o Animal cell culture is playing a vital role in the various modern researches.

o Recent developments in the field of biotechnology and molecular biology have given various new dimensions to this technology.

o It has provided a new tool for the better understanding of diagnosis and molecular biology in many areas like bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases.

o The primary impetus for the development of cell culture was to study, under the microscope, normal physiological events of cells.

o Haberlandt (1902) stated that the in vitro-culture techniques for plants primarily to facilitate basic physiological research.

o Ross Granville Harrison (1907) developed a culture to study the development of nerve fibers using Frog as a source.

o Alexis Carriel (1912) used tissue and embryo extracts as culture media to keep the fragments of chick embryo heart alive.

o Mammalian cell cultures can be a suitable alternative for the use of whole animal tests to establish the potential toxicity of compounds.

HeLa (Henrietta Lacks) cellsone of the earliest human cell lines cultured by George Otto Gey to

create an immortal cell line for medical research.

Fibroblastic

Endothelial

Epithelial

Neuronal

70-80% confluence 100% confluence

Primary culture

Secondary culture

Sub-culture

Sub-culture

Immortalization

Successive sub-culture

Single cell Isolation

Clonal cell line

Senescence

Transformed cell lineImmortalised cell line

Loss of control of cell growth

Tissue engineered Skin

Tissue engineered bone

Blood-Contacting Devices

Recombinant VaccinesMonoclonal Antibodies

Artificial Organs

In 1949, Enders discovered that the poliomyelitis virus could be grown from primary monkey cells in culture.

The polio vaccine, produced in 1954, was the first human vaccine to be produced using large-scale cell culture techniques.

Proteins extracted from biological sources have been important for the substitution therapy since the 1920s when Best and Banting used insulin to treat diabetes.