beatrice beyer isfoe 2014 thessaloniki,...

Beatrice BeyerISFOE 2014

Thessaloniki, Greece

Beatrice Beyer 2014-07-09 2

What?• Graphene which is both highly conductive and transparent• Large volume production• Process safety• Proof of concept for use as transparent electrode

Why?• Application scenarios require high quality graphene at low

cost and large volume• Both essential for R&D and industry


1b. Larger area

1a. Increasedproduction volume

2. Doping

3. Resourceefficiency4. Transfer &

'Patchwork'

5. Processcontrol

Production tools & automation

Large volume production Processsafety

Proof ofconcept

8. Integra‐tion in

sensing & lighting

Cost concept, benchmarking & life

cycle analysis

Processdevelop-

ment

6. Toxicity & particleexposure

7. Hydro‐phobicpolymer foils


RSh in Ω/sq.

1 100010010

touchscreens

ESD shieldingSmart

windows

Flexible LCD

3 30 300

Electrochromic cells

PDP filters OLED

Anti-static

Touch screen

Inorganic electroluminescenceLCD

Thin film lighting

Solar cellsPhoto-voltaic

EL signage

ThinLEDs

PD Panel filters

GLADIATOR


OLED lighting & thin film photovoltaics• European companies (Osram &

Philips) have 40% of global lighting market

• 30% of material cost in OPV aredue to ITO → open foralternatives

Touch-screen displays• Predictions for a need of 7.7 million

m2 in 2015• Revenue of touch screen will increase

to 32 billion USD by 2018 Flexible electronics

• >36 billion EUR till 2020 predicted, 30 billion EUR are relevant forgraphene

No serious alternative to ITO available (market share of 8 billion USD by 2015)

Liquid crystal displays• In 2015: 7 billion USD revenue for ITO

is expected• Cell phone sectors has the best

potential to be penetrated bygraphene

‚The future of ITO: Transparent Conductor and ITO ReplacementMarkets‘ in NanoMarkets, 2008. ‚Touch Panel Market Analysis‘ in NPD Display Serach, 2012. ‚Transparent Conductive Films for Flexible Electronics 2010-2020‘ in IDTechEx reports, 2010. ‚Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene forElectronics Applications 2011-2021‘ in IDTechEx reports, 2011.


Development of scalable process steps

CVD growth

Inte-gration

Doping step

Transfer step

Transfer step

Grapheneon metalcatalyst

Graphene on target substrate

In situ optical

monitoringInline optical and electrical

monitoring


Increase in volume• Reduction of synthesis tact time at high

temperatures by Adjusting temperature Adjusting pressure Using rack

Graphene synthesis• Graphene nucleation• Supersaturation of

adsorbed carbon• Equilibrium between

graphene & adsorbedcarbon atoms


Increase in area• homogeneity over large areas (300 mm diameter) during

CVD synthesis• Defect-free transfer of large areas (200×200 mm2)

Increase of resource efficiency• Reuse of metal catalyst (comparison of Cu and Pt)• Evaluation of CVD synthesis parameters (pressure,

temperature)

Target: providing a cost model to realizeproduction cost of 30 €/m2

• Supported by life cycle analysis


Improving the CVD growth process• Growth of 100 mm graphene with coverage >95% reached

Optimizing the transfer• Electrochemical process by control of potential• Carrier polymer-graphene interaction• On rigid and flexible target subtrates

Gao et al. Nature Commun. 2012, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1702

Defect-free on 100 mm waferscalerealized

Target: 200×200 (mm)2


Increasing the conductivity by doping• Goal: RSh < 10 Ω/sq. & T > 90%• Reached: ~120 Ω/sq. & T > 90% (S-GDG)


In situ monitoring• Characterisation of optical properties• Investigation during CVD synthesis• Combination of Raman spectroscopy

and spectroscopic ellipsometry

Inline• Characterisation of electrical properties• After transfer on non-conducting target

substrate by eddy currentmeasurements

1500 2000 2500 30002000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

G*

I(a.u

.)

Raman Shift (1/cm)

SiO2/SiF2753F2754

D

G

2D

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0

0.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.82.02.22.42.62.83.03.23.4

<?2(?)>

<?1(?)>

<?2(?

)>

<?1(?

)>

Photon Energy (eV)

-0.20.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.82.02.22.42.62.83.0


Particle release• First indications that particle release is low (lab

environment)• Evaluation in production environment will be

performed Toxicity evaluation of rGO

• High volume of graphene powder necessary(>20 g)

• Evaluation of different surface areas (422 and500 m2/g)

• So far no dramatic effect on cell viability andprofileration


Benchmarking of graphene with ITO

OLED lighting• Applying doped organic semiconductors

as charge carrier transport layers• Targets: Large area (>65×65 mm2) grid-free

device Smaller (15×20 mm2), full-flexible and

transparent (T>65%) device UV sensitive OPD sensor

• Using the UV transparent properties ofgraphene


Fraunhofer COMEDD (Germany) Graphenea S.A. (Spain) Danmarks Tekniske Universiteit

(Denmark) Horiba Jobin Yvon S.A.S. (France) AIXTRON SE (Germany) AIXTRON Ltd. (United Kingdom) Suragus GmbH (Germany) Commissariat à l‘energie atomique et

aux energies alternatives (France) Amcor Flexibles Kreuzlingen AG

(Switzerland) Amcor Flexibles Singen GmbH

(Germany) Leibniz-Institut für

Oberflächenmodifikation (Germany) Det National Forskningscenter

Forarbejdsmiljo (Denmark) Aristotelio Panepistimio Thessalonikis

(Greece) Organic Electronic Technologies

(Greece) Amanuensis GmbH (Switzerland)


GLADIATOR is a Large Integrated Project funded by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grantagreement n° FP7-604000

Project Officer: Dr. Marcin L. Sadowski, EC

Project Coordinator: Dr. Beatrice Beyer, Fraunhofer COMEDD

Website: www.graphene-gladiator.eu

Email: [email protected]

beatrice beyer isfoe 2014 thessaloniki,...

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