basics to small farm beef cow nutrition adam hady agriculture agent richland county uwex basics to...
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Basics to Small Farm Beef Basics to Small Farm Beef Cow NutritionCow Nutrition
Adam Hady Adam Hady
Agriculture Agent Agriculture Agent
Richland County UWEXRichland County UWEX
Basics to Beef Cow Nutrition
Key Nutrients Key Nutrients
Six Basic NutrientsSix Basic Nutrients Water Water ProteinProtein CarbohydratesCarbohydrates Fats Fats Minerals Minerals VitaminsVitamins
Nutrient Requirements Nutrient Requirements
The amount of nutrient that an animal The amount of nutrient that an animal needs to perform a specific purpose.needs to perform a specific purpose.
Determined by: weight, sex, age, Determined by: weight, sex, age, growth rate, stage of production.growth rate, stage of production.
Nutrient Composition Nutrient Composition
Nutrient composition is the amount of Nutrient composition is the amount of nutrients found in the feed source.nutrients found in the feed source.
Nutrient Composition can be obtained Nutrient Composition can be obtained from book values, which are just an from book values, which are just an averages for a feed, or you can have averages for a feed, or you can have a feed analysis done. a feed analysis done.
Nutrient CompositionNutrient Composition
Common information on the Common information on the composition table for a feed stuff composition table for a feed stuff are:are: Dry matterDry matter Crude ProteinCrude Protein EnergyEnergy FiberFiber MineralsMinerals
Feed Analysis
Dry Matter Dry Matter
The % of a feed stuff that is not water.The % of a feed stuff that is not water.
For example: If hay is 88% dry matter For example: If hay is 88% dry matter then a 45 pound bale of hay would then a 45 pound bale of hay would be 39.5 lbs of dry matter.be 39.5 lbs of dry matter.
Rations will come in as pounds of dry matter (DM) or As Rations will come in as pounds of dry matter (DM) or As FedFed
Crude ProteinsCrude Proteins
Proteins are the building block for animals Proteins are the building block for animals and are chains of amino acidsand are chains of amino acids
Crude protein is determined by the amount Crude protein is determined by the amount of Nitrogen (N) in a feed multiplied by 6.25of Nitrogen (N) in a feed multiplied by 6.25N is used to determine the amount of protein, because of N is used to determine the amount of protein, because of the N is critical part of the amino acid structure and the N is critical part of the amino acid structure and makes up approximately 16% of the protein structure.makes up approximately 16% of the protein structure.
Crude ProteinsCrude Proteins
Crude Protein in beef cow rations come Crude Protein in beef cow rations come primarily from the forage in the diet.primarily from the forage in the diet.
Pasture grass and forages are an excellent Pasture grass and forages are an excellent source of proteinsource of protein
There are also many protein supplements There are also many protein supplements (feed that contain over 20% crude protein)(feed that contain over 20% crude protein)
EnergyEnergy
Energy is defined as the capacity to do Energy is defined as the capacity to do work. work.
In animal nutrition is determined by In animal nutrition is determined by biological heat production Calories biological heat production Calories (cal), Kilocalorie (kcal), or Megacalorie (cal), Kilocalorie (kcal), or Megacalorie (Mcal)(Mcal)
EnergyEnergy
Common measurements of energy in ration Common measurements of energy in ration formulation formulation Gross Energy (GE)Gross Energy (GE) – total amount of energy in a – total amount of energy in a
feed sourcefeed source Digestible Energy (DE)Digestible Energy (DE) – Energy absorbed by the – Energy absorbed by the
animal after consumptionanimal after consumption Metabolizable Energy (ME)Metabolizable Energy (ME) – Energy that is – Energy that is
available through feed consumptionavailable through feed consumption Net Energy (NE)Net Energy (NE) – Similar to DE and ME – Similar to DE and ME Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN)Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) – A method that – A method that
calculates energy based on crude protein and fiber.calculates energy based on crude protein and fiber.
EnergyEnergySources:Sources:
Starch, fats, cellulose and proteinsStarch, fats, cellulose and proteins
Majority of energy in beef cattle rations Majority of energy in beef cattle rations is the cellulose in forage.is the cellulose in forage.
Fiber Fiber
Estimates the amount of carbohydrate Estimates the amount of carbohydrate found in plants.found in plants.
Unlike monogastrics, cattle utilize Unlike monogastrics, cattle utilize microbes in the rumen to breakdown microbes in the rumen to breakdown the fiber, therefore providing energy the fiber, therefore providing energy to the animal.to the animal.
Minerals and Vitamins Minerals and Vitamins
Minerals: Minerals: Two categories Two categories
macro and micro macro and micro mineralsminerals
Crystalline Crystalline substances that can substances that can not be synthesized in not be synthesized in the animal.the animal.
They provide the They provide the foundations for foundations for structure and structure and function in the animalfunction in the animal
Minerals and VitaminsMinerals and Vitamins
Vitamins: Vitamins: Two categories water soluble and fat soluble Two categories water soluble and fat soluble
Some vitamins can be synthesized in the Some vitamins can be synthesized in the body others can not.body others can not.
They provide the foundations for structure They provide the foundations for structure and function in the animal and function in the animal
How Nutrients are UsedHow Nutrients are Used MaintenanceMaintenance
LactationLactation
Growth Growth
ReproductionReproduction
In order of priority for the cowIn order of priority for the cow
TDN and CP TDN and CP Diet Density Requirements for Beef Cows
1200 Mature Body Weight lbs & 20 lb Milk Peak
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Months Since Calving
% o
f D
ry M
att
er
TDN, %DM
CP, %DM
Source: NRC, 2000
Dry Matter IntakesDry Matter IntakesDry Matter Intake
1200 Mature Body Weight lbs & 20 lb Milk Peak
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Months Since Calving
Po
un
ds
of
Dry
Ma
tte
r
Source: NRC, 2000
Nutrients by Calving Cycle Nutrients by Calving Cycle Nutrient Densitiy Requirements of Beef Cows
1200 Mature Body Weight lbs & 20 lb Milk Peak
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Apr. may June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.
Months Since Calving
TDN, %DM
CP, %DM
DM, lbs
Early Lactation Nonlactating &Mid Gestation
Late Lactation &Early Gestation
Nonlactating &Late Gestation
Source: NRC, 2000
Adding Energy for the Adding Energy for the ElementsElements
Rations of grain may be less effective than having a sufficient supply of good quality forages such as alfalfa or grass hay available at all times, since fiber digestion produces body heat in cattle . If animals are cleaning up everything quickly after feeding and have nothing to munch on until the next meal, you may not be putting enough forage out at a time to meet their extra needs during cold weather
Source: It’s Cold Outside
Does Only Hay Provide??Does Only Hay Provide?? I am going to feed a Late Bloom I am going to feed a Late Bloom
Orchard Grass Hay.Orchard Grass Hay.
For the example Nutrients that we For the example Nutrients that we have been using:have been using:
TDN – 54 %DMTDN – 54 %DM CP – 8.4 %DMCP – 8.4 %DM
Do We Meet Needs Just on Do We Meet Needs Just on Orchard Grass Hay???Orchard Grass Hay???
Nutrient Densitiy Requirements of Beef Cows1200 Mature Body Weight lbs & 20 lb Milk Peak
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Apr. may June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.
Months Since Calving
TDN, %DM
CP, %DM
CP Orchard Grass
TDN Orchard Grass
Early Lactation Nonlactating &Mid Gestation
Late Lactation &Early Gestation
Nonlactating &Late Gestation
Source: NRC, 2000
Pasture is a GiftPasture is a GiftNutrient Densitiy Requirements of Beef Cows
1200 Mature Body Weight lbs & 20 lb Milk Peak
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Apr. may June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.
Months Since Calving
TDN, %DM
CP, %DM
CP Orchard Grass
TDN Orchard Grass
TDN Summer Pasture
CP Summer Pasture
Early Lactation Nonlactating &Mid Gestation
Late Lactation &Early Gestation
Nonlactating &Late Gestation
Source: NRC, 2000
Evaluating Your Feeding Evaluating Your Feeding Program Program
The best way to evaluate your feeding The best way to evaluate your feeding program is by the animals themselves.program is by the animals themselves.
Use Body Condition Scoring as a Use Body Condition Scoring as a guide.guide.
Body Score Condition Body Score Condition Scoring Scoring
How this will help my feeding program:How this will help my feeding program:
1.1. gives an indication of reproductive gives an indication of reproductive perforce based on body condition perforce based on body condition
2.2. Can give you an estimate of Can give you an estimate of nutrient need.nutrient need.
Body Condition Scoring Body Condition Scoring
Score of 1-9Score of 1-9
Score of 1 – is Sick and Weak.Score of 1 – is Sick and Weak.
Score of 9 - Extremely Score of 9 - Extremely FatFat
Want a score of 6Want a score of 6
When to Evaluate Body When to Evaluate Body Score Score
Key times to look at body condition Key times to look at body condition scoring:scoring:
1.1. Beginning of your breeding seasonBeginning of your breeding season
2.2. At weaningAt weaning
1.1. Calving time Calving time
Sources & ReferencesSources & References
1.1. Nutrient Requirements of Beef CattleNutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, National , National Research Council, 2000Research Council, 2000
2.2. Livestock Feeds and FeedingLivestock Feeds and Feeding, D.C. Church, 1991, D.C. Church, 1991
3.3. UW- Extension Beef Web Page UW- Extension Beef Web Page http://www.uwex.edu/ces/animalscience/beef/index.http://www.uwex.edu/ces/animalscience/beef/index.cfmcfm
4.4. Iowa Beef Center: http://www.iowabeefcenter.org/Iowa Beef Center: http://www.iowabeefcenter.org/5.5. Body Condition Scoring Beef CowsBody Condition Scoring Beef Cows, Virginia , Virginia
Cooperative Extension publication 400-795. Cooperative Extension publication 400-795. http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/beef/400-795/400-795.pdfhttp://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/beef/400-795/400-795.pdf
6.6. ““It’s Cold Outside! Tips for Winter Livestock Care” by , Rhonda Gildersleeve Agriculture Agent Iowa County UW Extension from the Weekend Farmer Newsletter
Questions ?????Questions ?????
Presenter INFO:Presenter INFO: Adam HadyAdam Hady
Agriculture AgentAgriculture Agent
UWEX- Richland County UWEX- Richland County
608/647-6148608/647-6148
[email protected]@ces.uwex.edu
01/07
Presenter INFO: Presenter INFO: Adam HadyAdam Hady
Agriculture AgentAgriculture AgentUWEX- Richland County UWEX- Richland County
608/647-6148608/[email protected]@ces.uwex.edu
Web site: Web site: http://Richland.uwex.eduhttp://Richland.uwex.edu
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