apa 7th edition (2020)

APA 7th Edition (2020): What must you know? (Part 1)

Ms. Ho Chui Chui

Senior Lecturer

Academy of Language Studies

UiTM Kedah Branch

Merbok Campus

19 May 2020

Overview:

• What is APA style?

• Why use APA style?

• What is plagiarism?

• How to avoid plagiarism?

• When and how to quote, paraphrase and summarise sources?

• What are the rules of in-text citations?

What is APA style?A set of standards for citing and documenting sources in

academic papers.

A 2-part system which requires an in-text citation of source and a corresponding reference list entry.

Sample in-text citation & Reference list

• In text

of Reagan (1987), who called his handling of the Iran-contra affair “a masterpiece of obsfucation” (p. 356).

• Reference

Reagan, R. (1987). Ethics of leadership. In W. Clinton (Ed.), Absolved of responsibility (pp. 351-360). Nixon Press.

Why Use APA style?

• Allows readers to locate the publication information of the source you used and read the exact same source.

• Provides a consistent format to help your reader to understand your point of view and the sources it is built on.

• Gives credit to the original author.

• Gives you credibility as a writer.

• Protects you from being charged for plagiarism which is a serious offence.

• You may fail the assignment and in extreme cases, even expelled from the university.

• Plagiarising at work can cause you to be sued, fired and publicly shamed.

What is plagiarism?

You have plagiarised when you:

1. Use the words, information, ideas or other original (not common knowledge) material without identifying the source.

2. Cite a source but fail to use quotation marks (“ ”) to indicate borrowed words.

3. Follow the original sentence structure too closely when you paraphrase.

4. Copy a paper from an online source.

5. Use a previously written paper for another assignment.

6. Ask someone to write a paper for you.

7. Purchase a paper.

How to avoid plagiarism?

1. Use a source in the form of a quote,

paraphrase or summary.

2. Cite the source in the text of your

paper (in-text citation).

3. Document the source at the end of

your paper in your Reference page

using the author’s last name.

When to quote

1) When the language is vivid & interesting

Beginning writers too often assume that their writing should flow effortlessly from their pens. Novelist Anne Lamott (1994) discussed the agony that even the best writers face when they sit down to write: “We all often feel like we are pulling teeth, even those writers whose prose ends up being the most natural and fluid” (p. 22).

2) When the quotation offers a concise summary of an important or complicated point

Mitchell (1986) identified the two central tenets of Freud’s theories: “the formative importance of infantile sexuality and the existence of an unconscious mind that works on principles quite distinct from those of the conscious mind” (p. 12).

3) When the wording or source of the quotation is famous

John F. Kennedy (1956) commented on this ambivalence towards our political system: “Mothers may still want their favorite sons to grow up to be President, but . . . they do not want them to become politicians in the process” (p.153).

Rules for quotationsIn-text citations are required for Quotations:

Quoting means copying a source word for word, using double quotation marks (“ ”).

1) Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase such as:

According to X (2019)…..

X (2019) has argued that ……

2) Cite the author’s name, year of publication and include specific page numbers if available.

Example: Short Quotation (less than 40 words)

Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (p.11).

OR

A traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (Caruth, 1996, p.11).

* Put the full stop AFTER the citation.

Rules for quotations (cont’d)

3) If the source has numbered paragraphs, use the paragraph number.

Example: (Hall, 2001, para. 5)

4) If the source contains headings, provide the appropriate heading and specify the paragraph under that heading.

Example:

Ang and Smith (1997) suggested …….(Discussion section, para. 1).

5) When the heading is too long to cite in full, use a short title enclosed in quotation marks.

Example:

(Anderson & Jones, 2008, “Common Symptoms,” para. 1)

(The full heading is “Common Symptoms of Ailments Such As the Stomach Flu”)

Rules for quotations (cont’d)

6) If more than 40 words, use a block quotation. Do not use quotation marks and indent from left margin.

Example: Long Quotation

Webber (2006) links managers’ over-reliance on numbers to questionable business practices:

American corporations have for some time been engaged in what can be described as cynical behavior: taking aggressive accounting measures, engaging in short-term expediencies to improve results, too often displaying little concern for the impact of their actions on employees and communities. (p. 7)

• *Put the full stop BEFORE the citation.

Two types of citations for quotations

(i) If the author’s name appears in the text of the paper, only the date is cited.

Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (p.11).

(ii) If the author’s name does not appear in the text of the paper, both the name and date are cited, separated by a comma.

A traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (Caruth, 1996, p.11).

*The above rules are also applicable for Paraphrases and Summaries.

Altering quotations

1. Use ellipsis dots (…) to show that you have omitted a few words.

Original:

“Success in marriage depends on being able, when you get over being in love, to really love,” advised Eleanor Roosevelt.

Quotation:

Roosevelt (1937) advised that “success in marriage depends on being able … to really love” (p.45).

2. Use four dots (….) to show that you have omitted one or more sentences.

Altering Quotations (cont’d)

3. Use brackets [ ] to make a change.

Johnson (2002) said that he “really long[ed] to prove to the world … that achieving peace is not an impossibility” (p.3).

4. Put [sic] to show there is an error in the original quote.

An animal activist has declared that “animal testing should not be done. Its [sic] cruel and inhumane” (Siegel, 2000, p.3).

Paraphrasing & Summarising

In-text citations are required for a paraphrase or summary.

What is a Paraphrase?

Paraphrasing means using ideas from a source but changing the phrasing using your own words.

*It is preferable to paraphrase rather than quote the ideas of others unless the wording is so wonderful that a quote is warranted.

What is a Summary?

Summarizing means condensing ideas from a source, using your own words.

How to paraphrase

1. Change the words as much as possible. Should not simply replace

words with synonyms e.g. huge vs enormous

Use different word forms e.g. information vs inform

2. Change the sentence structure. Try to:

Combine short sentences.

Break up long sentences.

Change Active to Passive voice and vice versa

3. Provide a citation for your paraphrased material.

(Author, year)

Author (year) noted that …

Example 1

The original passage:

Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes.

Lester, J. D. (1976).Writing Research Papers (2nd ed.),46-47.

Acceptable paraphrase:

In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester, 1976, pp. 46-47).

Example 2

The original passage:

Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes.

Lester, J. D. (1976).Writing Research Papers (2nd ed.),46-47.

A plagiarized version:

Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes (Lester, 1976, pp. 46-47).

In-Text Citation Rules

• One author

(Smith, 2019) or According to Smith (2019)….

• Two authors

(Smith & Jones, 2019) or Smith and Jones (2019) argued that ….

• Three or more authors:

(Smith et al., 2019) or Smith et al. (2019)

https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/basic-principles/author-date


In-Text Citations – Corporate authors


First citation in text, narrative style

According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI, 2017)

Second citation in text, narrative style

NHLBI (2017)suggested that …

First citation in text, parenthetical style

(National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute [NHLBI], 2017)

Second citation in text, parenthetical style

(NHLBI, 2017)


Special Cases

1. When two different authors have the same surname, distinguish between the two authors by including first initials.

(A. Smith, 2005)

(C.D. Smith, 1995)

2. For multiple works by the same author within the same parentheses, arrange the works chronologically separated by a comma.

University research(Brown, 2008, 2010) has indicated that …

Special Cases (cont’d)

3. For two or more works by the same author in the same year, use lower case letters (a, b, c) with the year. The letters indicate the alphabetical order of the titles of the works.

Ho (2001a) found that ….

Ho (2001b) reported that …..

References

Ho, C. C. (2001a). APA style made easy. Oxford University Press.

Ho, C. C. (2001b). Using APA style. Pearson Prentice Hall.


4. If the author is unknown, cite the source by its title in the signal phrase or use the first word or two in the parentheses. Omit a, an, and the from the title.

Titles of articles and chapters are put in quotation marks; titles of books and reports are italicised.

Example:

An article titled “Cigarette sales fall 30% as California tax rises” (1999) reported that …

OR

(“Cigarette”, 1999)

Reference

Cigarette sales fall 30% as California tax rises. (1999, September 14). Los Angeles Times, p. A17.


5. When referring to two or more works, order them alphabetically, separated by a semi colon.

(Ganalingam, 2001; Hamid, 1997)

6. If the date of publication is unknown, cite with the abbreviation “n.d.” for “no date”.

Attempts to establish a definitive link between television programming and children’s eating habits have been problematic (Magnus, n. d.).


7. If you use a source that is cited in another source, record the source you actually read.

Carini and Hogan’s study (1991 as cited in Patton, 2002) …

(Carini & Hogan, 1991, as cited in Patton, 2002)

Reference

Patton, K.T. (2002). Neuralgia and headaches. Science, 400, 2153-2155.


8. If the source is a personal communication which includes letters, memos, e-mail, electronic bulletin boards, personal interviews, telephone conversations, etc., cite only in the text but do not include in the reference list because the information is not recoverable.

Source: email message from C. Everett Koop

Citation:

(C. E. Koop, personal communication, May 16, 1998)

Or

C. E. Koop claimed that … (personal communication,

May 16, 1998).

Note: The initials of the author are included in the citation.

References

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association: The official guide to APA style (7th ed.).https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

Purdue University.(n.d.) In-text citations: The basics. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citatio/

apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/

in_text_citations_the_basics.html

Purdue University.(n.d.) In-text citations: Author/authors.

https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_citations_author_authors.html

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