ul -nt -s šit -ɬt -es ɬuʔ čelš -s and work -TR -3TRANS make.it.stand -TR -3TRANS ART hand -3POSS
and fixed it putting each on his (i.e. his father's) fingers.
q�ím�m�is �é qsčelxumí ɬiʔé tix��ɬkúləmən.
q�ím�m�is �é qsčelx�umí ɬiʔé tix�ɬk�úləmən
q�im�m� -nt -s �e qs- člux�+m -i ɬiʔé tix�+ɬ+k�úl+mn anxious.for -TR -3TRANS now FUT- become.evening -FUT this get.tool
As he got this gadget, he longed eagerly for the evening.
99
VIII.009
hói ɬuʔčelúx�, ʔóʔlq�eʔ,
hóy ɬuʔ čelúx� ʔóʔlq�eʔ
hoy ɬuʔ člux� ʔóʔlq�eʔ then ART evening go.PL.down.to.the.river
In the evening, they went down to the water.
wéʔ: k�eʔčén�, səmɬíč.
wéʔ k� eʔčén� səmɬíč
weʔ k� eʔ+čén� s+mɬ=ič shout 2SG.INTR where salmon
He shouted: Where are you, salmon?
ičuw�ép u iyoóx�.
i čuw�ép u i yoóxw
i čw+up u i yoóxw PART stop.shouting and PART sound.of.running.water
As so[o]n as he stopped shouting, it splashed in the water,
hói ɬiʔé təʔesšiy�úst u čx�təpəmsqélix�
hóy ɬiʔé tə ʔesšiy�úst u čx�təpəmsqélix�
hoy ɬiʔé t es- šy�us+t u č+x�t+p+m+s+qél=ix� then this OBL ACT- pass and rush.at
he jumped on them as they passed and grabbed them,
u k�isqélix� u icənóp u k�ém�t cq�amís.
u k�isqélix� u i cənóp u k�ém�t cq�amís
u k�in+s+qél=ix� u i cn+op u k�em�t cq�+m -nt -s and grab.person and PART tight and and.then throw -TR -3TRANS
held them tight and threw them ashore.
ɬuʔeɬnpílš u cúis:
ɬuʔ eɬnpílš u cúis
ɬuʔ eɬ+n+pílš u cu -nt -s ART reenter and say -TR -3TRANS
As they came home again, he said:
100
šéʔi ɬuʔkuasq�séʔ.
šéʔi ɬuʔ k�u asq�séʔ
šéʔi ɬuʔ k�u han- s+q�s=eʔ that ART 1SG.INTR 2SG.POSS- son
I am your son.
VIII.010
šéy�u mi;pənúis.
šéy�u miypənúis
šéyu miy+p+nú -nt -s DEM find.out -TR -3TRANS
Then he knew him.
cúntəm yé tsq�séʔs:
cúntəm yé t sq�séʔs
cu -nt -m ye t s+q�s=eʔ -s say -TR -PASS this OBL son -3POSS
The son said to him:
lčén� u ecax�í ɬuʔaspuʔús?
l čén� u ecax�í ɬuʔ aspuʔús
l čen� u ec+ʔax�í ɬuʔ han- s+pʔus LOC where and like ART 2SG.POSS- mind
What is in your mind?
há ném k�eɬxúi ɬuʔčasəmʔém?
há ném k� eɬx�úy ɬuʔ č asəmʔém
ha nem k� eɬ+x�úy ɬuʔ č han- s+m+ʔem INTERR PART 2SG.INTR go.back ART to 2SG.POSS- woman
Will you go back to your wife?
cúis yé sq�séʔs:
cúis yé sq�séʔs
cu -nt -s ye s+q�s=eʔ -s say -TR -3TRANS this son -3POSS
The father said to his son:
101
tá, anuí ɬuʔk�qepspuʔús.
tá anuí ɬuʔ k� qepspuʔús
ta anwíʔ ɬuʔ k� qs- epɬ+s+pʔús NEG 2SG ART 2SG.INTR FUT- decide
No, it is up to you to decide.
cuntəm šéʔi yé tsq�séʔs:
cuntəm šéʔi yé t sq�séʔs
cu -nt -m šéʔi ye t s+q�s=eʔ -s say -TR -PASS that this OBL son -3POSS
Then the son said:
ném ɬuʔasəmʔém ɬuʔcəʔúkuɬcən.
ném ɬuʔ asəmʔém ɬuʔ cəʔúk�uɬcən
nem ɬuʔ han- s+m+ʔem ɬuʔ c+ʔúk�u -ɬt -s -n PART ART 2SG.POSS- woman ART bring -TR -2SG.OBJ -1SG.TRANS
I'll bring your wife here.
šéʔi ɬuʔqstúlixump.
šéʔi ɬuʔ qstúlix�ump
šéʔi ɬuʔ qɬ- s+túl=ix� -mp that ART to.be- ground -2PL.POSS
This is going to be your country.
VIII.011
hói eɬxúi sq�séʔs.
hóy eɬx�úy sq�séʔs
hoy eɬ+x�úy s+q�s=eʔ -s then go.back son -3POSS
His son went back.
eɬk�əɬčíc u cúis:
eɬk�əɬčíc u cúis
eɬ+k�ɬ+číc u cu -nt -s manage.to.arrive.again and say -TR -3TRANS
He came home and she said to him:
102
há wíčtx� ɬuʔanlʔéu?
há wíčtx� ɬuʔ anlʔéu
ha wič -nt -x� ɬuʔ han- lʔéu INTERR see -TR -2SG.TRANS ART 2SG.POSS- father
Did you find your father?
hói x�cəməncútš,
hóy x�cəməncútš
hoy x�c+mn+cut -š then ready -SG.INTR.IMP
Get ready,
kuyescuwétəm k�qsxúi ɬuʔčasqaltəmíx� (rec. čansqaltəmíx�).
k� yescuwétəm k� qsx�úyi ɬuʔ č
k� hin- es- cwet+m k� qs- x�uy -i ɬuʔ č 2SG.INTR 1SG.POSS- ACT- go.after.INTR 2SG.INTR FUT- go -FUT ART to
asqaltəmíx�
han- s+qlt+mix� 2SG.POSS- man
I am fetching you, you shall go to your husband.
VIII.012
hói xúistəm,
hóy x�úistəm
hoy x�uy -st -m then go -TR -PASS
He took her with him,
xúi ɬuʔskúis,
x�úy ɬuʔ sk�úys
x�uy ɬuʔ s+k�uy -s go ART mother -3POSS
his mother went,
103
xúi, eɬiʔáʔp.
x�úy eɬiʔáʔp
x�uy eɬ+yʔáʔp go arrive.again.PL
they went and arrived.
ɬuʔiʔáʔp u cúis:
ɬuʔ iʔáʔp u cúis
ɬuʔ yʔaʔp u cu -nt -s ART arrive.PL and say -TR -3TRANS
As soon as they arrived he said to them:
šéʔi ɬuʔqstúlixump tesəniʔáp.
šéʔi ɬuʔ qstúlix�ump t esəniʔáp
šéʔi ɬuʔ qɬ- s+túl=ix� -mp t es+n+yʔ+áp that ART to.be- ground -2PL.POSS OBL forever
This is going to be your country forever.
hói yetəɬx��á esq�éi.
hóy yetəɬx��á esq�éy
hoy y�e_tɬx��é es+q�éy then today people.live
And they still live there to-day.
šéy�u ncaʔix�á.
šéy�u ncaʔix�á
šéyu ncay�x�=áp=lqs DEM finish.story
That's the end.
104
3.0 LIST OF FORMS
This section presents the list of forms that occur in the texts. Section 3.1 contains
the list of stems, 3.2 contains the lists of affixes, and 3.3 lists stems arranged by root.
3.1 Stems
This section presents the list of stems that occur in the texts. The stems are listed in
alphabetical order, followed by the English gloss, the root (if found), unanalyzed forms
(i.e. the way the forms appear in the texts) and allomorphs, and any comments. Stress is
indicated in multisyllabic stems.
anwíanwíanwíanwíʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ 2SG; √anwiʔ; anwí, anuí
ax�ax�ax�ax�++++ax�ax�ax�ax�=tč+m =tč+m =tč+m =tč+m work pl intr; √ʔax�íl;
ax�ax�təčím
ay ay ay ay oh; áy
caqcaqcaqcaq placed; √caq; cq, cáq
ci ci ci ci this; cí; deictic
citxcitxcitxcitx� � � � house; √citx�; cítx�
ciciciciʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ here; that one; √ciʔ; cíʔ, cí; Vogt
note 203 (1940a:69)
ciciciciʔtx� ʔtx� ʔtx� ʔtx� house PL; √citx�; cíʔtx�
cnicnicnicniɬc ɬc ɬc ɬc 3SG; √cniɬc; cənílc
cnicnicnicniʔlc ʔlc ʔlc ʔlc 3PL; √cniɬc; cəníʔɬc, cəníʔlc,
cniʔɬc
cq+q=us cq+q=us cq+q=us cq+q=us land; √cq; cqqús
cq+q=ucq+q=ucq+q=ucq+q=uʔs ʔs ʔs ʔs land PL; √cq; cqqúʔs
cu cu cu cu say; √cuw; cú
cu+n+m cu+n+m cu+n+m cu+n+m say; √cuw; cúnəm
cu+t cu+t cu+t cu+t say; √cuw; cút
cú+t+icú+t+icú+t+icú+t+i he/she/they said; √cuw; cúti;
intransitive form
ccccúúúúʔʔʔʔ++++tttt++++i i i i say PL; √cuw; cúʔti
c+cic+cic+cic+ciʔʔʔʔllllš š š š camp PL; √cilš; ccíʔlš
cccc++++����éč=qin+m éč=qin+m éč=qin+m éč=qin+m stick head through;
√�eč; c�áčqanəm
cccc++++����eeeeʔč+m ʔč+m ʔč+m ʔč+m rise CISLOC; √�eč; c�eʔčəm;
cislocative infix
cccc++++����l+p l+p l+p l+p stop; √�il; c�líp
c+n+tyc+n+tyc+n+tyc+n+tyeeeeš š š š crawl towards; √tyeš;
cəntiyéš
cccc++++tktktktk�+ncut �+ncut �+ncut �+ncut lie down; √tuk�; ctk�əncút
105
cccc++++ttttp+p p+p p+p p+p standing up PL; √tp; ctəpp;
reduplication of second root
consonant
c+xc+xc+xc+x�uy �uy �uy �uy come; √x�uy; cx�úy
c+c+c+c+ʔúk�u ʔúk�u ʔúk�u ʔúk�u bring; √ʔúk�uʔ; cəʔúk�u
cccceeeeʔéš ʔéš ʔéš ʔéš bashful; √ceš
ccccip ip ip ip pinch; √cip�; cíp
ccccl=l=l=l=aaaalqlqlqlq� � � � stick game; √cil; cəlálq�
ccccl=alql=alql=alql=alq�+m �+m �+m �+m play stick game I5TR; √cil;
cəlálq�əm
ccccn+m n+m n+m n+m tight; √can; cánəm; with stem
formative +m
ccccn+op n+op n+op n+op tight; √can; cənóp
ccccn+p+ma n+p+ma n+p+ma n+p+ma tight; √can; cənpəmá
cq�cq�cq�cq�+m+m+m+m throw; √caq�; cq�am
cq�cq�cq�cq�+min +min +min +min throw away; √caq�; cq�amín
ccccs+is+is+is+ip p p p all gone; √cs; casíp
ccccs+p+nu s+p+nu s+p+nu s+p+nu all used up; √cs; cəspənú
ccccwet wet wet wet go after; √cwet; cuwét
ccccwetwetwetwet+m+m+m+m go after I5TR; √cwet; cuwétəm
čelš čelš čelš čelš hand; √čelš; čélš
čen čen čen čen do what; √čen�; čén
čen+m čen+m čen+m čen+m do what I5TR; √čen�; čénm,
čenm, čénəm
ččččen� en� en� en� where; √čen�; čén�; Vogt note 65
(1940a:28)
čečečečeʔɬés ʔɬés ʔɬés ʔɬés three; √čeʔɬés; čeʔɬés
čic čic čic čic arrive; √čic; číc
čitčitčitčitɬɬɬɬ____x�x�x�x�����áááá____nnnn++++tx�tx�tx�tx��=qín �=qín �=qín �=qín past noon; √tox��;
čitəɬ x��á ntx��qín
čičičičiʔc ʔc ʔc ʔc arrive PL; √čic; číʔc
čičičičiʔéʔéʔéʔékkkk� � � � go through
ččččɬ+cq=etk� ɬ+cq=etk� ɬ+cq=etk� ɬ+cq=etk� on water; √cq; čɬcqétk�
ččččɬ+cq=eʔtk� ɬ+cq=eʔtk� ɬ+cq=eʔtk� ɬ+cq=eʔtk� onto water PL; √cq;
čɬcqéʔtk�
ččččɬ+niʔk�=étk� ɬ+niʔk�=étk� ɬ+niʔk�=étk� ɬ+niʔk�=étk� movement on water;
čɬniʔk�étk�
ččččɬɬɬɬ++++q�q�q�q�����ííííttttš+ilš š+ilš š+ilš š+ilš jump on; čɬq��ítəšilš
ččččɬɬɬɬ++++tktktktk����++++kkkk�=e�=e�=e�=etktktktk� � � � come to surface of
water; √tek�; čɬtk�k�étk�
ččččɬ+yix�m=ɬ+yix�m=ɬ+yix�m=ɬ+yix�m=úúúús s s s be cold all over; √yix�m;
čɬix�mús
čmi čmi čmi čmi only; √čmiš; čəmí
čn čn čn čn 1SG I5TR; čin-, čən-, či, čə-, či-, čn-,
čis-, čin, k�u; allomorph k�u occurs in double possessed forms
ččččnm�nm�nm�nm�=qi=qi=qi=qin n n n blind; √čnm; čənəm�qín,
činəm�qín
čoš+ím čoš+ím čoš+ím čoš+ím he shouted; √čoš; čo;ším,
čoším
106
čqčqčqčq�+q�=čst+m=ɬtumš �+q�=čst+m=ɬtumš �+q�=čst+m=ɬtumš �+q�=čst+m=ɬtumš behave
foolishly in a crowd;
čq�q�əčstəmɬtúmš
čyčyčyčy++++ččččiy�iy�iy�iy�=é=é=é=éʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ grandmother; √čy; čičiy�éʔ
č+cm+p=els č+cm+p=els č+cm+p=els č+cm+p=els sick from greasy food;
√cim; čcəmpé; see Vogt cəmp-
č+čeč+čeč+čeč+čeʔ+čeʔɬéʔs ʔ+čeʔɬéʔs ʔ+čeʔɬéʔs ʔ+čeʔɬéʔs three people; √čeʔɬés;
ččeʔčeʔɬéʔs
č+č+č+č+ččččiiiiʔt+mín ʔt+mín ʔt+mín ʔt+mín go near to; √čiʔt; ččiʔtəmín�
č+č+č+č+ɬ+yiʔx�+t+m ɬ+yiʔx�+t+m ɬ+yiʔx�+t+m ɬ+yiʔx�+t+m envy PL; √yix�;
čɬiyúʔx�təmə; Vogt records x�w
č=naqs č=naqs č=naqs č=naqs one person, another; činá,
čináqs, čina
čččč++++p��p��p��p��éééé=čst+min =čst+min =čst+min =čst+min let go of; √p�i�;
čp�í�čstəmən, čp�éčstəmə
čččč++++q�q�q�q�eeeeʔʔʔʔ====éls+m éls+m éls+m éls+m pay attention; √q�eʔ;
čq�eʔélsəm
č+šin č+šin č+šin č+šin follow; √šin; čšín
č+šin+min č+šin+min č+šin+min č+šin+min go with; √šin; čšinəm
čččč++++tax�tax�tax�tax��+l+mncút+m �+l+mncút+m �+l+mncút+m �+l+mncút+m go up to; √tox��;
čtax��ələməncútəm
čččč++++tktktktk�=�=�=�=eeeep+m p+m p+m p+m put by side; √tuk�;
čtk�épəm
čččč++++tktktktk����++++kkkk�=�=�=�=eeeeʔlp+m ʔlp+m ʔlp+m ʔlp+m put up camp PL;
√tuk�; čtk�k�éʔlpəm
čččč++++xxxx����tttt+p+min +p+min +p+min +p+min jump on; √x�t;
čx�təpəmín
čččč++++xxxx����tttt+p+m+s+qél=ix+p+m+s+qél=ix+p+m+s+qél=ix+p+m+s+qél=ix� � � � rush at;
√x�t; čx�təpəmsqélix�
č+xč+xč+xč+x�uy+mn �uy+mn �uy+mn �uy+mn go up to; √x�uy;
čx�úyəmən
čččč++++x�x�x�x�s=ís=ís=ís=ícccceeeeʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ well-dressed; √x�es; čx�síceʔ
čččč++++x�x�x�x��a�a�a�a++++x�x�x�x��eʔ+ey+mín �eʔ+ey+mín �eʔ+ey+mín �eʔ+ey+mín laugh PL;
√x��ʔey; čx��ax��eʔeyəmí
č+yl+yal=s+m č+yl+yal=s+m č+yl+yal=s+m č+yl+yal=s+m look at with big eyes;
√yal; čiliyálsəm
č+č+č+č+ʔesél ʔesél ʔesél ʔesél two; √ʔesel; česél
čččč to; č-, čə-, čə, če-; Vogt note 127-128
(1940a:45-46)
ččččes=ces=ces=ces=cín+m ín+m ín+m ín+m bad mouth; √čes; čescínəm
ččččeeeeʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ yet; √če; čéʔ
ččččííííʔ+ʔ+ʔ+ʔ+ččččeeeeʔt ʔt ʔt ʔt near, short distance; √čit;
číʔčeʔt
ččččluxluxluxlux� � � � evening; √člux�; čelux�, čelúx�
ččččluxluxluxlux�+m �+m �+m �+m become evening; √člux�;
čelx�um
ččččuw uw uw uw absent; √čuw; čúu
ččččw+s+qéw+s+qéw+s+qéw+s+qéʔʔʔʔllll=ix=ix=ix=ix� � � � go to gamble PL;
√čuw; √qel; čo;sqéʔlix�
ččččw+s+qéw+s+qéw+s+qéw+s+qéllll=ix=ix=ix=ix� � � � go to gamble; √čuw;
√qel; čo;sqélix�
ččččw+uw+uw+uw+up p p p stop shouting; √čuw; čuw�ép
čččč++++ččččeeeeʔíʔt ʔíʔt ʔíʔt ʔíʔt near; √čit; ččeʔíʔt
107
čččč++++ʔiɬnʔiɬnʔiɬnʔiɬn++++nknknknk����====ééééɬɬɬɬcccceeeeʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ eat one; √ʔiɬn;
čiɬn�k�éɬceʔ
é é é é yes; é;;
ecececec++++ʔʔʔʔax�ax�ax�ax�í í í í like; √ʔax�íl; ečax�í, ecax�í, ecáx�í
ececececíííín�n�n�n�t+m t+m t+m t+m say what I5TR; √ecín�t;
eʔcín�təm�
eeeeɬɬɬɬ++++cccc++++����ééééč=qin+m č=qin+m č=qin+m č=qin+m stick head through
again I5TR; √�eč; eɬc�áčqanəm
eeeeɬɬɬɬ++++cccc++++p�p�p�p�llllčččč=ú=ú=ú=ús s s s turn back; √p�ilč;
eɬcp�əlčú
eeeeɬɬɬɬ++++cccc++++p�p�p�p�llllčččč=ús+m =ús+m =ús+m =ús+m turn back I5TR;
√p�ilč; eɬcp�əlčús, eɬcp�əlčúsi
eeeeɬ+c+x�úɬ+c+x�úɬ+c+x�úɬ+c+x�úy y y y come again; √x�uy;
eɬcx�úy
eeeeɬɬɬɬ++++ccccl=álql=álql=álql=álq�+m �+m �+m �+m play stick game again
I5TR; √cil; eɬcəlálq�əm
eeeeɬ+č+ɬ+č+ɬ+č+ɬ+č+ččččiiiiʔt+mʔt+mʔt+mʔt+míííín n n n get close again; √čit;
eɬččiʔtəmín�
eeeeɬ+č+šín ɬ+č+šín ɬ+č+šín ɬ+č+šín follow back; √šin; eɬčšín,
eɬčšin
eeeeɬ+č+šin+ɬ+č+šin+ɬ+č+šin+ɬ+č+šin+íííím m m m follow back I5TR; √šin;
eɬčšiním
eeeeɬɬɬɬ++++čččč++++xxxx����tttt+p+mín +p+mín +p+mín +p+mín jump on again;
√x�t; eɬčx�təpəmín
eeeeɬɬɬɬ++++ččččʔ+ʔ+ʔ+ʔ+ččččʔt ʔt ʔt ʔt back from short distance;
√čit; eɬčíʔčeʔt
eeeeɬ+ɬ+ɬ+ɬ+éééélllli i i i try again; √ʔel; eɬéli
eeeeɬɬɬɬ++++eseseses++++tttt++++nnnn++++ʔʔʔʔacx�acx�acx�acx�=étk=étk=étk=étk�+m �+m �+m �+m look back
in water; √ʔacx�;
eɬestənʔacəx�étk�um
eeeeɬ+hóy ɬ+hóy ɬ+hóy ɬ+hóy finish again; √hoy; eɬhóy
eeeeɬ+ɬ+ɬ+ɬ+yyyyʔáp ʔáp ʔáp ʔáp go back; √yaʔ; eɬiʔáp
eeeeɬ+k�+k�ʔéc ɬ+k�+k�ʔéc ɬ+k�+k�ʔéc ɬ+k�+k�ʔéc tomorrow night; √k�ec;
ʔeɬk�k�ʔéc
eeeeɬɬɬɬ++++kkkk�ɬ+číc �ɬ+číc �ɬ+číc �ɬ+číc manage to arrive again;
√k�ɬ, √čic; eɬk�əɬčíc
eeeeɬ+mɬ+mɬ+mɬ+máááállll bubble again; √ml bleed, flow;
eɬmál
eeeeɬ+n+pílš ɬ+n+pílš ɬ+n+pílš ɬ+n+pílš reenter; √pilš; eɬnpílš
eeeeɬɬɬɬ++++nnnn++++qaqaqaqa����ííííp p p p get back in canoe;
eɬnqa�íp
eeeeɬɬɬɬ++++nnnn++++qaqaqaqa����ip+míip+míip+míip+mí get back in canoe;
eɬnq�əpəmí
eeeeɬ+n+ʔúɬxɬ+n+ʔúɬxɬ+n+ʔúɬxɬ+n+ʔúɬx� � � � go back in; √ʔuɬx�;
eɬnʔúɬx�
eeeeɬ+n+ʔús+miʔ ɬ+n+ʔús+miʔ ɬ+n+ʔús+miʔ ɬ+n+ʔús+miʔ dive again; √ʔus;
eɬnoósəmiʔ
eeeeɬ+q�ʔéɬ+q�ʔéɬ+q�ʔéɬ+q�ʔéc c c c warm again; √q�ec; eɬq�uʔéc
eeeeɬɬɬɬ++++q�q�q�q��ɬ+čí �ɬ+čí �ɬ+čí �ɬ+čí carry back on back; √q��eɬ;
eɬq��əɬčí
eeeeɬɬɬɬ++++q�q�q�q��ɬ�ɬ�ɬ�ɬ++++q�q�q�q��éɬt+m �éɬt+m �éɬt+m �éɬt+m carry back PL on
back; √q��eɬ; eɬk�əɬq��éɬtəm
eeeeɬɬɬɬ++++q�q�q�q��m=ép+m �m=ép+m �m=ép+m �m=ép+m leave again suddenly;
√q��m; eɬq��omépəm
eeeeɬɬɬɬ++++q�q�q�q��ú�ú�ú�úm� m� m� m� take back; √q��um�; eɬq��úʔm
108
eeeeɬ+šilč+mn+cút ɬ+šilč+mn+cút ɬ+šilč+mn+cút ɬ+šilč+mn+cút turn self around;
√šlč; eɬšilčəməncút
eeeeɬɬɬɬ++++tttt++++ccccl=álql=álql=álql=álq� � � � play stick game again;
√cil; eɬtcəlálq�; the t- is unanalyzed
eeeeɬɬɬɬ++++tttteeeeʔéʔéʔéʔékkkk� � � � resurface I5CH; √tek�;
eɬteʔék�; inchoative infix -ʔ-
eeeeɬɬɬɬ++++tuktuktuktuk�+št+wéx� �+št+wéx� �+št+wéx� �+št+wéx� place bet again
RECP; √tuk�; eɬtk�əštuwéx�
eeeeɬ+x�íɬ+x�íɬ+x�íɬ+x�íc c c c give back; √x�icš; eɬx�íc,
eɬx�ícə
eeeeɬ+x�úy ɬ+x�úy ɬ+x�úy ɬ+x�úy go back; √x�uy; eɬx�úy,
eɬx�úi
eeeeɬ+yʔáʔp ɬ+yʔáʔp ɬ+yʔáʔp ɬ+yʔáʔp arrive again PL; √yaʔ; eɬiʔáʔp
eeeeɬ+ʔíɬn ɬ+ʔíɬn ɬ+ʔíɬn ɬ+ʔíɬn eat again; √ʔiɬn; eɬʔíɬ
eeeeɬɬɬɬ++++ʔnʔnʔnʔn++++q�q�q�q�eeeeʔ=ús ʔ=ús ʔ=ús ʔ=ús stick in again; √q�eʔ;
eɬʔənq�eʔús
eeeeɬ+ʔócqeʔ ɬ+ʔócqeʔ ɬ+ʔócqeʔ ɬ+ʔócqeʔ go out again; √ʔócqeʔ;
eɬʔócqeʔ
epepepepɬɬɬɬ++++cccc++++cícícícíʔʔʔʔllllš š š š have camps; √cilš;
pɬccíʔlš
epepepepɬɬɬɬ++++čyčyčyčy++++ččččiy�iy�iy�iy�=é=é=é=éʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ have a grandmother;
√čy; epɬčičiy�éʔ
epepepepɬɬɬɬ++++eseseses++++����ééééč=qin+m č=qin+m č=qin+m č=qin+m head showing
I5TR; √�eč; epɬes�áčqanəm; epɬ- ‘have’ prefix on stem
es+�éč=qin+m, lexicalized with
prefix es- ‘actual’
epepepepɬ+lʔéu ɬ+lʔéu ɬ+lʔéu ɬ+lʔéu have a father; √lʔew; epɬléu
epepepepɬ+s+ɬ+s+ɬ+s+ɬ+s+ččččííííɬ+t ɬ+t ɬ+t ɬ+t have clay; √čiɬ; epsčíɬt
epepepepɬ+s+mɬ=íč ɬ+s+mɬ=íč ɬ+s+mɬ=íč ɬ+s+mɬ=íč place that has salmon;
√mɬ; epsəmɬíč
epepepepɬ+s+pʔús ɬ+s+pʔús ɬ+s+pʔús ɬ+s+pʔús decide; √pús; epspuʔús;
have mind
epepepepɬ+s+qlt+míx� ɬ+s+qlt+míx� ɬ+s+qlt+míx� ɬ+s+qlt+míx� have a husband;
√qel; epsqaltəmíx�, epsqaltəmíx��;
x�w in IV.010
epepepepɬ+šil+míɬ+šil+míɬ+šil+míɬ+šil+mín n n n have axe; √šl;
epɬšiləmin, epɬšiləmín
epepepepɬɬɬɬ++++yúyúyúyúcccc+mn +mn +mn +mn have red paint; √yuc;
epɬiyúcəmən
eseseses++++ččččɬɬɬɬ++++q�q�q�q�l+íl+íl+íl+íʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ lake; √q�l; esčɬq�alíʔ; lexicalized form with continuative
affixes es- and -i
eseseses++++čččč++++pkpkpkpk����====íčíčíčíčn� n� n� n� throw rocks; √pk�;
esčpk�íčən�
eseseses++++čččč++++x�x�x�x��y=ép �y=ép �y=ép �y=ép bend in water?;
esčx�oyép; meaning unclear
eseseses++++čččč++++x�x�x�x��y=ép+n �y=ép+n �y=ép+n �y=ép+n bend in water?;
esčx�oyépən; meaning unclear; -n is unexpected and unanalyzeable
eseseses++++nnnn++++ccccl=étkl=étkl=étkl=étk� � � � pole in water; √cil;
esəncəlétk�, esəncəletk�
es+n+yes+n+yes+n+yes+n+yʔ+áp ʔ+áp ʔ+áp ʔ+áp forever; √yaʔ; esəniʔáp
eseseses++++q�q�q�q�éy éy éy éy there is a house, people live,
camp; √q�ey; esq�éy, ʔesq�éy
es=wl=úses=wl=úses=wl=úses=wl=ús fireplace; √wl; eso;lús
es+yáes+yáes+yáes+yáʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ every; √yaʔ; esiyáʔ
109
eseseses++++yayayaya++++pppp====qíqíqíqín�n�n�n�+i +i +i +i powwow; √yaʔ;
esiyapqín�i, esiyapqín�i; lexicalized
form with continuative affixes es-
and -i
es+es+es+es+ʔus+ʔʔus+ʔʔus+ʔʔus+ʔús+t ús+t ús+t ús+t dive PL; √ʔus; esʔusʔúst
exexexex� � � � I5TJ; éx�
eeeeʔ+cí ʔ+cí ʔ+cí ʔ+cí where; eʔcí; Vogt note 203 (1940a:69)
eeeeʔʔʔʔ++++čéčéčéčén� n� n� n� where; eʔčén�
ha ha ha ha ha; há, há;;
ha ha ha ha I5TERR; a-
hayó hayó hayó hayó oh my; √hayó; hayó;;
ha+há ha+há ha+há ha+há laugh; hahá, háhá
hoy hoy hoy hoy then, stop, finished; √hoy; hói, hoi,
hóy
hoy+hóy hoy+hóy hoy+hóy hoy+hóy stop; √hoy; hoyəhó
i i i i PART; y-, i-; Vogt note 217 (1940a:73)
iiii;; ;; ;; ;; I5TJ; í;;
ilililil++++tttt++++tštštštšen�en�en�en�é é é é in a short while; ilttšen�é;
Vogt dictionary has barred l
išeišeišeišeʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ DEM; deictic
kkkk� � � � 2SG I5TR; k�-, k�ə, k�ə-
kkkk����em�em�em�em�t t t t and then; k�én��t, k�ém�t; Vogt
note 146 (1940a:50)
kkkk�en �en �en �en take, grab, catch; √k�en; k�é,
k�én
kkkk�en=é�en=é�en=é�en=éllll take, grab, catch; √k�en;
k�unél
kkkk�en+nú �en+nú �en+nú �en+nú manage to catch; √k�en;
k�unnú
kkkk�il=lqs �il=lqs �il=lqs �il=lqs red shirt; √k�il; k�íllqs
kkkk�in+s+qél=ix� �in+s+qél=ix� �in+s+qél=ix� �in+s+qél=ix� grab person; √k�en,
√qel; k�isqélix�; compound
kkkk�miʔ �miʔ �miʔ �miʔ OPT; k�umíʔ
kkkk�tun+t �tun+t �tun+t �tun+t big; √k�tun; k�túnt
kkkk�u �u �u �u 1SG OBJ; k�u-, k�-
kkkk�uné �uné �uné �uné CO5J; k�une; k�uné u introduces
a hypothetical clause (Vogt note 211
[1940a:71])
kkkk�untá �untá �untá �untá perhaps(?); Vogt uncertain
about gloss
kkkk�+k�ʔec �+k�ʔec �+k�ʔec �+k�ʔec get dark; √k�ec; k�uk�uʔéc
kkkk�en=čst+míst �en=čst+míst �en=čst+míst �en=čst+míst get ready; √k�en;
k�en�čstəmíst
kkkk�inš�inš�inš�inš====áááásq�sq�sq�sq�t t t t several days; √k�inš;
k�ənšá
kkkk�ɬn�ɬn�ɬn�ɬn++++q�q�q�q��om+í �om+í �om+í �om+í leave suddenly; √k�ɬ,
√q��m; k�əɬnq��omí
kkkk�ɬ+čic �ɬ+čic �ɬ+čic �ɬ+čic manage to arrive; √k�ɬ, √čic;
k�əɬčíc
kkkk�ɬ�ɬ�ɬ�ɬ++++����eeeeʔéč ʔéč ʔéč ʔéč appear; √k�ɬ, √�eč;
k�əɬ�eʔéč
kkkk�ɬ�ɬ�ɬ�ɬ++++����eeeeʔéč+č ʔéč+č ʔéč+č ʔéč+č appear; √k�ɬ, √�eč;
k�əɬ�éʔčč; reduplication of second root consonant
110
kkkk�ɬ�ɬ�ɬ�ɬ++++papapapaʔʔʔʔx� x� x� x� deliberate, figure out; √k�ɬ,
√pax�; k�əɬpaʔx�
kkkk�ɬ+ta�ɬ+ta�ɬ+ta�ɬ+tallll make rites; √k�ɬ, ? √tal; k�əɬtal
kkkk�ɬ�ɬ�ɬ�ɬ++++yem�yem�yem�yem�++++m� m� m� m� hesitate; √k�ɬ, √yem�;
k�əɬiyém�m�
kkkk����n�n�n�n�=čst+mist+(t)n =čst+mist+(t)n =čst+mist+(t)n =čst+mist+(t)n try by hand;
√k�en�; k�ən�čstəmístən
kkkk�u �u �u �u but; k�ú
kkkk�u�u�u�ullll work, create; √k�ul; k�úl
kkkk�u�u�u�ullll+m +m +m +m work I5TR; √k�ul; k�úləm
kkkk�+šeʔ �+šeʔ �+šeʔ �+šeʔ that; k�əšéʔ
l l l l LOC; l-, əl-, lə-; Vogt note 191
(1940a:66)
laáp laáp laáp laáp paddle, travel by boat; √lap
llllčččč+l+l+l+lčččč tie PL; √lič; lčilč
lem+t lem+t lem+t lem+t glad; √lem; lémt
lklklklk�u+t �u+t �u+t �u+t it is far; √lk�u; lk�út
lukluklukluk� � � � stick of wood; √luk�; lúk�
llllʔéu ʔéu ʔéu ʔéu father (male speaking); √lʔew; lʔeu,
lʔéuʔ, léu
l_cil_cil_cil_ciʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ in here; √ciʔ; əlcíʔ; an example of a
phrase being treated as a stem
l_šéyu l_šéyu l_šéyu l_šéyu then; lšéy�u; LOC + DEM
ɬaháɬaháɬaháɬaháq�q�q�q�� � � � slippery
ɬáqš+ilš ɬáqš+ilš ɬáqš+ilš ɬáqš+ilš sit down; √ɬaq; ɬáqšilš
ɬaq+q ɬaq+q ɬaq+q ɬaq+q sit down I5CH; √ɬaq; ɬáqq;
inchoative reduplication of second
root consonant
ɬɬɬɬaq�aq�aq�aq��+m=úleʔx� �+m=úleʔx� �+m=úleʔx� �+m=úleʔx� come into open space;
√ɬaq��; ɬaq��omúleʔx�
ɬaʔq+q ɬaʔq+q ɬaʔq+q ɬaʔq+q sit down PL; √ɬaq; ɬáʔqq;
glottal stop plural, inchoative
reduplication of second root
consonant
ɬɬɬɬc c c c whip; √ɬic
ɬiʔé ɬiʔé ɬiʔé ɬiʔé this; ɬiʔe, ɬiʔ; Vogt note 208
(1940a:70)
ɬiʔeɬiʔeɬiʔeɬiʔe____ttttɬɬɬɬx�x�x�x��é �é �é �é today; √ɬx��eʔ; ɬiʔetəɬx��á
ɬuʔ ɬuʔ ɬuʔ ɬuʔ ART; ɬu, ɬu-; Vogt notes 205-208
(1940a:69-70)
ɬuʔ ɬuʔ ɬuʔ ɬuʔ there; ɬúʔ
ɬuʔ+mín+tn ɬuʔ+mín+tn ɬuʔ+mín+tn ɬuʔ+mín+tn spear; √ɬuʔ; ɬuʔmínt,
ɬuʔmínti
ɬɬɬɬx�x�x�x�� � � � hole; √ɬox��; ɬx��ú
ɬɬɬɬ++++kkkk����++++kkkk����y�y�y�y�úúúúm�m�m�m�====eeeeʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ small; √k�yum;
ɬk�k�oy�úm�eʔ
ɬɬɬɬ++++tttt++++tw�tw�tw�tw�+it +it +it +it young boy; √tew; ɬtətəw�ít,
ɬtətəw�it, ɬtətəwít
ɬ+ʔiɬ+ʔiɬ+ʔiɬ+ʔiʔɬ ʔɬ ʔɬ ʔɬ eat DIM; √iɬn; ɬʔíʔɬ; C1
reduplication with laryngealization
of resonants
����e e e e already, now, then; �é
����eeeeʔʔʔʔ++++����eeeeʔ=ʔ=ʔ=ʔ=úúúús s s s look around; √�eʔ;
�uʔ�uʔús
111
����eeeeʔʔʔʔ++++����eeeeʔ=ʔ=ʔ=ʔ=úúúús+m s+m s+m s+m look around I5TR;
√�eʔ; �uʔ�uʔúsəm
����il il il il dead, motionless; √�il; �íl
����iyéiyéiyéiyéʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ bark canoe; √�yeʔ
����xxxx�up �up �up �up win; √�x�up; �ex�úp
����xxxx�u�u�u�uʔp ʔp ʔp ʔp win PL; √�x�up; �ex�úʔp
����xxxx�u�u�u�uʔp+m ʔp+m ʔp+m ʔp+m win PL I5TR; √�x�up;
�ex�úʔpəm
����++++����číčíčíčím�m�m�m�=qin =qin =qin =qin stick head up; √�eč;
��čím�qən
����++++����eeeeč=cn+m č=cn+m č=cn+m č=cn+m stick out tongue; √�eč;
��éčcənəm
m m m m FUT; əm-, m-; Vogt note 213
(1940a:72)
ma ma ma ma I5TJ; má
mamamamallll bubble; √ml bleed, flow; mál
mamamamaʔʔʔʔw� w� w� w� take off PL, break PL; √maw�
méye méye méye méye tell; √meyeʔ; méyeʔ; root √my
has stems with several allomorphs
memememeʔ=éčst=mɬ+ls ʔ=éčst=mɬ+ls ʔ=éčst=mɬ+ls ʔ=éčst=mɬ+ls bother people;
√meʔ; meʔéčstəmɬəls
mimimimiɬ ɬ ɬ ɬ too, very; √miɬ; míɬ
miy miy miy miy know; √miy; mi, mii, mi;, mí
miy+m miy+m miy+m miy+m know I5TR; √miy; mím
miy+p+nú miy+p+nú miy+p+nú miy+p+nú find out; √miy; miypənú
mimimimiʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ FUT; míʔ
mmmmllll++++tx�tx�tx�tx��+mi�+mi�+mi�+mi++++ʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ flow straight; √ml,
√tox��; məltx��omíʔ
n n n n in; n-; Vogt note 130 (1940a:46)
nanananaʔás ʔás ʔás ʔás get wet; √nas; naʔás
ncay�ncay�ncay�ncay�xxxx�=�=�=�=áp=lqs áp=lqs áp=lqs áp=lqs finish story; ncaʔix�á; a stylized ending to a story; end of
story VII has x��
ne ne ne ne CO5D; né; conditional
nem nem nem nem PART; ném; Vogt note 213
(1940a:72)
nexnexnexnex� � � � also; √nex�; néx�
nknknknk�uʔ �uʔ �uʔ �uʔ one; √nk�uʔ; nk�úʔ
nknknknk�=�=�=�=aaaalqlqlqlq� � � � one pole; √nk�uʔ; nk�álq�
nknknknk����=a=a=a=asq�sq�sq�sq�t t t t one day; √nk�uʔ; nk�á
nknknknk�=eɬx� �=eɬx� �=eɬx� �=eɬx� one house; √nk�uʔ; nk�éɬx�
nox�nox�nox�nox�����++++nx�nx�nx�nx�� � � � wife; √nox��; nóx��ənx��;
Vogt records front x�
nplenplenplenpleʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ 2PL; √nplehmp; npəlé
nt=els nt=els nt=els nt=els think; √nt; nté
ntntntnteeeeʔš ʔš ʔš ʔš go ashore PL
nx�nx�nx�nx�����++++nx�nx�nx�nx��=�=�=�=eeeew�w�w�w�s s s s married couple; √nox��;
nx��ənx��éʔus; Vogt records front x�
n+cq=usn+cq=usn+cq=usn+cq=us+m +m +m +m look up; √cq; ncqúsəm
nnnn++++cccci+ílš i+ílš i+ílš i+ílš upstream; √cʔ; nciílš
nnnn++++ihéihéihéihé====ew�ew�ew�ew�s+m s+m s+m s+m middle of water;
nihéʔusəm
112
n+ín+ín+ín+íš+ilš š+ilš š+ilš š+ilš down in; níšilš
nnnn++++kkkk�u�u�u�u����=ús =ús =ús =ús unplug; √k�u�; nk�u�ús
n+n+n+n+ɬeʔ=ús+m ɬeʔ=ús+m ɬeʔ=ús+m ɬeʔ=ús+m turn back I5TR; √ɬeʔ;
nɬeʔúsəm
n=n=n=n=ɬuʔ=ɬuʔ=ɬuʔ=ɬuʔ=éééétktktktk�+m �+m �+m �+m spear in water; √ɬuʔ;
nɬuʔétk�um
nnnn++++ɬɬɬɬx�x�x�x��p+m=ép=uʔsčn �p+m=ép=uʔsčn �p+m=ép=uʔsčn �p+m=ép=uʔsčn escape below
thighs; √ɬx��up�; nɬx��p�əmépuʔsčən
nnnn++++ɬɬɬɬ++++sq�sq�sq�sq�====eeeew�w�w�w�s s s s divide into small parts;
nɬsq�éʔus
nnnn++++����l=etkl=etkl=etkl=etk� � � � drown; √�il; n�létk�
n+miy+ép+m n+miy+ép+m n+miy+ép+m n+miy+ép+m told on; √miy;
ənmiyépəm
n+mn+an+ín=n+mn+an+ín=n+mn+an+ín=n+mn+an+ín=ɬp ɬp ɬp ɬp (placename);
nmənanínɬp; unknown meaning;
lexical suffix =ɬp ‘tree’
nnnn++++mq�mq�mq�mq�����====uuuups ps ps ps big rump; √moq��;
nmq��úps
n+nn+nn+nn+niiiičččč=s =s =s =s cut off head; √nič; nníčəs
nnnn++++pq�pq�pq�pq�uuuu====ččččn�n�n�n�=éčst+m =éčst+m =éčst+m =éčst+m in palm of hand;
npq�učinéčstəm
nnnn++++p�p�p�p�in in in in lay in; √p�in; np�ən; long
cylindrical objects
nnnn++++p�p�p�p�uuuuʔ=étk�+m ʔ=étk�+m ʔ=étk�+m ʔ=étk�+m fart in water; √p�uʔ;
np�uʔétk�um
nnnn++++qqqq����n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�+min +min +min +min pity; √q�in�; nq�ən�n�əmí,
nq�ən�n�əmín
n+síxn+síxn+síxn+síx�+uʔ �+uʔ �+uʔ �+uʔ pour; √six�; nsíx�uʔ
n+tn+tn+tn+tllll+t+t+t+tllllq=ap+ncút q=ap+ncút q=ap+ncút q=ap+ncút jump around;
√tlq; ntəltəlqapən�cú; Spokane √trq
nnnn++++tx�tx�tx�tx��=qín �=qín �=qín �=qín noon; √tox��; ntx��qín
n+wn+wn+wn+wnexnexnexnex�=éneʔ �=éneʔ �=éneʔ �=éneʔ believe; √wnex�;
nunnx�éneʔ
nnnn++++xxxx�ist�ist�ist�ist====éééélclclclceeeeʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ walk in the room;
√x�ist; nx�stélceʔ
nnnn++++x�x�x�x�eeeeɬ ɬ ɬ ɬ be afraid; √x�el; nx�éɬ
nnnn++++x�x�x�x�ííííl+min l+min l+min l+min get scared; √x�el; nx�éləmən
n+n+n+n+ʔiʔiʔiʔiɬn+s+qél=ix� ɬn+s+qél=ix� ɬn+s+qél=ix� ɬn+s+qél=ix� man-eater; √ʔiɬn,
√qel; na;ɬisqélix�, na;lisqélix�
n+n+n+n+ʔʔʔʔiiiiɬn+s+qél=ix�+tn ɬn+s+qél=ix�+tn ɬn+s+qél=ix�+tn ɬn+s+qél=ix�+tn man-eater;
√ʔiɬn, √qel; na;ɬisqélix�tən;
instrumental –tn suffix
n+n+n+n+ʔuɬx� ʔuɬx� ʔuɬx� ʔuɬx� go in; √ʔuɬx�; nʔúɬx�
o o o o oh; ó;, ó;;
olqolqolqolq�+š+scút+n �+š+scút+n �+š+scút+n �+š+scút+n helper; √ʔolq�;
olq�šscútən
oy�oy�oy�oy�+ncút +ncút +ncút +ncút laugh; √hoy�; oy�incú, oy�əncút
p p p p 2PL I5TR; proclitic
ppppllll++++iiiip p p p drift along; √pl; pəlíp; Vogt’s
glottalization of the l might be indicating plural
pppp����e=čst+m e=čst+m e=čst+m e=čst+m let go; √p�i�; p�éčstəm;
transitive stem
pn� pn� pn� pn� but; pən�
pppuwá pppuwá pppuwá pppuwá pppooa (a sound)
113
ps+ap ps+ap ps+ap ps+ap scared; √pas; psáp
puls puls puls puls kill; √puls; púls
put put put put just, exactly the measure; √put; pút;
Vogt note 216 (1940a:73)
pút_i pút_i pút_i pút_i still; pút i; Vogt note 216 (1940a:73)
pw=epw=epw=epw=els=čn ls=čn ls=čn ls=čn buck; √pw; puwélsčən
pw+pew+lš pw+pew+lš pw+pew+lš pw+pew+lš breathe; √pew; pu;péulš
px�px�px�px��+mn+cut �+mn+cut �+mn+cut �+mn+cut disperse; √px��;
px��oməncút, px��oməncú
p�p�p�p�ililililčččč=ús+m =ús+m =ús+m =ús+m turn back I5TR; √p�ilč;
p�əlčúsəm
p�p�p�p�um um um um tan color; √p�um; p�úm
p�p�p�p�uuuuʔ+úʔ+úʔ+úʔ+úm m m m fart; √p�uʔ; p�uʔúm
p�x�p�x�p�x�p�x��t+�t+�t+�t+iiiillllš š š š grew up; √p�x��ut; p�ox��tílš
p�x�p�x�p�x�p�x��ut �ut �ut �ut parent; √p�x��ut; p�ox��út
p�x�p�x�p�x�p�x�����++++p�x�p�x�p�x�p�x��ut �ut �ut �ut parents; √p�x��ut;
p�ox��p�ox��út
p�y�p�y�p�y�p�y�aaaaq q q q cooked, ripe; √p�ay�aq; p�iy�áq
qaluwéqaluwéqaluwéqaluwét+m t+m t+m t+m step I5TR; √qlwet;
qaluwétəm; Vogt does not record
glottalized l
qey�qey�qey�qey�s s s s dream; √qey�s; qéʔis
qeqeqeqeʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ 1PL POSS; qa-, qe-, qa, qe
qeqeqeqeʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ 1PL I5TR; qa-, qeʔ-, qé-, qéʔ, qa;
Vogt note 54 (1940a:24)
qeqeqeqeʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ 1PL TRA5S; qa; 1PL subject qeʔ with
-m (Carlson 1972:39, 80, 86)
qeqeqeqeʔnpléʔ ʔnpléʔ ʔnpléʔ ʔnpléʔ 1PL; √qeʔnpléʔ; qeʔnpəlé
qiqiqiqiɬ ɬ ɬ ɬ wake up; √qiɬ; qíɬ
qiqiqiqiɬ+qɬ+t ɬ+qɬ+t ɬ+qɬ+t ɬ+qɬ+t awake; √qiɬ; qíɬqəɬt
qiqiqiqiɬ+t ɬ+t ɬ+t ɬ+t awake; √qiɬ; qíɬt, qiɬt
qmin qmin qmin qmin lay; √qmin; qam
qp=éqp=éqp=éqp=éɬɬɬɬcccceeeeʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ dish; √qp; qapéɬceʔ
qs+tam qs+tam qs+tam qs+tam definitely not; √tam; qstám
qs+qs+qs+qs+ʔiʔiʔiʔiɬn ɬn ɬn ɬn food; √ʔiɬn; qsəʔíɬi; lexicalized
form consisting of prefix qs-
‘FUTURE’ and ʔiɬn ‘eat’
q�q�q�q�amamamam++++q�q�q�q�amamamam++++ílš ílš ílš ílš discuss PL; √q�m;
q�amq�amílš
q�q�q�q�ey ey ey ey build a house; √q�ey; q�éi, q�éy
qqqq�a�a�a�am+qm+qm+qm+q�m+t �m+t �m+t �m+t wonderful; √q�am;
q�ámq�umt
qqqq�ás�ás�ás�ásqqqqwwwwi i i i bluejay; √q�ásq�iʔ; q�ásq�i
qqqq�ay �ay �ay �ay blue; √q�ay; q�áy
qqqq�ew+w �ew+w �ew+w �ew+w crazy; √q�ew; q�éuu;
inchoative reduplication of second
root consonant
qqqq�il �il �il �il cheat; √q�il; q�íl
qqqq����im�m� im�m� im�m� im�m� anxious for, in a hurry; √q�im�;
q�ím�m�
qqqq�l+q�el �l+q�el �l+q�el �l+q�el talk; √q�el; q�əlq�él
114
qqqq�l+q�el+t�l+q�el+t�l+q�el+t�l+q�el+t talk I5TR; √q�el; q�əlq�élt
qqqq����llll=e=e=e=eʔp ʔp ʔp ʔp blacken PL; √q�l; q�əléʔp
qqqq�m+i�m+i�m+i�m+iʔp ʔp ʔp ʔp die PL; √q�m; q�omíʔp
qqqq����n�n�n�n�+q+q+q+q�i�i�i�in�n�n�n�+t +t +t +t poor, pitiful; √q�in�;
q�ən�q�ín�t
qqqq����n�n�n�n�++++qqqq����n�n�n�n�+s=cin +s=cin +s=cin +s=cin ask for pity; √q�in�;
q�ən�q�ən�scín
qqqq�uyeʔé �uyeʔé �uyeʔé �uyeʔé 1SG; √q�uyʔe; k�uyʔé
qqqq�y+q�y+scut �y+q�y+scut �y+q�y+scut �y+q�y+scut Quiquiscu (name);
q�iq�iscú
q�q�q�q��ay �ay �ay �ay black; √q��ay; q��áy
q�q�q�q��m=ep+m �m=ep+m �m=ep+m �m=ep+m leave suddenly; √q��m;
q��omépəm
q�q�q�q��y�y�y�y++++q�q�q�q�����aaaay y y y buffalo; √q��ay; q��əyəq��áy
q�q�q�q��y�y�y�y++++q�q�q�q��ay�ay�ay�ay++++stm�stm�stm�stm�á á á á buffalo cow; √q��ay;
q��əyəq��ayəstəm�á
sax�sax�sax�sax�� � � � split wood; √sax��; sáx��
sc+tixsc+tixsc+tixsc+tix� � � � gathered stuff; √tix�; sctix�
sc+sc+sc+sc+ʔiɬn ʔiɬn ʔiɬn ʔiɬn food; √ʔiɬn; scəʔíɬi, scəʔíɬn
sew sew sew sew ask; √sew; séu, su;
sewsewsewsewɬ=k� ɬ=k� ɬ=k� ɬ=k� water; √sewɬ; séuɬk�
séséséséw=new=new=new=neʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ hear something; √sew; séuneʔ
sew+núsew+núsew+núsew+núʔmt ʔmt ʔmt ʔmt ask information; √sew;
sewnúʔmt
sic sic sic sic finally, new; √sic; síc
si+siy=ús si+siy=ús si+siy=ús si+siy=ús smart; √sy; sisiyús
suxsuxsuxsux� � � � know, understand, recognize;
√sux�; súx�; Vogt records x�� consistently
súxsúxsúxsúx�=meʔ �=meʔ �=meʔ �=meʔ measure; √sux�; súx�əmeʔ
súsúsúsúʔit ʔit ʔit ʔit cold; ? √sul; súʔit
swet swet swet swet who; √swet; suwét
sxsxsxsx�+si�+si�+si�+sixxxx�=�=�=�=llllt t t t child; √six�; sx�síx�ult
sx�sx�sx�sx�=ci=ci=ci=cin n n n shore; √sax�; sx�cín
syen syen syen syen count; √syen; siyé, siyén
ssss++++cccc++++����xxxx����uuuuʔp ʔp ʔp ʔp win PL; √�x�up;
sc�ex�úʔp
s+čs+čs+čs+čiiiic+c+n c+c+n c+c+n c+c+n guest; √čic; sčícci;
reduplication of second root
consonant
ssss++++ččččɬɬɬɬ++++tx�tx�tx�tx��=éneʔ �=éneʔ �=éneʔ �=éneʔ straight above PL;
√čɬ, √tox��; sčɬtx��éʔneʔ
s+čw+čw=s+čw+čw=s+čw+čw=s+čw+čw=aaaax�x�x�x�n n n n arms; √čw; sču;čuwáx�i
s+č+sas+č+sas+č+sas+č+sax�x�x�x�+m +m +m +m near; √sax�; sčsáx�əm
s+s+s+s+ččččiiiiɬ+t ɬ+t ɬ+t ɬ+t clay; √čiɬ; sčíɬt
s+s+s+s+ččččut ut ut ut half; √čut; sčút
s+ks+ks+ks+k�es+t �es+t �es+t �es+t name; √k�es; sk�ést
ssss++++kkkk��������=u=u=u=us s s s face; √k��; sk�ə�ús
s+ks+ks+ks+k�s+k��s+k��s+k��s+k�eeeeʔs+t ʔs+t ʔs+t ʔs+t name PL; √k�es;
sk�sk�éʔst
115
ssss++++kkkk�uy �uy �uy �uy mother(male speaking); √k�uy;
sk�úi, sk�úy
ssss++++láláláláq�q�q�q�+i +i +i +i sweat lodge; √laq�; səláq�i
s+s+s+s+llllax�ax�ax�ax�t t t t friend; √lax�; səlá, sla, sláx�t,
səláx�t
s+s+s+s+llllx�x�x�x�a+a+a+a+llllááááx�x�x�x�t t t t friends; √lax�; səlx�aláx�t
ssss++++ɬɬɬɬ++++kkkk����++++kkkk����y�y�y�y�úúúúm�m�m�m�====eeeeʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ child; √k�yum;
sɬk�k�oy�úm�eʔ
ssss++++����++++����úúúúkkkk�+eʔ �+eʔ �+eʔ �+eʔ pitch wood; √�uk�;
s��úk�eʔ
s+ms+ms+ms+mɬ=ič ɬ=ič ɬ=ič ɬ=ič salmon; √mɬ; səmɬíč, səmɬič
ssss++++mx�mx�mx�mx��+up �+up �+up �+up winter; √mx��; səmx��úp
s+m+s+m+s+m+s+m+ʔem ʔem ʔem ʔem woman; √ʔem�; səmʔém,
semʔém
ssss++++néčnéčnéčnéč====ɬɬɬɬcccceeeeʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ cow elk; √neč; sənéčɬceʔ,
sənečɬceʔ
s+ns+ns+ns+nɬɬɬɬ++++wwwwʔʔʔʔiiiis s s s early morning; √wis;
sənɬuʔís; nuis
s+n+s+n+s+n+s+n+ččččllll=ep =ep =ep =ep coyote; √čl; sənčəlé,
senčəlé, sənčəlép
s+n+qc=us+n+qc=us+n+qc=us+n+qc=uɬ ɬ ɬ ɬ lynx; √qc; sənqəcú
ssss++++nnnn++++šššštttt====eeeetktktktk� � � � stand in water; √šit;
sənštétk�
s+ps+ps+ps+pɬ=qin ɬ=qin ɬ=qin ɬ=qin head; √pɬ; spɬqí, spɬqín
s+pw=as+pw=as+pw=as+pw=allll=qn =qn =qn =qn red-headed woodpecker;
√pw; spuwálqən
s+ps+ps+ps+pʔus ʔus ʔus ʔus heart, mind, personality; √pus;
spuʔús
ssss++++p�q�p�q�p�q�p�q�+ni +ni +ni +ni sun; √p�aq�; sp�q�aní
ssss++++p�p�p�p�uuuuʔ+úʔ+úʔ+úʔ+úm m m m fart; √p�uʔ; sp�uʔúm
ssss++++p�x�p�x�p�x�p�x�����++++p�x�p�x�p�x�p�x��ut �ut �ut �ut parents, old; √p�x��ut;
sp�ox��p�ox��út
ssss++++qalqalqalqal====ééééw�w�w�w� beaver; √ql; sqaléʔu
s+qam+ns+qam+ns+qam+ns+qam+n====lscút lscút lscút lscút goods; √qam;
sqamənəlscút
s+qél=ixs+qél=ixs+qél=ixs+qél=ix� � � � people, man; √qel; sqélix�
s+qes+qes+qes+qeʔ+m ʔ+m ʔ+m ʔ+m milk; √qeʔ; sqeʔém
s+qlt+mixs+qlt+mixs+qlt+mixs+qlt+mix� � � � man; √qel; sqaltəmíx�,
sqaltəmíx��
s+ql+qlt+mixs+ql+qlt+mixs+ql+qlt+mixs+ql+qlt+mix� � � � men; √qel;
sqalqaltəmíx�
s+qs+qs+qs+q�á�á�á�á++++qqqq�c=iʔ �c=iʔ �c=iʔ �c=iʔ cotton tail rabbit;
√q�ec; sq�áq�ciʔ; Vogt's definition
s+qs+qs+qs+q�s=eʔ �s=eʔ �s=eʔ �s=eʔ son; √q�s; sq�séʔ
s+sés+sés+sés+séw=new=new=new=neʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ hear something; √sew;
sséuneʔ; the prefix s+ is unanalyzable
s+šes+šes+šes+šen�n�n�n�š š š š stone; √šen�š; sšén�š
s+tes+tes+tes+teʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ thing; √tem�; stéʔ
s+tis+tis+tis+tiɬ+m ɬ+m ɬ+m ɬ+m boat; √tiɬ; stíɬəm, stíləm
s+tis+tis+tis+tiʔɬ+m ʔɬ+m ʔɬ+m ʔɬ+m boat PL; √tiɬ; stíʔɬəm
s+ts+ts+ts+tllllq+q+q+q+eeeem m m m dance; √tlq; stəlqém;
Spokane √trq
116
ssss++++tx�tx�tx�tx�����++++tox�tox�tox�tox�����+t +t +t +t straight; √tox��;
stx��tóx��t
s+tys+tys+tys+tyeeee caribou; √tyaʔ; stiyé
ssss++++ttttllll++++ttttl=l=l=l=aaaaʔ+m ʔ+m ʔ+m ʔ+m thunder; √tl; stəltəlá,
stəltəláʔm
ssss++++ttttúl=ixúl=ixúl=ixúl=ix� � � � ground; √tul; túlix�, stúlix�,
stúlix�u
s+ws+ws+ws+wííííy�y�y�y�+numt+i +numt+i +numt+i +numt+i beautiful; √wy�;
swíʔnumti
s+ws+ws+ws+wllll====šišišiši fire; √wl; so;lší
s+wup=úles+wup=úles+wup=úles+wup=úleʔx� ʔx� ʔx� ʔx� grass; √wup; supúleʔx�
ssss++++wy�wy�wy�wy�+w+w+w+wííííy�y�y�y�+numt+i +numt+i +numt+i +numt+i beautiful; √wy�;
suiʔwíʔnumti
ssss++++w�w�w�w�eeee++++w�w�w�w�ɬ ɬ ɬ ɬ fish; √w�ew�ɬ; suw�éʔuɬ
s+xs+xs+xs+x����llll=ot=qs =ot=qs =ot=qs =ot=qs prarie rabbit; √x�l;
sx�əlótqs; Vogt's definition
ssss++++x�x�x�x�as=lqs as=lqs as=lqs as=lqs moose; √x�es; sx�ásəlqs
ssss++++x�x�x�x�cccc++++x�x�x�x�c+ut c+ut c+ut c+ut companions; √x�c;
sx�cx�cút
ssss++++x�x�x�x��eʔ�eʔ�eʔ�eʔllllí í í í camas in ground; √x��eʔl;
sx��eʔlí
ssss++++x�x�x�x��i�i�i�i++++x�x�x�x��i�i�i�i++++ɬɬɬɬ++++tttt++++tw�tw�tw�tw�ít ít ít ít Sleepy Boy
(name); sx��ix��iɬtətəw�ít,
sx��ix��iɬtətəw�it
s+s+s+s+ʔʔʔʔaaaacx� cx� cx� cx� look; √ʔacx�; sʔácəx�; s+ prefix
possibly ‘intent’
šéyu šéyu šéyu šéyu DEM; šey�u, šéy�u, šéyu
šéšéšéšéʔi ʔi ʔi ʔi that; šeʔi, šéʔ, šeʔ
ššššit it it it make it stand; √šit; št
š�š�š�š�+ip +ip +ip +ip lose; √š�; š�íp
š�š�š�š�+ip=á+ip=á+ip=á+ip=áɬq ɬq ɬq ɬq win; √š�; š�əpá, š�əpáɬq
š�š�š�š�+ip+m +ip+m +ip+m +ip+m lose I5TR; √š�; š�ipəm
š�š�š�š�+ip+nú +ip+nú +ip+nú +ip+nú win; √š�; š�ipənú
š�š�š�š�+ip+nú+ip+nú+ip+nú+ip+núʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ win PL; √š�; š�ipənúʔ
š�š�š�š�=us+m =us+m =us+m =us+m look around; √š�; š�úsəm
ššššy�y�y�y�uuuus+t s+t s+t s+t pass; √šy�us; šiy�úst, šiy�ú
ššššy�y�y�y�uuuuʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ pass by PL; √šy�us; šiy�úʔ
t t t t OBL; tə-, te-, tə; Vogt note 195-199
(1940a:67-68)
ta ta ta ta 5EG; √ta; tá, tá;;, taʔ, taʔa, taʔa-
tam tam tam tam not; √tam
tatatata____pipipipiʔstéʔstéʔstéʔstém� m� m� m� never; tá pi;stém�
ttttáááá____ssss++++q�q�q�q�asíp asíp asíp asíp not long; √q�sípiʔ; tá sq�asíp
tčtčtčtčey� ey� ey� ey� penis; √tčey�; tčéʔi
ttttééééšššš+i+i+i+ilš lš lš lš stand up; √tešlš; téšilš
teteteteʔʔʔʔ++++ssss++++tétététém� m� m� m� possession; √tem�; teʔstém�;
Vogt note 64 (1940a:27-28)
tixtixtixtix� � � � obtain; √tix�; tíx�, tix�; recorded in
Vogt with x�� consistently
tixtixtixtix����++++ɬɬɬɬ++++kkkk�ú�ú�ú�úllll+mn +mn +mn +mn get tool; √tix�,
√k�ul; tix�ɬk�úləmən
tixtixtixtix�+m �+m �+m �+m obtain I5TR; √tix�; tíx�əm,
tíx�əm; intransitive stem
117
tixtixtixtix�+sx�+síx�=�+sx�+síx�=�+sx�+síx�=�+sx�+síx�=llllt t t t have a child; √tix�,
√six�; tix�sx�síx�ult
tixtixtixtix�+s+qél=ix� �+s+qél=ix� �+s+qél=ix� �+s+qél=ix� get people; √tix�,
√qel; tix�sqélix�
tktktktk�ʔut �ʔut �ʔut �ʔut walk; √tk�ʔu; tk�uʔút
ttttllll from; təl-, təl; movement from a
place, Vogt note 193 (1940a:66-67)
ttttllllq+q+q+q+eeeem m m m dance I5TR; √tlq; təlqam,
təlqém, təlqé; Spokane √trq
tma tma tma tma I5TERR; təmá; “interrogative particle
where affirmative answer is
expected” (Vogt 1940a:168)
tštštštš+ilš=+ilš=+ilš=+ilš=ééééw�w�w�w�s s s s oppose; tšilšéʔús, tšilšéʔus
ttttttttqqqq�é�é�é�én�n�n�n�eeeeʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ wood duck; ttq�én�eʔ, ttq�én�é
tutututuʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ crowd; √tuʔ; túʔ
tx�tx�tx�tx�����++++tox�tox�tox�tox�����+t +t +t +t straight; √tox��; tx��tóx��t
tttt++++nnnn++++čnčnčnčn====aw�aw�aw�aw�s=q s=q s=q s=q grab by hair; √čn�;
tənčənáʔusq
t+wit+wit+wit+wič č č č see coming; √wič; twíč
t+wit+wit+wit+wiʔč ʔč ʔč ʔč see coming PL; √wič; twíʔč
tttt++++ʔʔʔʔacx� acx� acx� acx� look over at; √ʔacx�; təʔácəx�
ttttéyeéyeéyeéyeʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ bad; √téyeʔ; téyeʔ
tktktktk�+ncut �+ncut �+ncut �+ncut lie down; √tuk�; tk�əncút,
tk�əncú
tktktktk����++++ukukukuk� � � � fall over; √tuk�; tk�úk�;
reduplication of second root
consonant
tloq�tloq�tloq�tloq�� � � � run away, escape, gush; √tloq��;
təlóq��
ttttuuuukkkk� � � � lie down, fall over; √tuk�; túk�
tuktuktuktuk�+št+wéx� �+št+wéx� �+št+wéx� �+št+wéx� place bet RECP; √tuk�;
tk�əštuwéx�
u u u u and
uuuuɬ=s+pw=ɬ=s+pw=ɬ=s+pw=ɬ=s+pw=áááállll=qn =qn =qn =qn red-headed
woodpecker and group; √pw;
uɬspuwálqən; collective lexical prefix
we we we we although, to no avail, in vain; wé
weweweweʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ shout; √weʔ; wéʔ
wič wič wič wič see; √wič; uíč, wíč
wič+m wič+m wič+m wič+m see I5TR; √wič; wíčəm
wis=šn wis=šn wis=šn wis=šn long; √wis; wísšən
wiwiwiwiʔč+m ʔč+m ʔč+m ʔč+m see PL I5TR; √wič; wíʔčəm
wy� wy� wy� wy� finish; √wiy�; uiʔ-, wiʔ, wíʔ-, wiʔ-
wy�wy�wy�wy�=cin =cin =cin =cin weetseen (finish talking); √wiy�;
wicín;
wy�wy�wy�wy�====eeeečst čst čst čst finish; √wiy�; uy�éčst
wy�wy�wy�wy�+s++s++s++s+ʔʔʔʔel+el+el+el+ʔíʔíʔíʔíɬn ɬn ɬn ɬn finish eating; √wiy�,
√ʔɬn; wiʔselíɬn; -s- compound connector with reduplication of
second root
wy�wy�wy�wy�+s+í+s+í+s+í+s+íʔum ʔum ʔum ʔum finish moving; √wiy�;
wiʔsiíʔum
wy�wy�wy�wy�++++ssss++++ɬɬɬɬx�x�x�x�� � � � finish hole; √wiy�, √ɬox��;
wiʔsɬx��
118
wy�wy�wy�wy�++++ssss++++����++++����eč=cn+m eč=cn+m eč=cn+m eč=cn+m stuck out tongue;
√wiy�, √�eč; uiʔs��éčcənəm
wy�wy�wy�wy�+s+q+s+q+s+q+s+q�l+q�el+t �l+q�el+t �l+q�el+t �l+q�el+t finish talking; √wiy�,
√q�el; wiʔsq�əlq�élt; intransitive stem
xxxx�i�i�i�ičččč give; √x�icš; x�íč
xxxx�ist �ist �ist �ist walk; √x�ist; x�íst, x�st, x�stə
xxxx��������i+m i+m i+m i+m whittle I5TR; √x��; x��ím
xxxx�st+lwis �st+lwis �st+lwis �st+lwis walk around; √x�ist;
x�stəluís
xxxx����ttttip ip ip ip run; √x�t; x�típ
xxxx����tttt++++iiiilš lš lš lš get up; √x�t; x�tílš
xxxx�u �u �u �u all right; x�ú
xxxx�u�u�u�u� � � � all right; x�ú�
xxxx�umíʔ �umíʔ �umíʔ �umíʔ OPT; x�umíʔ; optative particle,
related to k�umi
xxxx�uy �uy �uy �uy go; √x�uy; x�úy, x�úi, x�ui, x�ú
xxxx�úʔuy �úʔuy �úʔuy �úʔuy go PL; √x�uy; x�úʔuy
xxxx�y+x�uy �y+x�uy �y+x�uy �y+x�uy go PL; √x�uy; x�ix�úy,
x�ix�úi, x�ix�ú
xxxx����y�y�y�y�++++xxxx����ey�ey�ey�ey�=ú=ú=ú=úɬ ɬ ɬ ɬ animal; √x�ey;
x�iʔx�ey�úl, x�iʔx�ey�úɬ
xxxx�ʔit �ʔit �ʔit �ʔit much; x�ʔít, x�eʔít, x�uʔít, x�uʔit
x�x�x�x�alíp alíp alíp alíp morning; √x�al; x�a;líp, x�alíp
x�x�x�x�alít alít alít alít ask, invite; √x�lit; x�alit
x�x�x�x�alít+m alít+m alít+m alít+m ask I5TR; √x�lit; x�alítəm
x�x�x�x�amamamam====énč énč énč énč love; √x�m; x�amé
x�x�x�x�amamamam====ééééʔnč ʔnč ʔnč ʔnč love PL; √x�m; x�améʔnč
x�x�x�x�aaaaq�q�q�q�+mn +mn +mn +mn pay; √x�aq�; x�áq�amən
x�x�x�x�c+mn+cut c+mn+cut c+mn+cut c+mn+cut ready; √x�c; x�cəməncút
x�x�x�x�c+nc+nc+nc+nuuuum�m�m�m�+tn +tn +tn +tn clothing; √x�c;
x�cənúʔmtən
x�x�x�x�cccc++++x�x�x�x�c+ic+ic+ic+iʔm ʔm ʔm ʔm gamble PL; √x�c; x�cx�cím�,
x�cx�cəm�
x�x�x�x�ect ect ect ect dig roots; √x�ect; x�éct
x�x�x�x�es+t es+t es+t es+t good; √x�es; x�és, x�é, x�ést
x�x�x�x�eeeeʔn ʔn ʔn ʔn forbid; √x�eʔn
x�x�x�x�i i i i lest; x�í; often occurs with ne
x�x�x�x�iiiiɬɬɬɬn�n�n�n�é é é é maybe; x�iɬn�é; “meaning is
uncertain” (Vogt 1940a:20)
x�x�x�x�i_ne i_ne i_ne i_ne lest; x�í né
x�x�x�x��a �a �a �a maybe; √x��a; x��á
x�x�x�x��a�a�a�a++++x�x�x�x��eʔ+éy �eʔ+éy �eʔ+éy �eʔ+éy laugh; √x��ʔey; x��ax��eʔéi
x�x�x�x�����llll because, for; √x��l; x��əl
x�x�x�x�����q�q�q�q�����====ew�ew�ew�ew�s s s s divide; √x��q��; x��q��éʔus
yapyapyapyap====qíqíqíqín� n� n� n� powwow; √yaʔ; iyapqín�,
yapqín�; verbal form
yayayayaʔaʔ+m+íʔlš ʔaʔ+m+íʔlš ʔaʔ+m+íʔlš ʔaʔ+m+íʔlš gather PL; √yaʔ;
iyaʔaʔmíʔlš; Vogt unsure of transcription
ye ye ye ye this; yé
119
yeyeyeyeʔé ʔé ʔé ʔé this; y�é, yeʔe; Vogt note 201
(1940a:68-69)
yyyyiiiilklklklk� � � � rub; √yilk�
yyyyííííʔum ʔum ʔum ʔum move
yíyíyíyíʔuʔ ʔuʔ ʔuʔ ʔuʔ move
yo yo yo yo so; yó
yom yom yom yom so; yó;;m, yó;m
yoóxyoóxyoóxyoóxwwww sound of running water
yoyoyoyoʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ learn; √yoʔ
yoyoyoyo;+yo;+sc;+yo;+sc;+yo;+sc;+yo;+scúúúút t t t hard; √yoʔ; yo;yo;scút
yuyuyuyucccc+mn +mn +mn +mn red paint; √yuc; yúcəmən,
iyúcəmən, yúcəmi
yyyyʔʔʔʔaaaaʔp ʔp ʔp ʔp arrive PL; √yaʔ; iʔáʔp
y�y�y�y�eeee____ttttɬɬɬɬx�x�x�x��á �á �á �á today; √ɬx��eʔ; yetəɬx��á
ʔʔʔʔacx� acx� acx� acx� look; √ʔacx�; ʔácəx�, ʔácəx�e
ʔʔʔʔacx�acx�acx�acx�+m +m +m +m look I5TR; √ʔacx�; ʔacx�m,
ʔácəx�əm
ʔaw+ʔá+ʔaw ʔaw+ʔá+ʔaw ʔaw+ʔá+ʔaw ʔaw+ʔá+ʔaw say aloud PL; √ʔaw;
ʔauʔáʔau
ʔʔʔʔax�ax�ax�ax�íl íl íl íl do, be a certain way, do a certain
way; √ʔax�il; ʔax�í
ʔʔʔʔax�ax�ax�ax�����++++ʔʔʔʔax�ax�ax�ax��+iyəná(?) �+iyəná(?) �+iyəná(?) �+iyəná(?) (name of a tribe);
ʔáx��ʔax��iyəná, ʔax��ʔax��iyəná
ʔʔʔʔayx�ayx�ayx�ayx��+t �+t �+t �+t get tired; √ʔayx��; ʔaíx��t
ʔe ʔe ʔe ʔe here; √ʔe; əʔé, ʔé; Vogt note 203
(1940a:69)
ʔecʔecʔecʔec++++ssss++++wíš wíš wíš wíš stand SG; √wis; ʔecsuíš
ʔel+ʔíʔel+ʔíʔel+ʔíʔel+ʔíɬn ɬn ɬn ɬn eat PL; √ʔiɬn; elíɬn, ʔelíɬn
ʔemút ʔemút ʔemút ʔemút sit, be home; √ʔemút; ʔemut
ʔenwén+m ʔenwén+m ʔenwén+m ʔenwén+m sense I5TR; √ʔenwén;
enuwénəm
ʔesél ʔesél ʔesél ʔesél two; √ʔesél; esél
ʔet+ʔíʔtš ʔet+ʔíʔtš ʔet+ʔíʔtš ʔet+ʔíʔtš sleep PL; √ʔitš; etíʔtš
ʔewt=úʔs ʔewt=úʔs ʔewt=úʔs ʔewt=úʔs their opponent; √ʔewt;
ʔeutúʔs
ʔiɬn ʔiɬn ʔiɬn ʔiɬn eat; √ʔiɬn; ʔíɬn, íɬn
ʔʔʔʔim�im�im�im�š š š š move camp; √ʔim�š; ʔím�š
ʔitš ʔitš ʔitš ʔitš sleep; √ʔitš; ʔítš, ʔíts
ʔʔʔʔiiiiʔɬn ʔɬn ʔɬn ʔɬn eat PL; √ʔiɬn; ʔíʔɬn
ʔócqeʔ ʔócqeʔ ʔócqeʔ ʔócqeʔ go out; √ʔócqeʔ
ʔóʔlq�eʔ ʔóʔlq�eʔ ʔóʔlq�eʔ ʔóʔlq�eʔ go PL down to the river;
√ʔólq�eʔ; ʔóʔlq�eʔ
ʔus+t ʔus+t ʔus+t ʔus+t dive; √ʔus; ʔúst
ʔus+ʔúʔs+t ʔus+ʔúʔs+t ʔus+ʔúʔs+t ʔus+ʔúʔs+t dive PL; √ʔus; ʔusʔúʔst
ʔuʔs+t ʔuʔs+t ʔuʔs+t ʔuʔs+t dive PL; √ʔus; ʔúʔst
120
3.2 Affixes
This section lists the affixes that occur in the texts. Section 3.2.1 contains
prefixes, 3.2.2 contains suffixes, 3.2.3 contains lexical affixes, and 3.2.4 contains infixes.
For the entries in each section, the affix is listed in alphabetical order and is followed by
its English gloss and then allomorphs and comments, if applicable
3.2.1 Prefixes
Seven prefixes listed in this section (c-, č-, čɬ-, eɬ-, epɬ-, ɬ-, and s-
‘NOMINALIZER’) are derivational and, as such, are not analyzed separately in the texts, but
they are listed here with the inflectional prefixes due to their frequency and transparent
meanings.
cccc---- to
čččč---- person (with numerals)
ččččɬɬɬɬ---- on
eeeeɬɬɬɬ---- back, again
epepepepɬɬɬɬ---- POSS; ep-; Vogt note 146
(1940a:50)
eseseses---- CO5T; hec-, ec-, as-, ʔes-, esə-,
e-, ʔas-; continuative and
resultative verbal prefix with –i, Vogt note 69 (1940a:28-29)
eseseses---- CUST; ʔasə-, ʔasi-; with -st
transitivizer
eseseses---- ACT
hanhanhanhan---- 2SG POSS; an-, a-
hinhinhinhin---- 1SG POSS; in-, i-, y-
ɬɬɬɬ---- DIM
qeqeqeqeʔʔʔʔ---- FUT; qes-
qqqqɬɬɬɬ---- to be; q-, qs-
qsqsqsqs---- FUT; qsə-, q-
ssss---- 5OM; sə-
ssss---- CUST; sə-, si-
121
3.2.2 Suffixes
Nine of the suffixes listed in this section (-ilš, -lwis, -ɬtumš, -min, -mist, -nun,
-(t)n, -um, and -wexw) are derivational and, as such, are not analyzed separately in the
texts, but they are listed here with the inflectional suffixes due to their frequency and
transparent meanings. As mentioned in the introduction, the transitivizers (-ɬt, -nt, -st,
and -št) are derivational but are analyzed separately throughout this thesis.
----eeeem m m m 1PL TRA5S; -ém; strong form of 1PL
TRANS suffix
----emememem PASS; -ém; strong form of PASSIVE
suffix
----en en en en 1SG TRA5S; -én; strong form of 1SG
TRANS SUFFIX
----ep ep ep ep 2PL TRA5S; -ép; strong form of 2PL
TRANS SUFFIX
----es es es es 3TRA5S; -és; number not specified; strong form of 3TRANS suffix
----eeeeʔs ʔs ʔs ʔs 3PL TRA5S; -éʔs
----i i i i CO5T; with es- prefix
----i i i i FUT
----ilš ilš ilš ilš motion
----lms lms lms lms 2PL OBJ; -ɬuləms
----ls ls ls ls 1PL OBJ
----lwis lwis lwis lwis around; -luís
----ɬt ɬt ɬt ɬt TR; -ɬ, -əɬt, -t; possessor
applicative transitivizer
----ɬtumš ɬtumš ɬtumš ɬtumš person; people; -ɬtúmš
----m m m m 1PL TRA5S
----m m m m 2SG OBJ; -əm; occurs after –st
transitivizer
----m m m m A5TIP; -əm
----m m m m PASS; -əm
----min min min min I5STR; -mí, -mi, -əmí
----mist mist mist mist I5TR REFL
----mp mp mp mp 2PL POSS
----n n n n 1SG TRA5S; -ən
----nt nt nt nt TR; -ənt, -ən, -n, -t, -i, -í
----nun nun nun nun success; -ənú, -nu
----p p p p 2PL TRA5S; -əp
----ssss 2SG OBJ; -c
122
----s s s s 3PL OBJ; -eʔs
----s s s s 3POSS; -c; number not specified
----s s s s 3SG OBJ; -tes, -tés
----s s s s 3TRA5S; -es; number not specified
----ssssi i i i 2SG OBJ; -cí; strong form of 2SG OBJ
suffix
----st st st st TR; -t; causative transitivizer
----st st st st CUST
----š š š š SG I5TR IMP; -iš
----št št št št TR; -əšt, -t; benefactive transitivizer
----tttt 1PL TRA5S; occurs after -m
(e.g. -st-m-t TR-2OBJ-1PL)
----(t)n (t)n (t)n (t)n I5ST
----um um um um into; verb forming suffix
----wexwexwexwex���� RECIP
----xxxx� � � � 2SG TRA5S
123
3.2.3 Lexical Affixes
The first three lexical affixes listed here are prefixes; the rest are suffixes. Glosses
for lexical affixes are listed when they could be found, but many lexical affixes do not
have clear meanings. Vogt (1940a) refers to these as “field-suffixes” and lists them, with
notes and examples, on pages 51-56.
č=č=č=č= person
n= n= n= n= often used in combination with
=etk� ‘water’
uuuuɬ= ɬ= ɬ= ɬ= collective; Vogt note 138 (1940a:48)
=alqs =alqs =alqs =alqs shirt, clothes; -lqs, -qs
=alq=alq=alq=alq���� long object, tree, pole
=a=a=a=allll
=a=a=a=aɬqɬqɬqɬq fruit, berry, race, game
=ap=ap=ap=ap
====asq�asq�asq�asq�tttt day, heaven
====ax�ax�ax�ax�nnnn arm, wing
=a=a=a=aʔʔʔʔ
=cn =cn =cn =cn mouth, lips, tongue, speech, food;
-cin
====ččččn�n�n�n�
=čst =čst =čst =čst hand, finger, work; -čstə,
-ečst
====éééélclclclceeeeʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ room, body; -éɬceʔ, -ɬceʔ
=elp=elp=elp=elp cover; -eʔlp
=els=els=els=els
=elt =elt =elt =elt offspring; -lt
=e=e=e=eɬx�ɬx�ɬx�ɬx� skin, hide
=enč =enč =enč =enč stomach, wall
=éne=éne=éne=éneʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ ear; -neʔ
=ep =ep =ep =ep below, bottom of something; -e, -
eʔp
=etk=etk=etk=etk� � � � water; -eʔtk�, -k�
====ew�ew�ew�ew�s s s s middle; -éʔus, -aw�s
=e=e=e=eʔʔʔʔ
====iciciciceeeeʔʔʔʔ all around
=ič=ič=ič=ič
====ičičičičn�n�n�n� back
=ix=ix=ix=ix���� people
=i=i=i=iʔʔʔʔ
124
=lscut =lscut =lscut =lscut clothing
====ɬpɬpɬpɬp tree
====ɬtumšɬtumšɬtumšɬtumš people
=me=me=me=meʔʔʔʔ
=m=m=m=mɬɬɬɬ
=ne=ne=ne=neʔʔʔʔ
=ot=ot=ot=ot
=qin=qin=qin=qin head; -q, -qin�
=s=s=s=s head
=ši=ši=ši=ši
=šn=šn=šn=šn foot
=tč=tč=tč=tč
=ulex=ulex=ulex=ulex� � � � land, earth, ground; -uleʔx�
=u=u=u=uɬɬɬɬ to the extreme
=ups=ups=ups=ups tail, rump
=us =us =us =us eye, face, fire; -s, -uʔs
=u=u=u=usčsčsčsčnnnn thigh; -uʔsč
=wl=wl=wl=wl
125
3.2.4 Infixes
This section lists infixes found in the data. -s- is a compound stem connector –
technically not an infix – but is listed here for convenience.
----ssss---- COMP
----ʔʔʔʔ---- I5CH
----ʔʔʔʔ---- PL
126
3.3 List of Roots
Stems whose roots could be determined are listed in this section, arranged by root.
The roots are arranged in alphabetical order and given glosses. The stems for which I
could not determine roots are not listed in this section. Glosses for roots were taken, for
the most part, from the Spokane Dictionary (Carlson et al.), but for many roots no gloss
could be determined.
√caq√caq√caq√caq put, placed
caq placed
√√√√cilcilcilcilšššš camp
c+ciʔlš camp PL
epɬ+c+cíʔlš have camps
√cim√cim√cim√cim oily, greasy
č+cm+p=els sick from greasy
food
√citx√citx√citx√citx���� house
citx� house
ciʔtx� house PL
√ci√ci√ci√ciʔʔʔʔ that one
ciʔ here, that one
l_ciʔ in here
√cni√cni√cni√cniɬcɬcɬcɬc
cniɬc 3SG
cniʔlc 3PL
√cq√cq√cq√cq
cq+q=us land
cq+q=uʔs land PL
čɬ+cq=etk� on water
čɬ+cq=eʔtk� onto water PL
n+cq=us+m look up
√cuw√cuw√cuw√cuw say
cu say
cu+n+m say
cu+t say
cú+t+i he/she/they said
cúʔ+t+i say PL
√√√√ccccanananan tight
cn+m tight
cn+op tight
cn+p+ma tight
√√√√ccccaq�aq�aq�aq� throw
cq�+m throw
cq�+min throw away
√√√√ccccešešešeš bashful
ceʔéš bashful
√√√√ccccil il il il stand PL
cl=alq� stick game
cl=alq�+m play stick game I5TR
eɬ+cl=álq�+m play stick game
again I5TR
eɬ+t+cl=álq� play stick game
again
es+n+cl=étk� pole in water
127
√√√√cccciiiip�p�p�p� pinch
cip pinch
√√√√ccccssss used up, consumed
cs+ip all gone
cs+p+nu all used up
√√√√ccccwetwetwetwet go after
cwet go after
cwet+m go after I5TR
√√√√ccccʔʔʔʔ
n+ci+ílš upstream
√čelš√čelš√čelš√čelš hand
čelš hand
√če√če√če√čen�n�n�n� where, which
čen do what
čen+m do what I5TR
čen� where
√če√če√če√čeʔɬésʔɬésʔɬésʔɬés three
č+čeʔ+čeʔɬéʔs three people
čeʔɬés three
√čic√čic√čic√čic arrive
čic arrive
čiʔc arrive PL
eɬ+k�ɬ+číc manage to arrive
again
k�ɬ+čic manage to arrive
s+čic+c+n guest
√č√č√č√čɬɬɬɬ
s+čɬ+tx��=éneʔ straight above PL
√čmiš√čmiš√čmiš√čmiš only, just
čmi only
√čnm√čnm√čnm√čnm blind
čnm�=qin blind
√č√č√č√čn�n�n�n� grab, touch
t+n+čn=aw�s=q grab by hair
√čoš√čoš√čoš√čoš shout
čoš+ím he shouted
√čw√čw√čw√čw
s+čw+čw=ax�n arms
√č√č√č√čyyyy
čy+čiy�=éʔ grandmother
epɬ+čy+čiy�=éʔ have a
grandmother
√√√√ččččeeee
čeʔ yet
√√√√ččččeseseses bad, evil
čes=cín+m bad mouth
√√√√ččččiiiiɬɬɬɬ
epɬ+s+číɬ+t have clay
s+čiɬ+t clay
√√√√ččččitititit get close
č+čeʔíʔt near
č+čiʔt+mín go near to
číʔ+čeʔt near, short distance
eɬ+č+čiʔt+mín get close again
eɬ+čʔ+čʔt back from short
distance
√√√√ččččllll
s+n+čl=ep coyote
√√√√ččččluxluxluxlux���� disappear
člux� evening
člux�+m become evening
128
√√√√ččččutututut half
s+čut half
√√√√ččččuwuwuwuw empty, quiet, gone
čuw absent
čw+s+qél=ix� go to gamble
čw+s+qéʔl=ix� go to gamble PL
čw+up stop shouting
√e√e√e√eccccíííín�n�n�n�tttt
ecín�t+m say what I5TR
√hayó√hayó√hayó√hayó
hayó oh my
√hoy√hoy√hoy√hoy finished, all done, completed
eɬ+hóy finish again
hoy then, stop, finished
hoy+hóy stop
√√√√hoy�hoy�hoy�hoy�
oy�+ncút laugh
√k√k√k√k����ecececec night, dark
eɬ+k�+k�ʔéc tomorrow night
k�+k�ʔec get dark
√k√k√k√k����enenenen take, grab
k�en take, grab, catch
k�en=él take, grab, catch
k�en+nú manage to catch
k�in+s+qél=ix� grab person
√k√k√k√k����eseseses name
s+k�es+t name
s+k�s+k�eʔs+t name PL
√k√k√k√k����ilililil red, heat
k�il=lqs red shirt
√k√k√k√k�������� slip
s+k��=us face
√k√k√k√k����tuntuntuntun big
k�tun+t big
√√√√kkkk����enenenen
k�en=čst+míst get ready
√√√√kkkk����eeeen�n�n�n� try, test, choose
k�n�=čst+mist+(t)n try by hand
√√√√kkkk����inšinšinšinš several
k�inš=ásq�t several days
√√√√kkkk����ɬɬɬɬ
eɬ+k�ɬ+číc manage to arrive
again
k�ɬ+čic manage to arrive
k�ɬ+�eʔéč appear
k�ɬ+�eʔéč+č appear
k�ɬ+paʔx� deliberate
k�ɬ+tal make rites
k�ɬ+yem�+m� hesitate
k�ɬn+q��om+í leave suddenly
√√√√kkkk����� � � � appear, come out, come off
n+k�u�=ús unplug
√√√√kkkk����uuuullll work, create
k�ul work, create
k�ul+m work I5TR
tix�+ɬ+k�úl+mn get tool
√√√√kkkk����uyuyuyuy
s+k�uy mother
√√√√kkkk����yumyumyumyum young, small
ɬ+k�+k�y�úm�=eʔ small
s+ɬ+k�+k�y�úm�=eʔ child
129
√lap√lap√lap√lap
laáp paddle, travel by boat
√la√la√la√laq�q�q�q� bury, peel
s+láq�+i sweat lodge
√lem√lem√lem√lem glad
lem+t glad
√li√li√li√ličččč tie
lč+lč tie PL
√lk√lk√lk√lk����uuuu far away
lk�u+t it is far
√lu√lu√lu√lukkkk���� stick of wood
luk� stick of wood
√l√l√l√lʔʔʔʔewewewew (man’s) father
epɬ+lʔéu have a father
lʔéu father
√√√√llllax�ax�ax�ax�
s+lax�t friend
s+lx�a+láx�t friends
√√√√ɬɬɬɬaqaqaqaq sit
ɬaq+q sit down I5CH
ɬáqš+ilš sit down
ɬaʔq+q sit down PL
√√√√ɬɬɬɬaaaaq�q�q�q����� show, be visible
ɬaq��+m=úleʔx� come into open
space
√√√√ɬɬɬɬeeeeʔʔʔʔ close to, next to
n+ɬeʔ=ús+m turn back I5TR
√√√√ɬɬɬɬiiiicccc thrash, whip
ɬc whip
√√√√ɬɬɬɬoooox�x�x�x����� opened, hole
ɬx�� hole
wy�+s+ɬx�� finish hole
√√√√ɬɬɬɬuuuuʔʔʔʔ stab, pierce
ɬuʔ+mín+tn spear
n=ɬuʔ=étk�+m spear in water
√√√√ɬɬɬɬx�x�x�x�����eeeeʔʔʔʔ now, today
ɬiʔe_tɬx��é today
y�e_tɬx��á today
√√√√ɬɬɬɬx�x�x�x�����uuuup�p�p�p� escape, dash out
n+ɬx��p+m=ép=uʔsčn escape
below thighs
√√√√����ečečečeč show, be visible
c+�eʔč+m rise CISLOC
c+�éč=qin+m stick head through
eɬ+c+�éč=qin+m stick head
through again I5TR
epɬ+es+�éč=qin+m head
showing I5TR
k�ɬ+�eʔéč appear
k�ɬ+�eʔéč+č appear
�+�čím�=qin stick head up
�+�eč=cn+m stick out tongue
wy�+s+�+�eč=cn+m stuck out
tongue
√√√√����eeeeʔʔʔʔ look for
�eʔ+�eʔ=ús look around
�eʔ+�eʔ=ús+m look around I5TR
√√√√����ilililil still, unmoving, quiet
c+�l+p stop
�il dead, motionless
n+�l=etk� drown
√√√√����uuuukkkk����
s+�+�úk�+eʔ pitch wood
130
√√√√����xxxx����upupupup
�x�up win
�x�uʔp win PL
�x�uʔp+m win PL I5TR
s+c+�x�uʔp win PL
√√√√����yeyeyeyeʔʔʔʔ canoe
�iyéʔ bark canoe
√ma√ma√ma√maw�w�w�w� break, take apart
maʔw� take off PL, break PL
√me√me√me√meʔʔʔʔ bother, pester
meʔ=éčst=mɬ+ls bother people
√mi√mi√mi√miɬɬɬɬ very, a lot, extreme
miɬ too, very
√miy√miy√miy√miy know, tell, repeat
miy know
miy+m know I5TR
miy+p+nú find out
n+miy+ép+m told on
√m√m√m√mllll bleed, flow
eɬ+mál bubble again
mal bubble
ml+tx��+mi+ʔ flow straight
√m√m√m√mɬɬɬɬ
epɬ+s+mɬ=íč place that has
salmon
s+mɬ=ič salmon
√√√√moq�moq�moq�moq�� � � � mountain
n+mq��=ups big rump
√m√m√m√mx�x�x�x����� snow
s+mx��+up winter
√meye√meye√meye√meyeʔʔʔʔ show, tell, teach
méye tell
√nas√nas√nas√nas wet
naʔás get wet
√neč√neč√neč√neč
s+néč=ɬceʔ cow elk
√nex√nex√nex√nex���� also
nex� also
√ni√ni√ni√ničččč cut
n+nič=s cut off head
√n√n√n√nkkkk����uuuuʔʔʔʔ one, once
nk�=alq� one pole
nk�=asq�t one day
nk�=eɬx� one house
nk�uʔ one
√no√no√no√nox�x�x�x�����
nox��+nx�� wife
nx��+nx��=ew�s married couple
√n√n√n√nplehmpplehmpplehmpplehmp you PL
npleʔ 2PL
√nt√nt√nt√nt
nt=els think
√pas√pas√pas√pas amazed, speechless
ps+ap scared
√√√√pax�pax�pax�pax� smart, wise
k�ɬ+paʔx� deliberate
√pew√pew√pew√pew inflate, swell
pw+pew+lš breathe
131
√pilš√pilš√pilš√pilš enter
eɬ+n+pílš reenter
√pk√pk√pk√pk����
es+č+pk�=íčn� throw rocks
√pl√pl√pl√pl float, drift in water
pl+ip drift along
√p√p√p√pɬɬɬɬ thick, dense
s+pɬ=qin head
√puls√puls√puls√puls kill, fight
puls kill
√pus√pus√pus√pus
epɬ+s+pʔús decide
s+pʔus heart, mind, personality
√put√put√put√put
put just
√pw√pw√pw√pw
pw=els=čn buck
s+pw=al=qn red-headed
woodpecker
uɬ=s+pw=ál=qn red-headed
woodpecker and group
√p√p√p√px�x�x�x����� distribute, dole out
px��+mn+cut disperse
√√√√p�p�p�p�aaaaq�q�q�q� shiny, sparkly
s+p�q�+ni sun
√√√√p�p�p�p�aaaay�y�y�y�aqaqaqaq ripe, baked, bread
p�y�aq cooked, ripe
√√√√p�p�p�p�ililililčččč turned around, turned over
eɬ+c+p�lč=ús turn back
eɬ+c+p�lč=ús+m turn back I5TR
p�ilč=ús+m turn back I5TR
√√√√p�p�p�p�iiii���� bare, uncovered, exposed
č+p��é=čst+min let go of
p�e=čst+m let go
√√√√p�p�p�p�inininin long cylindrical objects on the ground
n+p�in lay in
√√√√p�p�p�p�umumumum tan (color)
p�um tan (color)
√√√√p�p�p�p�uuuuʔʔʔʔ stink, fart
n+p�uʔ=étk�+m fart in water
p�uʔ+úm fart
s+p�uʔ+úm fart
√√√√p�p�p�p�x�x�x�x�����utututut mature, old, wise
p�x��+p�x��ut parents
p�x��t+ilš grew up
p�x��ut parent
s+p�x��+p�x��ut parents, old
√qam√qam√qam√qam
s+qam+n=lscút goods
√qc√qc√qc√qc shrink
s+n+qc=uɬ lynx
√qel√qel√qel√qel body, mass
čw+s+qél=ix� go to gamble
čw+s+qéʔl=ix� go to gamble PL
epɬ+s+qlt+míx� have a husband
k�in+s+qél=ix� grab person
n+ʔiɬn+s+qél=ix� man-eater
n+ʔiɬn+s+qél=ix�+tn man-eater
s+ql+qlt+mix� men
s+qlt+mix� man
tix�+s+qél=ix� get people
s+qél=ix� people, man
132
√qe√qe√qe√qey�y�y�y�ssss dream
qey�s dream
√qe√qe√qe√qeʔʔʔʔ suck, nurse
s+qeʔ+m milk
√qe√qe√qe√qeʔʔʔʔnplénplénplénpléʔʔʔʔ we
qeʔnpléʔ 1PL
√qi√qi√qi√qiɬɬɬɬ awaken
qiɬ wake up
qiɬ+qɬ+t awake
qiɬ+t awake
√ql√ql√ql√ql
s+qal=éw� beaver
√q√q√q√qllllwetwetwetwet stand on, step on
qaluwét+m step I5TR
√qmin√qmin√qmin√qmin lay something down
qmin lay
√qp√qp√qp√qp
qp=éɬceʔ dish
√√√√q�q�q�q�eeeeyyyy live, have camp set up
es+q�éy there is a house, people
live, camp
q�ey build a house
√√√√q�q�q�q�eeeeʔʔʔʔ pinched, squeezed, crowded
č+q�eʔ=éls+m pay attention
eɬ+ʔn+q�eʔ=ús stick in again
√√√√q�q�q�q�llll
es+čɬ+q�l+íʔ lake
√√√√q�q�q�q�mmmm swallow, gulp
q�am+q�am+ílš discuss PL
√√√√q�q�q�q�sípisípisípisípiʔʔʔʔ a long time, a long time ago
tá_s+q�asíp not long
√q√q√q√q�am�am�am�am wonderful
q�am+q�m+t wonderful
√q√q√q√q�ásq�iʔ�ásq�iʔ�ásq�iʔ�ásq�iʔ bluejay
q�ásqwi bluejay
√q√q√q√q�ay�ay�ay�ay blue, green
q�ay blue
√q√q√q√q�ec�ec�ec�ec warm
eɬ+q�ʔéc warm again
s+q�á+q�c=iʔ cotton tail rabbit
√q√q√q√q�el�el�el�el talk, give a speech
q�l+q�el talk
q�l+q�el+t talk I5TR
wy�+s+q�l+q�el+t finish talking
√q√q√q√q�ew�ew�ew�ew drunk, crazy, senseless
q�ew+w crazy
√q√q√q√q�il�il�il�il cheat
q�il cheat
√q√q√q√q�i�i�i�im�m�m�m� always in a hurry
q�im�m� anxious for, in a hurry
√q√q√q√q�i�i�i�in�n�n�n� ugly, poor, pitiful
n+q�n�n�+min pity
q�n�+q�in�+t poor, pitiful
q�n�+q�n�+s=cin ask for pity
√q√q√q√q����llll
q�l=eʔp blacken PL
√q√q√q√q�m�m�m�m die PL
q�m+iʔp die PL
133
√q√q√q√q�s�s�s�s
s+q�s=eʔ son
√q√q√q√q�uyʔe�uyʔe�uyʔe�uyʔe I, me
q�uyeʔé 1SG
√√√√q�q�q�q��ay�ay�ay�ay black
q��ay black
q��y+q��ay buffalo
q��y+q��ay+stm�á buffalo cow
√√√√q�q�q�q��eɬ�eɬ�eɬ�eɬ carried on the back
eɬ+q��ɬ+čí carry back on back
eɬ+q��ɬ+q��éɬt+m carry back PL
on back
√√√√q�q�q�q��m�m�m�m
eɬ+q��m=ép+m leave again
suddenly
k�ɬn+q��om+í leave suddenly
q��m=ep+m leave suddenly
√√√√q�q�q�q��u�u�u�um�m�m�m� take, grab
eɬ+q��úm� take back
√√√√sax�sax�sax�sax� near
s+č+sax�+m near
sx�=cin shore
√sa√sa√sa√sax�x�x�x����� split in little pieces
sax�� split wood
√sew√sew√sew√sew ask
sew ask
séw=neʔ hear something
sew+núʔmt ask information
s+séw=neʔ hear something
√sew√sew√sew√sewɬɬɬɬ
sewɬ=k� water
√sic√sic√sic√sic new, right now
sic finally, new
√six√six√six√six���� pour
n+síx�+uʔ pour
sx�+six�=lt child
tix�+sx�+síx�=lt have a child
√sul √sul √sul √sul cold
súʔit cold
√sux√sux√sux√sux���� know, understand, recognize
sux� know, understand, recognize
súx�=meʔ measure
√swet√swet√swet√swet who
swet who
√sy√sy√sy√sy smart, able, industrious
si+siy=ús smart
√syen√syen√syen√syen count out loud
syen count
√še√še√še√šen�n�n�n�šššš stone
s+šen�š stone
√šin√šin√šin√šin accompany
č+šin follow
č+šin+min go with
eɬ+č+šín follow back
eɬ+č+šin+ím follow back I5TR
√ši√ši√ši√šitttt stand upright
s+n+št=etk� stand in water
šit make it stand
√šl√šl√šl√šl chop
epɬ+šil+mín have axe
134
√šlč√šlč√šlč√šlč turn, circle, rotate
eɬ+šilč+mn+cút turn self around
√š√š√š√š����̕ straight
š�=us+m look around
√š√š√š√š����̕ beat in a competition, win
š�+ip lose
š�+ip=áɬq win
š�+ip+m lose I5TR
š�+ip+nú win
š�+ip+núʔ win PL
√š√š√š√šy�y�y�y�usususus pass by, take a route
šy�us+t pass
šy�uʔ pass by PL
√ta√ta√ta√ta no
ta 5EG
√ta√ta√ta√tallll
k�ɬ+tal make rites
√tam√tam√tam√tam not
qs+tam definitely not
tam not
√tče√tče√tče√tčey�y�y�y� urinate
tčey� penis
√te√te√te√tem�m�m�m� thing
s+teʔ thing
teʔ+s+tém� possession
√teš√teš√teš√teš33 stand
téš+ilš stand up
33 The Spokane Dictionary (Carlson et al.) lists
the root as √tešilš; it is analyzed here as root
√teš with derivational suffix of motion +ilš
√tew√tew√tew√tew little
ɬ+t+tw�+it young boy
√ti√ti√ti√tiɬɬɬɬ
s+tiɬ+m boat
s+tiʔɬ+m boat PL
√tix√tix√tix√tix���� get, obtain
sc+tix� gathered stuff
tix� obtain
tix�+ɬ+k�úl+mn get tool
tix�+m obtain I5TR
tix�+s+qél=ix� get people
tix�+sx�+síx�=lt have a child
√tk√tk√tk√tk�ʔu�ʔu�ʔu�ʔu walk PL
tk�ʔut walk
√t√t√t√tllllqqqq kick
n+tl+tlq=ap+ncút jump around
s+tlq+em dance
tlq+em dance I5TR
√to√to√to√tox�x�x�x����� straight
čitɬ_x��á_n+tx��=qín past noon
č+tax��+l+mncút+m go up to
ml+tx��+mi+ʔ flow straight
n+tx��=qín noon
s+čɬ+tx��=éneʔ straight above PL
s+tx��+tox��+t straight
tx��+tox��+t straight
√tu√tu√tu√tuʔʔʔʔ stuffed, crowded
tuʔ crowd
√tya√tya√tya√tyaʔʔʔʔ
s+tye caribou
√tyeš√tyeš√tyeš√tyeš creep, crawl
c+n+tyeš crawl towards
135
√√√√ttttéyeéyeéyeéyeʔʔʔʔ bad, ornery
téyeʔ bad
√√√√ttttllll
s+tl+tl=aʔ+m thunder
√√√√ttttlolololoq�q�q�q����� run from danger
tloq�� run away, escape, gush
√√√√ttttpppp upright PL, standing up PL
c+tp+p standing up PL
√√√√tttteeeekkkk���� come out, rise to the top, emerge
čɬ+tk�+k�=etk� come to surface
of water
eɬ+teʔék� resurface I5CH
√√√√ttttuuuukkkk���� set down, laid down
c+tk�+ncut lie down
č+tk�=ep+m put by side
č+tk�+k�=eʔlp+m put up camp
PL
eɬ+tuk�+št+wéx� place bet again
RECP
tk�+ncut lie down
tk�+uk� fall over
tuk� lie down, fall over
tuk�+št+wéx� place bet RECP
√√√√ttttulululul earth, dirt, ground
s+túl=ix� ground
√we√we√we√weʔʔʔʔ call, shout
weʔ shout
√wič√wič√wič√wič see
t+wič see coming
t+wiʔč see coming PL
wič see
wič+m see I5TR
wiʔč+m see PL I5TR
√wis√wis√wis√wis high up
s+nɬ+wʔis early morning
wis=šn long
ʔec+s+wiš stand SG
√wi√wi√wi√wiy�y�y�y� finish
wy� finish
wy�=cin weetseen
wy�=ečst finish
wy�+s+ʔel+ʔíɬn finish eating
wy�+s+ɬx�� finish hole
wy�+s+íʔum finish moving
wy�+s+q�l+q�el+t finish talking
wy�+s+�+�eč=cn+m stuck out
tongue
√wl√wl√wl√wl burn
es=wl=ús fireplace
s+wl=ši fire
√wnex√wnex√wnex√wnex����34343434 yes
n+wnex�=éneʔ believe
√wup√wup√wup√wup hairy, fuzzy
s+wup=úleʔx� grass
√w√w√w√wy�y�y�y� beautiful, handsome
s+wíy�+numt+i beautiful
s+wy�+wíy�+numt+i beautiful
√√√√w�w�w�w�eeeew�w�w�w�ɬɬɬɬ
s+w�e+w�ɬ fish
√x√x√x√x�ey�ey�ey�ey
x�y�+x�ey�=úɬ animal
34 The Spokane Dictionary (Carlson et al.) lists
the root as √ʔunex�, but the glottal stop does not occur in the stem or in cognate roots in other
Salishan languages. The entry in Vogt’s
dictionary is unéxw.
136
√x√x√x√x�i�i�i�iccccšššš give
eɬ+x�íc give back
x�ič give
√x√x√x√x�ist�ist�ist�ist walk SG
n+x�ist=élceʔ walk in the room
x�ist walk
x�st+lwis walk around
√x√x√x√x����llll
s+x�l=ot=qs prarie rabbit
√x√x√x√x�������� ̕ whittle
x��i+m whittle I5TR
√x√x√x√x����tttt run, arise
č+x�t+p+min jump on
č+x�t+p+m+s+qél=ix� rush at
eɬ+č+x�t+p+mín jump on again
x�t+ilš get up
x�tip run
√x√x√x√x�uy�uy�uy�uy go
c+x�uy come
č+x�uy+mn go up to
eɬ+c+x�úy come again
eɬ+x�úy go back
x�uy go
x�úʔuy go PL
x�y+x�uy go PL
√√√√x�x�x�x�alalalal be light, be clear
x�alíp morning
√√√√x�x�x�x�aaaaq�q�q�q� pay
x�aq�+mn pay
√√√√x�x�x�x�cccc gamble
x�c+x�c+iʔm gamble PL
√√√√x�x�x�x�c c c c get dressed, get ready
x�c+mn+cut ready
x�c+num�+tn clothing
√√√√x�x�x�x�c c c c partners, companions
s+x�c+x�c+ut companions
√√√√x�x�x�x�ectectectect dig roots
x�ect dig roots
√√√√x�x�x�x�elelelel fear, be afraid
n+x�eɬ be afraid
n+x�íl+min get scared
√√√√x�x�x�x�eseseses good
č+x�s=íceʔ well-dressed
s+x�as=lqs moose
x�es+t good
√√√√x�x�x�x�eeeeʔnʔnʔnʔn warn, caution, forbid
x�eʔn forbid
√√√√x�x�x�x�litlitlitlit invite
x�alít ask, invite
x�alít+m ask I5TR
√√√√x�x�x�x�mmmm like, love
x�am=énč love
x�am=éʔnč love PL
√√√√x�x�x�x�����aaaa maybe
x��a maybe
√√√√x�x�x�x�����eeeeʔlʔlʔlʔl
s+x��eʔlí camas in ground
√√√√x�x�x�x�����llll for
x��l because, for
√√√√x�x�x�x�����q�q�q�q�����
x��q��=ew�s divide
137
√√√√x�x�x�x�����ʔeyʔeyʔeyʔey laugh PL
č+x��a+x��eʔ+ey+mín laugh PL
x��a+x��eʔ+éy laugh
√yal√yal√yal√yal round
č+yl+yal=s+m look at with big
eyes
√ya√ya√ya√yaʔʔʔʔ gathered, accumulated
eɬ+yʔáp go back
eɬ+yʔáʔp arrive again PL
es+n+yʔ+áp forever
es+ya+p=qín�+i powwow
es+yáʔ every
yap=qín� powwow
yaʔaʔ+m+íʔlš gather PL
yʔaʔp arrive PL
√ye√ye√ye√yem�m�m�m� worry
k�ɬ+yem�+m� hesitate
√yilk√yilk√yilk√yilk���� rub in a circular motion, wind
yilk� rub
√yix√yix√yix√yix�m�m�m�m35 cold weather
čɬ+yix�m=ús be cold all over
√y√y√y√yiiiixxxx���� covet, envy
č+ɬ+yiʔx�+t+m envy PL
√yo√yo√yo√yoʔʔʔʔ strong
yo;+yo;+scút hard
√yo√yo√yo√yoʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ learn
yoʔ learn
35 I analyze =us as a lexical suffix here but in the
Spokane Dictionary (Carlson et al.) =us is
included as part of the root √yix�mus.
√yu√yu√yu√yucccc
epɬ+yúc+mn have red paint
yuc+mn red paint
√√√√ʔaʔaʔaʔacx�cx�cx�cx� watch, look at
eɬ+es+t+n+ʔacx�=étk�+m look
back in water
s+ʔacx� look
t+ʔacx� look over at
ʔacx� look
ʔacx�+m look I5TR
√√√√ʔanwiʔanwiʔanwiʔanwi you
anwíʔ 2SG
√√√√ʔawʔawʔawʔaw name, say aloud, read
ʔaw+ʔá+ʔaw say aloud PL
√√√√ʔaʔaʔaʔax�x�x�x�ílílílíl be a certain way, do a certain way
ax�+ax�=tč+m work PL I5TR
ec+ʔax�í like
ʔax�íl do, be a certain way, do a
certain way
√√√√ʔayʔayʔayʔayx�x�x�x����� tired
ʔayx��+t get tired
√√√√ʔeʔeʔeʔe here
ʔe here
√√√√ʔeʔeʔeʔellll try, test, experiment with
eɬ+éli try again
√√√√ʔeʔeʔeʔem�m�m�m� feed
s+m+ʔem woman
√√√√ʔemútʔemútʔemútʔemút sit SG, stay SG, be at home SG
ʔemút sit, be home
138
√√√√ʔenwénʔenwénʔenwénʔenwén feel, sense
ʔenwén+m sense I5TR
√√√√ʔesélʔesélʔesélʔesél two
č+ʔesél two
ʔesél two
√√√√ʔewtʔewtʔewtʔewt
ʔewt=úʔs their opponent
√√√√ʔiɬnʔiɬnʔiɬnʔiɬn eat
č+ʔiɬn+nk�=éɬceʔ eat one
eɬ+ʔíɬn eat again
ɬ+ʔiʔɬ eat DIM
n+ʔiɬn+s+qél=ix� man-eater
n+ʔiɬn+s+qél=ix�+tn man-eater
qs+ʔiɬn food
sc+ʔiɬn food
wy�+s+ʔel+ʔíɬn finish eating
ʔel+ʔíɬn eat PL
ʔiɬn eat
ʔiʔɬn eat PL
√√√√ʔiʔiʔiʔim�m�m�m�šššš move
ʔim�š move camp
√√√√ʔitšʔitšʔitšʔitš sleep, asleep
ʔet+ʔíʔtš sleep PL
ʔitš sleep
√√√√ʔócqeʔʔócqeʔʔócqeʔʔócqeʔ go out
eɬ+ʔócqeʔ go out again
ʔócqeʔ go out
√√√√ʔolq�ʔolq�ʔolq�ʔolq� assist
olq�+š+scút+n helper
√√√√ʔólq�eʔʔólq�eʔʔólq�eʔʔólq�eʔ go down toward the water
ʔóʔlq�eʔ go PL down to the river
√√√√ʔúk�uʔʔúk�uʔʔúk�uʔʔúk�uʔ bring, take
c+ʔúk�u bring
√√√√ʔuɬx�ʔuɬx�ʔuɬx�ʔuɬx� enter, go in
eɬ+n+ʔúɬx� go back in
n+ʔuɬx� go in
√√√√ʔusʔusʔusʔus dive
eɬ+n+ʔús+miʔ dive again
es+ʔus+ʔús+t dive PL
ʔus+t dive
ʔus+ʔúʔs+t dive PL
ʔuʔs+t dive PL
139
REFERE�CES
Bergsland, Knut. 1989. In memoriam Hans Vogt (in Notes and Reviews). International
Journal of American Linguistics, 55:83-85.
Carlson, Barry F. 1972. A grammar of Spokan: A Salish language of Eastern
Washington. Working Papers in Linguistics, v. 4 no. 4. Honolulu: University of
Hawaii.
Carlson, Barry F., Pauline Flett and Deirdre Black. n.d. Spokane dictionary. (MS)
Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.). 2005. Ethnologue: languages of the world, fifteenth
edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL Internaional. Online version:
http://www.ethnologue.com.
Vogt, Hans. 1940a. The Kalispel Language, An Outline of the Grammar with Texts,
Translations, and Dictionary. Oslo: Norske Videnskaps-Akademi.
-----. 1940b. Salishan studies: Comparative notes on Kalispel, Spokan, Colville, and
Coeur d’Alene. Oslo: Norske Videnskaps-Akademi.