Name _____________________________________________________________

Science Language Students Should Know and Use Atmosphere - The layers of air that surround Earth. The most dense atmospheric layers are closer to Earth and the least dense layers are far away from Earth. Atom - The smallest particle of a chemical element which has all the properties of that element. Crust - The solid outermost layer of Earth. Density - A comparison of the mass of a substance with its volume. Mathematically, density is calculated as:

An object or liquid tends to sink in a liquid with less density than the object. Diffusion - The process of matter spreading out evenly from its source. An example of diffusion is when perfume is sprayed and eventually is smelled throughout a room. Energy - The amount of motion of a particle. Gas - The least dense form of matter for a given substance. Particles in a gas are moving rapidly and tend to be quite far apart. Particles move freely and have no definite shape. Heat - A transfer of kinetic energy or motion. Liquid - The form of matter that tends to flow freely. Typically, liquids are capable of taking on the shape of the container in which they are placed. Particles are in constant motion but are closer together than the same particles in a gas form. Mass - A measure of the amount of matter in an object. Mass is usually measured in grams. Matter - Anything that has mass and takes up space. Model - A larger or smaller representation of an item. Molecule - A substance that occurs when two or more atoms are chemically combined. It is the smallest form of such a chemical combination. Particle - A small piece of something. Typically used to represent a small part of matter. Solid - The most dense form of matter for any substance. Solids generally have a fixed shape. The particles within them vibrate constantly, but do not allow the solid to change shape. Temperature - A measure of the amount of kinetic energy of a particle. Objects with a high amount motion have a higher temperature than those with a lower amount of motion. Volume - The amount of space taken up by a substance. Volume is generally stated as cubic meters m3, liters or a variation of one of these.

Get Set to Read What do you know about atoms? Write true if you think the statement is true. Write false if you think the statement is not true. Read KIDS DISCOVER Atoms. Check back to find out if you were correct. Write the correct answer and its page number. CHALLENGE: Rewrite each false sentence in a way that makes it true.

It’s in the Reading After reading Kids Discover Atoms, choose the best answer for each question. 1. Which of these atomic particles are negatively charged? a. Quarks c. Neutrons b. Protons d. Electrons 2. What do wood and plastic have in common? a. Both are made from plant material. b. Both are made up of a combination of atoms. c. Both are pure because they are made up of one kind of atom. d. Both are forms of metal. 3. How are the three particles that make up atoms charged? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. What does the strong force do? Why is it needed? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5. Why is the atom’s nucleus compared to a golf ball and a period at the end of a sentence? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 6. Which of these particles were proven to exist after the others? a. Atoms c. Neutrons b. Protons d. Electrons

7. Whose atom model is used by most scientists today? a. Thompson c. Rutherford b. Schrodinger d. Bohr 8. Why have new models of atoms been developed? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 9. How do Rutherford’s and Bohr’s models of the atom differ? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 10. What are quarks?

__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 11. Which of these is part of the human body and the most commonly occurring element in the universe? a. Carbon c. Nitrogen b. Hydrogen d. Oxygen 12. Which of these is made up of one kind of atom? a. Graphite c. Water b. Carbon dioxide d. Salt 13. How do the atoms of different elements differ? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

14. What is ozone and why is it important?* __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 15. What’s an amu? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 16. When do electrons in atoms give off light energy in a light bulb? a. When atoms are bumped into by free electrons b. When the electrons are energized by vibrations in atoms c. When the electrons move away from the nucleus d. When the electrons return to their original position in atoms 17. Why are some fires blue and others orange? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 18. How does carbon dating help identify the age of fossils? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 19. What gives fluorescent light bulbs their glow? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

20. How does fission differ from fusion? a. It produces new atoms. c. It is the splitting apart of atoms. b. It is a nuclear reaction. d. It releases energy. 21. What are fission and fusion? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 22. How is nuclear energy used to produce electricity? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 23. What is the basis for all nuclear power used today? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 24. Why do supporters of nuclear energy consider it more environmentally friendly than other fuels? a. Less fuel is needed to produce the same amount of energy. b. Nuclear energy does not contribute to the greenhouse effect as much as other fuels do. c. Nuclear wastes are radioactive. d. Uranium is a plentiful nuclear fuel. 25. What are some benefits of using nuclear power? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

26. What are some drawbacks to using nuclear energy? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 27. Do you think the benefits of using nuclear energy outweigh the drawbacks? Explain your answer. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 28. How is laser light like ordinary light? a. It can be different colors depending on its energy level. b. It results from electrons moving toward the nucleus. c. It is one specific wavelength of light. d. It has a tight beam that is strong and concentrated. 29. What is laser light? How does it differ from regular light? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 30. What do lasers have to do with atoms? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

31. How do lasers read CDs? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 32. How do you use lasers in your daily life? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

Everything Visual In Atoms, a time line shows the scientific breakthroughs in the study of the atom. It sequences the developments from ancient past to recent discoveries. Use the time line on pages 4–5 to answer these questions. 1. What is the time span between Democritus’ understanding of the atom and the beginning of modern atomic theory? __________________________________________________________________ 2. Why does the time line have a break between the time of Democritus’ ideas and the modern atomic theory? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. What is the unit for measuring atomic mass? When was it introduced? __________________________________________________________________

4. Who identified electrons and when was the identification made? __________________________________________________________________ 5. What feature of electrons did Bohr propose? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 6. What theory was proposed in 1962? Who proposed it? What did it state? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 7. When was the model of atoms used by most scientists today proposed? Who proposed it? How does the model portray electrons? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 8. Identify three facts have you learned about atoms in this issue of Kids Discover. a. b. c.

The Atoms Family Album

In the center of Matterville, there is a place called the Nucleus Arcade, where two members of the Atoms Family like to hang out. Perky Patty Proton, like her sisters, is quite large with a huge smile and eyes that sparkle (+). Patty is always happy and has a very positive personality. Nerdy Nelda Neutron is large like Patty, but she has a boring, flat mouth and eyes with zero expression (o). Her family is very apathetic and neutral about everything. Patty, Nelda, and their sisters spend all their time at the arcade.

Around the Nucleus Arcade, you will find a

series of roadways that are used by another member of the Atoms Family, Enraged Elliott Electron. Elliott races madly around the Arcade on his bright red chrome-plated Harley-Davidson. He rides so fast that no one can be sure where he is at any time. Elliott is much smaller than Patty and Nelda and he is always angry because these bigger relatives will not let him in the Arcade. He has a frown on his face, eyes that are squinted with anger, and a very negative (-) attitude.

The first energy street can only hold only

two Electron brothers. The second energy street, called the Energy Freeway, can hold eight brothers. The third energy street, called the Energy Superhighway, can hold 18 of the brothers.

The morale of Matterville is stable as long

as each negative Electron brother is balanced out by one positive Proton sister. The number of residents in Matterville depends on the Proton and Neutron families.

Now that you know a little about the Atoms Family, write about each member in the box. In the circle, draw a picture of the family member’s attitude, expression, or other quality (happy, sad, neutral, etc.).

Adopt-An-Element Your Assignment:

Complete the Information Worksheet Create an advertisement for your element. The advertisement must include the

element’s name, symbol, atomic number, atomic mass, cost, and an advertising slogan that describes one or more of its important uses. Advertisements must be neat, colorful, and contain all the information listed above. See the example below.

Example:

33 74.9

As

Arsenic

Arsenic’s a sure fire way to deal with a nasty rat.

It works better than a mean old cat!

Cost - $3.20 for 1 gram

Fact Sheet Name of your element: _____________________________________________

Symbol Atomic Number Atomic Mass

_____ ___________ _________

Atomic Number Atomic Mass

Element Symbol

Element Name

Slogan

Element Cost

# of Protons # of Neutrons # of Electrons

__________ ___________ __________

Melting Point Boiling Point ________o C _______o C Interesting Information (may include important uses, interesting facts, common compounds, etc.) 1. ___________________________________________________________ 2. __________________________________________________________ 3. __________________________________________________________ 4. __________________________________________________________ 5. __________________________________________________________ 6. __________________________________________________________ Uses of your element. 1. ___________________________________________________________ 2. __________________________________________________________ 3. __________________________________________________________ 4. __________________________________________________________

Element Cube Side #1 – Symbol and Name

a. Symbol of your element (make this large on your cube). b. Name of the element. c. Your name.

Side #2 – Drawing of your atom

a. Include proper number of protons. b. Include proper number of neutrons (atomic mass subtracted by atomic number) c. Include proper number of electrons.

Side #3 – Melting point, boiling point and cost of element. Side #4 – When it was discovered and who discovered it. Side #5 – Interesting information. Side #6 – Uses for your element.

Make a Model of the Atom You will make a model of your atom. It will need :

Correct # of Protons Correct # of Neutrons (atomic mass minus atomic number) Electrons

Make your model on the next page. Include the following information: Name of Element, Atomic Number, Atomic Mass, and Element Symbol. Get three different colors of paper. Make a small circle using one color to represent the protons. Use a different color to represent the neutrons. Using a paper punch, punch a lot of holes to represent the electrons. (Remember, if you could see the electron, it would look like it was in many places at one.

Atom Model

Members of the Atom Hall of Fame Use this information to make your accordion book. Draw a picture of each scientist on one page and explain his accomplishments on the other. Democritus Democritus was a believed all matter is made up of indivisible elements he called atoms.

John Dalton John Dalton was a great English Scientist who studied atoms. Dalton developed his four laws:

Matter is made of atoms. Atoms cannot be divided into smaller pieces (later shown to be wrong). Atoms of an element are exactly alike. Different elements are made of different atoms.

His model of the atom was a solid, uniform sphere.

Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev Mendeleyev created the first Periodic Table of the Elements. The Periodic Table gives information about each element. Using the Periodic Table, he was able to predict properties of elements that had not been discovered.

Sir J. Joseph Thomson Thomson discovered the electron. He developed the “plum pudding” model of the atom. He believed the atom was a solid, uniform mass with electrons inside the atom.

Lord Ernest Rutherford Rutherford determined that 1910 – an atom must be mostly empty space with a small dense positively charged particle in the center surrounded by negatively charged electrons. He was the first person to observe protons.

Neils Bohr Niels Bohr was the Danish physicist whose investigations of the atom earned him the 1922 Nobel Prize for physics. Bohr's work helped solve the problems that could not be explained about the nuclear model of the atom. He proposed that electrons moved in fixed orbits around the atom's nucleus.

Sir James Chadwick Chadwick discovered the neutron. This solved problems surrounding the weight of an atom.

Werner Heisenberg Heisenberg developed the Uncertainty Principle. The Uncertainty Principles states that it is impossible to know both the speed and location of an electron. You can only know its speed or its location.

History of the Atom – Part 1 The Idea of the Atom, Ancient Greece to Dalton

1. The Greeks believed there were four elements – earth, fire, air, and water. T. True F. False 2. Atoms mean _______________________________.

3. Aristotle said the problem with atoms is that there would be space between the atoms. T. True F. False 4. Epicurus claimed the universe was made of atoms. T. True F. False 5. Alchemists tried to change __________ into __________. 6. Printed ___________ allowed people to share knowledge. 7. Robert Boyle figured out that gases were _______________________ that moved. 8. Lavoisier determined that gas particles were ________________ that were identical particles. 9. Dalton determined chemical elements were made of ________________. 10. All atoms of the same element are ______________________. 11. Different elements have _________________ weights. 12. Dalton developed the _____________________ ______________________ of matter. 13. At the end of the century, there were two models of atoms. a. b.

History of the Atom – Part 2 Key Experiments That Established Atomic Structure.

1. Matter is made from small, spherical particles they called ______________. 2. Atoms can only be seen using an ________________ microscope.

3. Sir Joseph John Thompson discovered the _________________. 4. Ernest Rutherford suggested calling small positive ions ________________. 5. The mass of the proton is over 1,000 times greater than that of the electron. T. True F. False 6. Thompson proposed the ______________ _______________________ model of the atom. 7. Rutherford proposed protons were concentrated in a ____________________. 8. If the nucleus of a carbon atom is the size of a golf ball on a football field, the electrons would occupy a sphere that would reach the stadium’s __________________ __________________. 9. The atom is mostly ___________________ ____________________. 10. In 1932, James Chadwick discovered the _______________________. 11. Neutrons have the same mass as _________________________. 12. Rutherford suggested a model of the atom where the electrons orbit the nucleus like _____________________ around the _________________________. 13. Neils Bohr proposed that ________________________ move in orbits without radiating any energy.

Atom Hall of Fame Accordion Book 1. Fold the selected papers into hamburgers. 2. Cut the paper in half along the fold lines. 3. Fold each section of paper into hamburgers; however, fold one side one-half inch shorter than the other side. This will form a tab that is only one-half inch long. 4. Fold this tab forward over the shorter side, and then fold it back away from the shorter piece of paper (in other words, fold it the opposite way). 5. Glue together to form an accordion by gluing a straight-edge of one section to the valley of another section. 6. Using your notes, make an accordion book for the eight members of the Hall of fame. Include the year they made their discovery, their name, and an explanation of what they did.

Element Prices (estimated) Aluminum - $1.11 per pound Arsenic - $.33 per pound Calcium - $2.00 per pound Carbon - $1.00 per ton Chlorine - $240.00 per ton Chromium - $735.00 per ton Cobalt - $99.30 per pound Copper - $4.57 per pound Gold - $1,473.00 an ounce Helium - $2.34 per cubic meter Hydrogen - $15.00 per 100 cubic feet Iron - $12.00 per pound Lead - $1.66 per pound Manganese - $4.50 per ton Mercury - $3,655.00 per pound Neon - $4.20 a liter Nickel - $12.43 per pound Nitrogen - $4.67 per 1246 cubic foot Oxygen - $28.00 a quart Palladium - $788.00 an ounce Platinum - $1,812.00 per ounce Silver – $40.00 an ounce Sulfur - $130.00 a ton Tin - $14.97 a pound Titanium - $123.00 per pound Uranium - $213.00 per pound Yttrium - $200.00 per kilogram Zirconium - $20.00 per kilogram (2.2 pounds) Zinc - $1.12 per pound