Beef Nutrition Inside & Out

Lallemand Animal Nutrition & West Texas A&M University

February 4 – 6, 2019

ADVANCING RUMINANT NUTRITION BY INNOVATION AND KNOWLEDGE

Angel Aguilar, Ph.D. Dipl. ACAN Tech. Services and R&D Mgr.

Food Supply: quality and safety

Food quality and safety are paramount to meet the current demand for Beef

Cattle producers, packers and consumers all have a role in the food chain

What’s at stake

• Joint efforts retain consumer confidence• In turn, it ensures a continued market for cattle and beef products

– $188.4 billion of direct and indirect economic activity related to beef and cattle production throughout the U.S. economy. 1

– $6.157 billion in beef exports in 20152

– More than $28 million invested in research and food safety programs in 19933– More than $550 million spent in testing, interventions and other strategies each year3

1 Lawrence JD and Otto D. Economic Impact of the United States Beef Industry. Accessed March 20, 2015. Available at: www.beef.org/uDocs/Econ%20Impact%20Beef%20v2.doc. 2 Beef Industry Safety Summit Executive Summary. Dallas, Texas, March 4-6, 2014. Accessed March 19, 2015. Available at: www.beefresearch.org/CMDocs/BeefResearch/Safety_Meeting_Exec_Summaries/2014SafetySummitExectutiveSummary.pdf. 3 Cattlemen's Beef Board and National Cattlemen's Beef Association. Explore Beef. Accessed March, 19, 2015. Available at: www.explorebeef.org/safety.aspx.

To use the term “natural” on a food label, the USDA requires only three simple things: (1) the product must be minimally processed, (2) the product cannot contain any artificial ingredients and (3) the product cannot contain any preservatives. The USDA has no specific restriction on management practices during the life of the animal.

What is Natural Beef ?

In feed Antibiotic use in Animal Production and AB resistance ?

20 Oct 2017list of the drug-resistant bacteria that pose the biggest threat to human

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Past : European Case

• 1999: restriction on the use of 11 growth promoters in Europe (avilamycin, avoparcin, zinc bacitracin, flavophospholipol, monensin, tylosin, salinomycin, spiramycin, virginiamycin, carbadox, olaquindox),

2001 : the use of AGP dropped by 50% in the European continent (from 1.600 T in 1997 to 800 T in 2001)

2006 : total ban of Antibiotic growth promoters : ( flavomycin, monensin, salinomycin and avilamycin)

• > 2000 : more alternatives officially recognized : (enzymes, probiotics and prebiotics, organic acids, clays and minerals, trace elements, botanicals)

& new classification of Category ‘zootechnical additives’ :

• digestibility enhancers

• gut flora stabilizers

• In 2011, the European Commission put a place a 5-years action plan to fight against antibio-resistance through a better monitoring,

Decrease of Sales of Veterinary antimicrobial agents 2010 to 2012, for 26 EU/EEA : -22% Fr, -49% NDL, -7% DNK…

Present :

Antimicrobial usage in humans, animals and agriculture

Results in dispersion of antimicrobial residues into aquatic and terrestrial environments ()

With a danger of AB Resistance

(Berkner et al., 2014)

• 22 february 2017

report on antimicrobial resistanceIncreasing proportion of bacteriadisplay resistance to common bacteria

• 20 Oct 2017

list of the drug-resistant bacteria thatpose the biggest threat to human

Projections of deaths from drug-resistant infections by 2050

Future :What about Antimicrobial resistance ?

Brazil

• ISSN 1677-7042 Nº 243, quarta-feira, 19 de dezembro de 2018• CONSIDERANDO o constante dos autos do processo nº 21000.032205/2018-61,• resolve:• Art. 1º Informar que uso dos antimicrobianos tilosina, lincomicina, virginiamicina, bacitracina

e tiamulina com a finalidade de aditivos melhoradores de desempenho em animais produtores de alimentos será proibido.

• Art. 2º Conceder prazo de 45 (quarenta e cinco) dias, contados a partir dapublicação desta Portaria, para receber manifestações técnicas que possam refutar a decisão de proibição prevista no Art. 1º.

• Parágrafo único. As manifestações previstas no caput deverão ser encaminhadas ao e-mail cpe.dfip@agricultura.gov.br.

• Art. 3º. Esta Portaria entra em vigor na data de sua publicação.

Rumen Modifier Technology:

Future : Reduce Cost of gain or Optimize it?

• Consumers and producers have increased awareness of animal welfare and food product quality

• “We need to look at optimum production, not maximum production”

“…progress has been made, and will continue ….” she says

Dr. Temple GrandinColorado State University,USA

• Category 4. ‘zootechnical additives’ :

• Antibiotic growth promoters

• digestibility enhancers:

• gut flora stabilizers:

• NEW animal welfare enhancers:

‘ substances or, when applicable microorganisms, which when fed to animals, favorably affect the animal welfare by supporting or protecting the physiological condition of animals in good health ‘

SubAacuteRuminalAcidosis

BehaviorDigestive comfortSecondary diseases (BRD, laminitis, mastitis…)

Changes in the microbiota alter gut and brainfunction

Behavioralperturbations - alter gut function, - change the habitat for bacteria- alter the composition of gut flora

Animal Welfare

SARA and the gut-brain axis : what do we learn from human studies?

LD 14

■ Reduce mild to moderate stress related togastro-intestinal:

complications like nausea, vomiting

abdominal pain…

■ moderate general feelings of anxiety

■ Promotes a healthy mood balance

PIONEER IN PROBIOTICS AND IN THE BRAIN-GUT AXISLHS pioneered the first-ever clinical study on the Brain-Gut Axis in healthy adults, showing for the first time in 2010 the positive effects of a probiotic formula on psychological occasional stress with Probio’Stick. This specific probiotic formula is demonstrated to promote positive mood in stressful events. It can help moderate physiological (Diop 2008) and psychological (Messaoudi 2010, 2011) responses to occasional stress.Probio’Stick modes of action have been documented by 9 mechanistic studies showing in particular that:Benefits are partly mediated through the vagal nerve, but local benefits persist (Malik 2015)Stress-induced damages are prevented in the brain (Ait-Belgnaoui 2014)Both strains work synergistically (Ait-Belgnaoui 2017)

Probio’Stick®: the first and only probiotic with approved health claims in Canada

Silage/Feed

Rumen

Buildings

Manure

Soil/Plant

What about Microbial efficiency ?

Lallemand role isto control these

ecosystems

A farm = a series of microbial ecosystems

Our approach: management of microbial ecosystems in animal production systems

Microbial ecosystems

(intestinal/feed-forage/environment)

Nutritional performance

and feed efficiency

Well-beingSafety + Health

Microbialcommunity

WHICH MICROBESARE THERE?

WHAT ARE THEYACTUALLY DOING ?

WHAT IS THEIRGENETIC POTENTIAL ?

o Amplicon sequencing: ribosomal DNAgene identification and quantification

o Metagenomics (gene catalogue ofthe microbiota)

o RNA : metatranscriptomics(expressed genes)o Proteins: proteomics (producedenzymes)o Metabolites: metabolomics (metabolicpathways)

New technologies to gain access to rumen complexity

Specific Strains

• Most microbial properties are specie and strain specific• Lallemand’s collection: 2,500+ yeast strains; 500 in production for diverse

activities• 10,000+ bacteria strains Wide network of academic partners for external

sourcing

Immune response of newly received feedlot steers supplemented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae subspecies boulardii CNCM I-1079 during the receiving period (28 d)

• Ty Schmidt, PhD• Animal Science Department• University of Nebraska - Lincoln

Livestock Issues Research Unit

Collaborative project with USDA – ARS Livestock Issues Unit, Lubbock, TX (Dr. Jeff Carroll) and Animal Science Department

– University of Nebraska - Lincoln

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Time (h) relative to LPS challenge

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Peak I

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Overall Implication

• Saccharomyces cerevisiae subspecies boulardii CNCM I-1079 supplementation appears to have a significant impact on the febrile and immune response of steers during an LPS challenge

Bovine Veterinarian Magazine

Eating behavior

New technologies to monitor digestion and behavior

FCD 24

Transponders for activity/rumination Podometers for

locomotion

Rumen bolus for pH/T°

Fatty acid

Levucell SC

Levucell ® SC10 ME TITAN coated

Specific Technologies: TITAN®

patented technology (ref : WO 0168808)

☺ Hydrophobic:

protects live yeast from humidity and steam during mealconditioning and pelleting process

☺ Thermal insulator:

TITAN® coating decreases thermal induction and limitsoverall humidity inside the particles.

☺ Coating fatty acid :

the coating limits particle damage and maintains cellintegrity

☺ Chemical compounds:

the sensitivity of live yeast can be dependant on the form(Titan® or not)

Education

• A set of relevant indicators for Rumen efficiency

…. Rumen ecosystem is fragile – Environmental: THI – Animal observation:

ruminating activity, locomotion, rumen fill body conditionManure observation: consistency, undigested particlesperformance: production, fat and protein content, feed efficiency, etc.

• A set of relevant indicators and silage quality ….

Education on Rumen Health

RuminantDigestiveSystem.comis a resource to learn more about:• The rumen environment

and microbial function• Potential rumen challenges

encountered on-farm• News • Important references and

publications

Explore our new educational website:

Want to learn more about rumen microorganisms ?

Lallemand Animal Nutrition

THANK YOU

COUNTRY PRESENTATIONSLaurent Dussert, Global Ruminant Category Manager, Lallemand Animal Nutrition

Consumer demands

Freshness/Quality > Price > Natural > Hormone Free > Animal Welfare

Production system

Small family owned cow/calf to large feedlot (some pasture-based finishing)

Cattle genetics More than 100 breeds, Bos Taurus (angus, Hereford, Murray Grey), Bos indicus (Belmont Red, Brangus, Droughtmaster)

Feeding duration

Approximately 12-18 months39% of all heads enter a feedlot (ave. 95-120 days)

Type of diet TMR – “hot diets”

Example of a typical diet

• Barley• Wheat• Sorghum• corn silage

Australia

BrazilConsumer demands

• Tenderness/softness• Starting to look for marbling meat• Special programs

Production system Based on grazing system - Cow/Calf/FinishLess than 15% finish in Feedyards

Cattle genetics • Mainly Nelore (85%)• Cross-bred cattle:

• Nelore x Beef cattle• Nelore x Dairy cattle

Feeding duration Average 110 days (Feedyard)Average around 30 - 36 months

Type of diet Feedyard:• High concentrate diet• Around 25% of forage

Example of a typical diet

• Corn silage/sugar cane silage and balelage• High moisture grain (corn and sorghum), soybean

meals• Cotton and Corn by-products, soybean hulls, citrus

pulp

Consumer demands Grading system is very similar to that of the US with premiums paid for quality (↑ marbling) and yield grade (↓ back fat).

Production system • Many small (< 100 cows) family owned cow/calf. Few ranches > 5,000 head.• Average sized viable feedlot ~10,000 head.

>25,000 considered big >70,000 only 1 yard

Cattle genetics British X Exotic cross, strong in Angus genetics >70,000

Feeding duration• Spring Calving season, calves enter feedlots for finishing or backgrounding in

the fall, the in the following spring backgrounders go out to grass and in thefollowing fall are brought back into the feedlots for finishing.

Approximately 15 – 18 months• Feedlot cattle - Approximately 120-200 Days.

Carcass weights would say whether cattle are longer-fed

Type of diet • Cow-Calf - extensive year-round grazing growing (swath, bale, standing corn)or maximum straw diet with silage/grain to supplement.

• Backgrounders – barley/wheat/corn silage / straw / by-product or grainsupplement.

• Finishing - 5-8% roughage, processed grains

Example of a typical diet • 80-90% Concentrate (Primarily Barley, some Wheat or Corn Grains) with silageor straw roughage source; by-products where available. Differencespredominantly by geography:

Small grains (barley, wheat) - Western Canada Corn - Eastern Canada.

Canada

FranceConsumer demands

• Thin and brightly red meat (mainly female)• No G.M.O – No hormones.• Ground meat 50 % of consumption.• Meat consumption has decreased 12% in the last 10

years

Production system

• Family farming. Mainly breeder fattener. • Only 2% of farms breed and raise 100 fat bulls per year.• Export ~800,000 weaned calves to Italy (approx. 300 kg)

Cattle genetics

• 4 millions of cow-calf pairs; Charolais > Limousine• Numerous local beef breeds• 1/3 of total meat is coming from dairy cattle

Feeding duration

• 6 to 10 months of fattening • Mainly heavy carcasses (400 to 500 kg)• ~18 months at slaughter

Type of diet Mainly corn silage

Example of a typical diet

• Corn silage + cereals + pelleted concentrate (rapeseed meal, minerals).

• Sugar beet pulp silage + straw + pellets.

ItalyConsumer demands

Very bright and soft meat, covered by fat with a good level of marbling.

Production system

Very few cow farms, mainly with local breeds. As for fattening, Italy imports from France calves which are fattend in small family owned cow (North West) or in relatively big feedyard (1000/5000 heads)

Cattle genetics Local: Piemontese and ChianinaImported: Charollaise, Limousine and Blond d’Aquitaine

Feeding duration 6 months, minimum required to get the subsidy from EU

Type of diet Containing silage (corn and HMC). Some dry for local breeds. High level of starch

Example of a typical diet

• Corn silage and HMC• Corn ground• Soybean or protein byproducts (DDGS)• Straw

MexicoConsumer demands Yield percentage, the highest amount of meat (Feedlot

owner Point of view)In the North, some fat un the muscle (marbling) in thecenter and south lean meat

Production system

Cow / Calf double purpose( milk/beef );calves sent to feedyatds up to 20 /22 months of age ;20 % fattened in FY.

Cattle geneticsBrown swiss X Brahman cattle, or at least high brahmán Incfluence (80%), 20% of european cross animals

Feeding duration110-130 days

Type of diet High concentrate diets (3 diets program) Starter, transition, finisher)

Example of a typical diet

2.5% Mineral Mix, 6% cane Molases, 10% roughage, 14% DDGS, 67.5% Steam flaked Corn

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Value chain of the beef sector

Farmers

butchers

Butchers retailers

with bone

minced meat

Beef

Sheep and goatmeat

Other read meat

White meat

50%

26%

15%

9%

Morroco

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Consumer demands

Consumers have preferences for young (therefore tender), light red meat with less fat. The price, the color and the amount of fat are the most important elements influencing purchase.

Production system

1- Dairy system : small dairy farms (about 80% of cattle farms are less than 5 cows). Young stock, from dairy breeds, are either fattened in the farms where they are born or sold to be fattened in other farms. This production system is mainly found in irrigated and rainfull areas.

2- Cow-calf system : small farm rearing crossbred or native cattle, with the main objective is to produce calves to be sold either fattened or not. This production system is found in less favorable areas where cultivated forages are rear because of lack of water for irrigation, and in harsh environments.

3- Fattening system : Farmers buying young stock from the market or sometimes directly from farms. The finishing of animals in 3 - 5 months and then selling them for slaughter.

Cattle genetics

The predominent cattle for slaughter are:1- Dairy breeds, mainly Holstein and Monbeliarde, originating from "dairy production system"

2- Cross from beef and dairy breeds (from terminal crossbreeding), originating from "dairy production system"

3- Cross brom dairy breeds and native cattle, coming either from "dairy system" or "cow-calf" system

4- Beef breeds, either produced in a large cow-calf farm raising Santa Gertrudiscattle, or imported from Europe (Charolais, Angus, Limousin, etc.)

Feeding duration

1- The rearing phase : For animals produced in Morocco, cattle are raised extensively on fallow, stubble, agricultural by-products, some cultivated forages until about 12 - 14 months of age.2- The finishing phase starts about 12 - 14 months for about 3 - 5 months, sometimes more, according to the breed, the market etc.

Type of diet

The finishing phase is based on:1- Roughage component : either straw (wheat straw most often or barley straw), hay (oat hay, sometime alfalfa hay), or less importantly silage (corn mainly)

2- Concentrate feeds : the mostly used feeds are barley, corn, wheat bran, sunflower meal, sugar beet pulp, compound feed

Example of a typical diet

Roughage : ad lib

Cereal grains : 40 - 60%

Wheat bran : 15 - 20%

Sugar beet pulp : 20 - 40%

New Zealand

Consumer demands Appearance: Bright red

Eating Quality: tender, juicy, flavoursome

Production system 93% owner-operated, raising & finishing (in

conjunction with sheep farming)

Cattle genetics Angus > X-breeds > Friesian > Hereford...Simmental, Shorthorn, Charolais, Murray Grey, South Devon, Limousin, Blonde d’Aquitaine, Belgian Blue, Salers,Gelbvieh, Chianina, Piedmontese, Welsh Black and Red Devon to name a few.

Feeding duration

Substantial export trade in beef from young bulls, slaughtered at 18 months to 3 years of age.

Type of diet Grass pasture (maybe silage or hay)

Example of a typical diet

Almost entirely pasture-based. A very small percentage is fed grain in a feedlot for a specific market demand.

Consumer demands

1. High quality – no marbling;13% fat.2. Focus on quantity rather than quality – kg meat/R

spent.

Production system

Family owned businesses. Cow/calf operations at smaller feeders/commercial farmers.

Cattle genetics Red Types: Bonsmara; Bonsmara-type, crossbreds with British breeds and Indigenous breed (Nguni).

Feeding duration 120 – 140 days (excludes pre-conditioning 21 – 100 days)

Type of diet Pre-condition & Starters (240kg or 500lbs) focus on quality protein & higher fibre diets.Grower & Finishers (>300kg or 660lbs) focus on high on fermentable starch, lower protein & fibre. Target LW 480kg or 1050lbs. 60-61 DP. Carcass weight 290kg or 640lbs. 30 Days Zilpaterol HCl.

Example of a typical diet

• Corn silage – cost benefit.• Food by-products – Hominy chop, wet citrus, wet

brewers grains, molasses, CMS, Trickmol• Oilcakes (RUP) – soya, sunflower, cotton.

South Africa

Consumer demands Highly marbled and tender meat. They want a good

eating experience.

Production system Small family owned cow/calf to large commercial

ranches. Feedlots are 100-100,000 head capacity.

Cattle geneticsBritish breeds and continental crossbreds steers; Bos Indicus influence in south; Holstein and Holstein-cross steers

Feeding durationFed to approximately 15-18 months of age. Wheat pasture in Oklahoma and Kansas.

Type of diet High in fermentable starch from grains

Example of a typical diet

• Corn silage, alfalfa, grass hay • High moisture small grains• Corn, barley, sorghum, wheat• Food and ethanol by-products

USA