avm ca chapter 06 - edl 1: the united states enters world war i the fate of nations is forever...

Chapter Introduction

Section 1 The United States Enters World War I

Section 2 The Home Front

Section 3 A Bloody Conflict

Section 4 The War’s Impact

Chapter Assessment

SECTION 1: The United States Enters World War IThe fate of nations is forever changed by monumental world events. Although the United States tried to remain neutral, events soon pushed the nation into World War I.

The Big Ideas

SECTION 2: The Home FrontThe fate of nations is forever changed by monumental world events. To successfully fight the war, the United States had to mobilize the entire nation and citizens had to assume new roles and responsibilities.

SECTION 3: A Bloody ConflictThe fate of nations is forever changed by monumental world events. After four years of fighting, World War I ended in November of 1918.

The Big Ideas

SECTION 4: The War’s ImpactThe fate of nations is forever changed by monumental world events. As American society moved from war to peace, turmoil in the economy and fear of communism caused a series of domestic upheavals.

In the previous chapter, you learned about President Wilson’s reforms and the effects of the Progressive Era. In this section, you will discover what events led to the United States entering World War I.

• President Wilson promoted a moral approach to diplomacy in his attempts to bring democracy to Mexico. (p. 367)

• Old alliances and nationalist sentiments among European nations set the stage for World War I. (p. 368)

• British propaganda and business interests led most Americans to a pro-British stance on the war. (p. 371)

• Despite efforts to stay officially neutral, the United States entered the war after German submarines destroyed American ships. (p. 372)

guerrilla, nationalism, self-determination, propaganda, contraband, U-boat

stability, emphasis, erode

Pancho Villa, Franz Ferdinand, Allies, Central Powers, Sussex Pledge, Zimmermann telegram

1. Describe the principles that guided President Wilson’s foreign policy.

2. Discuss the causes and results of American intervention in Mexico and the Caribbean.

3. Explain the causes of World War I and why the United States entered the war in 1917.

When the United States finally entered World War I, “Remember the Lusitania” became a common slogan much like the slogan “Remember the Maine” was used during the Spanish-American War.

A. President Wilson was opposed to imperialism and believed democracy was necessary to keep the nation stable and prosperous. He wanted a world free from revolution and war.

I. Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy (pages 367–368)

B. In 1911 a revolution in Mexico forced its leader, Porfirio Díaz, to flee the country. The new leader, Francisco Madero, was a poor administrator. General Victoriano Huerta took over in Mexico and presumably had Madero murdered. Wilson refused to recognize the new government and prevented weapons from reaching Huerta.

C. In 1914 Wilson sent marines to seize the Mexican port of Veracruz to overthrow Huerta. Anti-American riots broke out in Mexico. International mediation of the dispute placed Venustiano Carranza as Mexico’s new president.

D. Mexican forces opposed to Carranza conducted raids into the United States, hoping Wilson would intervene. Pancho Villa led a group of guerrillas, an armed group that carries out surprise attacks, into New Mexico, and a number of Americans were killed.


E. Wilson sent General John J. Pershing and his troops into Mexico to capture Villa. Pershing was unsuccessful. Wilson’s Mexican policy damaged U.S. foreign relations.


Pancho Villa

What was President Wilson’s foreign policy in Mexico?Wilson refused to recognize the new Mexican government led by General Victoriano Huerta, who had seized power in Mexico. Wilson sent U.S. marines to Mexico to overthrow Huerta. When anti-American riots broke out in Mexico, Wilson was forced to accept international mediation over the dispute. Venustiano Carranza was made Mexico’s president. Mexican forces, led by Pancho Villa, were opposed to Carranza and conducted raids into the U.S. Wilson sent General John J. Pershing into Mexico to capture Villa.


A. The roots of World War I can be traced back to the 1860s, when Prussia began a series of wars in order to unite German states. By 1871 Germany was united. The new German nation changed European politics. France and Germany were enemies. Germany formed the Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy. Russia and France formed the Franco-Russian Alliance against Germany and Austria-Hungary.

II. The Outbreak of World War I (pages 368–371)

B. Great Britain remained neutral until the early 1900s, when it began an arms race with Germany. This increased tensions between the two countries, causing the British to gain closer relations with France and Russia. The three countries became known as the Triple Entente.


C. Nationalism, intense pride for one’s homeland, was a powerful idea in Europe in the late 1800s. The right to self-determination, the idea that people who belong to a nation should have their own country and government, was a basic idea of nationalism. This idea led to a crisis in the Balkans where different national groups within the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires began to seek independence.


D. In June 1914, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was killed by a Bosnian revolutionary. This act set off a chain of events that led to World War I. On July 28, Austria declared war on Serbia. On August 1, Germany declared war on Russia. Two days later Germany declared war on France.


Archduke Franz Ferdinand and wife Sophia visiting Sarajevo on the day of the assassination.

E. The Allies—France, Russia, Great Britain, and later Italy—fought for the Triple Entente. Germany and Austria-Hungary joined the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria to form the Central Powers.

F. Germany and France became locked in a stalemate along hundreds of miles of trenches. The stalemate lasted three years. The Central Powers had greater success on the Eastern Front, capturing hundreds of miles of territory and taking hundreds of thousands of prisoners.


What factors led to the start of World War I?The roots of World War I can be traced back to the 1860s, when Prussia began a series of wars in order to unite German states. By 1871 Germany was united. The new German nation changed European politics. France and Germany were enemies. Germany formed the Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy. Russia and France formed the Franco-Russian Alliance against Germany and Austria-Hungary. Great Britain remained neutral until the early 1900s, when it began an arms race with Germany. This increased tensions between the two countries, causing the British to gain closer relations with France and Russia. Nationalism led to a crisis in the Balkans where different national groups within the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires began to seek independence. In June 1914, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was killed by a Bosnian revolutionary. This event caused the alliances of Europe to declare war on each other.


A. Wilson declared the United States to be neutral. He did not want his country pulled into a foreign war. Americans, however, began showing support for one side or the other with many immigrants supporting their homelands. Most Americans favored the Allied cause.

III. American Neutrality (pages 371–372)

B. President Wilson’s cabinet was pro-British, believing that an Allied victory would preserve an international balance of power. The British skillfully used propaganda, or information used to influence opinion, to gain American support.

C. Companies in the United States had strong ties to the Allied countries. Many American banks gave loans to the Allies. As a result, American prosperity was tied to the war. The money would only be paid back if the Allies won.


How did propaganda influence Americans?

The British cut the transatlantic telegraph cable from Europe to the United States to limit news about the war to mainly British communication. Outrageous reports about German war atrocities convinced many Americans to support the Allies.


A. While most Americans supported the Allies, they did not want to enter the war.

IV. Moving Toward War (pages 372–374)

B. The British navy blockaded Germany to keep it from getting supplies. The British redefined contraband, or prohibited materials, to stop neutral parties from shipping food to Germany. To get around the blockade, Germany deployed submarines known as U-boats. Germany threatened to sink any ship that entered the waters around Britain. Attacking civilians ships without warning violated an international treaty and outraged the United States. The Lusitania, a British passenger liner, was hit by the Germans, killing almost 1,200 passengers—including 128 Americans.

C. Americans instructed Germany to stop U-boat strikes. Germany did not want the U.S. to join the war and strengthen the Allies. The Sussex Pledge, a promise made by Germany to stop sinking merchant ships, kept the United States out of the war for a bit longer.

D. A German official, Arthur Zimmermann, cabled the German ambassador in Mexico, proposing that Mexico ally itself with Germany. In return, Mexico would regain territory it had earlier lost to the United States. The Zimmermann telegram was intercepted by British intelligence and leaked to American newspapers.


E. In February 1917, Germany went back to unrestricted submarine warfare and, soon after, sank six American merchant ships. On April 6, 1917, the United States declared war against Germany.


What events led to the United States declaring war against Germany?The British navy blockaded Germany to keep it from getting supplies. To get around the blockade, Germany deployed U-boats. The Lusitania, a British passenger liner, was hit by the Germans, killing almost 1,200 passengers including 128 Americans. A German official, Arthur Zimmermann, cabled the German ambassador in Mexico, proposing that Mexico ally itself with Germany. In return, Mexico would regain territory it had earlier lost to the United States. The Zimmermann telegram was intercepted by British intelligence and leaked to American newspapers. In February 1917, Germany went back to unrestricted submarine warfare and, soon after, sank six American merchant ships. On April 6, 1917, the United States declared war against Germany.


___ stability___ guerilla___ nationalism___ self-

determination___ contraband___ U-boat

Vocabulary

A. German submarineB. armed band that carries out

surprise attacks and sabotage rather than open warfare

C. being in a state of peace, free from social unrest

D. goods whose importation, exportation, or possession is illegal

E. loyalty and devotion to a nationF. belief that people in a territory

should have the ability to choose their own government

CBEF

DA

Match the term on the left with the correct definition.

Checking for Understanding

Triple Alliance and Triple Entente

Name the two alliances that Europe was divided into at the start of World War I.

Reviewing Big Ideas

They believed that Allied victory was the only way to preserve the international balance of power, and they cited the close historical ties with Great Britain and France.

Concluding Why did most of President Wilson’s cabinet members support the British?

Critical Thinking

Each major ethnic group in European empires wanted its own country.

Synthesizing How did European nationalism contribute to the outbreak of World War I?

CA HI1

Critical Thinking

Unrestricted submarine warfare; Germany’s attempt to ally with Mexico

Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the one below to identify the events that led the United States to enter World War I.

Analyzing Visuals

When one country declared war, its allies declared war.

Analyzing Time Lines Examine the time line shown here. How does the order in which countries declared war reflect the European alliance system?

In the previous section, you learned about the events that led to U.S. involvement in World War I. In this section, you will discover how the United States prepared for war at home.

• The United States instituted a draft for military service, and African Americans and women took on new roles. (p. 376)

• The government used Progressive ideas to manage the economy and pay for the war. (p. 377)

• Women, African Americans, and Mexican Americans all helped to fill labor shortages created by the draft. (p. 378)

• Propaganda and limits on civil liberties were part of domestic life during World War I. (p. 379)

conscription, victory garden, espionage

draft, migrate, constitute

War Industries Board, Bernard Baruch, Liberty Bond, Victory Bond, Committee on Public Information

1. Analyze how the United States raised an army and won support for World War I.

2. Explain how the economy was controlled to support the war.

Seventy-five million pieces of pro-war printed materials were distributed throughout the United States by the Committee on Public Information (CPI). The government passed out this propaganda to unite public opinion behind the war effort. The CPI ran a full-page ad in the popular magazine the Saturday Evening Post, asking American citizens to notify the Justice Department if they encountered, “the man who spreads the pessimistic stories . . . , cries for peace, or belittles our efforts to win the war.”

A. As the United States entered the war; it was necessary to recruit more soldiers. Many progressives thought conscription, or forced military service, violated both democratic and republican principles. A new system, called selective service, resulted in about 2.8 million Americans being drafted.

I. Building Up the Military (pages 376–377)

B. African American soldiers faced discrimination and prejudice within the army, where they served in racially segregated units under the control of white officers. Many African Americans won praise from their commanders and received war medals.

C. World War I was the first war in which women officially served. The navy enlisted some 11,000 women, whose jobs included clerics, pharmacists, and photographers. The army did not enlist women, but hired them as temporary employees to fill clerical positions. Army nurses were the only women in the military to go overseas during the war.


What was selective service?

Selective service was a new system of forced military service. It required all men ages 21–30 to register to be drafted for war. A lottery randomly decided the order in which they were called to service.


A. President Wilson and Congress agreed that the government should not control the economy. Instead, they wanted to establish a cooperative relationship between big business and government to ensure efficient use of resources during the mobilization of the American economy for war.

II. Organizing Industry (pages 377–378)

B. In 1917 the War Industries Board (WIB)was created to coordinate the production of war materials. In 1918 the WIB was reorganized and Bernard Baruch, a wealthy Wall Street stockbroker, was appointed to run it.

C. The Food Administration, under the direction of Herbert Hoover, was responsible for increasing food production while reducing consumption. Hoover asked people to plant victory gardens to raise their own vegetables in order to leave more food for the troops.

D. The Fuel Administration encouraged people to conserve coal and oil. Daylight savings time was introduced to conserve energy.

E. To raise money to pay for the war, the government began selling Liberty Bonds and Victory Bonds. By buying bonds, Americans were loaning the government money that would be repaid with interest in a specified number of years.


What were some actions of the WIB under the leadership of Bernard Branch?

The WIB told manufacturers what they could and could not make. It also controlled the flow of raw materials, ordered construction of new factories, and with the president’s approval, set prices.


A. To prevent strikes, the government established the National War Labor Board (NWLB) in 1918. In exchange for wage increases, an 8-hour workday, and the right to organize unions and bargain collectively, the labor leaders agreed not to disrupt war production with a strike.

III. Mobilizing the Workforce (pages 378–379)

B. The war increased the need for women in the workforce. They took positions in the shipping, manufacturing, and railroad industries. After the war, women returned to their previous jobs or left the workforce.

C. The war stopped the flow of immigrants to the United States, which allowed African Americans wartime jobs. Between 300,000 and 500,000 African Americans left the South to settle in the North. This “Great Migration” changed the racial makeup of many Northern cities.

D. Many Mexicans moved north, providing labor for farms and ranches in the American Southwest. Mexicans also moved to cities to take wartime factory jobs. They faced discrimination and hostility from Americans.


What was the “Great Migration?”

Wartime job openings attracted hundreds of thousands of African Americans from the South to settle in the North. It was a massive population movement during the war.


A. The Committee on Public Information (CPI) was a new government agency that attempted to “sell” the idea of war to the American people. Pamphlets and speeches helped deliver patriotic messages.

IV. Ensuring Public Support (pages 379–381)

B. Espionage, or spying to acquire secret government information, was addressed in the Espionage Act of 1917. It set up consequences for people who aided the enemy. The Sedition Act of 1918 went a step further by making it illegal to criticize the president or the government.


C. Suspicions of disloyalty led to the mistreatment of German Americans. Anti-German feelings sometimes led to violence. Radical labor activists, socialists, pacifists, and anyone appearing disloyal also came under attack.

D. In the case of Schenck v. the United States (1919), the Supreme Court ruling limited an individual’s freedom of speech if the words spoken constituted a “clear and present danger.”


How did the government ensure the American public’s support of the war?

The Committee on Public Information attempted to “sell” the idea of war to the American people through pamphlets and speeches. The Espionage Act of 1917 set up consequences for people who aided the enemy. The Sedition Act of 1918 made it illegal to criticize the president or the government. In the case of Schenck v. the United States (1919), the Supreme Court ruling limited an individual’s freedom of speech if the words spoken constituted a “clear and present danger.”


___ draft___ conscription___ victory garden___ migrate___ espionage___ constitute

Vocabulary

A. gardens planted by American citizens during war to raise vegetables for home use

B. to cause something to be necessary

C. spying, especially to gain government secrets

D. to select a person at random for mandatory military service

E. requiring people to enter military service

F. to move from one location to another

DEAFCB



About 400,000 African Americans were drafted to serve in the war; many received high praise for their courage from French generals.

Describe the contributions of African Americans during the war.

Reviewing Big Ideas

limited free speech and freedom of the press

Summarizing How did government efforts to ensure support for the war conflict with democratic ideals?

Critical Thinking

Special boards were created that encouraged cooperation between business and government.

Analyzing How did World War I cause the federal government to change its relationship with the business world?

Critical Thinking

Effects should include increased job opportunities for women and African Americans.

Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the one below to identify the effects of the war on the American workforce.

Analyzing Visuals

Supporting the war is portrayed as admirable; other answers will vary.

Analyzing Posters Examine the posters shown here. How do these images encourage support for the war? How effective do you think they would be today?

In the previous section, you learned about the home front. In this section, you will find out about World War I and its end.

• New technologies made World War I the first modern war. (p. 385)

• American soldiers entered the war, boosting morale and fighting courageously. (p. 386)

• The United States rejected Wilson’s generous peace plan and the League of Nations. (p. 388)

convoy, armistice, reparations

network, adequately, resolve

Vladimir Lenin, Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Fourteen Points, League of Nations, Treaty of Versailles

1. Discuss the fighting techniques used in World War I.

2. Characterize the American response to the Treaty of Versailles.

By 1917 one in every four ships setting sail from British ports was attacked by German submarines. Soon after joining the war, American warships helped plant antisubmarine mines in the North Sea. This action put an end to most German submarine attacks.

A. By 1917 World War I had claimed millions of European lives. Americans, however, believed their troops could bring the war to a quick end.

I. Combat in World War I (pages 385–386)

B. Soldiers dug trenches as a means of protection from modern weapons. “No man’s land” was the space between the opposing trenches. Soldiers would charge the enemy by scrambling out of the trenches. This inefficient military move made soldiers easy targets. In major battles, both sides lost several hundred thousand men.

C. To break through enemy lines and reduce causalities, new technologies were created. Poison gas, first used by the Germans, caused vomiting, blindness, and suffocation. Tanks were unsuccessfully used. Airplanes dropped small bombs on the enemy and engaged in air battles.


How did the nature of warfare change in World War I?

The nature of warfare changed as troops dug trenches as a means of protection from modern weapons. New technologies were created to break through enemy lines. The technologies included rapid-fire machine guns, poison gas, tanks, and airplanes that dropped small bombs and that attached machine guns for air battles.


A. ”Doughboys” was a nickname for American soldiers. Although inexperienced, the American soldiers boosted the morale of Allied forces.

II. The Americans and Victory (pages 386–388)

B. American Admiral William S. Sims proposed convoys, in which merchant ships and troop transports were gathered into groups and brought across the Atlantic by warships. The result was a reduction in shipping losses and ensured that American troops would get to Europe safely.

C. Although Russians supported the war effort, their government was not equipped to handle the major problems of the nation. In 1917 Vladimir Lenin, leader of the Bolshevik Party, overthrew the government and replaced it with a Communist one. Lenin pulled Russia out of the war and agreed with Germany to sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, removing German armies from Russian lands in exchange for territory. This closed the Eastern Front for Germany.


D. In March of 1918, Germany launched a massive attack along the Western Front and pushed deeply into Allied lines. American troops captured the village of Cantigny, and with French assistance the German attack of Paris was blocked. The American and French troops held their ground.


E. In September 1918, American General Pershing put together the most massive attack in American history, causing one German position after another to fall to the advancing American troops.

F. On November 11, 1918, Germany finally signed an armistice, or cease-fire, that ended the war.


General John J. Pershing

Why did Russia pull out of the war?

After Lenin overthrew the Russian government and set up a Communist government, he pulled Russia out of the war to focus on establishing a Communist state.


A. In January 1919, leaders of the victorious Allied nations met to resolve the issues caused by the war. Wilson’s plan, called the Fourteen Points, addressed “the principle of justice to all people and nationalities.” The points proposed by Wilson included eliminating the general causes of the war through free trade and disarmament, open diplomacy instead of secret agreements, and the right to self-determination. The points required the evacuation of the Central Powers from all countries invaded during the war. The fourteenth point, known as the League of Nations, called for member nations to help preserve peace and prevent future wars.

III. A Flawed Peace (pages 388–389)

B. The other Allied governments felt that Wilson’s plan was too lenient toward Germany. The Treaty of Versailles, signed by Germany, weakened Wilson’s proposal. The treaty stripped Germany of its armed forces and made it pay reparations, or war damages to the Allies.


C. The Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations were opposed by many United States lawmakers. The “Reservationists,” led by Henry Cabot Lodge, supported the League but wanted to change the treaty with amendments that would preserve the nation’s freedom to act independently. Wilson, exhausted by trying to sell his plan to Americans, suffered a stroke. The Senate refused to ratify the treaty. Instead, the United States negotiated separate peace treaties with each of the Central Powers.


What were the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles?

The treaty stripped Germany of its armed forces and made it pay reparations to the Allies. The sum was more than Germany could afford to pay. The Treaty also required Germany to acknowledge guilt for the outbreak and devastation caused by World War I.


___ network___ convoy___ adequately___ armistice___ resolve___ reparations

Vocabulary

A. to complete a task without going above or beyond what is required

B. a temporary agreement to end fighting

C. a group that travels with something, such as a ship, to protect it

D. to come to an agreementE. payment by the losing country in a

war to the winner for the damages caused by the war

F. an interconnected system

FCABDE



Italy, Britain, France, and the U. S.

List the four nations that dominated the Paris peace conference in 1919.

Reviewing Big Ideas

Wilson wanted his plan to provide justice for all people and nationalities.

Recalling Why did President Wilson propose his Fourteen Points?

Critical Thinking

Pershing and the Allied attack at the Argonne Forest shattered German defenses and opened a hole in the German line.

Analyzing What impact did John J. Pershing and the Battle of the Argonne Forest have on World War I?

Critical Thinking

League of Nations, dissolution of four empires, nine new European countries, Germany pays reparations

Organizing Use a graphic organizer to list the results of World War I.

Analyzing Visuals

Answers should be provided for all questions posed.

Analyzing Maps and Charts Examine the map and chart shown here. Prepare a quiz with questions based on information from both. Give the quiz to some of your classmates.

In the previous section, you learned how the war changed Europe. In this section, you will discover how the United States reacted to the change from war to peace.

• After the war, when businesses tried to decrease wages and inflation lowered buying power, workers went on strike across the nation. (p. 391)

• Race riots swept the nation as returning soldiers competed against African Americans for jobs and housing. (p. 392)

• Fear of a Communist revolution caused a nationwide panic. (p. 393)

• Warren G. Harding won the 1920 presidential election with the promise of a return to “normalcy.” (p. 395)

cost of living, general strike, deport

widespread, authorities, restoration

Red Scare, A. Mitchell Palmer, J. Edgar Hoover

1. Describe the effects of the postwar recession on the United States.

2. Explain the causes of increased racial tensions after the war.

3. Discuss the causes of and reaction to the Red Scare.

4. List the major issues of the 1920 presidential campaign and describe the election’s results.

In 1919, 450,000 coal miners went on strike. They wanted a 60 percent pay increase and a 30-hour work week. Because coal was the major energy source at that time, the government quickly responded by obtaining a court order forcing the strikers back to work. Eventually the coal miners won a large pay increase to average about $7.50 a day.

A. After World War I ended, rapid inflation resulted when government agencies removed their controls from the American economy. Inflation increased the cost of living—the cost of food, clothing, shelter, and other essentials people need.

I. An Economy in Turmoil (pages 391–392)

B. While workers needed higher wages to keep up with the cost of living, companies wanted to lower wages due to an increase in operating costs. The number of members in unions increased greatly during the war. Unions were better organized than before. Business leaders wanted to break the power of unions. The result of these factors was a large number of strikes.

C. General strikes—strikes that involve all workers living in a certain location—worried Americans because they were common in Europe by Communists and other radicals. The Seattle general strike involved more than 60,000 people and brought the city to a halt for five days.

D. In 1919, 75 percent of the police force of Boston went on strike. The governor of Massachusetts, Calvin Coolidge, called in the National Guard to stop looting. When the police tried to return to work, Coolidge fired them, and a new police force was hired to replace them.


E. One of the largest strikes in American history took place when 350,000 steelworkers went on strike for higher pay, shorter hours, and recognition of their union. The failure of their strike set back the union cause in the steel industry until 1937.


What caused Coolidge to become the Republican choice for vice president in the 1920 election?

Coolidge had agreed that the striking police officers should be fired because they had jeopardized public safety. This brought Coolidge public attention and support.


A. In the summer of 1919, race riots occurred in many Northern cities. They were caused by the return of hundreds of thousands of American soldiers who needed to find employment. African Americans, who moved North to work, were now competing for the same jobs as the soldiers.

II. Racial Unrest (pages 392–393)

B. The worst violence occurred in Chicago where whites and African Americans entered each other’s neighborhoods and attacked one another. The violence lasted almost two weeks.

What caused racial unrest in Northern cities after the war?

Hundreds of thousands of American soldiers returned to the workforce after the war. They competed for jobs and housing with African Americans who had moved to Northern cities during the war to work in factories.

II. Racial Unrest (pages 392–393)

A. After World War I, Americans associated communism with disloyalty and unpatriotic behavior.

III. The Red Scare (pages 393–394)

B. The numerous strikes in the U.S. in 1919 made Americans fear that Communists or “reds” might take control. This led to a nationwide panic known as the Red Scare.

C. The postal service intercepted 30 parcels addressed to leaders in the business and political arena that were set to explode upon opening. One bomb damaged the home of United States Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer. Although no one ever took responsibility for the packages, most people felt it was Communists or revolutionaries trying to destroy the American way of life.


D. Palmer set up a special division in the Justice Department called the General Intelligence Division, headed by J. Edgar Hoover. Today this is known as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Palmer organized raids on various radical organizations, mostly rounding up immigrants who were then deported, or expelled from the country.


How did the Red Scare change the attitude of Americans toward immigrants?

Americans linked radicalism with immigrants. This led Congress to limit immigration.


A. Warren G. Harding won the election in 1920 with a campaign that called for a return to “normalcy,” or a return to the simpler days before the Progressive Era reforms.

IV. An End to Progressivism (page 395)

B. Harding won the election by a landslide. The American people liked the idea of returning to a simpler time.

Why did Americans like the idea of a return to “normalcy”?

Americans had a general sense of disillusionment because of economic problems, labor unrest, and racial tensions. They wanted an end to the upheaval. They liked the idea of returning to simpler times before reform.

IV. An End to Progressivism (page 395)

___ cost of living___ general strike___ widespread___ authorities___ deport___ restoration

Vocabulary

A. a strike involving all the workers in a particular geographic location

B. to expel individuals from the country

C. the cost of purchasing goods and services essential for survival

D. having influence on or affecting a large group

E. to rebuild something to resemble its original state

F. those who have control over determining and enforcing what is right or wrong

CADFBE



They faced racism and intense competition for housing and jobs.

Describe the conditions that African Americans faced after the end of World War I.

Reviewing Big Ideas

He campaigned on a return to “normalcy,” which many wanted.

Summarizing Why did Republican Warren G. Harding win the election of 1920?

Critical Thinking

They abused civil liberties by searching without a warrant, jailing subjects indefinitely, and limiting lawyer-client communication.

Analyzing Provide evidence to explain how the Palmer raids deprived some citizens of their civil and political rights?

Critical Thinking

strikes, bombings, and Palmer Raids, fear of Communists seizing power

Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the one below to list the causes of the Red Scare in the United States.

Analyzing Visuals

African Americans would note that they had fought for their country and deserved to be treated equally.

Analyzing Photographs Study the photograph shown here. How might parades such as this one mobilize African Americans to work for an end to discrimination?

Chapter Summary

avm ca chapter 06 - edl 1: the united states enters world war i the fate of nations is forever...

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