an introduction to vlsi (very large scale integrated ...sburns/ee1001fall2012/ee1001_2012_hua… ·...
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EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
An Introduction to VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated)
Circuit Design
Presented at EE1001 Oct. 16th, 2012
By Hua Tang
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EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction 2
The First Computer
The BabbageDifference Engine(1832)
25,000 parts
cost: £17,470
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EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction 3
The first electronic computer (1946)
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EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
First transistor
Bell Labs, 1948
First Transistor (Bipolar)
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The First Integrated Circuits
Bipolar logic
1960’s
ECL 3-input Gate
Motorola 1966
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EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
Basic IC circuit component: MOS transistor MOS: Metal Oxide Semiconductor
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Intel 4004 Micro-Processor
1971
1000 transistors
< 1MHz operation
10μm technology
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Intel Pentium (IV) microprocessor
2001
42 Million transistors
1.5 GHz operation
0.18μm technology
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More recent Processors 2006
291 Million transistors
3 GHz operation
65nm technology
2007
800 Million transistors
2 GHz operation
45nm technology (the biggest change in CMOS transistor
technologies in 40 years)
2010 Core i7
1.2 Billion transistors
3.3 GHz operation
32nm technology
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EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
Moore’s Law
In 1965, Gordon Moore noted that the
number of transistors on a chip doubled
every 18 to 24 months.
He made a prediction that
semiconductor technology will double its
effectiveness every 18 months
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Moore’s law in Microprocessors
4004 8008
8080 8085 8086
286 386
486 Pentium® proc
P6
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Tra
nsis
tors
(M
T)
2X growth in 1.96 years!
Transistors on Lead Microprocessors double every 2 years
Courtesy, Intel
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Frequency
P6
Pentium ® proc 486
386 286 8086 8085
8080
8008 4004
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Fre
qu
en
cy (
Mh
z)
Lead Microprocessors frequency doubles every 2 years
Doubles every
2 years
Courtesy, Intel
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Not Only Microprocessors
Analog
Baseband
Digital Baseband
(DSP + MCU)
Power
Management
Small
Signal RF Power
RF
Cell Phone
HDTV
PDA
….
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EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
What is a MOS Transistor?
VGS VT
Ron
S D
A Switch!
|V GS |
An MOS Transistor
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MOS Transistors - Types and Symbols
D
S
G
G
S
D
NMOS
PMOS
if G=“0” or ground
switch on
if G=“1” or Vdd
switch on
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The CMOS Inverter: A First Glance
V in V out
C L
V DD
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CMOS Inverter
First-Order DC Analysis
V DD V DD
V in = V DD V in = 0
V =0 out
V =V out
R n
R p
DD
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0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
x 10-10
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
t (sec)
Vout(V
)
Transient Response
tpLH tpHL
The delay
Essentially
determines the
clock speed of the
processor
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Static CMOS (Complementary MOS) VDD
F(In1,In2,…InN)
In1
In2
InN
In1
In2
InN
PUN
PDN
PMOS only
NMOS only
PUN and PDN are dual logic networks
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NMOS Transistors
in Series/Parallel Connection
Transistors can be thought as a switch controlled by its gate signal
NMOS switch closes when switch control input is high
X Y
A B
Y = X if A and B
XY
A
B Y = X if A OR B
NMOS Transistors pass a “strong” 0 but a “weak” 1
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PMOS Transistors
in Series/Parallel Connection
X Y
A B
Y = X if A AND B = A + B
XY
A
B Y = X if A OR B = AB
PMOS Transistors pass a “strong” 1 but a “weak” 0
PMOS switch closes when switch control input is low
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Example Gate: NAND
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Example Gate: NOR
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Full-Adder A B
Cout
Sum
Cin Fulladder
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The Binary Adder
S A B Ci
=
A= BCi ABCi ABCi
ABCi
+ + +
Co
AB BCi
ACi
+ +=
A B
Cout
Sum
Cin Fulladder
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Complimentary Static CMOS Full Adder
28 Transistors
A B
B
A
Ci
Ci A
X
VDD
VDD
A B
Ci BA
B VDD
A
B
Ci
Ci
A
B
A CiB
Co
VDD
S
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The Ripple-Carry Adder
FA FA FA FA
A0 B0
S0
A1 B1
S1
A2 B2
S2
A3 B3
S3
Ci,0 Co,0
(= Ci,1)
Co,1 Co,2 Co,3
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SRAM Memory cell
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The add-up
32-bit adder: >3,000
32-bit comparator: >3,000
32-bit multiplier: >50,000
1k SRAM: 6,000
…
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Design Metrics
How to evaluate performance of a digital circuit (gate, block, …)?
Cost
Reliability
Scalability
Speed (delay, operating frequency)
Power dissipation
Energy to perform a function
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Future Design Challenges
Processor architecture (multiple-core; interconnections)
Semi-conductor materials (current leakage; process variation)
Power consumption (power density; thermal dissipation)
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Career in VLSI design VLSI circuit design and design automation
Intel, IBM, AMD, Texas Ins., Agilent,…
Qualcomm, Broadcom, Samsung,…
Micron, Seagate, WesternDigital…
Cadence, Synopsys, MentorGraphics…
Xilinx, Altera, ….
....
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VLSI Design: FFT Butterfly
Widely used in signal
processing
Design Butterfly Unit
for 2-point FFT
Components include
multiplier, adder,
subtractor, and data
management
8-point FFT composed of 12 butterflies
Image from www.cmlab.csie.ntu.edu.tw/cml/dsp/training/coding/transform/fft.html
By: Spencer Strunic
Matt Webb
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FFT Butterfly Unit Layout
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Registers
Store data
Manipulate data
ALU
Select between many different operations to output
Adder
Adds two 8-bit numbers
Multiplier
Multiplies two 8-bit numbers
By: Brian Linder
Matt Leines
VLSI Design: 8-bit CPU
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8-bit CPU Layout
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FIR Filter
FIR – Finite-Impulse Response Involves calculations of finite convolution
sums in discrete-time systems Useful for Digital Signal Processing Equation -
x is the input signal, h is the finite impulse response, y is the sum output and N is the order of the filter
By: Craig Bristow
Joliot Chu
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FIR Filter System Design
x[n]h[k]:
CONT
ROL
Module 1 – Control Module
INPUT STORAGE
Module 2 – Input Module
COEFFICIENTS
STORAGE
Module 3 – Coefficients Module
ARITHMETIC
Module 4 – Arithmetic Module
RESULTS
STORAGE
Module 5 – Results Storage
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A Delta-Sigma Converter for WCDMA
By: Matt Webb, Hairong Chang
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Nowdays, many electronic systems on a single chip have both analog and digital (called Mixed-signal SoC (System on Chip))
From Texas
Instruments
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Contact Information:
Office: MWAH 276
Hour: 3-5pm MW
Phone: 726-7095
Email: [email protected]
Http: www.d.umn.edu/~htang