aplikasi motivasi organisasi chapter 7 mata kuliah: j0754 - pengelolaan organisasi entrepreneurial...
TRANSCRIPT
Aplikasi Motivasi Organisasi
Chapter 7
Mata kuliah : J0754 - Pengelolaan Organisasi EntrepreneurialDosen Pembuat : D3122 - Rudy AryantoTahun : 2009
Learning Objectives– Explain differences between social learning theory and
reinforcement theory
– Discuss how self-managing can be useful in developing a motivation program
– Describe how expectancy, equity, and goal-setting theories are used to motivate employees
– Define intrinsic and extrinsic rewards and how these rewards influence employee motivation
The Sage of Stock Options
• Stock options– Have replaced salary
and bonuses as the most significant part of executive pay
– Place a lien against the company– When exercised, reduce the value
of other stock shares– May reward one person and distress others
Learning• One of the fundamental processes underlying
behavior and motivation– A relatively enduring change in behavior occurs as a
result of practice
• Changes in behavior that characterize learning may be…– Adaptive and promote effectiveness – Non-adaptive and ineffective
Social Learning
• Behavior is acquired through observation and imitation of others in a social context – Continuous interaction of cognitive, behavioral, and
environmental determinants– Can be positive or negative
Social Learning• Social learning theory introduces…
– Vicarious learning (modeling)– Symbolism– Self-control
• Self-efficacy, a central part of social learning theory, has three dimensions– Magnitude– Strength– Generality
Pygmalion Effect
Pygmalion Effect
The enhanced learning or performance that results from others having positive expectations of us.
Operant Conditioning• Learning that occurs as a consequence of
behavior– Operants are behaviors that can be controlled by
altering reinforcers and the punishments that follow them
• Behavior modification– An approach to motivation that uses principles of
operant conditioning– Learning by reinforcement
Example of Operant Conditioning
S1
Memo instructingsubordinate to prepare budget
Conditionedstimulus
S1
Memo instructingsubordinate to prepare budget
Conditionedstimulus
R1
Preparingweeklybudgets
Conditionedoperantresponse
R1
Preparingweeklybudgets
Conditionedoperantresponse
R2
A sense ofsatisfaction
Unconditioned response
R2
A sense ofsatisfaction
Unconditioned response
S2
Receiving valued praise fromsuperior
Reinforcingstimulus
S2
Receiving valued praise fromsuperior
Reinforcingstimulus
AntecedentAntecedent BehaviorBehavior ConsequenceConsequence
Principles of Operant Conditioning
• Positive reinforcement– Action that increases the likelihood of a behavior
• Negative reinforcement– Strengthens a behavior because the behavior
removes some painful or unpleasant stimulus
• Punishment– Undesirable consequence that results in the
suppression of the behavior that brought it about
• Extinction– Decline in response rate due to non-
reinforcement
Behavior Modification• Identify and define the specific behavior
– Can it be seen?– Can it be measured?
• Measure or count occurrences of the pinpointed behavior– Provides a baseline from which to determine if the
behavior is changing
Applied Behavior Modification• Conduct ABC analysis of the behavior
– A = analyzing the antecedents– B = pinpointing critical behaviors– C = associated consequence
• Then– Develop an action plan and strategies– Evaluate the behavior