-D .AI -D . KTAMAO ` PHY ˆ˛

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INTRODUCTIONAN

CAODAISMTO

To` Tan .apLIn . Theoai ˆ BAn

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Nan ˘ 1971am

SMITHB.RALPHPROFESSOR

-D´ manh ´ lay .ai: Thiˆ Len ´ By ˛ Tuu oabınhTr` ay: Hˆ T&Lanong ˆ Han ˛ung

Xˆ chep ˛u: TypeSetterH&L-D´ tong .ap: eBookerH&LL` tam .ai: U.S.A.-Chicago

Copyright LondonofUniversity—2006

ProfessorSMITHB.RALPH

biographyshortAby

BrownIanProfHistory,ofDepartmentofHead

LondonofUniversity

bornwasJanuary,indiedwhoSmith,RalphattendedHeYorkshire.Bingley,in1939May9on

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com-teachingaupbuildingtohimselfdevoteddevelop-toandhistoryAsianEastSouthinpetence

heVietnam;ofhistorytheinexpertiseresearchaingandVietnamesemodernofcommandaacquiredalso

madehe1966InChinese.classicalofstudythebegananandVietnam,tovisitsresearchmanyoffirstthe

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5SMITHB.RALPHPROFESSORCAODAISMTOINTRODUCTIONAN4

esta-articles,specialistofnumberawithtogetherVietnam.ofhistoriananasreputationhisblished

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atocontributionmajoraisthisform,truncatedthisinandachievementthisofrecognitionInsubject.hugepro-wasRalphfocus,scholarlyhisinshifttheof

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19702,PartXXXIIIVol.BULLETIN

THEOFORIENTALOFSCHOOL

STUDIESAFRICANANDLONDONOFUNIVERSITYbyPublished

OFSCHOOLTHESTUDIESAFRICANANDORIENTAL

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political)(andreligionsVietnamesetheasWesternersCaoda-aslanguagesEuropeaninknownmovement

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7SMITHB.RALPHPROFESSORCAODAISMTOINTRODUCTIONAN6

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9SMITHB.RALPHPROFESSORCAODAISMTOINTRODUCTIONAN8

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IIPARTCaotheofinaugurationformalThe -D` reli-ai

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11SMITHB.RALPHPROFESSORCAODAISMTOINTRODUCTIONAN10

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manawasCaodaismoffounderofficialTheTwithdotolittleveryhadwho ˆ NgwasHeay-Ninh. o

V˘ Chian ˆ Ngasknownsometimes(1878-1932),eu oChiMinh ˆ colo-FrenchtheinofficialVietnameseaeu,

rice-aofsonTheCochinchina.ofadministrationnialınh-TB`atbornwasheemployee,mill ˆ (Chay ˛

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It1931).[12]inretirementhistill1923(fromSaigonPhonwas u-Quˆ theofadeptanbecamefirsthethatoc

Cao-spirit -Dai.atraditionallywasspiritsofevocationThe

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especiallysome,thanseriouslymoreittakenhavetomeansthisbysoughthewhen1917aboutafter

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sinspirit,thatwithcontactsfurthermadehe ´ ateancesMoftombthe .ac-C ˛ hadwhorefugeeMing(theuu

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ofAprilinandvegetarianism;ofdisciplinetheadoptadopttohimledwhichvisionthehadheyearthat

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tospiritthisofimportancetheofconfidentcientlyThoseworship.itstofriendshisconverttobegin

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˛

atschoolprimaryaofchargeinwaswhoan,Cˆ (Chau-Kho ˛

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Catcial ˆan-Giu . (Choc ˛

.o-L ˛´ ofDecemberinThenon).[15]Ngyear,that ˆ ChiMinho ˆ quiteabyvisitedwaseu

Phtheasknownadepts,spiritistofgroupseparate o-canwethatmeetingthatfromisitandgroup,LoananasCaodaismofbeginningsthedateperhaps

(JanuarymonthfollowingThemovement.organizedCao-ofcultthe1926), -D` organizedbetobeganai

Lofleadershiptheunder ˆ Ve ˘ Trung.anislittleconvertsearlytheofsomeAbout

fewabutprofession;andnamestheirbeyondknown

13SMITHB.RALPHPROFESSORCAODAISMTOINTRODUCTIONAN12

amongstNotabledepth.greaterinstudiedbecanNguywasthem ˆ Ngen . Toc ˛u ˛ offi-an(1881-1951),ong

Ngasgenerationsametheaboutofcial ˆ ChiMinho eu,similar.respectsmanyinwascareerwhoseoneand

An-HatBorn . Boftownthenearoi, ˆ washeen-Tre,theatFrenchinandhomeatChineseineducated

coll` Mofeges ˜ HeChasseloup-Laubat.andy-Thofromand1902,inserviceadministrativetheentered

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interestingly(andtherewashewhilstwasItdian.[16]Ngthatyearssametheweretheseenough, ˆ Minho

Chiˆ Phonspenteu u-Quˆ anleadtobeganhethatoc)Minh-Stheofreligionthestudytoandlifeascetic ˛u

Chiwhichwithsect, ˆ connexions.[17]hadalsohadeuofofficedistrictthetotransferredwashe1924In

Cˆan-Giu . insaidisit1927:tillremainedhewhereoc,Cfrommovedwasliethatbiographyhis ˆan-Giu . tooc

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andreligion,orcultureChineseineducationCatholics.originallywerethemofsomeapparently

when1925,AugustorJulyinthemwithmeetfirstWe

EuropeantheinspiritismpractisingweretheytwoTheouija-board.[18]theusingis,thatmanner:Caoweregrouptheinfiguresprominentmost

Qu` Cynh ˛ atofficerailwaytheinclerka(1887-1929),uPhandSaigon, . Cam ˆ Tong ˘ aheldwho(1893-1958),ac

Phdepartment.customstheinpositionsimilar .amCˆ Tong ˘ group,theofmembersotherprobablyandac,

Ngthangenerationyoungerslightlyatobelonged oChiMinh ˆ Nguyandeu ˆ Ngen . Toc ˛u ˛ bornwasHeong.

Tin ˆ ser-governmententeredhadandprovince,an-Andepartmentcustomstheinservedhe1910:invice

toretiredhewhen1928,JanuaryuntilthenfromnobywasheAlthoughreligion.totimehisalldevoteanmerelynotwashe1926,bymanyoungameans

spirit-soforganizer ´ him-mediumaalsobuteances,sug-careerwholehisnotwithstanding,Thisself.[19]reli-thanpoliticsininterestedmorewashethatgests

hestagethisatwhetherclearnotisitthoughgion,pretender,Vietnamesetheofsupporteraalreadywas

CPrince ˛u ˛ong--Dˆ

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careertheofsaidbemustsomethingFinally,Lof ˆ Ve ˘ roughlyofwastooHe(1875-1934).Trungan

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.o-L ˛onPhof(cantonprovince ˛u ˛oc--Diˆ thewasheen-Trung),

hardthroughablewasbutfarmer,smallaofsonCollthetoentrygaintostudy ` Chasseloup-Laubatege

admin-theenteredHe1893.ingraduatedhewhencebyadvancedandafterwards,soonserviceistrativetoleftheyearthatinBut1905.untilstagesnormalthe

15SMITHB.RALPHPROFESSORCAODAISMTOINTRODUCTIONAN14

hesucceededitwhenandenterprise,businessaenterSubse-good.forpositiongovernmenthisresigned

ofColonialConseilthetoelectedwashequentlyauthoritiesthebychosenwaslaterandCochinchina

SupConseiltheonserveto ´ hel’Indochine;deerieurtimethatBy1925.Octoberinlatterthefromresigned

espe-set-backs.financialseveresomesufferedhadheCao-ininterestedbecomehadhealso,1921;inciallyfirsthisofversionsdifferenttwoareTheredaism.

saatattendance ´ hestory,onetoAccordingeance.satotakenwas ´ Chateance ˛

.o-G . hisby1925JuneinaoNguyConseillerthefriend ˆ Hen ˛uu -D˘ sametheac;

theoffriendaalsowashethatmentionsaccountVofbrother ˛u ˛ KQuanong ` Ngofoney, ˆ ChiMinho eu´s

LhowtellsversionotherTheconverts.[21]first ˆ Ve ansatointroducedwasTrung ´ whorelative,abyeance

Minh-Ltheofmemberawas ´ spiritthehowandsect,yLof ´ Thy ´ Bai . apredictedpoet)TangthePo,(Liach

allupgavehewhereuponhim:forfuturespiritualhisoforigintheWhateverovernight.[22]viceship

thatdoubtnobecanthereCaodaism,withconnexionPhthewithtouchinwashe ` Janu-18bygroupo-Loan

sawhen1926,ary ´ househisatheldwaseanceQuCaobyattended ` Cynh ˛Phu, . Cam ˆ Tong ˘ andetc.,ac,

thebegunhavetoappearshethatdatethatfromisitmove-religiousformalaasCaodaismoforganization

ment.[23]LwasIt ˆ Ve ˘ 1926MayinwhoTrungan

21ofopeningtheforpermissiongovernmentsoughtCochin-centralandeastofpartsvariousinoratories

open,topermittedbeenhadwhichofmostchina,

theofendthebyworship,forconditionsstrictunder7ofpetitiontheorganizedwhotoohewasItyear.[24]

ofGovernortheFol,Letoaddressed1926,OctobertheforappealedCaodaists28whichinCochinchina,

reli-aasmovementtheirofrecognitionofficialLBesidesgion.[25] ˆ Ve ˘ MadamealsoandTrung,an

Lˆ Tham . NguyincludedsignatoriestheThanh,i ˆenNg . Toc ˛u ˛ Long, ˆ Be ´ NguyandTrang,a ˆ Ngen . Thoc ˛o

atofficeshighestthreetheoccupied1931by(whoTˆ Lunderay-Ninh ˆ Ve ˘ NgoftwoTrung);an ˆ MinhoChiˆ Vconverts,firsteu´s ˛u ˛ KQuanong ` andy -Do` Van anB

˛

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sects.however,not,was1926OctoberofletterThe

Ngbysigned ˆ ChiMinho ˆ connexionHishimself.euPhthewith ` Lwithandgroupo-Loan ˆ Ve ˘ Trungan

it,putsourceoneAsshort-lived.verybetoprovedofinfluxthebyannoyedwashesolitude,histousedhe1926AprilInhim.[27]botheredwhoadherents,

theininvolvedbecometonotdecidedalreadyhadhandedandorganization,religiousnewtheofpolitics

Ltoleadershiphisover ˆ Ve ˘ ShortlyTrung.an

17SMITHB.RALPHPROFESSORCAODAISMTOINTRODUCTIONAN16

atfollowingsmallownhisorganizedheafterwardsCˆan-Th ˛ washelifehisofremaindertheforando,

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(vnonactionbetweenorreligion, ˆ wu-Chineseo-vi,(phsalvationandwei) ˆ

˛

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worldtheintooutgoshouldmembersitsofsomefromaloofremainedotherswhilstproselytize,and

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exaggeration.ancertainlyalmostwasthatbutadepts;Juneinadepts100,000ofreporttheiscredibleMore

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7,100,000asmanyasweretherethatsuggestedMonribotMauricecredulouslesstheevenadepts,

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(thoratories21the anh-thˆ Lwhichforat) ˆ Ve ˘ Trunganwere131926,Mayinpermissiongovernmentsought

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MatcentresCaodaist ˜ Bandy-Tho .ac-Liˆ toDowneu.inthoseofexceptionthe(withCaodaistsmost1930,

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atoamountedhavetoappearnotdoesthisbuttre,splitrealathat1930untilnotwasItbreach.[33]major

19SMITHB.RALPHPROFESSORCAODAISMTOINTRODUCTIONAN18

ofcentresrivalproducedwhichdevelop,tobeganCaodaism.

seenbemustyearthatinhappenedWhattheonconcerngrowingofbackgroundtheagainst

amerelywasCaodaismthatauthoritiestheofpartCommunistalsoperhapsandnationalistforcover

alreadyhas1928inOutreybyattackTheactivities.werethereperiodsametheAboutmentioned.been

merelycolonssomepress:SaigontheinattacksotherawasCaodaiststheofspiritismthethatobjected

someleastathadwhomenofunworthysuperstitionCao-inseeingfurther,wentotherseducation;French

whichsocietiessecrettheofrevivaldisguisedadaismtheincolonytheofsecuritytheendangeredhad

tem-thethatsuggestedwriterOne1916.beforeyearsTatple ˆ wherespotprecisetheonbuiltwasay-Ninh

trou-theduringmurderedbeenhadFrenchmentwoespe-whichreligiontheoffeatureA1866.[34]ofbles

itswastimethatatauthoritiesthealarmedciallywhomofmanyCambodians,amongstpopularity

seeholythetopilgrimagesonbordertheacrosscamethe1927December23onresult,aAs1927.during

condemningordinanceanissuedCambodiaofKingbeingtimetheforandheresy,aasreligionnewthe1930inThenend.[35]antocamepilgrimagesthesesinceCochinchinainunrestseriousmostthecame

bydemonstrationsfrequentandmanywith1916,theobviouslywerewhichpeasants,ofgatherings

mosttheWhilstorganization.ofkindsomeofworktounresttheattributetoseemedevidenceconcrete

thatpeopleseveralbyallegedwasItCommunists.the

wasvainIninvolved.[36]equallywereCaodaiststhepro-theinwastroubleworstthethatoutpointedit

Twhilstcentre,theofvinces ˆ com-remaineday-NinhhavemayrelationssecretWhatevercalm.[37]pletely

theoffollowersandCaodaiststhebetweenexistedVi . NguyoforPartyCommunistet-Nam ˆ Ninh’sAnen

isitandevidence,tangiblenoleftsocietysecretactuallyCaodaistsnotorwhetherknowtoimpossible

ofcrisistheButdemonstrations.theininvolvedweregovernmentthemaketosufficientwasyearsthese

likeorganizationskeeptodesireitsinwatchfulmoretheforcedturninThiscontrol.underCaodaism

theircarefullyconsidertomovementtheofleadersauthorities.thetoattitude

splitCaodaistmajorfirsttheofoccasionThetowardssometimedecision,abeenhavetoappearsreligiontheofdignitariesallthat1930,ofendthe

phofgradetheabove ˆoi-s ˛ per-livetogoshoulduTatmanently ˆ holdingmenthreetheofOneay-Ninh.

Nguywas1930ingradethat ˆ Ven ˘ homewhoseCa,anMatwas ˜ seem,woulditwas,familywhoseandy-Tho

thisinreligionthetocommitmenthistoopposedtimewhichduringhesitation,considerableAfterway.

atoratorydissidentthevisitedhavetosaidisheCˆ Nguyau-Kho, ˆ Ven ˘ TtogotonotdecidedCaan ay-

(tseeholyownhisestablishtobutNinh oa-th´ atanh)M˜ long-abeenhadtherethatsaidwasIty-Tho.[38]

LandCabetweenrivalrystanding ˆ Ve ˘ itTrung;anMthestagethisatthatsaid,alsowas ˜ hadgroupy-Tho

andadministration,FrenchtheofsupporttacittheNguyusetotryingwaslatterthethatimpliedeven ˆen

21SMITHB.RALPHPROFESSORCAODAISMTOINTRODUCTIONAN20

V˘ loyaltyoffocusalternativeancreatetoCaanthemdrawtoorderinfaithfulCaodaisttheamongst

Tfromaway ˆ betweenrivalry1931-2Duringay-Ninh.Tˆ Manday-Ninh ˜ woulditandacute,becamey-Tho

toallegiancetheirtransferredadeptsmanythatseemM˜ Lthat1931,inpoint,thisatwasIty-Tho. ˆ Ve an

responsibilitiesadministrativehistransferredTrungTat ˆ Nguytoay-Ninh ˆ Ngen . Toc ˛u ˛ takenhadwhoong,

chasplaceCa´sover anh-phˆoi-s ˛ gonehadhewhenu,1930.[39]inlateseeholytheatpermanentlyliveto

T ˛u ˛ chanotherpersuadetoablewasong anh-phˆoi-s ˛u,Lˆ Be ´ MfromreturntoTrang,a ˜ Ttoy-Tho ˆ inay-Ninh

closeinworkedmentwotheseand1932,NovemberTbutyears,fournexttheforcollaboration ˛u ˛ wasong

ofAugustInentirely.[40]breachthehealtounableTatcouncilayearthat ˆ decreeaissueday-Ninh

Nguyoutlawing ˆ Ven ˘ rebelsasfollowershisandCaanT(ofseeholytheagainst ˆ evidentwasitButay-Ninh).

Ttheatattendancepoorthefrom ˆ festivitiesay-Ninhinreligiontheofanniversarythecelebrateto

dwindledhadsupportitsthat1932,NovemberanotheryetmeantimetheinMoreover,away.[41]Gicalledplaceaatcreatedbeenhadseeholy ˆong-

B ˛u ˛´ Binom, .ac-Liˆ byestablishedwasThisprovince.euTrˆan -D . atdignitaryhighabeenhadwhoQuang,aoTˆ livetogonehadthenbut1928,to1926fromay-Ninh

Cat ˆ Btomovedeventuallyandau-Kho, .ac-Liˆ ineuMatcentresThe1931.[42] ˜ Bandy-Tho .ac-Liˆ wereeu

thoughanother,onewithtermsgoodonprobablyTheirthem.betweendifferencesdoctrinalwerethere

therespectivelycalledwerereligiontheofformsnew

Minh-Ch ˛on-L´ Minh-Chtheandy ˛on--D .ao.TatcrisisThe ˆ produced1932byhaday-Ninh

leadersthebetweendisagreementsinternalseriouswasrivalryprincipalThethere.remainedwho

Nguybetween ˆ Ngen . Toc ˛u ˛ Landong ˆ Be ´ onTrang,aPhandhand,onethe . Cam ˆ Tong ˘ Landac ˆ Ve ˘ Trungan

Phother.theon . Cam ˆ Tong ˘ positiontheheldwhoac,hof .o-ph´ Hitheofheadwasap, .ep-Thien -D` (theai

Lwhilstmediums),oforganization ˆ Ve ˘ wasTrunganorganiza-administrativetheofmemberhighestthe

Cthetion, ˛uu-Trung -D` Tseen,haveweAsai. ˛u ˛ andongchofgradelowerslightlytheheldTrang anh-phˆoi-s ˛u

Ph1932byaddition,inButorgan.latterthein .amCˆ Tong ˘ Phthesect,innerownhiscreatedhadac .am-Mˆ con-andfamilyownhisafternamedwaswhichon,

followers.[43]closestownhisof500mostatofsistedofhalffirsttheduringheadatocameconflictThe

Lyear,thatofJanuaryIn1933. ˆ Be ´ andTrangaNguyˆ Ngen . Toc ˛u ˛ requiringcircularaoutsentong

pos-wasItadministration.FrenchtheobeytoadeptsNguythattimethisatsibly ˆ intervenedLongPhanen

reopeningthesecuretoKrautheimerGovernorwiththeclosed:beenhadwhichoratoriesCaodaist92of

Whatclear.[44]notunfortunatelyiseventthatofdateTthatiscertainis ˛u ˛ ofshowsomesawTrangandong

seeholytheirifessentialasFrenchthetoobediencePh1933,AprilInposition.itsrecovertowas . Cam ong

T˘ Landac ˆ Ve ˘ againstfactthisusetodecidedTrungancondemntomeetingcouncilsecretaheldandthem,

TandTrang ˛u ˛ notweretheyButFrancophiles.asongaApril16onday:thecarrytoenoughstrongyet

23SMITHB.RALPHPROFESSORCAODAISMTOINTRODUCTIONAN22

Ththeofmeetingformal ˛u ˛

.ong-H . heldwascounciloiTat ˆ Lwhichatay-Ninh, ˆ Ve ˘ PhandTrungan . Cam ong

T˘ Sep-Inabsence).[45]their(incondemnedwereacLtember, ˆ Be ´ TrungagainstcomplaintsmadeTranga

TattribunalFrenchthein ˆ actuallyandtown,ay-NinhLopponentshisofanotherhavetoasfaraswent e

V˘ Ban

˛

situationThePhnom-Penh.[46]atarrestedayLyeartheofendthebythatsuchwas ˆ Ve ˘ Trungan

Phand . Cam ˆ Tong ˘ TrangwithtermstocometohadacTand ˛u ˛ betweensignedwasagreementanandong,

1933.[47]December27onthemper-noofhowever,was,agreementanSuchnotisitandkind,thisofsituationainvaluemanent

toenoughstrongwasheoncethatfindtosurprisingLso,do ˆ Ve ˘ again.oncerivalshisdenouncedTrungan

LthatseemwouldIt ˆ Be ´ NguyandTranga ˆ Ngen .ocT ˛u ˛ inandformerly,thannowweakermuchwereong

T1934March ˛u ˛ Tfromwithdrewong ˆ Heay-Ninh.Binseclusionintofirstwent a-R. tothenprovince,ia

An-Hathomehis . (Boi ˆ tobeganhewhereen-Tre,theandseeholyownhisofcreationtheorganizetheofbranchnewhiscalledheCaodaism:ofreform

Ban-Chreligion

˛

ınh--D . ofassemblyfirstTheao.[48]An-Hatadepts . 1934,Novemberinbegunjusthadoi

Lofdeaththeofarrivednewswhen ˆ Ve ˘ atTrunganTˆ Nguyay-Ninh. ˆ Ngen . Toc ˛u ˛ therecallednowong

betweenmadebeenhadsaidhewhichagreementtheto1928,asagolongasleadersotherandhimselfLofsuccessorthebetowashimselfhethateffect e

V˘ giofofficehighesttheinTrungan ao-tˆ Butong.[49]Ph . Cam ˆ Tong ˘ seizetoenoughstrongnotalthoughac,

giofpositionthe ao-tˆ remained(hehimselfforongh .o-ph´ Nguypreventtoablewas1950),aslateasap ˆenNg . Toc ˛u ˛ An-HatwasItit.tosucceedingfromong .oi,

Tthattherefore, ˛u ˛ giasinauguratedwasong ao-tongPhyear,thatofNovemberIn1935.[50]May9on .am

Cˆ Tong ˘ Tatcouncilownhisheldac ˆ whichatay-Ninh,Lproclaimedhimselfhadhe ˆ Ve ˘ successorTrung´san

TtheWhilstsuperior.[51]Caodaistas ˆ groupay-NinhBthethatlateralleged ˆ supportedwascentreen-Tre

ofbiographytheadepts,hundredfewmereabyNguyˆ Ngen . Toc ˛u ˛ atwithbegin(tothatinsistsong

totalgrandtheofout96bysupportedwasheleast),theseoftruththeWhateveroratories.Caodaist135of

T1936,Novemberbythatseemwoulditclaims, ˘acToffortunestherestoredhad ˆ tosufficientlyay-Ninh

thecelebratetotherepeople20,000attracttoablebereligion.[52]theofanniversarytenth

whichgrouporiginalthetherefore,1935,ByTatCaodaismfoundedhad ˆ earlieryearsnineay-Ninh

Tcentres:rivalanddifferentfourintosplithad ay-MNinh, ˜ By-Tho, .ac-Liˆ Bandeu, ˆ additionInen-Tre.

Catgroupdissidentawasthere ˆ (Saigon)au-Khotaofstatustheclaimnotdidwhich oa-th´ holyoranh

calledwhothoseallforaccountnotdoesthisButsee.inwasThereperiod.thisatCaodaiststhemselvesasquiteprobablywaswhichgroupsixthaaddition

known,islessmuchverywhichaboutbutimportanttheastoreferredsometimesisIt1936.beforeleastat

Tien-Thiˆ asknownalsoisitbutCaodaism;ofsectenTthe ay-Tˆ differen-tosupposedlySect,Westernong

Tatgrouporiginalthefromittiate ˆ inwhichay-Ninh

25SMITHB.RALPHPROFESSORCAODAISMTOINTRODUCTIONAN24

isliterature)owntheirofnonein(butconnexionthistheastoreferred -Dong-Tˆ ItsSect.[53]Easternong

Nguywereleaders ˆ Ben ˛ Tuu ` Nguyand1882)(b.ai ˆenH ˛˜ awashethatknowweformer,theOfınh.Ch´uu

BofdistrictBa-Tritheofnative ˆ andprovinceen-TreBatfirstschool-teacher,abecamehethat ˆ anden-Tre

Biatlater en-H` reli-ininterestedbecamealsoHeoa.tu-abeenhavetosaidisandgion, -d ˛ reli-ofkindaon,

atfoundedwasCaodaismWhenpractitioner.giousTˆ T1926,inay-Ninh ` touchinapparentlywas(whoai

Ngwith ˆ ChiMinho ˆ Landeu ˆ Ve ˘ foundedTrung)anTthesect,newownhis ay-Tˆ province.ownhisinong,

splithesaycannotonethencorrect,isaccountthisIfTthefromoff ˆ othertheonınhCh´Centre.ay-Ninh

Tlefthavetosaidis1927,inpossiblyhand, ay-NinhMatownhisofsectaestablishtoorderin y-Tho.[54]

TithethatseemwouldIt en-Thiˆ lessmuchwasenopenlylessleastatorSect,Easternthethanorganized

townitsacquirenotdidItorganized. oa-th´ untilanhSatestablishedwasonewhen1957, oc-S

˛

thatatai:thewhilstexpanded,havetoseemssecttheperiod

Tˆ thenwasitanddecline,inwereCaodaistsay-NinhNguythat ˆ Ben ˛ Tuu ` gititlethetookfinallyai ao-

tong.[55]TitheWhilst en-Thiˆ hadhavetoseemssecten

Twithconnexionsanyiffew ˆ it1930s,theinay-Ninhthewithcontactcloserinbeenhavetoseemwould

MofCaodaists ˜ Bandy-Tho .ac-Liˆ thewithalsoandeu,Catgroupesoteric ˆan-Th ˛ variousthese1936Ino.

LitheUnion,Caodaistaformedgroups en-HoaTˆ

˛

ong-H . Catcentreitswithoi, ˆ An(Saigon).[56]au-Kho

alreadyhadunionofkindsomecreatetoattemptparticipa-thewithpreviously,yearstwomadebeen

oftion -Do` Van ˘ Ban

˛

Vandan ˛u ˛ KQuanong ` at(bothyCˆ Nguyau-Kho), ˆ Ven ˘ Kian ˆ M(aten ˜ TriCaoy-Tho), ˆeuPh´ Trandat ˆan -D . Bat(bothQuangao .ac-Liˆ andeu),

TrPhanincludingpeopleotherseveralalso ˛u ˛ongM . toseemswhattobelongedpeopletheseallButanh.

sinceanyway,groupsingleaessentiallybeenhaveMtheboth ˜ Btheandy-Tho .ac-Liˆ hadCaodaistseu

atoratorythewithstartthefromassociatedbeenCˆ situationtheinelementsnewtwo1936Inau-Kho.

theFirst,union.worth-whilemoreapossiblemadeConseiller-Colonialleadingabytakenwasinitiative

Nguyˆ Caoda-withsympathieswhoseLong,Phanenreli-thedefendedhesinceknownwellbeenhadism

newspaperhisingion ´ but1927,inAnnamiteEchoinroleostensibleanyplayedpreviouslynothadwho

Caodaist,aopenlybecamenowHemovement.theLitheoverpresidedand en-H` Toa ˆ

˛

ong-H . Second,oi.Titheofparticipationthealsohadunionnewthis en-

Thiˆ Nguyandsect,en ˆ Ben ˛ Tuu ` Landai ˆ TKime . wereyItmembers.leadingitsasmentionedthoseamongsttoseemtheybutwas,unionthedeephowclearnotis

theofachievementfirsttheinpartfullaplayedhaveLien-H` Toa ˆ

˛

ong-H . Caodaismspreadtowaswhichoi,(Touraneto -Da-N˘ centralofpartsotherandang)

Vi .et-Nam.[56]broadthreediscerncanone1936byThus

Tthemovement:Caodaisttheinalignments ay-NinhPhbynowledgroup, . Cam ˆ Tong ˘ impor-anwithac,

TrbyoverpresidedPhnom-Penhinbranchtant ˆan

27SMITHB.RALPHPROFESSORCAODAISMTOINTRODUCTIONAN26

BtheVinh;Quang ˆ Nguybyledgroup,en-Tre ˆ Ngen .ocT ˛u ˛ Litheandong; en-H` Toa ˆ

˛

ong-H . theembracingoi,Tien-Thiˆ Minh-Chtheen, ˛on-L´ Minh-Chtheandy, ˛on--D . andcentretheinmainlywerefollowerswhoseao,

topresentatmaterialtheGivenCochinchina.ofwesttaketohopereasonablycanoneasfarasisthathand,his-theofaccountdetailedacompiletoattemptthecandevelopmentsrecentMoreCaodaism.oftory

informationinsidemorewhenstudiedbeonlyavailable.becomes

IVPARThis-earlytheconcerningquestionmajorOneori-itsofthatraised:betoremainsCaodaismoftory

CaodaistoftenorwholeTheantecedents.andginsreli-newawasthisthatemphasizetoispublications1926inworldtheuponburstsuddenlywhichgion,ordi-offollowinglargeaimmediatelyattractedanddoc-theexaminetocomewewhenButpeople.narywastherethatclearbewillitreligiontheoftrines

Sino-inrootsdeephadthatCaodaisminmuchagainstseenbemustitthatandtradition,Vietnamese

Wemovements.religiousearlierofbackgroundthehadhadCaodaistsleadingtheofseveralthatknownot-1925-6,beforeexperiencesandinterestsreligious

Ngably ˆ Vo ˘ Chian ˆ Nguyandeu ˆ Ngen . Toc ˛u ˛ Didong.existingpreviouslyanyoutsideentirelysodothey

seemsitthings,offacetheOnorganization?religiousunlikely.

(andreligiousaoforganizationssecretThatViSouthinesistedhadnaturepolitical)also .et-Nam

wereTheyknown.wellisperiodsearlierin

and1860-85periodstheinprominentparticularlyofconquestFrenchtheperiod,formertheIn1905-16.

gronpabystronglymostopposedwasCochinchinanamethewithsectreligiousaasidentified -D .ao-

L` prohibit-1873ofdecreeFrenchaFollowinganh.[57]theunderreorganizedhavetosaidisitsect,thating

name -D . Phao .at -D ˛u ˛` forresponsibleheldwasItong.Minrebellions ˜ and1874inprovincesotherandy-Tho

includedwhich1885ofdisturbancestheforand1878,seemnotdoFrenchtheButSaigon.[58]onattackan

movement,theoforganizationthepenetratedhavetoarchivalorprintedanyinitofaccountnoisthereand

secrettheConcerningseen.haveIsource-materialcul-which1905-16,yearstheofmovementsocietyfol-Saigon,onattackabortiveanotherinminatedfas-theexiststherearrests,manygreatabylowed

policedetailedonbasedCoulet,byaccountcinatingpic-detailedahavenotdowethereevenButrecords.theunderlayorganizationreligiouswhateverofture

translationsoccasionalonlygivesCouletmovement:ofnumberareproducesanddocuments,capturedof

religiousThecharacters.ChineseinwrittenamuletsnewacertainlywasCaodaismofpropagandaandsects,secretVietnameseamongstphenomenon

concerningmaterialcomparablenohavewebecausecom-detailedmaketoimpossibleisitgroupsearlier

organi-orritual,doctrine,asmatterssuchinparisons,totherefore,say,cannotWehierarchies.zational

movementsearliertheseall)at(ifextentwhatdevelop-oflinesametheinstageearlieranrepresent

isNorCaodaism.producedeventuallywhichment

29SMITHB.RALPHPROFESSORCAODAISMTOINTRODUCTIONAN28

ofpersonalitiesthelinktoevidenceanyfarsothereinwhichfactamovements:earlierwithCaodaism

wasitbecausecourse,ofnothing,provesitselfitschoosewouldsectorganizednewlyathatunlikely

theofleadershipwhosethoseamongstfromleadersthetoknownwellalreadywasmovementsearlier

detailinterestingonehowever,is,Therepolice.andunnoticed,passtoallowedbenotshouldwhichcon-beenhaveindeedmaytherethatsuggestswhich

differentofmovementsthesebetweennexionsbyFrenchinpublishedtract,CaodaistaInperiods.

TrPhan ˛u ˛` Mong . atoreferenceaisthere1950,inanhspirit-s´ Cao-Latheldeance ˜ awhichin1908,inanh

laureatetheofspiritthefromreceivedwasmessage(th

˛

Huu-khoa) ˆ ofrevolttheinfigureleadingaan,thetoattributedhadFrenchthewhich1874-5 -D .ao-

L` twoincludesmoreover,message,Thesect.anhCao-thetoreferences -Dai.[59]

whichreferenceanotherhastractsameThatourininquiryoflinedifferentslightlyasuggests

amongstAnotherantecedents.CaodaistforsearchCao-thetoreferencesearlierseveral -D` bycitedai,

TrPhan ˛u ˛` Mong . sayshewhichprayeraincomesanh,aboutsince(i.e.years40aboutforrecitedbeenhasMinh-calledsectreligioustheofadeptsby1910)

S ˛ insectthistoreferencesmetalreadyhaveWeu.[60]Nguyofcareersearlythe ˆ Ngen . camewhoTrang,oc

Ngand1920,arounditwithcontactinto ˆ MinhoChiˆ highawithfriendlybeenhavetosaidiswhoeu,

Minh-Stheofdignitary ˛ wasitBut1919.[61]aroundukindthisofsectsofnumberaofoneonlyfactin

EnglishtheInCaodaism.withassociatedwerewhichtheoflistaaddedbeenhasthereGobron,ofedition

phvarious ´ theincludingreligion,theofdivisionsaiMinh-Ch ˛on-L´ Minh-Chthey, ˛on--D . Ttheao, ay-Tong,

fivetheoflistabyfollowedtheniswhichon,soandofnamesthewithtogetherCaodaism,ofbrancheschi

heads:[62]theirMinh-L´ ->y ˆ ıchK´AuMinh-S ˛ Tr->u ˆan -D . QuangaoMinh-Tˆ L->an ˆ KhMinhe aMinh-Thi . ->en -D . Mandat uiMinh--D ˛u ˛` L->ong ˆ Ve ˘ Lan .ich

inmentheseoftwometalreadyhaveWeTrCaodaism:withconnexion ˆan -D . (laterQuangao

Minh-Chtheoffounder ˛on--D . Batao .ac-Liˆ Landeu) eV˘ Lan . theofsignatoriestheamongstwerewhoich,

religionnewtheforrecognitionFrenchseekingletterMinh-theConcerning1926.[63]Octoberin -D ˛u ˛` theong,

Minh-Tˆ Minh-Thitheandan, . othernoisthereen,Minh-LtheButinformation. ´ inelsewherefiguresy

LofonethatsectthistowasItaccount.Gobrons eV˘ possiblyand1925,inbelongedrelativesTrung´san

intro-firstwasTrungthatconnexionthisthroughspirit-stoduced ´ isdate(thestagelateraAteances.

Phfindwegiven)not . Cam ˆ Tong ˘ theoninsistingactheMinhlism:andCaodaismbetweendistinction

philo-andmysticalabyusfromseparatedislattertheonvaguenessHisview.[64]ofpointsophical

somehadhethatsuggestsdifferencesdoctrinalactualwebutdistinction,themakingforreasonpolitical

theseAllwas.itwhatknowingofmeansnohave

31SMITHB.RALPHPROFESSORCAODAISMTOINTRODUCTIONAN30

periodthetorelatebranchesMinhthetoreferencessuggesttoseemneverthelessthey1919:aboutafteralreadythereemergedfirstCaodaismwhenthat

doc-itsofsomewhichinsectsofnumberaexistednotMightfamiliar.alreadywereritualsandtrines

pro-haveandbefore,longforexistedhavesectsthesemove-earliertobackgroundreligiousthevided

concerningevidenceofpiecelastoneisTherements?Minh-Sthe ˛ direction.thatinpointtoseemswhichu

Ngˆ ChiMinho ˆ inSaigontoreturnhisfollowingeu,intempleaattimeofdealgoodaspent1924, -Da-Kao

Ngthecalledcity)theofsuburb(a .oc-Hoang--Di .eninbuiltbeenhadtempleThatPalace.EmperorJade

calledbusinessmanChineseaby1900-6,yearstheL ˛ Minh-StheofmemberaMinh,uu ˛ sectvegetarianu

thetodedicatedperiodthatatwasChinainwhichres-anddynastyManchutheoverthrowingofcausethetoclueaherehaveweDoMinh.[65]thetoring

Caodaism?ofrootsreal

NOTES:(PenguinAmericanquietTheGreene,Graham[1]

81.1962),Books,Viet-ofsectspolitical-religiousTheFall,B.B.[2]

235-53]1955,3,XXVIII,Affairs,PacificNam,Gobron,G.isworkstheseofbest-knownThe[3]transla-(English1948Paris,Caodasme,duHistoirestated,otherwisewhereexcept1950);Saigon?,tion,whichversion,Englishthetobewillherereferences

importantanomitsbutmaterialadditionalincludes

NguyalsoSeechapter] ˆ HTrungen . Lau, ˛u ˛. soc ˛u -D .ao

Cao -D` Vietnamese,(inCaodaismofhistoryshortAai:1956]Tourane,English),andFrench,

[4] -Dˆ Tong ˆ Lan, .ich-s ˛Caou -D` Ph1.ai, ˆ Van ˆ Vi,oaspagessubsequentintoreferred[1967,Saigon,

L.ich-s ˛ TiAnon],u; ˆ

˛

seu ˛u -D ˛´ Giuc ´ Tao ˆ Nguyong, ˆenNg . Toc ˛u ˛ subsequentlytoreferred1958,Saigon,ong,

NNT]asdAn.,IIIeCaodaque,Revue[5] ´ this1950;ecembre

fromdistinguishedcarefullybeshouldperiodical1930]aroundyearstheinpublishedCaodaste,Revuecitedisitbutlatter,theofcopiesanyseennothaveI

6n.(seeVIIContribution,inandcit.,op]Gobron,inbelow).

Gouvernement-G[6] en´ Con-l’Indochine,deeraltribution ` depolitiquesmouvementsdesl’histoirea

1934,Hanoi,Caodasme,LeVII]francaise,l’IndochineVII]Contribution,assubsequentlytoreferred

1964,Yale,Vietnam,inVillageHickey,C.G.[7]290-4.66-73,

[8] ´ Gobron,1926;November19Annamite,Echo29.cit.,op.

33-4.VII,Contribution,[9]DLa[10] epˆ August30and28d’Indochine,eche

1930.64-7.VII,Contribution,[11]

inlifehisofaccountfullveryaisThere[12]-Dˆong-Tˆ Lan, .ich-s ˛u]

L[13] .ich-s ˛ ff.53u,mentionedalsoisepisodethisff.;66ibid.,[14]

Nguyinbriefly ˆ HTrungen . 7-8.cit.,op]au,

33SMITHB.RALPHPROFESSORCAODAISMTOINTRODUCTIONAN32

L[15] .ich-s ˛ Nguy82-92;u, ˆ Ngen . Toc ˛u ˛ notisongis1925inlateconversionhisbutthere,mentioned

13]NNT,byindicated5-6.NNT,[16]

13.ibid.,[17]L[18] .ich-s ˛ thistorefers20-1,Gobron,ff.;88u,

names]mentioningwithoutgroupPhofaccountfullestThe[19] . Cam ˆ Tong ˘ earlyac´s

87-90]VII,Contribution,iniscareerLOn[20] ˆ Ve ˘ also27-32;ibid.,seeTrung,an

ff.26Gobron,L[21] .ich-s ˛91.u,

26-7;Gobron,and29-31,VII,Contribution,[22]inmaterialonpoint,thisatbased,seemwoulditboth

315.p.3,no]Caodaste,RevueL[23] .ich-s ˛91.u,

81.VII,Contribution,[24]L[25] .ich-s ˛ oftextVietnamesethegives108-10,u,

theresignatories;actualtheoflistfullaandletterthisnothaveIbutadepts,247oflistadditionalanwasVII,Contribution,Cf]names,theirofrecordandseen

ofrecognitionformalnothatnotedisitwhere81,32,Caodaistdespitetime,thisatgivenwasCaodaism

claims]349.p.infra,cf.151;Gobron,[26]

27.Gobron,[27]L[28] .ich-s ˛ ff.129u,

[29] ´ Indo-PresseLa1927;June13Annamite,EchoMonri-editortheby(comment1928June9chinoise,

L’Opinion)]inarticleanonbotT80-1.VII,Contribution,[30] ˆ controlleday-Ninh

th100 anh-thˆ notisitbut1932,in128and1931,inataretimethatatoratoriesdissidentwhetherclear

totals]thesefromexcluded28.Gobron,[31]

81.VII,Contribution,[32]sec-wholeaff.:98edition),(FrenchGobron[33]thewithinschismstorelatingedition,thisoftion

inomittedwas1928-31,periodtheduringmovementbeonlycanwhichreasonsforversion,Englishthe

20]NNT,alsoCf.guessed]aciting1928,June9Indochinoise,PresseLa[34]

referredFrenchmenTheL’Opinion]inarticlerecentwhoLesage,Lieut.andLarclauzedeCaptainwereto

Tonattackaninkilledwere ˆ Cambo-2,000byay-NinhAbrSchreiner,A]1866;Juneindians eg´ l’histoiredee

277.1906,Saigon,d’Annam,35-7.VII,Contribution.[35]

lasousL’IndochineVanlande,R.bye.g.[36]anFor118-19]1930,Paris,communiste,menace

betweenCochinchina,indisturbancestheofaccountGouvernement-see1931,Marchand1930May

Gen´ Contributionl’Indochine,deeral ` desl’histoireaIV,francaise,l’Indochinedepolitiquesmouvements

1934]Hanoi,[37] ´ 1930.May23Annamite,Echo

slightlyaisThereff.98ed.),(FrenchGobron[38]sayswhich292-3,cit.,op]Hickey,inaccountdifferent

TleftCathat ˆ spirit-areceivingafter[1931inay-Ninhwenthethatandsodotohiminstructingmessage

Rtofirst .ach-Gi´ Matsettlingbeforea ˜ 1932]iny-ThofromcamepresumablyinformationHickey´s

35SMITHB.RALPHPROFESSORCAODAISMTOINTRODUCTIONAN34

KhatinterviewedheCaodaists anh-H . (Tau ˆ pro-an-AnMthewherevince), ˜ inmemberssomehadsecty-Tho

1958]Tbywrittenletterthe21-4;NNT,[39] ˛u ˛ toong

ofchangetheofCochinchinaofGovernortheinformSeptember1datedreproduced,thereisdirection

1931]90.VII,Contribution,[40]

90-1.86-7,ibid.,[41]Cao-Revuecf.ff.;101ed.),(FrenchGobron[42]

dAn.,IIIedaque, ´ 93-107]1950,ecembre86-90.VII,Contribution,[43]

dAn.,IIIeCaodaque,Revue92;ibid.,[44] ecembre67-92.1950,

31.NNT,93;VII,Contribution,[45]100.94,VII,Contribution,[46]

32-4.NNT,[47]37.34,ibid.,[48]

41-5.ibid.,[49]48.ibid.,[50]

71-2.Gobron,[51]74.ibid.,[52]

TitheofaccountonlyThe[53] en-Thiˆ sectentheisexistenceitsnotemerelythanmoredoeswhich

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thewithcloselyco-operatedhavetoappears

members,leadingitsofone1960:sinceCommunistsNguyˆ Ven ˘ Ngan ˆ ofCommitteeCentraltheonsatoi,

ViSouthofLiberationtheforFrontNationalthe .et-VietPike,Douglas1964;leastattill1961fromNam

429.1966,Mass],Cambridge,Cong,Nguy[56] ˆ HTrungen . Cao-Revue20;cit.,op.au,

dAn.,IIIedaque, ´ 67-92]1950,ecembre122Coulet,(e.g.sourcessometoAccording[57]

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SofAdministrateurthebyreport oc-Tr˘ it1883)inangbeshould -D .ao-L˜ theofWaymeanmightwhichanh,

Leader]LesCoulet,G.315;cit.,op.Schreiner,A.[58]

soci´ secrete´s ` 1221926,Saigon,dAnnam,terreenetesff]

TrPhan[59] ˛u ˛` Mong . Cao-salutduvoieLaanh,[48-9]1950,Saigon,daque,

48.ibid.,[60]L[61] .ich-s ˛ 339.p.supra,cf.57.;u,

151.Gobron,[62]35.n.340,p.supra,[63]

ff.108Gobron,[64]V[65] ˛u ˛ Hong ˆ Song ˆ

˛

l’EmpereurdePagodeLaen,Jadede ` de(Bull.DocumentsetNotesDakao,a

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AsianEastSouthandEastforProjectLondon-CornellCorporationCarnegiethebyjointlyfinancedStudies,

Foundation.NuffieldtheandYorkNewof

37SMITHB.RALPHPROFESSORCAODAISMTOINTRODUCTIONAN36

19703,PartXXXIIIVol.BULLETIN

THEOFORIENTALOFSCHOOL

STUDIESAFRICANANDLONDONOFUNIVERSITYbyPublished

OFSCHOOLTHESTUDIESAFRICANANDORIENTAL

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39SMITHB.RALPHPROFESSORCAODAISMTOINTRODUCTIONAN38

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41SMITHB.RALPHPROFESSORCAODAISMTOINTRODUCTIONAN40

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43SMITHB.RALPHPROFESSORCAODAISMTOINTRODUCTIONAN42

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45SMITHB.RALPHPROFESSORCAODAISMTOINTRODUCTIONAN44

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47SMITHB.RALPHPROFESSORCAODAISMTOINTRODUCTIONAN46

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49SMITHB.RALPHPROFESSORCAODAISMTOINTRODUCTIONAN48

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inbelieveCaodaiststheMaitreya,ofcomingtheofCao-thebyepochthirdtheofinaugurationthe -Dai

atEmperor)JadeorBeingSupremetheis,(thatspiritstheir ´ thisSince1920.aroundbeginningeances,

51SMITHB.RALPHPROFESSORCAODAISMTOINTRODUCTIONAN50

ofsalvationthebegun,alreadyhassalvationofepochmankind,allforimportancegreatesttheofissouls

ViinwasitsinceVietnamesetheforallabovebut .et-Cao-thethatNam -D` Thehimself.revealtochoseai

phtermtheofmeaningprecisetheofquestion ˆ

˛

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aresalvation,ofideaChristiantheanditbetweenChineseinspecialiststoleftbemustwhichmatters

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TrPhanofthosestudy, ˛u ˛` Mong . greatesttheplaceanhitCaodaism;ofelementapocalypticthisonemphasis

Nguyofhistoryshorttheinbrieflymoreoccurs ˆenHTrung . thewithassociatedwerewritersBothau.

Lien-H` Toa ˆ

˛

ong-H . thewith1950byand1936,ofoithewiththanratherSaigon,inCaodaqueInstitut

Tˆ notisTheremovement.theofbranchay-Ninhdivi-thethatconcludetohowever,evidence,enoughanyhad1930’stheingroupstwothesebetweension

TrPhan1950,Incause.doctrinal ˛u ˛` Mong . pub-anhcao-salutduvoieLaentitledtractaFrench)(inlishedtheofsomeoftranslationscontainedwhichdaque,

Cao-thefrommessagesimportantmost -D` otherandaiitsinceinterestingparticularlyistheseofOnespirits.

Supremethebyworldtheofcreationtheoutlinesmanifes-threethedescribetoongoesthenandBeing,

misladetations ´ (betweenalliancesordivine,ericordeoccurredhavewhichMan?)andBeingSupremethe

thesawtheseoffirstTheworld.theofhistorytheinAmi-sectes:troisdesarchangellesofearthtosending

(Di-tabha -d` Thspiritthea), ai-Th ˛u ˛. theandong,

(PhHsiFuChinaofrulerfirstmythical . theInuc-Hi).man’sbynecessarymademanifestation,secondthreetheseofeachfirst,thesincedeclinemoral

asAmitabhaform:newainagainappearedbeingsThBuddha,Sakyamunithe ai-Th ˛u ˛

. Laosagetheasong(LTzu ao-- TasHsiFuandDam), ˆo-V ˛u ˛ identifiedong,

Mby . usu-figuresthehaveweHereConfucius.asanhreligionsthreetheoffounderstheasrecognizedally

explaintoongoesmessageTheCaodaism.inunitedsononlyhissentGodepoch,secondthisinalsohow,theInteaching.hisrevealtoWest,theinearthto

triad,aofindicationnoistheremanifestationthirdhavewouldwhoMaitreya,ofmentionaevennorandAmitabhaofmanifestationthirdlogicalthebeen

emphasisnoticeableahowever,is,ThereSakyamuni.occasionthisonBeingSupremethethatfacttheon

whichVietnamese,thetohimselfrevealtochose[31]people.chosenofsortathemmade

ThthetoaffordedpositioncentralThe ai-Th ˛u ˛

. wellmaytriadstheseinTzuLaoandspiritongweretheyTaoism,offounderstheasthat,signify

fig-ConfucianandBuddhistthetosuperiorslightlyThThenamed.ures ai-Th ˛u ˛

. inmentionedisspiritongfoundHickeyDr.context:Caodaistotheroneleastat

Cao-thebyhonoureddeitiestheofonewashethatBan-Chtheofdaists

˛

ınh -D . Titheandao en-Thiˆ sectsenKhofvillagethein anh-H . (Tau ˆ hisprovince);an-An

lunarsecondtheofdayfifteenththeonwasfestivalThashimtoreferredsectformertheandmonth, ai-

Th ˛u ˛

. Long ao-Quˆ sacredthreeofpatternThe[32]an.thewithaffinitiessuggestsalsoepocheachinfigures

53SMITHB.RALPHPROFESSORCAODAISMTOINTRODUCTIONAN52

pantheon.TaoisttheofonesholythreeTam-ThanhcombinedhaveCaodaiststhethatseemwouldIt[33]

threeofconceptBuddhistthesystemsingleaintoinanddeities,threeofconceptTaoisttheandagesatoffusiongenuineaisreligiontheirrespectthis

religions.ChinesetwoleastCao-Revuetheinarticleanwork,anotherIn

TrPhan,CaodaqueInstituttheofdaque ˛u ˛` Mong .anhthirdnewly-dawnedtheofprogressthediscussed

incar-oferathethatpredictedandsalvationofepochdisincarna-oferathebysupersededbewouldnation

bethenwouldyears18ofwara1978;yeartheintionIt[34]1996.inbeginningagegoldenabyfollowedofsignificancethediscussedhethatarticlethisinwas

meaninglung-hua,(Chineselong-hoatermtheforth-thesymbolizeswhichdragon-flower),literally

inoccursalsotermTheworld.theofendcomingNguyˆ HTrungen . threethewherehistory,shortaus

theapproximatelyindescribedsalvationofepochsTrPhanofthoseastermssame ˛u ˛` Mong . aretractanh’s

long-hoaassemblies:dragon-flowerthreethecalledh . dragon-thetoreferencesfoundTopleyDr.[35]oi.

herinMaitreyaofcomingtheofsymbolaasflowerthethatexplainsSheSingapore.insectsofstudy

sittingwhilstsoulsmen’sjudgewillBuddhathirdflower.thebewilllong-hocthewhichoftreeaunder

TrPhan[36] ˛u ˛` Mong . datethededucetoattemptedanhthefrom(1978)worldtheofendforthcomingtheofupmakingcharactersChinesetwotheofstructure

phrase.thisORGANIZATIONCAODAISTIV.

fiveofpatternsalsoandthree,ofpatternTheorganiza-theinstronglyveryreflectedarenine,and

thebybothdescribedisitasCaodaism,oftionTtoespecially(relatingGobronofeditionEnglish ay-

NguybyandNinh) ˆ HTrungen . with(presumablyauofunionthewithassociatedgroupsthetoreferencetoAccordingidentical.notareaccountsTheir1936).

Nguyˆ HTrungen . theoforgansprincipalthreetheauBthewerereligion at-Quai -D` Ctheai, ˛uu-Trung -Dai,

Hitheand .ep-Thien -D` therather,(orGobron[37]ai.organs,threelistsalsoedition)Englishtheofeditor

Bthetoreferenceallomitshebut at-Quai -D` hisai;Cthecalledisorganthird ˛ Pho-Quan ˛u ˛oc-Thi . [38]en.

toproposeIapparent,becomewillwhichreasonsFormoretheasframeworkstwotheofformertheregard

organs.threeofgroupingfundamentalB(1) at-Quai -D` Palace.TrigramsEightai

Nguyˆ HTrungen . vthethiscallsau ˆ non-o-viBeingSupremethebygovernedpalace,action

(Th ˛u ˛

.ong--Dˆ betweenassociationanimplieswhiche),vtheandorganthis ˆ establishedCaodaismofsideo-vi

Ngby ˆ ChiMinho ˆ withdrew,hewhen1926ineuTleaving ˆ phtheofcentrethebecometoay-Ninh ˆ

˛

o- -d .onoistherewhyexplainmightThisside.salvation

Btheofmention at-Quai -D` relat-accountGobronsinaiTtospecificallying ˆ CaodaistsofunionTheay-Ninh.

Nguywhichto ˆ HTrungen . belongedhavetoseemsauChitheincludefactindid ˆ Catgroupeu-Minh ˆan-Th ˛o,

vthewithlinkscloserhadhenceand ˆ eightTheo-vi.Chinesetraditionalofelementanotherweretrigrams

intoincorporatedwasthatsymbolism(Taoist)

55SMITHB.RALPHPROFESSORCAODAISMTOINTRODUCTIONAN54

NguyCaodaism. ˆ HTrungen . photo-areproducesauNgofgraph ˆ ChiMinho ˆ ceremonialwhitehisineu

clearlyaretrigramseightthewhichonrobes,robeswhitetheonmarkedalsoareTheyinscribed.

Nguybyworn ˆ Ngen . Toc ˛u ˛ pictureoneleastatinongGibecomehadheaftertaken ao-Tˆ Batong ˆen-Tre.

C(2) ˛uu-Trung -D` Palace.SpheresNineaiNguytoaccordingagainorgan,This ˆen

HTrung . hofpalacetheisau, ˛˜ materialtheınh,uu-h`cphraseTheworld. ˛uu-tr` tousedsometimesisung

associateduniverse,theofspheresninetheindicatealsoisitcentre;theandpointscardinaleightthewiththebeforestepsninethewithconnexioninused

CtheCaodaismInthrone.imperial ˛uu-Trung -D` isaiisandbody,executiveororgan,administrativethe

GitheCaodaist,highest-rankingthebyheaded ao-Tˆ ofversionEnglishthetoadditioneditorialAnong.

(viministriesninethelistsGobron . whichamongsten)divided,wereresponsibilitiesexecutivevariousthe

Gobron’sworks.publictoeducationtoritesfromofdivisionimportantmoreaindicatesaccountown

Cthe ˛uu-Trung -D` ofEachsections.largerthreeintoaithreetheofonewithidentifiedissectionsthreethese

inshownascolour,aandnameahasalsoitreligions;thegivesalsotableThefollows.whichtablethe

Lunderwho,peopletheofnames ˆ Ve ˘ occu-Trung,ansectionsthreetheinpositionsfilledhighestthepied

ele-threecomprisenamesreligiousTheir1931.inthatseemwouldit(forsectiontheofnamethements:forsectionparticularatoassignedwereindividuals

andindividual;theofname(third)personalthelife);

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. NhTrungong ˛

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theofonebyconfirmedfoundisGobronbyrecordedCaodaistaofphotographscolourpublishedfew

Tatceremony ˆ The[40]1961.abouttakenay-Ninh,C ˛uu-Trung -Dai

PhFunctionsReligionColourDivision ˆoi-s ˛inu1931

Ng . NgorderritespersonnelConfucianismredJadeoc .oc(LThanhTrang ˆ Be ´ Trang)a

Th´ worksbuildingfinanceBuddhismyellowHighaiTh´ Thai ˛ (NguyThanho ˆ Ngen . Thoc ˛o)

Th ˛u ˛

. char-educationinteriorTaoismblueSupremeongThity ˛u ˛

. Tong ˛u ˛ (NguyThanhong ˆ Ngen . Toc ˛u ˛ong)CThe ˛uu-Trung -D` gradesnineembracesai

(phˆ

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aregradeshigherthereligion;theofadeptsofam)notarecomplementstheirbutnumbers,inlimited

[41]date.particularanyatfullnecessarilyGiao-Tˆ 1->ongCh ˛u ˛ong-Ph´ 3->ap-Dˆau-S ˛ 3->uPhˆoi-S ˛ 36->uGiao-S ˛ 72->uGiao-H ˛˜ 3,000->uuLˆ limitno->e-SanhCh ˛uc-Vi . limitno->ec

57SMITHB.RALPHPROFESSORCAODAISMTOINTRODUCTIONAN56

Nh ˛ limitno->on-Sanhbecausegrades,twelvecontainslistGobron’s

Chthreethegradeseparateaascountedhe anh-Phˆoi-S ˛ Phprincipalu ˆoi-S ˛ theseparatelycountedalsoandu,

Chofthatwithinsub-gradesthree ˛uc-Vi . The[42]ec.Chofgrade anh-Phˆoi-S ˛ byexistenceincertainlywasu

gradeseffectivehighesttheofonewasitwhen1931,unfilled.partmosttheforwereoneshigherthesince

Trˆan -D . TlefthadwhoQuang,ao ˆ and1928inay-NinhMinh-Chthefoundedlater ˛on--D . apparentlywasao,

Ch ˛u ˛ong-Ph´ whichpositionhighawent,hebeforeapaalreadywashethatfactthetoowedhavemayhe

inau-wasCaodaismwhentimetheatpriestofsortL1933,Before[43]1926.ingurated ˆ Ve ˘ him-Trungan

aonlywasself -Dˆau-S ˛ digni-highestthewasheandu,Tattary ˆ threethebyfollowedbeing1931,inay-Ninh

Chanh-Phˆoi-S ˛ ontabletheingivenarenameswhoseu583.p.

Hi(3) .ep-Thien -D` HeavenwithUnionaiPalace.

Nguyˆ HTrungen . standsorganthisthatsaysauBthebetween at-Quai -D` Ctheandai ˛uu-Trung -Dai,

Githewherepalacethebeing ao-Tˆ com-togoesong(BeingSupremethewithmunicate -D ˛´ Thuc ˛u ˛

.ong--Dˆe),(PhBuddhasthewithand . (ThOnesHolytheat), anh),

Ti(Immortalstheand ˆ theestablishtoorderinen),(phsalvationtoway ˆ

˛

o- -d . soulsofreleasetheando)(sieu-r ˆ tooi ` Bthesay,toongoesHean-linh). at-Quai-D` phtheforthsetsai ´ theestablishesandap -d . theao;C ˛uu-Trung -D` phthemaintainsai ´ theexecutesandap-d . Hitheao; .ep-Thien -D` phtheprotectsai ´ andap

thedefends -d . phtermsThe[44]ao. ´ andap -d . areaoorgan,thirdthisofstructuretheforimportant

thwithtogetherbecause ˆ ofnamestheasoccurtheyeThdivided.isitwhichinto(chi)sectionsthreethe ˆ ine,

world;materialthemeansclearlycontext,this -d .aoandreligion;ofpracticetheheremeansprobably

ph´ thesincemethod,orruleastranslatedbemightapChris-thetoclosermeaningaimplieslawtranslation

infoundeveristhanlawdivineofconcepttianphfact,Inreligions.VietnameseandChinese ap

medi-ofmethodsortechniquesthetorefertoseemsNguyofversionFrenchtheandumship, ˆ Trungen

H . Hitranslatesau .ep-Thien -D` depalaisasaimediumnit´ probablywereorganthisofofficialsthee;

PhThusmediums.all . Cam ˆ Tong ˘ theheldwho,ac,Hofposition .o-Ph´ posi-thatheldstilland1934byap

intoreferredwashewhenyearslaterduringtionchiefthewasPope,assourcesEnglish-languageopennotpositionaholdcouldhesuchAsmedium.

Lto ˆ Ve ˘ anyofevidencefirmnoisThereTrung.anHithebetweenpersonnelofoverlapping .ep-Thien -Dai

Ctheand ˛uu-Trung -D` betoimpossibleisitthoughai,oflistsfullsinceall,atnonewastherethatcertain

relation-theIndeedavailable.notareoffice-holdersproblemimportantanisorganstwothebetweenship

littleverythrowusedhaveIsourcesthewhichuponcorrespondenceanyofindicationnoisTherelight.

sec-threetheandoneofsectionsthreethebetweencolouranyofsuggestionanynorother,theoftions

Hitheinsymbolism .ep-Thien -D` clearitisNorai.isItpractice.insuperiorwasbodiestwotheofwhich

59SMITHB.RALPHPROFESSORCAODAISMTOINTRODUCTIONAN58

atwasquestionthispreciselythatimpossiblenotPhbetweenconflicttheinissue . Cam ˆ Tong ˘ andac

Nguyˆ Ngen . Toc ˛u ˛ 1932-5.yearstheduringongHiThe .ep-Thien -Dai

Ph´ mediumship)i.e.(Method,sectionap -D .aoThpractice)(Religioussection ˆ (Materialsectione

world):Defenderssections:ofHeads(1)

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Khai-PhPropagators(4) ´ Khai-ap -D . Khai-Thao ˆeTiContinuators(5) ˆep-Ph´ Tiap ˆep--D . Tiao ˆep-Thˆe

ofeditionEnglishtheinorganthirdTheCtheGobron, ˛ Pho-Quan ˛u ˛oc-Thi . mentionednotisen,

Nguyby ˆ HTrungen . becandealgreatanotandau,ofOrganliterallymeansnameIts[45]it.aboutsaid

body.charitableaasdescribedisitandWorks,Goodheadthelisted,aremembershipofgradesTwelve

Phcalledbeing .at-T ˛ office-holderactualhighesttheu;thetobelonged(1949-50)writingoftimetheat

ı-ThiCh´grade,seventh . notisidentityhisbuten,bodythisofworkprincipalthethatseemsItgiven.

communitysocialtheofdevelopmenttheconcernedTatCaodaistsof ˆ itand1930,inestablisheday-Ninh,

poli-theinroleimportantanyplaynotdidprobablyGobrontoadditionsameThemovement.theoftics

ofhierarchyprovincialthebrieflydescribetoongoesfive(1949-50)timethisatwereTherereligion.the

tr ˆ Khabyheadedeachcircuits),or(provincesan am-Trˆan--D . Giofgradetheofbemustwhoao ao-S ˛u.

chtheorder,incame,themBelow ˆ ttheau, . theandoc,h ˛u ˛ aretermsThesehamlets.thethatbelowandong;

trCaodaist;exclusivelynot ˆ chandan ˆ infoundareauimperialVietnamesetraditionalofvocabularythe

tperiods;differentatadministration . otherinmeansochandlineage;orclancontexts ˛u ˛ Cochinchina)(inong

xwithinterchangeablebeenhavetoseems ˜ thesincea,hasknownareofficialsvillage ˛u ˛ong-c

˛

ha, ˛u ˛ong-ch

˛

u,[46]etc.

NguyofaccountthetoreturningFinally, ˆenHTrung . aofexistencethenotetopossibleisitau,

[47]assembly.Caodaistofkindsdifferentofnumberupwards,workingandlevellowesttheatStarting

are)stillpresumably(andweretheyH(i) .oi-Nh ˛on-Sanh lowestthecomprising:

Ltheincludingandtoupadept,ofgrades ˆ isite-Sanh;atten-theinvolvedmeetingsitswhetherclearnot

Tatdance ˆ adeptsofcentre)otherany(oray-Ninhlikely.veryseemwouldthatbutprovinces,thefrom

H(ii) .oi-Thanh Assembly,Sacredthe:Gifromgradesthecomprising ao-H ˛˜ andtoupuu

Phincluding ˆoi-S ˛ inthatnotetointerestingisItu.PhofelevationtheofaccountGobrons . Cam ˆ Tong ˘ac

Tatleadershipofpositionato ˆ isit1935,inay-Ninhthebytaskthewithentrustedwashethatstated

H .oi-Nh ˛ Htheandon-Sanh .oi-Th´ highernoandanh,bywasitConceivably[48]mentioned.arecouncils

thatoneshighertheagainstassembliestheseusingPh . Cam ˆ Tong ˘ rivalhisoutpacetoablebeenhadac

61SMITHB.RALPHPROFESSORCAODAISMTOINTRODUCTIONAN60

Nguyˆ Ngen . Toc ˛u ˛ong.Th(iii) ˛u ˛

.ong-H .oi Assembly,Highthe:Ctheofgradeshighestthecomprising ˛uu-Trung -Dai,

Chfromupwards anh-Phˆoi-S ˛ thereforecannotItu.time,oneanyatpeopletenthanmoreincludedhave

that.thansmallermuchprobablywasand(iv) -D .ai-H . Voi .an-Linh AssemblyGreatthe:

othertheallembracingSouls,ThousandTentheofassemblythisofmeetingaatwasItassemblies.three

Nguythat ˆ Ngen . Toc ˛u ˛ Ldenouncedong ˆ Ve ˘ Trunganear-anfromonfollowing1933,Juneingrouphisand

Ththeindenunciationlier ˛u ˛

.ong-H . previoustheinoithethatoccasionthatonmentionedisIt[49]April.

H .o-Ph´ (Phap) . Cam ˆ Tong ˘ whichabsent,wasac)attended.havecouldhethatimpliespresumably

theoftermsindescribedareassembliestheSinceCtheingrades ˛uu-Trung -D` difficultagainonceisitai,

ofofficesthetowasrelationshiptheirwhatknowtoHithe .ep-Thien -Dai.

ANALOGIESCHINESEV.andbeliefsofdiscussionthiselse,nothingIf

itsallforCaodaism,thatshownhasorganizationaffinitieshasreligion,newentirelyanbetoclaims

toindeedseemsItmovements.religiousolderwithindevelopedwhichtraditionsectarianatobelong

theinreflectedisThiscenturies.manyoverChinaoverseastheamongstandChinainbothexistence,

orsimilarofnumberaofNanyang,theofChinesenotableAcentury.twentieththeincultsrelated

char-itsinknown,(alsosectYiianTaotheisexamplewaswhichSociety),SwastikaRedtheaswork,itable

thetospreadwhichand1921inTsin-anatestablishedfiveunitetoclaimsIt[50]1930s.theduringNanyang

Chris-Taoism,Buddhism,Confucianism,religionsainbeliefstandscoreitsatbutIslamandtianity,

Cao-theunlikenotspirit,supreme -D` thisInspirit.aiaatwhoLao-jen,T’ai-iisbeingsupremethecase

spirit-sofseries ´ andtruththerevealedhaseancestermi-theNeithersalvation.tomeanstheestablished

structureadministrativeitsnorreligionthisofnologythebutCaodaism,ofthosecloselyveryresemble

reli-twotheoftenetsfundamentaltheofsimilaritythetoultimatelybelongtheythatsuggestsgions

tradition.samesomewithsects,ofgrouporsect,Another

Dr.bystudiedbeenhasCaodaism,tosimilaritiessome-knownaretheySingapore:inTopleyMarjorie

(php’u-tuastimes ˆ

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o- -d . thebysometimesandsects,o)(TiTa-taoHsien-t’ienname en-Thien -D .ai--D . [51]ao).

emphasisgreatplacesectsofgroupthisofadeptsTheandabstinence,self-purification,throughsalvationon

inbelievetheyCaodaists,thelikeandvegetarianism,Thesalvation.ofepochthirdtheofimminencethe

muchiselementsalvationist)rather,(orBuddhistele-TaoisttheandCaodaism,inthanherestronger

offiguresymbolicTheprominent.allatnotismentandepochs,threethetoentirelyrelatetoseemsthree

Dipan-Buddhas,threetheonisemphasisgreatestthecolourtheWhereasMaitreya.andSakyamunikara,

divisionsthreethetorelatesCaodaismofsymbolismreli-Hsien-t’ientheinstructure,religiousthewithinarewhiteandred,blue,ofcoloursthreethegion

63SMITHB.RALPHPROFESSORCAODAISMTOINTRODUCTIONAN62

Dr.periods.salvationthreethetorespectivelyrelatedfamousthethatmoreover,show,toableisTopley

originallytraditionChineseofsocietyLotusWhitethewaswhitewhichinreligion,similaratobelonged

whichsectsTheMaitreya.ofcomingtheofsymbolfaroriginstheirbacktracedSingaporeinfoundshethetocredibilityofdegreesomewithpast:theinto

alsobutWei-ch’un,Lopatriarchseventeenth-centuryBud-(Zen)Ch’ansixththetoperiodthatbeyondfar

How-Huineng.period,Tangtheofpatriarchdhistofsourceonlythenotispatriarchsoflinetheever,

elementanalsoistherereligion:thewithinauthorityfol-adeptstheandhere,evenspirit-mediumship,of

(Wu-shengMother’‘calledspiritaofdictatesthelowrevealswhonames),otherunderknownalsoLao-mu,

satintentionsher ´ (Thisplanchette.thewitheancesPek-theofculttheinimportantalsowasspiritsame

swhoseofonegrouping ´ bydescribedwaseancesnoisthereAgainabove.)mentionedasGrootaers

structureorterminologyofcorrespondencedirectCao-andSingaporeinsectsHsien-t’ienthebetweenobvi-aresimilaritiesbasicthebutViet-Nam,indaism

oneViet-NamSouthinexiststhereMoreover,ous.theitselfcallswhichCaodaismwithinsectorbranch

Tien-Thiˆ ofknownislittleveryUnfortunately[52]en.necessarilynotmaywhichorganization,orbeliefsits

arti-presenttheindescribedthosewithidenticalbecle.

writ-thetomadebeenalreadyhasReferenceinsects,ofevidencefoundtooHeGroot.deofings

havetoappearwhichelsewhere,andFu-kien

ofTwotradition.salvationist-spiritistthetobelongednamestheunderdetail,someindescribeshethem

neitheragain,Once[53]Lung-hua.andHsien-t’ienrela-indirectanbutdetail,inCaodaismresembles

theintoresearchRecentpostulated.bemighttionshipofevidencefoundhasChinainrebellionofhistoryasearlyAsperiods.earliermuchinkindthisofsects

whichinrevoltswerethereexample,for613,and515aplayedMaitreyaofcomingapocalyptictheinbelief

amongstfoundisbeliefsametheandpart;prominentdynastyYuantheagainstrebelledwhothoseofmany

farasfoundissectTaoistabyRevolt[54]1351.intheofWaytheofadeptswhen184,A.D.asback

andHengChangunderroseRiceofBushelsFiveofvenerationbytogetherheldhierarchyaestablished

rebelli-potentiallythedoubtNo[55](Kuei).Spiritthesectsofkindsvarioustheofactivitiespoliticalous

expla-theofpartisChinatraditionalinappearedthatpreventtosoughtofficialsConfucianthewhynation

that,ofbecausepreciselyanddeveloping;fromthemandorganizationinternaltheiraboutinformation

longaintofitsthen,Caodaism,limited.soisbeliefsChineseindeeplierootswhosetraditionreligious

itwasfarhowarises:naturallyquestionThehistory.amerelyitwasfarhowandall,atVietnamese

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topeculiarwasCaodaismrespect:thisinemphasisWhereCochinchina.calledFrenchthewhichareathe

Vinorthernandcentralinappearedit . wasitet-Nam,thefromthereitspreadtoattemptsofresultaas

65SMITHB.RALPHPROFESSORCAODAISMTOINTRODUCTIONAN64

theofproductdirectathereforenotwasIt[56]south.Nam-Tiˆ whichbyVietnamese,theofmovementen

areasinsettletoexpandedgraduallypeoplethatcenturyfifteenththefromsouth,furtherandfurther

spirit-otherwithconfusedbeitshouldNoronwards.assuchViet-Nam,ofareasotherincultsmediumship

thewhichinTongking,inDurandbystudiedthoseitsspokeandspiritthebypossessedwasmedium

seemsIt[57]down.themwritingthanratherwords,Cao-ofantecedentsthethatthereforeprobablehighly

introducedcultsamongstfoundbetoaredaismChina:frommigrantsbyCochinchinaintodirectly

century,seventeenththeinbeganmigrationSuchBiatcoloniesChineseofestablishmentthewith en-

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byconqueredrecentlyChinaSouthafromrefugeescon-hadhavetolikelyquitewerewhoCh’ing,the

ChineseOthersocieties.religioussecretwithnexionscenturynineteenthlatethebyandfollowed,migrants

innotIfnumbers.considerableincomingweretheyitdatelatersomeatthencentury,seventeenththe

syncretictheintroducedChinesethethatseemwouldpartic-inandbelonged,Caodaismwhichtotradition

willIt[58]grew.itwhichofoutsectsMinhtheularNgtheoffounderthethatrecalledbe .oc-Ho` tem-ang

atple - andChinese;awasDa-Kao ˆ ofheadıch,K´AuMinh-Lthe ´ minh-hawas1950,bysecty ˛u ˛ half-ong

theNevertheless,[59]half-Vietnamese.Chinese,VietnamesetheintoassimilatedquicklywereChinese

whyexplainwouldthisandCochinchina,ofsociety

easilyverycouldthembyintroducedcultanyanywithoutpeoplebyacceptedVietnamese,becomethisofsectsofestablishmentlongTheblood.Chinese

ofelementanwithcombinedCochinchina,inkindactualthewhyexplainalsowouldVietnamization,quitewereCaodaismofterminologyandstructure

elsewhere.sectssimilarofthosefromdifferentstudyforegoingthethatevidentbewillIt

thatquestionstheallansweredmeansanybynothashis-andorigins,nature,theaboutaskedbetoought

suggesttobeenhaspurposeMyCaodaism.oftoryupfollowedbetimeinmightwhichinquiryoflinesasseenbeCaodaismshouldNorresearchers.otherby

SouthofhistorytheinspecialiststomerelyinterestofacoursedueinthatprobableveryisItViet-Nam.

thetodetailcloserinitrelatingstudycomparativeonlightsomethrowalsowillsectsChinesevarious

latter.theofdevelopmentandoriginstheGLOSSARY

alwaysnotisitsourcesVietnameseUsingcharactersChinesetheofcertainbetopossible

qutocorresponding ˆoc-ng ˛˜ following,Thewords.uequivalentsChinesethebetoappearwouldhowever,

forego-theinusedtermstheofimportantmosttheofarticle:ing

Bat-Quai -DaiCao--Daicˆau-tienc ˛(ko ˆ

˛

e)C ˛uu-Trung -Dai-D .ai--D . Tam-kao ` Phy ˆ

˛

o--D .o

67SMITHB.RALPHPROFESSORCAODAISMTOINTRODUCTIONAN66

-Dan-D .aoGiao-TongHi .ep-Thien -DaiH .o-Phaplong-hoaphapthˆeTh ˛u ˛

.ong -DˆeTienTien-Thienvo-vi

NOTES:335-49.1970,2,XXXIII,BSOAS,seeIpartFor[1]

conversationstoindebtedmuchveryamI[2]forSasoMichaelMr.andTopleyMarjorieDr.with

article;presenttheinupfollowedideastheofseveralresponsibleheldbeshouldhowever,them,ofneither

wheresaveherein,statementparticularanyforerrors.anyforlessstillacknowledged;directly

merelyhereusedbewillspiritismwordThe[3]withspiritists,Frenchthebypreferredwasitbecause(andcontactsclosermuchhadCaodaiststhewhom

spiritualists.AngloSagonwiththancommon)inmoreOeuvresRivail),D.H.(L.KardecAllancf.[4]

biographicalaincludeswhich1912,Paris,posthumes,and1869;maiSpirite,Revuefromreprintedmemoir

book,spirits’TheRivail),D.H.(L.KardecAllanBlackwell,Annabyintroductionanwithtranslated

1875.London,ofsystemreligiousTheGroot,deM.J.J.[5]

1310.VI,1964,Taipei,repr.,China,incultsspirit-mediumChineseElliott,A.J.A.[6]

140-5.1955,London,Singapore,transla-Englishscholars,TheChing-tzu,Wu[7]

ff.1261964,Peking,tion,sUneGrootaers,A.W.[8] ´ spiritismedeeance

secrreligionunedans ete ` Pa ´ M1948eneking elanges92-8.1948-51,IX,Bouddhiques,etChinois

e.g.see,terms,VietnamesetheseallFor[9]-Dˆong-Tˆ Lan, .ich-s ˛Cao-u -D` PhI.ai, ˆ Van ˆ Saigon,o-vi,

Lassubsequentlytoreferred1967, .ich-s ˛ ff.53u,ff.12953,ibid.,[10]

Hu[11] ` Cynh-Minh, ˆan-Th ˛xo ˛ vua ` Gia-nay,a -D.inh,222.1966,

TrPhan[12] ˛u ˛` Mong . cao-salutduvoieLaanh,48.1950,Saigon,daque,

L[13] .ich-s ˛57.u,Cao-ofphilosophyandHistoryGobron,G.[14]

124.135,1950,Saigon,daism,L[15] .ich-s ˛ Gouvernement-G57-3;u, en´ deeral

Contributionl’Indochine, ` mouve-desl’histoireaHanoi,VII,francaise,l’Indochinedepolitiquesments

VII,Contribution,assubsequentlytoreferred1934,54-5.

VII,Contribution,ff.;5146,cit.,op.Gobron,[16]58-9.

576.p.supra,cf.[17]Nguy[18] ˆ Phen ´ Tuc ˆ ofhistorymodernAan,

410-22.1964,Saigon,Viet-Nam,

69SMITHB.RALPHPROFESSORCAODAISMTOINTRODUCTIONAN68

ff.3126,cit.,op.Gobron,[19]ff.149ibid.,[20]

PoLiofcareerandpoetryTheWaley,Arthur[21]29-31.7,1950,London,(701-762),

TrPhan[22] ˛u ˛` Mong . 101-4.salut,duvoieLaanh,L[23] . sich ˛ 58.43,u,

27.VII,Contribution,[24]19.cit.,op.Gobron,[25]

L[26] .ich-s ˛ ff.59u,21.cit.,op.Gobron,[27]

Nguy[28] ˆ HTrungen . Lau, ˛u ˛

. soc ˛u -D . Caoao -D` Aai:The8.1956,Tourane,Caodaism,ofhistoryshort

viword ˆ ChinesetheofformVietnamesethehereisetnamely.say,tomeaningyueh,

L[29] .ich-s ˛ 349.1970,2,XXXIII,BSOAS,cf.81-2;u,341.1970,2,XXXIII,BSOAS,cf.[30]

TrPhan[31] ˛u ˛` Mong . it50-8;salut,duvoieLaanh,ofpatternthefoundTopleyDr.thatnoticingworthis

Singapore,instudiedshesectstheinBuddhasthreeBSOAS,Amitabha,ofplaceinDipankarawithbut

371.1963,2,XXVI,NewVietnam,inVillageHickey,C.G.[32]

71.69,1964,Haven,aboutinformationandcomparison,thisFor[33]

toindebtedamI(Tam-Thanh),Ch’ingSanTaoisttheSaso.Mr.

dAn.,eIIICaodaque,Revue[34] ´ 1950,ecembre67-92.

Nguy[35] ˆ HTrungen . 10-11.cit.,op.au,socialandorganizationTheTopley,D.M.[36]

Singaporeinchai-tangwomen’sChineseoffunction

London,ofUniversitythesis,Ph.D.(unpublished131.1958),

Nguy[37] ˆ HTrungen . 17-19.cit.,op.au,ff.153cit.,op.Gobron,[38]

Ti[39] ˆ

˛

eu-s ˛u -D ˛´ Giuc ao-Tˆ Nguyong ˆ Ngen .ocT ˛u ˛ assubsequentlytoreferred1958,Saigon,ong,

ff.19NNT,1961,4,CXX,Magazine,GeographicNational[40]

464-5.Nguy[41] ˆ HTrungen . 18.cit.,op.au,

154.cit.,op.Gobron,[42]Ngthetobelongedhe19;NNT,[43] . division.oc

Nguy[44] ˆ HTrungen . 18.cit.,op.au,156-7.cit.,op.Gobron,[45]

157-8.ibid.,[46]Nguy[47] ˆ HTrungen . 19.cit.,op.au,

71.cit.,op.Gobron,[48]31.NNT,[49]

TaoofpointsImportantShuang,SuHou[50]Dr.togratefulamI1932;Singapore,glance,aatYuan

source.thistoattentionmydrawingforTopleyFormerofWayGreatTheTopley,Marjorie[51]

sects,religioussecretChineseofgroupaHeaven:treatedissubjectthe362-92;1963,2,XXVI,BSOAS,

p.above,citedthesisunpublishedherinfullymore36.n.581,

345-6.1970,2,XXXIII,BSOAS,cf.[52]religiousandSectarianismGroot,deM.J.J.[53]vi-vii.ch.I,1963,Taipei,repr.,China,inpersecution

rebelChineseinthemesSomeMuramatsu,Y.[54]ConfucianThe(ed.),WrightF.A.inideologies,

71SMITHB.RALPHPROFESSORCAODAISMTOINTRODUCTIONAN70

246-8.1960,Stanford,persuasion,ideo-rebelChineseSomeShih,C.Y.Vincent[55]

150-226.1956,1-3,XLIV,T’oung-Pao,logies,Nguy[56] ˆ HTrungen . atdealsff.,21cit.,op.au,

CaodaismestablishtomissionthewithlengthsomeVicentralin . wereThereonwards.1937fromet-Nam

HinCaodaistsfewaalso

˛

Phai ` Hpossiblyandong aN .oi.

panthetTechniqueDurand,M.[57] ´ deseonm´ 1959.Paris,vietnamiennes,ediums

348-9.1970,2,XXXIII,BSOAS,cf.[58]relative.atoAccording[59]