Auto/Oil Programs, Reformulated Fuels, and Alternative Fuels

燃油 - 排放项目,调和燃料和替代燃料

Auto/Oil Programs, Reformulated Fuels, and Alternative Fuels

燃油 - 排放项目,调和燃料和替代燃料

Bruce B. BykowskiSouthwest Research Institute®

美国西南研究院

April 2004

Bruce B.Bruce B. BykowskiBykowskiSouthwest Research InstituteSouthwest Research Institute®®

美国西南研究院美国西南研究院

April 2004April 2004

Problem 问题Problem 问题

Photochemical Smog Formation光化学烟雾的形成

Photochemical Smog Formation光化学烟雾的形成

Solution 解决办法Solution 解决办法

Apply emission reduction technologiesApply emission reduction technologies

应用排放控制技术应用排放控制技术

Questions Questions 问题问题

What technologies should be applied?What technologies should be applied?应用什么技术？应用什么技术？

What fuel quality is needed?What fuel quality is needed?采用何种质量的燃油？采用何种质量的燃油？

Presentation Outline 提纲Presentation Outline 提纲

Overview of U.S. Auto/Oil programOverview of U.S. Auto/Oil program美国燃油美国燃油--排放项目概述排放项目概述

Overview of European Auto/Oil programOverview of European Auto/Oil program欧洲燃油欧洲燃油--排放项目概述排放项目概述

India programIndia program印度燃油印度燃油--排放项目概述排放项目概述

China programChina program中国项目中国项目

Reformulating GasolineReformulating Gasoline调和汽油调和汽油

Alternatives to GasolineAlternatives to Gasoline替代燃料替代燃料

Overview of US Auto/Oil Program美国燃油 - 排放项目概述

Conducted in 1989 through 1995Conducted in 1989 through 1995

于于19891989--19951995年间进行年间进行

Over 100 vehicles (spark ignition)Over 100 vehicles (spark ignition)

测试了测试了100100多辆车多辆车 ((点燃式点燃式))

90 90 fuel compositionsfuel compositions

测试了测试了9090多种燃料组分多种燃料组分

5,000 5,000 emission tests emission tests 进行了进行了50005000多次排放实验多次排放实验

NOx NOx 氮氧化合物氮氧化合物

CO CO 一氧化碳一氧化碳

HC HC 碳氢化合物碳氢化合物

153 organic compounds 153153 organic compounds 153种有机化合物种有机化合物

US Auto/Oil Program美国燃油 - 排放项目概述

US Auto/Oil Program美国燃油 - 排放项目概述

Vehicles Vehicles 车辆车辆

Older (1983Older (1983--85 models) 85 models) 老式车老式车 (1983(1983至至19851985的型号的型号))1989 1989 current models current models 19891989年的新型车年的新型车

1993 1993 California Tier 0 California Tier 0 达到达到19931993年加州排放标准的车年加州排放标准的车

1994 1994 Federal Tier 1 Federal Tier 1 达到达到19941994年美国排放标准的车年美国排放标准的车

Advanced (mid Advanced (mid ‘‘90s) 90s) 9090年代中期技术的车年代中期技术的车

US Auto/Oil Program美国燃油 - 排放项目概述

US Auto/Oil Program美国燃油 - 排放项目概述

Fuels Fuels 燃油燃油

Aromatic content (45% to 20%) Aromatic content (45% to 20%) 芳烃芳烃

Total olefin content (20% to 5%) Total olefin content (20% to 5%) 烯烃烯烃Oxygenate type & amount Oxygenate type & amount 含氧组分含氧组分

Sulfur content Sulfur content 硫硫RVP RVP 蒸汽压蒸汽压

50% & 90% 50% & 90% distillation points distillation points 50% 50% 和和 90% 90% 蒸馏点蒸馏点

Computer Spreadsheet Model计算机模型

Computer Spreadsheet Model计算机模型

排放控制的影响因素 - 历史沿革

European Auto/Oil Programs欧洲燃油 - 排放项目

European Auto/Oil Programs欧洲燃油 - 排放项目

Two programs conducted Two programs conducted 进行了两个项目进行了两个项目Auto Oil Program (AOP) 1994Auto Oil Program (AOP) 1994--1996 1996 欧洲燃油欧洲燃油 -- 排放项目排放项目 （（19941994--19961996））Auto Oil II Program (AOPII) 1997Auto Oil II Program (AOPII) 1997--2000 2000 欧洲燃油欧洲燃油 -- 排放项目二期排放项目二期 （（19971997--20002000））

First Auto Oil Program First Auto Oil Program 欧洲燃油欧洲燃油 -- 排放项目一期排放项目一期

Goal Goal –– provide policy makers with assessment of most costprovide policy makers with assessment of most cost--effective measures for reducing emissions from road transportatieffective measures for reducing emissions from road transportationon目标：为决策者提供减少机动车排放的 经济的途径目标：为决策者提供减少机动车排放的 经济的途径

Examined vehicle technology, fuel quality, mechanisms for Examined vehicle technology, fuel quality, mechanisms for improved durability, and other nonimproved durability, and other non--technical measurestechnical measures研究了汽车技术、燃油质量、提高耐久性及其他非技术性指标研究了汽车技术、燃油质量、提高耐久性及其他非技术性指标

Result Result –– Directives proposed for quality standards for gasoline and Directives proposed for quality standards for gasoline and diesel fuel, and for passenger car emissionsdiesel fuel, and for passenger car emissions结论：为汽油、柴油和汽车排放提供了指导性建议结论：为汽油、柴油和汽车排放提供了指导性建议

European Auto/Oil Programs欧洲燃油 - 排放项目

European Auto/Oil Programs欧洲燃油 - 排放项目

Second Auto Oil Program Second Auto Oil Program 欧洲燃油欧洲燃油 -- 排放项目二期排放项目二期

Goal Goal –– provide technical input for future vehicle emission limit provide technical input for future vehicle emission limit values and fuel quality standardsvalues and fuel quality standards目标：为以后的排放规范和燃油标准提供技术指导目标：为以后的排放规范和燃油标准提供技术指导Methodology: Methodology: 研究方法研究方法

–– Identify environmental objectives Identify environmental objectives 确定环境目标确定环境目标–– Forecast base case trends in emissions Forecast base case trends in emissions 预测排放趋势预测排放趋势–– Forecast future air quality Forecast future air quality 预测未来大气质量预测未来大气质量–– Establish emission reduction targets Establish emission reduction targets 建立排放目标建立排放目标–– Identify policy options Identify policy options 确立政策选相确立政策选相–– Perform costPerform cost--effectiveness analysis effectiveness analysis 进行成本进行成本--效益分析效益分析

Results: Results: 研究结果研究结果–– Developed TREMOVE model (policy simulation tool)Developed TREMOVE model (policy simulation tool)开发了开发了 TREMOVE TREMOVE 模型模型 （政策模拟工具）（政策模拟工具）

–– Developed LEUVEN II cost effectiveness optimization toolDeveloped LEUVEN II cost effectiveness optimization tool开发了开发了 LEUVEN II LEUVEN II 低成本优化工具低成本优化工具

EU Standards for Passenger Cars欧洲轿车排放标准 (克/公里)

g/km

EU Standards for Passenger Cars欧洲轿车排放标准 (克/公里)

g/km

Indian Program印度燃油 - 排放项目

Indian Program印度燃油 - 排放项目

AutoAuto--Oil Government Research ForumOil Government Research Forum印度政府燃油印度政府燃油--排放研究论坛排放研究论坛

Established byEstablished by TataTata Energy Research Institute (TERI) in Jan. Energy Research Institute (TERI) in Jan. 2000200020002000年年11月由月由TATATATA能源研究院建立能源研究院建立

Objectives: Objectives: 目标目标Establish targets for improvement in air qualityEstablish targets for improvement in air quality为改善大气质量建立目标为改善大气质量建立目标Draw road map to reach targetsDraw road map to reach targets设立阶段目标设立阶段目标Secure commitments from agencies to achieve objectivesSecure commitments from agencies to achieve objectives确保有关机构的积极参与从而实现总体目标确保有关机构的积极参与从而实现总体目标

China Auto/Oil Preliminary Program中国燃油-排放项目

China Auto/Oil Preliminary Program中国燃油-排放项目

Six test cars with technologies originating in U.S.,Europe, and Japan六辆由美国,欧 洲 和日本产的轿车

Eight fuels with different levels of olefins and sulfur八种含烯烃与硫量不同的燃料

Four cars tested to 80k km of durability 四辆车进行八万公里耐久性测试

Program to be completed in mid April， 2003项目四月中结束

Sources of Emissions in China中国机动车排放来源

Sources of Emissions in China中国机动车排放来源

LightLight--duty vehicles duty vehicles 轻型车轻型车

Newer cars Newer cars –– Euro 2 Euro 2 (CLC + 3(CLC + 3--way catalyst) way catalyst) 新车新车 -- 欧洲二号欧洲二号

Older cars Older cars –– Carbureted, rich Carbureted, rich 老车老车 -- 化油器化油器

Taxis Taxis –– Euro 2 Euro 2 出租车出租车 -- 欧洲二号欧洲二号

Motorcycles Motorcycles 摩托车摩托车

Mostly 2Mostly 2--stroke stroke 大多数为两冲程大多数为两冲程

Diesel trucks Diesel trucks 柴油卡车柴油卡车

Older technology Older technology 老旧技术老旧技术

Current China Gasoline Specification当前中国汽油标准

Current China Gasoline Specification当前中国汽油标准

Fuel Parameter #90 #93 #95Anti-Knock

Research Octane Number - RON, min 90 93 95(RON + MON)/2 85 88 90

Lead - g/L, max 0.005Distillation

10% - ºC, max 7050% - ºC, max 12090% - ºC, max 190FBP - ºC, max 205Residual - vol %, max 2

Vapor Pressure - kPaSept. 16 - March 15 88March 16 - Sept. 15 74

Gum - mg/100ml, max 5Induction Period - minutes, max 480Sulfur - % 0.08Benzene - vol%, max 2.5Aromatics - vol%, max 40Olefins - vol%, max 35

Comparison of World Gasolines世界汽油标准比较

Comparison of World Gasolines世界汽油标准比较

Fuel Component Chinaa Japan EuropeanUnion

US-EPARFG

US-CARB

Phase IILead (max, g/l) 0.005 0.013 0.005 0Sulfur (max, ppm) 800 100 50b

Benzene (max vol %) 2.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0Aromatics (max vol %) 40 42 35 25Olefins (max vol %) 35 20 18 6Oxygen (max wt %) 2.7 1.2 2.7 min 2.0 1.8 to 2.2Octane (RON), min 93 89/96 95.5 87Octane (MON), min 88 -- 85.5 82Vapor Press, kPa 74/88 44-78 45-100 48.3 max

a GB17930-1999, Grade #93 Fuel. b European sulfur to be reduced to 10 ppm by year 2005

NA, 30c

c US = 30 ppm by 2006; CA = 10 ppm by 2006

40, 10C

Reformulating Gasoline调和汽油

Reformulating Gasoline调和汽油

Remove Lead Remove Lead 除除 铅铅

Reduce Sulfur ContentReduce Sulfur Content 降低硫含量降低硫含量

Reduce Aromatics and Olefins Reduce Aromatics and Olefins 降低芳烃和烯烃降低芳烃和烯烃

Reduce VolatilityReduce Volatility 降低挥发性降低挥发性

Add OxygenatesAdd Oxygenates 增加氧化物增加氧化物

Remove LeadSimple无铅化

Remove LeadSimple无铅化

Relatively inexpensiveRelatively inexpensive 较便宜较便宜

Good octane enhancement Good octane enhancement 提高辛烷值提高辛烷值

Toxic Toxic 有毒有毒

Poison to automotive catalysts Poison to automotive catalysts 对汽车用催化剂有毒对汽车用催化剂有毒

Replace LeadComplex 铅替代物

Replace LeadComplex 铅替代物

Isoparaffins Isoparaffins 异构烷烃异构烷烃

Low reactivity, low toxicity Low reactivity, low toxicity 活性低活性低,,毒性小毒性小

Requires expensive refinery modificationsRequires expensive refinery modifications 需要改进炼油工艺需要改进炼油工艺

MMTMMTInexpensive, good octane blending value Inexpensive, good octane blending value 便宜便宜, , 辛烷值高辛烷值高

Compatibility with high technology vehicles Compatibility with high technology vehicles 适合高技术的车适合高技术的车

Oxygenates Oxygenates 氧化物氧化物

Good octane value Good octane value 辛烷值高辛烷值高

Emissions benefits Emissions benefits 低低排放排放

Ground water contamination Ground water contamination 地下水污染地下水污染

Olefins, aromatics, butane Olefins, aromatics, butane 烯烃烯烃,,芳烃芳烃,,丁烷丁烷

Good octane content Good octane content 好的辛烷值好的辛烷值

Reactive and toxicReactive and toxic, , 活性高，有毒活性高，有毒

Alternatives to Gasoline 替代燃料

Alternatives to Gasoline 替代燃料

Diesel Diesel 柴油柴油

Natural Gas Natural Gas 天然气天然气

BiodieselBiodiesel 生物柴油生物柴油

AlcoholsAlcohols 酒精酒精

LPG LPG 液化石油气液化石油气

HydrogenHydrogen 氢气氢气

Diesel 柴油Diesel 柴油

High energy content, vehicles have good fuel economyHigh energy content, vehicles have good fuel economy燃油燃油经济性好经济性好

Fuel has low volatility, insignificant evaporative Fuel has low volatility, insignificant evaporative emissionsemissions 挥发性低挥发性低

Vehicles have relatively low HC and CO emissionsVehicles have relatively low HC and CO emissionsHC HC 和和 CO CO 排放低排放低

Vehicles have relatively high NOVehicles have relatively high NOXX and PM emissionsand PM emissions高高 NONOX X 和和 PM PM 排放排放

Complex exhaustComplex exhaust aftertreatmentaftertreatment systems needed for systems needed for vehicles vehicles 需复杂的排气后处理系统需复杂的排气后处理系统

Will require sulfur reductionsWill require sulfur reductions 需降低柴油硫含量需降低柴油硫含量

Sulfur Reductions in U.S.美国硫含量减少

Sulfur Reductions in U.S.美国硫含量减少

Natural Gas 天然气Natural Gas 天然气

Simple, Primarily MethaneSimple, Primarily Methane 成分成分简单简单, , 主要是甲烷主要是甲烷

Almost No Ozone Formation Almost No Ozone Formation 几乎无臭氧几乎无臭氧

Domestic Supply Domestic Supply 国内供应国内供应

Some Formaldehyde in ExhaustSome Formaldehyde in Exhaust 排放有少量甲醛排放有少量甲醛

Greenhouse Gas Greenhouse Gas 二氧化碳二氧化碳

Transported at High Pressure Transported at High Pressure 高压输送高压输送

Advantages优势

Disadvantages劣势

Biodiesel 生物柴油Biodiesel 生物柴油

From Agricultural ProductsFrom Agricultural Products 农副产品农副产品

Used As Blend With Conventional DieselUsed As Blend With Conventional Diesel和传统的柴油混合使用和传统的柴油混合使用

Some Reduction in Energy ContentSome Reduction in Energy Content 热值降低热值降低

Supply Limited Supply Limited 供应量有限供应量有限

Advantages优势

Disadvantages劣势

Methanol 甲醇Methanol 甲醇

Simple, Single ComponentSimple, Single Component 成份简单成份简单

Minimum Ozone FormationMinimum Ozone Formation臭氧形成少臭氧形成少

Produced From Natural Gas and CoalProduced From Natural Gas and Coal由天然气和碳产生由天然气和碳产生

Low Energy ContentLow Energy Content 低能含量低能含量

Burns With Invisible Flame Burns With Invisible Flame 燃烧时有看不见燃烧时有看不见的火焰的火焰

Formaldehyde in Exhaust Formaldehyde in Exhaust 排放中含甲醛排放中含甲醛

Volatility Increases When Mixed With Volatility Increases When Mixed With Gasoline Gasoline 与汽油混合会增加挥发性与汽油混合会增加挥发性

Advantages优势

Disadvantages劣势

Methanol vs Gasoline甲醇与汽油

Methanol vs Gasoline甲醇与汽油

Methanol Gasoline

Ethanol 乙醇Ethanol 乙醇

Simple, Single Component, Simple, Single Component, 成份简单成份简单

Minimum Ozone FormationMinimum Ozone Formation臭氧形成少臭氧形成少

Produced From CornProduced From Corn 由谷物制成由谷物制成

Reduced Energy ContentReduced Energy Content能含量降低能含量降低

AldehydesAldehydes in Exhaustin Exhaust排放中含乙醛排放中含乙醛

Volatility Increases When Mixed Volatility Increases When Mixed With GasolineWith Gasoline与汽油混合会增加挥发性与汽油混合会增加挥发性

Typically Used as 85% Mix With Gasoline

Advantages优势

Disadvantages劣势

LPG液化石油气

LPG液化石油气

Simple, Primarily PropaneSimple, Primarily Propane 主要成份是丙烷主要成份是丙烷

Minimum Ozone Formation for PropaneMinimum Ozone Formation for Propane臭氧形成少臭氧形成少

Fuel of Choice for Aftermarket Vehicle Fuel of Choice for Aftermarket Vehicle Conversions in U.S. Conversions in U.S. 是美国市场改装车辆的首选是美国市场改装车辆的首选

Impurities Have High Ozone FormationImpurities Have High Ozone Formation杂质中臭氧含量高杂质中臭氧含量高

Emissions High Without Proper Vehicle Emissions High Without Proper Vehicle ConversionConversion 如未改装好排放高如未改装好排放高

Advantages优势

Disadvantages劣势

Hydrogen 氢 气Hydrogen 氢 气

Simple, Single Component, Simple, Single Component, 成份简单成份简单

No Ozone Formation From Fuel No Ozone Formation From Fuel 无臭氧无臭氧Not a Greenhouse Gas Not a Greenhouse Gas 无二氧化碳排放无二氧化碳排放

Produced From Liquid Fuels for Fuel Produced From Liquid Fuels for Fuel Cells Cells 由燃料电池的液体燃油产生由燃料电池的液体燃油产生

Oxides of Nitrogen in Exhaust, Oxides of Nitrogen in Exhaust, Ozone PrecursorOzone Precursor 排放中有氮氧化合物排放中有氮氧化合物

Transported at High Pressure Transported at High Pressure 高压输送高压输送

Advantages优势

Disadvantages劣势

Thank You!

RR

GECT-56

谢谢