Geol. Surv. Ind. Spl. Pub. No. 56 2001 ; pp 83-94

AN OVERVIEW OF THE MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH IN THE LAKSHADWEEP

M. DEVARAJ ./\NO N.G.K. PILLA!

Central }.1arine Fisheries Research Institute Kochi

'IN1ROD _ cnON

The Union Territory of Lakshadweep consists of 10 inhabited islands and 16 uninhabited islets. The u.T. has an area of 32 sq km and possesses 400,000 sq km of Exclusive Economic Zone. Each island except Androth has a lagoon on the western side, and the lagoon and the reef porvide an ideal coral habitat for a variety of flora and fauna. The islands and submerged reefs which possess rich fish­ery resources in the water areas around them are Agatti, Bangaram, Tinnakara, Parali, Perumal Par, Pitti, Suheli, Bitra, Cheriyapaniam, Baliyapaniam, Kadamat , Kavaratti, Androth, Kiltan, Kalpeni , Elikalpani and Minicoy. Of these, Minicoy, Agatti, Suheli and Bitra are important with regard to the tuna pole and line fishery. Coconuts and tuna are the mainstay of the economy ofthis U.T. Since the land area is limited, the scope for large scale devel­opment of land based agriculture and industries is meagre. The future programmes have to be cen­tered on the judicious exploitation of marine living resources. In recent years, the Lakshadweep has assumed greater importance in view of the special consideration shown by the Government of India towards its alround development and welfare of the people. Marine fisheries have to playa major role in maintaining and upgrading the standard of life of the islanders. In this context the contributions by the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute and the Department of Fisheries to the development and management of marine fishery resources are worth mentioning.

The present paper attempts to document all the available information on marine fisheries research in Lakshadweep. The paper highlights all the es­sen~ial aspects concerning fisheries, marine bio­logical and environmental research carried out on Lakshadweep. Marine biological and fisheries re-

search on the Lakshadweep dates back to the end of the 18th century, when the surgeon naturalist A. Alcock sailed on the 17th October, 1891 by R.M.S . Investigator and cruised the Lakshadweep sea for two months. Apart from a graphic.description of the islands, Alcock (1894) gave an account of the deep sea fishes collected from the Lakshadweep waters. The Cambridge University Expedition under the lead­ership of Prof. 1. Stanley Gardiner was the next sig­nificant event in the marine biological and oceano­graphic research on Lakshadweep and the results were reported in the two volumes of "Fauna and Geography of the Maldive and Laccadive Archi­pelagoes" (1.S. Gardiner (Ed.) 1903-1906). Later, Hornell (1910) and Ayyangar (1922) described briefly the tuna fishing methods in Lakshadweep.

Realising the importance of the marine living re­sources particularly oceanic tuna fisheries and the need for judiciously exploiting them, the Central Ma­rine Fisheries Research Institute . (CMFRI) estab­lished a Research Centre at Minicoy in 1958, and the Department of Fisheries, Lakshadweep was es­tablished in 1959. The establishment of these two institutional systems gave fillip to the marine bio­logical and fisheries research in the Lakshadweep sea. During the last four decades scientists of CMFRI, NIO and Fisheries Department of Lakshadweep have contributed to our knowledge on primary and secondary production, the fisheries resources, their potential, fishing methods, fishery biology of tunas and livebait fishes, corals, coral reefs, ancillary marine living resources and environ­mental characteristics. A historical resume of ma­rine fisheries research on Lakshadweep has been given by James (1989) .

EXPLORATORY SURVEYS As early as 1928 the erstwhile Madras Fisheries

Department conducted experimental trawling in the

'84

sea around Lakshadwc<:p using the steam trawler wdy Go herl (So.ndcra Raj P)30) . he material collecled from !Jasso De- Pedro Bank included qual.­.ily perches su.'ch a L(!t/winlls spp .. Eplm:phcltls pp. ,!IDa Luljmttls spp. Jones (1959a has given a

d tailed account of the co~operalive oceanographic investigation carried out by R. V, Ka{ava in file Lakshadweep waters. Valuable data on the oceano~ graphic conditions and Ihe fishery rcsou.r,ces of the seas around Lakshadweep was collected during the cruises ofR.V. Ka/ava. The larval fishes collected from this area included those of Xiphias qladius, jsiiopliorus p!a!ypterll,<r, KotSlllW)I711S pelami s. EuthynnusaffinisandAuxissp. (Jones, 1958a, 1958c, 1959a, 1959b, 1959d, 1960c, 1963). Theresultsof e plotatory SUn'C of R. V. VOl'l/IlO i ll the seas around .La'kshadweep have been wen documented by Sjlas (1968, 1969 1~72) . Data on th,e environ· menial parantctcrs, secondary prOduC1ioll and fish­ery resources of the Lakshad,,'cep sea were col­lected during the cruises of FORV Sagar Sall/pada and the results were published in the Proceedings of the First Workshop on Scientific Results ofFORV Sagar Sampada (1990) .

ASSESSMENT OF FISHERY POTENTIAL

There is a general consensus that the living re~ sources in and around the islands hold great poten­tial for exploitation to a high magnitude. But, from the resource point of view. 'llte Laksltadweep archi­pelago was not surveyed seriously till recently. In this context the CMFRI had carried out a compre­hensive indicative survey of the fishery potential of the islands [Tom January tQ March 1987 aud the results were published in CMFRI Bulletin No. 4 (1989).

S1udi on tlie assessment of stock r tunas in the Lakshadwecp waters were given priority in the research progrnuunes of eM RJ in view oft'he fact that lhe steady increase inthe landings and decrease ill lUean length -of yellowfin tm a exploited b the Ja.panese tuna fislting fleet 1 he development of pur esei UP. fishery ill Ole western Indian Ocec.tll with reference to its effect on lIte stocks of llligl'alOI)'

skipjack tun" have been pointed out by Yobannan (Ii at (1993). The annual average (1990·94) produc­tion of total marine fi h in Laksbadweep is 11.000 [onnes, of ;vl1kh tunas fOTC cd 6362 tOMes as againsl apolcntial yieJdof50,OOO tOflU s. (George

M DET01RAJ AND N G.K PILLA!

elal. 1977). ODS RVATIONS ON CRAFT AND GEAR

AND FlSHlNG ETHODS cicnlIDC ob: eT\'8ljons on the cl'aJ)llua gear nnd

fi ltingmctbods were ioiuaH carried oUl by the er t­wllHe Madras Fisileric Department. There is 8 well C lablishcd traditional s 'stem for (he capture or tunas in Minico " Agani tlnd uhcU PM, b I the pole and line fislling u ing Hvc·b'lilS. Hornell (191 ), Ayyangar (1922 and Elli (924) recorded lheirob­senatiolls 011 tho fishing tackles and Luna fishing indu lr)' in tllC i tallds. HOfllill' (1910) gjvcs im ac­count of the pole and Hne Ij !ting method of Mi fI koy. Jones and Kuma Tan 19" described the fishi 118 era ft. geD.r and In thods which exi ·ted j liS!

at Ihe eod of U c premechal1isatioo ern. Tile mochanised !Xl/c and line Ishing boid, it fi hing gear and ,fishing method . for skiP-lack IUm! as well OJ for lIvcbait are described b ) BeIl~ Yamj (l98() . Silas and p/J]ai (1982) andLi ingstoIi (194:10) . James. er (1/. (J 989) proposed the introduction of drift gj II nel ti.n g, su.rface t oU i ng and LOllgli ni ng i 11 the open s'Ca for the c<lpture of larger Jshes. STUDIES 0 TUNAS D RE ATED FISHES

St.udies on the fishery for nle biolog of lunas and (uua livcbait fis.he arc. beillg tmdertakCli at the: M ltlico ' Resea:r h Centre of CMFRf. s ' nee its eS­lahlisbme 1l. Aspect sucl1a the fi hery lengtb frequency distribution, age and gf('l\ til, length­weight relationship malUrity. spawning, food and feeding habits an.d oUler biological cbaracleristics 01 the yellow.f'm and 'kipJack tunas llllve been stud­ied by Ran (1961, 1963, 19648.. 1964b , Thomas 1964a, 1967). homas and Kumaran · 1963).

AppukuuaJ.'l et a.!. (1977), Madan Mohan (1986), Madan Mohan and KUl1hiko a (1986a J 98Gb), Madan Mohan .~ (Ii. (19863. and Varghese IUld

S:lulltmugham ( 1987). Differe.nllypes of luna shoo Is have been described bv Silas and PiUai (1982} and Li ingston (1987a. I 987b) , Madan Mohan. (98~) gave a brief ae<;ounl of tuna shoals as'Socialcd willi .flotsam. Studies on the popUlation dYflamics ortll• nas have OCcnrnadc bv Silas ct at 198Gb) and Jurnes et a1. (1986c) . T'he · latus and fhe 1/ rtod$ prOgl'un:U\lCS of tuna Ishery developmilllt and man· agement i,n Lakshadwe.ep have been. discusse.o bY Vorrgilese (J 86, J 987a) Silas andPillai ( 1986), Jan: 1987), James and PiJlai 1987) and Janles et

AN OVER~'1EW OF THE MARINE nSHERIES RESE4RCH IN THE LAKSHADWEEP 85

(1987b), James et al . (1989) . Schooling behaviour of tunas in Lakshadweep waters was investigated by Livingston (1989). Future development and man­agement of tuna fishery in the Lakshadweep have been discussed by James et al. (1989).

INVESTIGATION OF LIVEBAIT RESOURCES

The success of the pole and line fishery in Lakshadwecp depends otl lhe abundance and timely availability of suitable livebaits in required quan­tity. Realising their imporatnce in successful and sustained tuna fishcry, Joncs (1958a, 1958b, 1960a, 1961 a, 1964a) carried out long term research on livebaits. During the cruises of R.Y. Ka/ava the occurrence of Spratelloides delicatu/us around man)' ' 1and have been ob 'crved Jone J 960a) poills mal ils imporlance a:s I potel tlal live:bait. SubsequenUy Jones (J96la, 1961b) ree rded S. Jap()flicflS, Later Jones ( I 964a) described 45 pe­cie.!j of Jivebail fishes belong.ing 10 30 genera and 19 falnHies ba, ed on th ' result of his primary urvey, A detailed ac.count on Lbe fishing methods. lorago nnd utilisation of I~he liveooi' s i aiso available (lones, 1958b), AtloLhe note, 'orilly 'work on tbe liVebait fi lies i IItHt 0 Thomas 1964b). D!ll'illg 1960~61 he mude observations on Ductuatiou of U e-baJt fis.h·es Ln Miukoy and potntcd oullllal J J species were beillg. regularly e, "plohed. Pillai and Madrul Mohan (M paid altenioll to the ecology and ,biology of severalpecie of reef fishes at Minjcoy with spedaJ reference to lvebails during I9S1 -84 period, Theyinclllded S, .laponiells, '. de/;catulu, (Madlltl Mohall and Ko 'a, 1986c),

hrom;s caerliletl.~(Madan Molum et at J 986b) Da.~C'..,,'ill1,s Gl'UaNU Ac rmihl.lru.\' trio tl!gtlS and

hutiejdujglallclI '(PiLlai l.al, 1~8 . Th m.icro­habi'latalld coralassociat1011 of he tivebail fishes: of the lagoon in Minico has been elucidated b P:Hlai (l983a) . He further pointed olluheimpact 0

milSS morta1ily of corals on reef-:rsociale.d fishes including ljvcblli , he c."pLoitatiOtl potel1'!ial and pr"n for de clopmcnt of the Livebait fishe of uaksll~ld\Vcep ha e been d .scribed b Nair 1986), Pillai el H1 ] 986 . Pillai (199] and ames ct a1 (19'87a . The eco1ogical stTess in MinicQY lagoon and its impact 011 woaliveooil have been poin.ted O'Ul b. PjUai and Madan Moban (1986), Th popu­lation characte ri ti cs of tuna Jj cbai i s in l!aksbaq'weep have been studied by Gopakumar Ilnd

Pillai (1988). The results of the exploratory surveys for livebaits covering all the lagoons, by the scien­tists of CMFRI have been published in the CMFRI Bulletin No. 43 (Kumaran et al., 1989a). Gopakumar (1991) described the tuna livebait scarcity problem in Lakshadweep and options for solving it.

The increase in the number of mechanised pole and line units has resulted in higher catches of tu­nas and hence the demand for livebait has also in­creased. The situation may have adverse effects on the stocks of some of the common livebaits. Jones (1964b) thought of Ti/apia mossambica as an alter­native for livebaits and introduced it into Minicoy. Now the species has established itself in all the fresh water ponds, wells and tidal pools at the south­ern tip of Minicoy. However, TiJapia has not been a successful alternative to the other livebaits .

STUDIES ON OTHER F1NFISH RESOURCES

Tbe produQtive \\o'alers around Lte I lands, (he submerged banks and the crevices of coraJ boul­den. and ree .s are ideal habitats for.a large number or cmruner-ciaU importan1 fisbes other tItan tunas wbich offer scope for extensive fishing (Klllmlfall el al. 19 8 b) , Tile contri bulion of the ti shery resources other lhan tunas to tbe total full production 0 the islands is arollnd 0% lo 55 Yo in recenL years, be­IOi)ging to important groups such asaJasmobrancils, perches., carangids. halfbcaks, be!onids. r-ed mullets mdeerfi hes , Thesc resources are mainly e.· ­plo i ted by traditional gears lik hooks alld Line bar­pooning surface trolling drag net and cas nCIS,

.:.>ilas (1968) described Ute oceanic lind demersaI fisb­ery resources of the Laccadive sea. Problems, pros­pects and development programmes in the fisheries sector, and the need for diversification of fishing effort for exploiting different resources have been suggested by Varghese (1974) , Haneefa Koya (1982), Kuroaran and Gopakumar (1986), Varghese (1986, 1987a, 1987b) andKumaranetal. (1989b). The comprehensive survey of the fishery potential of the Islands, undertaken by the CMFRI in 1987 re­vealed that the species belonging to seventeen fami­lies form the major share of other finfish resources ofLakshadweep sea (Kumaran etal, 1989b). Amvng the other finfishes of Lakshadweep sea, those of ornamental value are very abundant. Of the 601 species of marine fishes belonging to 126 families reported from these islands, atleast 300 species be-

86

longing to over 40 fallli1jes arc ornalllentall'ihes ·(Jones and KUlllliran. l 80: MurlllY et at. 1989). These ornamentai Ishe of!! r great scope for c. '­POlt (Anon, 1986; TOilH:)~ 1985 ! 986: George etal.. 19'86: James. 1987: Jmneseta.l.. 1986b. 19S7b; 1urthy et aL 1989 and Vija. Anand and Pillai 1995).

IC8TIIYOFAUNAL DIES

ne earlier account 011 tbe ichlhyofauna of Lakshadwe.ep sea are lboeof Alcock. (1 894, 1902) undAlcodt 1890. 1892. 1'898. 1899 1900), A alll· able contribution towards thekno",'tcd.ge oflhe kh­IJil.yof.1UIt:l i ilia O'f Balan (1958) who documented 80 -species of lshe belonging to 5 genera from the islands of Ag<llti Kav3ratti. Amini and Kadamat. /on('and KUillaran 1959) iisted 154 species of fi hes fl· mille lagoon and reef. many of which be­ing ncw records. The List \\-Tas l'iuther el a bor3 led by Jones (19603. 1960b . and Jones and Kumaran 19 l7a 1967b. J 967c) andculnlinatcd III the p1.Iblica­

ljon of be ' isbcs or the Laccadive Archipelago' (lolle and Kumaran., 9'80). Tltey have documcmetj ,03 specie of reef fishes and batbypelagic fishes.

Due COil ideration bas .1) 0 been giYcn to lhe 5)'S*

tenlatics OfCOlllnlCrcially importanl1ll11US as \' U E1:l

the connn{)t\ H ebaH . Isbe:s . . his publication :re­mains to be the. RIO t comprehensive account on the fish fauna of the Labbadw ep, Pillal ef al. (1991), s.tudied the .ichthyof'auna of the intertidal reef flats of Minko)' atoll. Recently. Vijaya Anand and. Pi/lai (L995) mlldicd thc biology and ecolo&v of cora I reef fi shes of Lak lUldweep with observation on olbeIco.ra1 reef ecosystems of Jndi' The~ bave listed 421 species Oflceffi hes belongillg 1026 fami. lies. in<.:ludins 12 new records from Lakshadweep.

MAR VERTEB'RATE FAI A

The marine in enebrate fauna of Laksb.ad\\"ccp sea at unique and diverse. The earl I information on [he marine fauna ar mostly ba cd on ley d ­ous pape S publjhed in t be two volumes of ' auna and Geography of Maldh-c and Laccadivc Arcld­peJagoes ' (Gllrdi n·e d .) 190 - 19)(j) .

<1gabhusJulI.'!.:1m lind Rao (1972) nlade a detailed ecological urv Iy fonhe .marine fallna of inico ' atoll. Tlle marine inverlebrate fauna so far smdicd moslly froIn Minj·coy, included he forami.nifer ans (Chapmun. ] 895): tor Is (G81diner. 1903b 19063, 19061). 1906c; Cooper, 1906; Pilhd. 1971,,", . 971b, 1972. 1983 a. 19831:1, 1985, 1986. Pillai and 1 asmine,

AI DEJAR4J AND N. G.K PlLL41

1989: Suresh and Mathew, 1993): sponges (Thomas, 1973, 1979, 1989); coelenterates (Borradaile, 1906d; Browne, 1906a, 1906b, Mamman, 1961), nemertines (Punnet, 1903a); cephalochordates (Cooper, 1903 ; Pllnlle ' 1903b); entemp!ne!.!stans (Punnet. 1906), edtiul'oids (S] ipley. 190J'l). si()Uoculoids (, hiplo • 190 b). crabs (AIcock .. 1898, 1899 .. 1900: Borradaile, 1903a, 190. b. J903c. 1903d. 1906a. 1906b. 1906c; SalltkarankuUy. 19(1): lobsters (Mei. ·appan aod Kalhirvc1. 178; Pilrai et a1. 1984a) dniped Borradaile, 1903c). amphl,tods (Walker, t90 ~

al.prud, Qutit:re. 19()3, 1905. 1006). moUu!lcs(Eliot., 1906: Hoyle, 191J ): Smith, 1906; Hornell. J9l0~ Bur­Ian. 1940~ Appukuttnn. 197 : Rao ttl al. . 1974: NamooodiriaudSi"ada 1 1979; Na' ralldDhallnam't.I. 19R3~ PQnicker 1978· Appukuuan tal, 19M9) and echinoderms (seacu umbers (Belt 1 ~O~ ~ Gardiner. 1903a: Burto,.l 1940; Ivada , 1977: Murth r e.( ell .. 1979; Mukho-padb. ay and. SantBJ1ta. 1983. James. 1969· Naga·bhusiulDa.m alld Rao 1972; Daniel and Haldar. 1974; Roo andMi ra, 1983 and James, 1 ~89i, and sea,,'ud · (Kaliapcrumal et aL 1989).

. CJLLARY MARINE LM G RESOURCES Tbereare good number of ancillary livillg marine

resource lich include seaweeds , crustaceans, molluscans. sponges; CClullodcrm . turtles, birds etc . Iru ormation on Ule. e J1csonrces is based on the fa1;mi. tic obscl'¥a.tion c'()uducted 110ll; .utd then by different workers. An.accouul (lfthe ancillary I \ ring resource ' ha been given b r C:::orge et al. (19M6~,

FlSHERY~' mONME TAL STUDIES

The Central arine Fi hertes Research I.u Lilut was the pioneer organisation to in.itial'e d~tajJcd ()cc<1nograph c investigation on the et1"iorm"e~ta l fea ure$ of the Lakshadweep sea as arty a. 19 9 (Jayaraman ot aL, 1959, 19(0). During the cruises of R,y' Ka/ava and R. V. lOJ'UlUJ 3. good deal Of Infor­U4'ltioll Olt plry icaL chemical and biologi a1 param­eters of the mal~ine en hxmment and ·also ~4!no· graphic featul"Cs such as ClU'J'CllIS watctmIlS$es.

upweUing etc. have been collect.ed The iii e!lJiP." lion of Ramasastry (J 959 and Jayaraman et (1959) have r e caled th e:><istencc of four , at.ernwsscs in the Arabian ea. The i.nl1ucnoc t.he nutrient rich Antarctic bot.tont water in Laksbad\\'eep ea area was indicated by ~C and Jayaraman 01 at. (1960) , Other sjgl1UiC~lJt Ltibutions to OIlf knowledge oCtile

AN OfEm7EW OF THE lvL-1RLVE FIS1IERlE:S RE'IE4RCl! IN THE LAKSllADWEEP 87

features of this area are those of Patil and Ramamirtham (1963), Rao and Jayaraman (1966, ] 970), Sankaranarayanan (1973), Rao et al. (1976) and Sen Gupta et al. (1979). A brief account of the environ­mental features of the sea around Lakshadweep has been given by Nair et al. (1986). The early studies on the primary production of Lakshadweep waters are by Prasad and Nair (1964). The productivity of the reefs has been estimated by Nair and Pillai (1972). Qasim et a!, (1972) made a comprehensive study on the primary production of the ambient waters and reefs ofKavaratti atoll. The primary pro­duction of the seagrass beds of Kavaratti atoll has been determined by Qasim and Bhattathiri (1971). Other major investigations on primary produciton of Lakshadweep sea are those of Bhattathiri and Devassy (1979) and Qasim et al. (1979). Nair et al. (1986) described the productivity ofthe seas around he Lakshad ~'eep. In general. Ihe CQrallagoons and

tl e adjacenl sea are J\ighly productive and respon­sible rOf th clltich men I ofvariolls fishery resources (M<ldhupralhap ct at 19-n· Bllaltathiri & D(;;vass ' I 79; Matltc\v. j 982; Girijllvallabhar. a1,. I 989)

TIle earJ'csl work on zoopl.anl(ton i Lhat of Wolfcndin (1906) on copepods. Jones (l959c) car­ried out studies on the zooplankton assemblages around some of the northern islands. Silas (1972) estimated the zooplankton biomass closer to the reefs of the islands during the cruises of R. V Ka/ava. He has also made studies on the deep scattering layer (DSL) closer to the islands and suggested that the DSL constituted an important source offorage to pelagic fishes. A quantitative study of the zoop­lankton oflhe Kavaratti and Kalpeui atolls has been made by Tranter and acob 1972), Olber works on the /.ooplallkloll assemblages of the L:Jks1l3dw~ep walers nrc those of Prasad andampi (1959), Go~,\· 3my (1 \) 73 ., L 9 79. 1933), Mad 1m Pratap e I 01.

977) , 'aj and Rao ] 7 . Mathew (J 982 • Rengllrajan 1983 . and ilas and Mathew (1987 ,

CONSERVATION OF THE ECOSYSTEM

The seas around the Lakshadweep and the reef lagoons are of great ecological significance as they influence the fauna and flora associated with the coral reefs and the high sea resources to a great extent. A plethora of events both natural and man .nlade bm-c been crea.rillg hllvoC lo the ecoS}'stclU. Indiscriminate dredging and blasting of the corals

and sea erosion and the consequent siltation have resulted in the death of corals leading to imbalance in reef ecosystem. The details about the oil spill in Kiltan from the oil tanker 'Transhuron' have been described by Qasim et a1. (1974). The lagoon envi­ronment of Minicoy has undergone visible changes in the last three decades due to natural causes and human interference (Pillai, 1983a, 1985, 1986). Pos­sible threllts to the marine environment of Lakshadweep have been described by Sivadas (1987). The need for preserving these delicate eco­system has been pointed out by James (1987) and James et a1. (1986b, 1987b). The declaration of a few undisturbed and undamaged areas in the region as marine parks and reserves is necessary (James, 1987; James et aI. , 1987b; James and PilIai, 1989). This would have the advantage of not only preserving the natural environment, but also providing excel­lent tourist attraction.

MARICULTURE POTENTIAL

The protected bays and lagoons of the island provide suitable sites for mariculture. Further, there arc many potential candidate species (perches, baitfishes, ornamental fishes, seacucumber and sea­weed) available for mariculture. Apart from the in­digenous cultivable species, fry of fast growing fishes and prawns can be transported from the main­land and cultured. But so far no serious attempts have been made to utilise the mariculture potentials of the islands. Limited experiments conducted in the Bangaram lagoon for pearl oyster culture showed encouraging results. Further studies would be required to assess the technical feasibility and economic viability of pearl oyster farming and pearl production (Varghese, 1987a; James, 1987; James et aI, 1986b). It may also be wOlihwhile to unqertake investigaions on the feasibility of introducing aquacultl'J"c programmes suitable to the island con­ditions (bmes et aI, ] 986b) . James (1986) has pointed out the need for undertaking the culture of baitfishes. Lai Mohan et al. (1989) suggested that more research inputs are required to develop suit­able maricultureprogrmlliues for the islands. There exists a more scope for the culture of fUlfishes v'_ cages, seaweed culture, creation of artificial reefs and searanching of finfishes and seacucumbcrs, without disturbing the vital ecological properties of the lagoons .

88.

DEVELOPMENT OF FISHERIES AND THEm MANAGEMENT

A ,vcalth.of infonuation on t.be Illllrine floOra and fauna is nO\\I avaHable and properly <tocumcnte<l Except for the conlinuonsmonitoring of BOHle of the import. III resources such as tunas, livebait . coral aud seaweeds, mosl ofthcse studies olt the flora and fauna are based on intcTmitlenl observa~ 'lion at Minicoy and:l few other islands by \'3f"ious workers from lime to time. A 'realistic estimate of the various reSQurces. both qmllitaLi ,'e and qu,anti~ (alive, is essential fOT an ' future plan for deve1op­ment The CMFR:I has conducted a short and time bound indicative SlJrvc during January toO March 1987. The surv rcmainSfi II benchmark for future survey and de elopme.ntprogrnmmcs. The 5ur~ e rcSllJt were ailned at assessing tho various fish~

ery resources al1d theirpotcutiaJ:. 'mpact of envi­ronmentaJ danmges fthe endangered ecosystems suc\] as coral reef ; , val.ua ing t11 allcil tar. J'e~

sourc s such as SCllcucum'ber, Spol1ges and orna­mental fishe jdentifying area and speciesui(­able fbr maricoJturc in the islallds and uggeSling

IIdous mea llre " lll,n would belp the administra­lion and de eiopmenla1agencies inperspeclive plafl~ !ling and developmcnt offisborics in L~1<Sbadweep_ Proper iJnp1cmenlatioi) oftbe recommendations on devcloplueui of tuna. Ishery. b,litfish fishery Olnd otftc.r .finflSb resources~ 1l1pro\"emcnt of fishery prod­llcts, export of ornamental fishesnd other miJlOr re OUICC:S such iI ~eacllcutnber . cm tace~ns_ mol­luscs and seaweeds gjven by .the RI (t 989) CQuid en ure sustained growth of the fisheries ectOt and the economy of the islanders.

These tasks call for urgent action to :

1. Introduction of larger pole and line vessels (15-20 m OAL) to extend the area of fishing

operations.

2. Diversification of the fishing gears such as drift gillnetting, purseseining and longlining to catch tunas and other groups of fishes.

Culture of livebait fishes and improvement on the methods of storage and transportation of livebait fishes.

4. More hygienic preparation of masmin.

5. Creation of the required ecofriendly mariculture fnfras~m tur initiOlHy ill the govcnmlcnt · ector to demonstrate the various fanning technologies ill the lagoon (0 tbe island co 1U11lunilic.r;.

6 , Undertaking systematic training in mariculture technologies at various levels targeting at the fishing communities, progressive fishermen and enterprising youth .

7. Undertaking sustained onfarm trials in the lagoons.

8. A pragmatic policy offarm site allocation in the lagoons without impairing the interests of other users like navigators and baitfishers.

Financial supports through soft credits and subsidies.

10. Augmentation of post-harvest infrastructure including processing_ transportation and marketing.

11. Specific thrust on entrepreneurship develop­ment among the islanders.

12. Diversification of fishing activities will also generate employment opportunities to the youth of the islands.

l3 , The declaration of a few undisturbed and undamaged areas in the islands as marine parks and reservoirs. This would have the adv(l.ntage of preserving. the nat-ural cnyironJncnt and providing excellent tourist attraction.

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(](lI1WAMY.~ . ·. J98S! ~\JetiQIl and woplnn110U OOJ.runu­

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M. DET-:4RAJ AND N.G.K. PILL41

JAlvllS, P.S.B.R., PP. PU,LA! lIND AA JAYAPRAKASH 1987b: lm-pressiolls of . recent isit to Lok badw ep from lbc fish ties [\tId marine bK1Jogicai pedlpeclivcs. Mfll: Fir/!. IIrrOl: Servo Ti' ~ 1m . 72; ]·11.

) "lB1l, PS.B .R. 1989: History of D1m:lne research til

Lahbadweep. HF'fU Bulletil/, 43~ 9·25. J,u,.ms. P.SJ3.R ANn C.S. 0 p.!NA.."1DrrA P IJ.LAJ 1989: . uggs·

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.1AMllSr P.S.B.R . P.P. PILLAl AND K..P.s KOYA 1989 ~ 1' lDlfl

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JAYARA..\1A.'f, R., C.P RA.'v!A."'1IRTlIAM Al'lD K.V. SUN'DARARAMAN

1959: The vertical distribution of dissolved oxygen in the deeper "Wtltey'S of the Ar. bian Sell in the neighbourhood f the! ccadive during lht l>"UIlun~ 1959. J. · lar. Mol: ~l .Il1dio, 2(1): 24·34.

J YAR..~!A..>l1 R.. .P. R,wAMlR'!1-1AM. "'D K. V. "'Il.ARA.J,..f~~ AND C.P. All..'\VlNIJAASHlt.Nf)V..LR 1960: H ·(b.'ogtnpliy of lhe Laocadivc ffsh~ waters. Ibid .. 2(J): 24-35.

,JONnS. S, 1958n: No les 011 the frigate:: Illlickereh AlI,)t/~ rltn..z<lJ·.d (L(iceJ:lCde) 3ndA. If1peil/Osomn Bleck.er from h.JdUm wutc . [ndl'm/ J. FI:ff • 5(1); 189-1 4 .

JoNS!!., . I 95/1b; Tun live bailllshary ·of Minicoy ffiluuQ Ibid .. 5(2): 300-307.

JONES, S. 1958c: Notes on eggs, larvae and juveniles of fishes from Indian waters. I. X iph ias g ladius Linnaeus. Ibid., 5(2): 357-361.

J ONES, S. 1959a: Notes on eggs, larvae and juveniles of fishes from Indian waters. Istiophorlls gladius (Broussonet). Ibid.,6(1): 204-210.

JONES, S. 1959b: Notes on eggs, larvae and juveniles of fishes from Indian waters. m. Katsuwonus pelamis (LnIlBeus,) and IV. NrJorhumnls n/acrQpleruS (TCJlltnin k and Schtegel). Ibid. 6(2): .360~37'3.

JONEI!. S. 1959c: Resenrch \'c:;~eI. Kalava and Co-oty'..rattl' Oceano-graphic 111 vootigatiolll> inln.Q.ian waters. J. 11!a/!

biQ!.A '!i.Indla, l 1); 1-6. JONES, S. 1959d; On a juvenile ~ail.fish l<;tlophorlls gladlrls

(Brollssonef) Iiom tne Laccfuli.,c: C8.. Ibid., 1 :22'5. .JONES, S . .AND M . K1.IMAJlAN 195 : The !1ming indlllll'l)' of

:M:in:iCDY h!and with spel}ial Iciercncc 10 the lun41 fishery. Indian J. Fish., 6(1): 30-54.

JONES, S. 1960a: Spratelloides delicatulus (Bennett) W,i I}

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:JoNES, S. 1960b: Notes on eggs, larvae and juveniles of fishes from Indian waters. V Euthynllus affillis (Can­tor). IndianJ. Fish., 7(1): 101-106.

JONES, " 1 %ht: 'l1Jroleiloides def feco /ilill (B~nnett) as a pOtential Ii e bail or !:una In the Lllocawves. J. mllr. bioi. b. Indfl1. 2(1): 103-1 4.

JONES, S. 1961 b: FU.rther notes ou Sprlllelloides del till/Ill.' (Bennett) as a luna live b~it with a rocord f S. japonicus (Houttuyn) from the Laccadive Sea. Ill" diallJ. Fish,2(2): 267-268.

I I _ ____ ~~

AN OVERr1EfV OF THE MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH IN THE LAKSHADWEEp·

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. J'IN fl, S. 1 964a: A prclimif OS)' survey of the common tuna bait fishes of Minicoy and their distribution in the Laccadivc Archipelago. Proc. Symp. Scomb. Fishes. Mar. Bioi. Ass. India. Mandapam Camp, 2: 643-680.

JONES, S. 1964b: On the introduction of Tilapia mossambica (peters) as a tuna live bait in the island of Minicoy in the Indiau Ocean. IbM., 691-692.

JONES, S. I\ND M. l(UMAR.\N 1967 : New recouL'I of fishes from the seas arOlUld India. Pt. m. J. mar. bioI. Ass. India. 7('2,): 381-400.

JOJ\JiS, S. AND M. KUl,V\RAN 1967b: Notes on eggs, larvae and juveniles of fishes from Indian waters. XIV Pe­gasllsvolilans Limlaeus, XV Dactyloplena orinela/is (Cuvier and Valenciennes) and XVI. Dactyloptena orientalis (Cuvier and Valenciennes) and XVI. Dactyloptene mllcracanlllUs (Bleeker). Indian J. FiYll.. 11(1) A: 232-246. AlsoAdv.Abstr. Contr. Fish. Aquat. Scl. lltdiLl, 1; 1.

JI NE'S, S. ANO M. fC.u+'viAII.A.N 1967e~ New records of nslle~ from Ihe sell lITOlIlJd IndjJl. Pt IV, J. mar. bioI . . -{.j

]Itdia. SO): 163-2800 Jo liS. S. ADM. KI . WiAN ] 980: Fi.vJlea of tJIlJi.at:c;udive

l.rchlJudtlJSQ. NalUre Canscrv lion and Aquali ~i­

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• <:3WCOO and ,-gra. .. s resoufCt; '. CHFRJ !Jj~lIefin.

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·(}f fishos olher thall tlJilll in. Luk lladwc:ep 'AIm: Fish. bifOl: San). tilE 'el;" 98: 41-4 S,

~ MAMM. M. p.r. P ILLAI. R . S. LAI. M OH. N. V. , ItIHAMAC'lHNnRA Ml1uTY A!m . 0 r,\'KUMAR J 989 : Uve-bait R-esour,ce:; and Developmen C.\1FR1 Rr4/­ret.m. 4 : -'19-', .

K~, M~ R.S. J .. AL M OlAr AND V. IURAMACR NDRA

M URTY 1989b: OlhorFlll-lhlt RC5C~$. Ibid .• " ; 65-72.

LA MmrMll, R.S .• D.n. J AMES MjO J{ ".IIMt,rmu 1989: Man­ulture otcnliob. CMFRJ Bulletil,. 43: -43-247.

'/ .I..rvnrosTO,~, P. 1-9873; Detection oftLIna shoals J..mlb 0 cr­valion on sea buds in lite "kipj3Ck pole an~ line ti!i'hins ofLa;kBhad, eep, 'fFRI S.pecial Publkat/atl. 40: Abstract 32 30- I.

~ L[\'I! a STQN, P 19871>: S honling behaviour Qftunas in Lak lEldwcep waters. Ibid., AbslrllC\ • 3l-32.

t\'j'}{tlSTDN, P 198 : clHlollng behaviour of lunas in Lablhlldwc-ep wnl01ll. C iFRI Bulie IiJJ. 44(1)' 199~ 214.

, LJ '1N'OOTON P. 1990; TUiUlpore and .IDle Oi ve bail) fIllrun,g

mcimlql.le of La!{shndv.'eep - SOUle suuestiollS for im­provement lh 'd., "4(2);456-470.

, MADAN MoHAN" 19' 6: Observ:ltio~. Oli. the tuna shoals associated with a1wn in the offs.hole woten; of

Minicoy Island during 1982-83 season. Bull. Cent. Mar. Fish. Res. 1I1SI., 36: 196-200.

MAl> N MOI:!.AN liND KK KLmmmY1I1986£ Lrngtl\-\vcighl relilhonship of kip jack KatsllIrcJIl/l .1'eJamfs OIu;l yel­lowfin tuna Thul/nus albacares from Minicoy wa-

.J ters. Ibid., 36: 143-148. MADAN MOHAN AND K.K. Kl1NHIKOYA 1986b: Spawning

biology of skipjack tuna, Kalsl/womls pelamis (Liml.) from Minicoy waters. Ibid., 36: 149-154.

..... MAnAN M HAN .\NO K.K. Kumm:.oYA 19860: Biology 0

the bait fishes.Spratelloides delicatullls(Bennett) and S.japonicus (Houttum) from Minicoy waters. Ib ids. , 36: 164-172.

'1viADAN MOHAN, P. LIVlNGTON AND K.K. KUNHiKOYA 1986a: Fishery and bionomics of tunas at Mimcoy Island. Ibid .. 36: 122-137.

MADAN MOHAN, C.S. GOPINADHA PU.LAl AND K.K. KUNHIKOYA 1986b: The biology of the blue-puller Chromis caerllieus (Pomacentridae; Pisces) from Minicoy Atoll. IndianJ. Fish., 33 (4): 457-470.

Ivh oITUP-RA1"AP. M., M.. V.M. WAFJ\R. P. HAlU.DAS. B. NARAY~ AN P. OoPALA M .I!lNON .W[} P. SrvADAS 1917: Comparative sludiCll ill the abundance of ZOOI1IaJtk.~ tou in lhc sUIfoundJng sea and lagoons in the 1.3"kshadw cp. Indian J. Mal:. Sd.. 6; 13&-J41 .

MAuM. • '1'. 1 %3: On a collection (If hydmlds om South fum!!. including Andmnruts, Laccadi ve. md M <Ii C"S. J. I1W·. h ;01. Ass. India. -(1): 27 I .

MATHmJ(, KI. 1982: 'i.Jtribwlol1, l!()o/t7gY mId bIology of :;llplrallslllce.a 0/ "If;! 1mJtd/l ,i·l1ml. Thesis S"Ilblllittw to the Uni\'. of KeraIa. 397 pp. (1I1lp'ub).

.ME!VAPPAN. MM. AND M KA1H1.1t\'a J 97~ : On !!Orne uew reClJuh. of crabs and lobste from Minicoy, Lak!!lladw-ccp Lac dives). J. rnar. h i(J/. Ass. 1Ilclia. 20 (I &'2): 1.1 6· :1 Hl.

M LKlJOPADlIYAY. S.K. AND ' . I\MA. . • I..K. I 98..,; On a toUec­IjoD of shallow watlX holoi:burillll-!1 from Lakshadweep Ree:. ~ool, SIN-india. 81 : 299~314.

MIlP,'rY. A VS.,. G, ,iUllllAfl JU. C.S.G. PILI.JJ.. V.S. JOS.h}oll"O,

"P. LIVINeSTO. AND R. VASANl"HAlWMAR 1979: On the on Urrcllooof Il'anflraslm-pWTwl The ' owuorth.onlfl at 1iJiWo Atoll rlmr. FI.sII. In/ar. S(l~ T&:E er., I : 10-12.

M l"l'. V. SllIllAMhCllANDRA. M. Km,.cARAN ,Qlp R. S. [ . f tfAN 1989: Res.ources r Otmnnc.ntal !;ishc~.

{J'.lFRl Bulle/ill, 43: 46-64 . NA~A!lH=MNA1d, AX. AND O . . RAo 1972: An ec<llogica\

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NA1:J4 K .. 11)86: FiltTIerics developm nt in Lakshadweep. Fi81llng Chimf! ,6{2}; 20-25 .

NAn!, K n"'UKRl iNAN! AI;p K. D ftARJ.lJ\lU,1 1983: Marine wood boring molll1sc of tho Lakshadwcep Arcru9

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92

productivity of some coral reefs in the Indian seas. Proc. Symp. Corals and Coral Reefs. Mar. BioI. Ass. India: 33-42.

NAIR, P.VR, AVS. MURlBY, C.P. RAMAMIRlHM1, D.S. RAo AND VK. PILLA.!. 1986: Environmental. features in the seaarOlmdLakshadweep. Mar. Fish. In/or. Servo T&E Scr.,68: 10·13.

NAIR, P.VJC. O. St.m.B.!\R>uu .. K.J. MMJ:Il!w, v.' PlIJ.AI AND

V.K, llALACH .. o\NI)RAN. ]9"86: PrOOuiltivit)' 0 the 8eas

around u~ksl.uIdweep. Ibid. 68: J 3-111 .. Nl\IR, V.R, AND T .. 8.S. RAo. 1973. ChaetogJl.a/hs Irom 1h'

L.~.ccadives with the Ilew record of S padel/a Qligtll(Jla

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PILLA.!, C.S. GOPINADHA AND MADAN MOHAN 1986: Ecologi­cal stress in Mirricoy lagoon and its impact on tuna baits. Mar. Fish. InJor. Servo T&E Ser., 68: 33-37.

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KUNHIKOYA 1986: Functional mehal1ism of co­exi51ance in Chromis caerllleus and Dascyllus al'l/al1l/S (pomacel1tridae : Pisces). Ibid. (In press).

PILLA], C.S. GOPINADHA AND S. JASMINE 1989: The Coral FatUla of Lakshadweep. CMFRl Bulletin, 43: 179-195.

Pn..w . C.S. GOl'U 'ADIIA, O. G OPAKill.£AR-"iv'D MAl)hN M OIL\N

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R.

~

If is }.

~p.

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Illtrf . J.

i1;d,:tt Idive 'ress,

:ristic

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AN, Jar Energ)' p). I"..

Ie other rjIl'D,fi/1 :(1): 95-

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RAo, PANAKALA, D., R.VS. SARI.fE, J.S. SASTRY AND K. PREMC1L;"ND 1976: On the lowering of the surface temperatures in the Arabian Sea with the advance of the south west monsoon season. Proc. lith Symp. 011

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SILAS, E.G., P.P. PILLAr, M. SRl1-!AJ:H, A.A JAYAPRAJ~SH, C. MUTHIAH, V BALAN, T.M. YOHANNAN, PON SIRAIMEETAN, MADAN MOHAN, P. LIVINGSTON, K.K. KUNHIKOYA, M. AYYAPPAN PILLA! AND P. SADASIVA SARMA 1986b: Population dynamics of tunas: Stock assessment. Bull. Cent. Afar. Fish. Res. Inst., 36: 20-27.

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,)fHOMAS, P. T. 1964a: Food of KatsuwonllS pelamis (Linnaeus), Neothunnlls macropterus (Temrninck and Schlegel) from Minicoy waters during the season 1960-61. Proc. Symp. Scomb. Fishes, PI. 2: 626· 630. Mar. BioI. Ass. India.

TROMA.<;, PT. 1964b: A study on the fluctuations in the OCCllUel1CC of the major IUDa Ii,'e -bait fishes of Minicoy. Ibid: 681-690.

_ JflOJ"jJ\S; P.T. 1967: Size composition of the oceanic skip­jack Ko{suwof/lIS peJarrt (LioJlllcou~) IIItO th.c yeI­lowfin tnrui letlllmltll .. ~ lila roJl'IU'I/S (TcmminCK and

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OMF.Y W.l\. 19'86; j)wmoti It of fuqXlft Iraoo Iudian oroa· rnenlw fil:lb trow 11111l:111{" tIS wclJ as fresh. :vater ori:gil1 and .aquH1il! plnats for Ihe aquarium Illdustry. Tbe Pilot I'rojeet: Cnnahlslons Il11d rCC.(ilDmendatiOI1B. Report on the project results to CBIIMPEDA

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VLlAY ANAND, P.Il AND N.G.K. PILrA! 199 ; Studies oli some aspcctli or biu1og)' and ecolos of coral re.ef fishes of Lakshadweep willi observatious on other coral reef c~osy:;te1llil of mdia. C/vlfi'Rl Spl. PTlbl, 61: 99-111.

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WOLFENDEN, R .N., 1906: Notes oil the collection of ( copepoda. Ibid., 989·1040.

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