Yang Ge Shen 0315960 Chia Wei Pink 0316971 Kee Yu Xuan 0315042

Lee Yi Feng 0315750 Wong Kah Voon 0317510

How Pei Ngoh 0316929

Project 2 : Understanding Forces in Solid Structure and Surface Structure

Tutor : Mr Bruce Lee Xia Sheng

[ARC 2513] Building Construction 2

Content Introduction ……………………… 1 Architect………………………….. 2 Concept…………………………… 3 Orthographic drawings…………… 4 Structural Analysis………………... 6 Gravity load and inertia…….......6 Moment……………….........…..7 Shear load…………………....…8 Axial load…………….....…...…9 Lateral load…………….....…….10 Joint Analysis……………………………11 Material…………………………….12 Progress……………………………14 Reference ………………....……….16

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Name of Building : Gare de Lyon-Saint Exupery , formerly Lyon-Satolas airport railway station Location : Lyon, France Architect : Santiago Calatrava Collaborators : Alexis Burret, Sebastien Mernet, David Long, L. Burr Construction Year : 1989-1994 Area : 5600 square metres Cost : 750 million Francs (approximately 146 million USD)

Massing of the structure is striking that it resembles an eye wide opened.

Design of section is interesting in a way that it has incorporated beautiful

streamline of anthropometry. Pointed arch above the spine is a steel box formed

by triangular section. Inside the structure, a dynamic feeling is created by the

progressive narrowing of overhead skylights. Strong image of flight is evoked.

INTRODUCTION

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ARCHITECT

Name : Santiago Calatrava Valls

Nationality: American, Spanish

Born: July 28 1951

Significant Projects :Athens Olympic Sports Complex, 1982

Alamillo Bridge, 1989 City of Arts and Sciences,1996 Auditorio de Tenerife, 1997 Chords Bridge, 2005 Liѐge-Guillemins Railway Station, 2009

He received a degree in architecture at the Polytechnic University of Valencia and he enrolled in the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology for second degree in civil engineering. In 1981, he started his engineering and architecture practice. He working as engineering discipline structural engineer, architect and sculptor.

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The concept of the Lyon-Satolas airport railway station is dynamics, on the other hand, is variability and surprise; apparently chaos but microscopically ordered; organic metamorphosis. (Climent, 1994; 14)

Form is inspired by human eye and some components have beautiful streamline of human body, moreover, plan and elevation are related to proportions of the human body

CONCEPT

Figure 1.1 Original concept sketch by Santiago Calatrava

Figure 1.2 Original concept sketch by Santiago Calatrava Figure 1.3 sketch of overall form and shape which shows the solar

heat gain

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ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS

SOURCE ; http://faculty.arch.tamu.edu/media/cms_page_media/4433/LyonSatolasStation.pdf

Site Plan Diagram Plan

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SOURCE ; http://faculty.arch.tamu.edu/media/cms_page_media/4433/LyonSatolasStation.pdf

Front elevation

Cross Section

ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS

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STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS GRAVITY LOAD AND INERTIA

In section of main hall (Figure 2.1), skeletal structure is bent, it has gravity load acting towards ground. Its inertia resist it from being moved and tend to return to its original shape, reflexive momentum or the upward force in every truss opposes the downward forces. Main span of 100 metres provides tensile forces to hold the body down. Also, the spine transfers gravity load from the 1300 ton steel roof to the ground.

In section of the adjoining concrete service building (Figure 2.2), columns play the transfer gravity load of the bent roof structure to the ground. Convergence of two rows of columns at the middle in Y-shape provide stronger strength to the columns as it spreads the load to two components at right angle to each other.

Figure 2.1 main hall

Figure 2.2 adjoining concrete service building

Gravity forces

Transfer of gravity loads to ground

Tension

Inertia 6

SHEAR LOAD

Shear force is the force is the force that causes two parallel surface to slide across each other. There are two forces acting in opposite direction, causing the cross section of the surface to distort to a parallelogram. Maximum shear happens at both ends but in opposite direction thus a linear diagram is obtained. Maximum shear force experienced by particular surface is at two ends of surface. Thus, there are cross-bracing at every interval of the spine to resist the strong shear force at jointing.

Shear load

Figure 2.3 middle structure of roof’s shear diagram

Figure 2.4 structure of cantilever roof’s shear diagram

Figure 2.5 adjoining concrete service building’s shear diagram

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AXIAL LOAD

Axial force is the force acts perpendicular to the surface of a material, causing it to deform. Degree of deformation can be observed in the displacement or change in length and area of cross section. The larger the displacement the larger the strain, the larger the force, the larger the stress.

The use of large amount of trusses and bracing and columns is crucial that it spreads load in different direction. When load is transmitted and not concentrated, tendency of deformation of components is lowered.

Figure 2.6 middle structure of roof’s axial loading diagram

Figure 2.7 structure of cantilever roof’s axial loading diagram

Figure 2.8 adjoining concrete service building’s axial loading diagram

Axial load 8

MOMENT DIAGRAM

Moment is the product of force and distance of force from a pivot point. Maximum moment happens at mid-span, thus parabolic curve is obtained. Same concept is used here but unlike shear force, moment is strongest at the middle of two jointings. Clockwise and anticlockwise moment is kept in equilibrium by the stiff spine and load transfer along its span to the ground.

Figure 2.9 middle structure of roof’s moment diagram

Figure 2.10 structure of cantilever roof’s moment diagram Figure 2.11 adjoining concrete service building’s moment diagram

moment 9

LATERAL LOAD

Earth quake seldom happens in Lyon. According to the site context, lateral force is not as crucial as gravity load, moment bending, shear and axial forces. Lateral load in this case wind load however is taken into design consideration.

From the front view(figure 2.3) and (figure 2.4) section, when lateral load acts on the structure, it is transfer from the cantilevered roof to the ground through the 100 metres span and from trusses to the ground. In this way, the structure is able to stay still without wobbling, and overturning.

Figure 2.12 lateral loading diagram

Figure 2.13 lateral loading diagram

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JOINT ANALYSIS

Top of concrete foundation

Equivalent or Location tube Holding down bolts

Anchor plates

Base plate

Bedding space

Pinned joint is used for the skeleton structure of main hall. Pinned joint create a clamping force across the joint which is able to sustain the operating conditions without loosening.

Figure 3.1 joint along the skeleton structure

Figure 3.2 column base diagram 11

MATERIAL

Tempered glass is up to four or five times harder than standard annealed glass. As it has been gone through the tempering process at approximately 650’c, the outer surface is set to be in compression while the inner surfaces is set to be in tension. It helped Lyon Satolas Airport railway station resist the lateral loads.

The rigid linear components of lyon Satolas airport railway station is design to tie the light entryway into the building. Steel and glazing are used to achieve a sense of openness and lightness for the building

Structural steel have a carbon content within the range 0.16-0.25%. It attributes the compressive strength as well as tensile strength. It is tough, stiff and ductile. It is commonly used in supporting building, Lyon Satolas is one of an examples, which the outer curved beams are constructed by structural steel and supporting the 40 meter tall skeleton structure itself.

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Reinforce concrete is the concrete which reinforcing with additional assistance, support or material such as rebar and steel. Concrete is strong in compression. By adding the rebar, it increased the tensile strength which make the concrete achieve the balance between tension and compression in order to resist the applied loads. Space frame vertical elements Adjoining concrete service building of Lyon Satolas are constructed with reinforce concrete to support the skeleton structure of main hall and resists the momentum created by trains

Precast concrete roof slabs span most of the lozenges of the adjoining concrete service building. The precast concrete is a type of concrete which manufactured in factory by casting concrete in mould that is durable and able to reuse. Fine aggregates are used in the mixture, so the final product has the appearance of naturally. The speed of installation is depends on the excavation, but It is easy to install even though it is heavy

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PROGRESS

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PROGRESS

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REFERENCES

• Barry, R. (1999). The construction of buildings. Oxford: Blackwell Science.

• Ching, F., Barry, O., & Zuberbuhler, D. (2009). Building structures illustrated. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons.

• Lyons, A. (2007). Materials for architects and builders. Boston: Elsevier.

• Millais, M. (2005). Building structures. London: Spon Press.

• Cui, L. (2014). f Axial Load Localized vs Uniform Deformations General Rule The. Docstoc.com. Retrieved 17 November 2014, from http://www.docstoc.com/docs/101275525/f-Axial-Load-Localized-vs-Uniform-Deformations-General-Rule-The

• faculty.arch.tamu,. (2014). Lyon-Satolas Railway and Airport Station. Retrieved 17 November 2014, from http://faculty.arch.tamu.edu/media/cms_page_media/4433/LyonSatolasStation.pdf

• Lan, T., & Chen, W. (2014). Structural Engineering Handbook. freeit.free.fr. Retrieved 17 November 2014, from http://freeit.free.fr/Structure%20Engineering%20HandBook/13.pdf

• Research Part A: Santiago Calatrava Lyon Satolas TGV Station,Lyon, France. (2014). Denise Avila. Retrieved from http://deniseavila.blogspot.com/

• Design Theory Research Assignment. (2014). designtheorykje.wordpress.com. Retrieved from http://designtheorykje.wordpress.com/2012/11/08/lyon-saint-exupery-airport-railway-station/

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