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The Temple of Apollo at Corinth

Author(s): Benjamin PowellSource: American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 9, No. 1 (Jan. - Mar., 1905), pp. 44-63Published by: Archaeological Institute of AmericaStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/496822 .Accessed: 20/12/2010 10:53

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%merican Stoolof (Classical tubitsat tbens

THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO AT CORINTH

[PLATES II, III]

MANY Grecian temples in a more or less ruined condition,but with columns still standing, have survived the changesand chances of time unto our own day and may be seen in

Sicily, Southern Italy, and Greece. The remains are here,but the names have not descended with them. This is

probablynot

surprisingin the cities of

Sicilyand

MagnaGraecia, for we know but little of their inner life, but whenwe reach Greece proper and find ruins on prominent sites, ofwhich descriptions have come to us from ancient writers, itis a matter for comment that names have not been attachedto them with more certainty.

The spade of the archaeologist in our own day has changedmany names for more certain ones; the traditional "The-

seum" at Athens has become the temple of HIephaestus, the"Temple of Athena" at Sunium has been assigned to Posei-don, and the Doric temple on Aegina, after passing fromZeus Panhellenius to Athena, has now taken Aphaea as itsmistress.

No ruin in Greece has suffered more on the score of nomen-clature than that of the old temple at Corinth, of which seven

columns are now standing. Pausanias, in his description ofCorinth, gives us passable guidance to the city of the secondcentury A.D., and names a number of temples there. Theroot of the evil has been in the fact that we have had nostarting-point for our topography, and, in consequence, almostAmerican Journal of Archaeology, Second Series. Journal of the

Archaeological Institute of America. Vol. IX (1905), No. 1.44



THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO AT CORINTH: FROM THE EA



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THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO AT CORINTH 45

every name of a temple mentioned by Pausanias has at one

time or another been attached to the present ruin by dif-ferent travellers. A survey of the accounts of these differenttravellers, with their conjectures, will be interesting andinstructive.

After Pausanias visited Corinth there came a long intervalof twelve hundred years until Cyriacus of Ancona visitedGreece in 1436. The Corinth of Pausanias's time had passedaway and only one prominent ruin remained. Cyriacus says,1"There still stand ten great columns entire of the temple ofCorinthian Juno, with their architraves, any one having adiameter of 7 palmns (i.e. 1.55 m.) and architraves 16 palmsin length (i.e. 3.54 m.)." The measurements given corre-

spond fairly accurately to the true measurements of thecolumns and the architraves on the side of the Old Templeas it exists to-day (i.e. 1.63 m. and c. 3.70 m.). Dr. E.

Reisch has shown2 that an x was probably written in thetext instead of the true number xiii, which was used for the

drawing originally given below, and this later was written out"decem." The true number xIIi is really found in the textof Codex Parmensis, 1191 f. 37', so there can be no doubt thatthe number thirteen was intended. The drawing originallyaccompanying the text of Cyriacus has been lost unfortu-

nately, but Reisch identifies some detached drawings foundin the Codex Barberini of Giuliano di San Gallo as lost draw-

ings of Cyriacus. After some drawings identified as belongingto Eleusis, there occurs a sketch of four Ionic columns havingon their architraves the inscription, P XVI E PITILI A; andthen are given a section of wall of square blocks of masonryand also one of polygonal masonry. The length of the archi-

1 Cyriacus, Epigrammata per Ilyriam, p. xvii: ad eundem X. K. Maiarum diemCorinthum venimus, cuins et moenia undique conlapsa vetustate conspexi . . .et extant adhuc integrae ex Junonis Corinthiae templo decem immanes columnaesuis cum magnis epistiliis habentes diametrum quaelibet p. A, epistilia verolongitudinis p. XVI. COLVMNAE IMMANES, N. XIII. deest icon.

2 E. Reisch, 'Zeichnungen des Cyriacus im Codex Barberini des Giuliano diSan Gallo,' Ath. Mitth. XIV, 1889, p. 225.




that (road) and on the mountain; but being in the plain one

does not see anything of the country." There is only onething by which this account may be dated, and that is thename of Bertoldo, Capitano de la Signoria. This seems to beCondottiere Bertoldo da Ca d'Este, who in 1463 in the Veneto-Turkish war besieged Corinth (24 August-20 October), butdid not take the citadel. He was himself killed by a thrownstone. Ziebarth dates the manuscript about 1470, and says

FIGURE 1.- STUART'S DRAWING OF THE TEMPLE AT CORINTH (1766).

that the author may have been Francesco Squarcione, who wasthe teacher of Mantegna and who is known as a great traveller.

This traveller is disappointing in his off-hand way of sayingtwelve or fourteen columns without giving the exact number.I am inclined to think that there were thirteen still standingin the peristyle, and that Cyriacus in his reckoning had men-tioned only these great columns and had not taken into accountthe extra column which this traveller mentions as standingat a short distance. This extra column is undoubtedly thatshown by Stuart in his drawing (Fig. 1), about three hun-



48 BENJAMIN POWELL

dred years later, as belonging to the opisthodomus at the west

end of the temple. Our writer evidently saw no immediateconnection between this column and the others and thought,as came natural to a Venetian who had the two columns inthe Piazzetta at Venice in mind, that the column supporteda statue. The top of this column is so hidden in Stuart'sdrawing that we cannot say whether the capital of thecolumn was in place or not; the contraction into a pointnoted by our author would tend to show that it was not;his idea of this contraction was, of course, the entasis of thecolumn. He makes a mistake in the material of the columns,which are not of marble.

Martin Kraus visited Greece about the middle of the six-teenth century, and in his Turcograecia says that this ruinwas a temple of Juno. He evidently followed the sametradition as Cyriacus. The only ground for such a hypothe-sis is that Pausanias mentioned a temple of Bunaean Herabelow the Acrocorinthus.

Spon and Wheler1 came in the next century, in 1676, andfound only twelve columns standing; namely, eleven of theperistyle and the extra column, concerning which Whelersays that it had the same diameter as the others, but stoodupon a higher level. He recognized the fact that it was

part of the temple, and assigned it as a support to the roof ofthe pronaos. Of course, being at the western end it wouldbelong to the opisthodomus. Du Loir, wvhohad been in Corinthin 1654, saw only twelve columns. Dodwell2 foolishly findsfault with Du Loir for his number twelve, and says thatWheler saw only eleven; but he himself is in the wrong ininterpreting Wheler, who really saw twelve all together. LeRoy, however, who travelled sometime after Wheler, deludeshimself into thinking that he saw fourteen columns.

Stuart, who came nearly a hundred years after Wheler (1766),made excellent sketches and plans of the temple (Fig. 1).

1 Cf. Spon, Voyage, II, p. 173; Wheler, Journey, p. 440.2 Dodwell, Classical and Topographical Tour through Greece, vol. II, p. 191.




He shows twelve columns standing; namely, five across the

west end, six along the south side, omitting the corner column,and the isolated column of the west entrance.1 The measure-ments on these plans will be discussed later. At the time ofStuart's visit dwelling-houses occupied the eastern part ofwhat had been the complete structure, and a boundary wallhad been constructed in the intercolumniations on the southside. The architraves were complete for the standing columinsof the south side, and the most western of these was notbroken and sunken as it now is. The outer of the two archi-trave blocks spanning the first intercolumniation of the westend had already disappeared and the whole west end borethe appearance that it does to-day.

Dr. Chandler,2 who travelled in Greece in 1776, found the

temple in the condition portrayed by Stuart. He, withoutthe least evidence to support his theory, suspected it to be

the Sisypheum mentioned by Strabo.Colonel W. M. Leake, that prince of topographers, gives us

valuable information concerning the ruin. He says3 that some

drawings were made about the year 1785 by an artist named

Mayer who was employed by the British ambassador, Sir R.Ainslee. These drawings show that between the visits of Stuartand Chandler and that time (i.e. between 1776 and 1785) the

isolated column had disappeared. Mr. Hawkins, the Britishtraveller, visited the ruin in 1795 and found that four columnsof the south side had been removed, leaving the temple in its

present condition. The Turk, who owned the house standingupon the site, had demolished the columns to make room forsome new buildings which he intended to erect. Leake, fromthe unique proportions of the columns, dates the building ofthe temple at the middle of the seventh century B.C. and quiteconsistently argues that, inasmuch as the cult of AthenaChalinitis at Corinth as described by Pausanias, was very

1 Cf. Stuart and Revett, The Antiquities of Athens, III, chap. vi. p1s. i, ii, iii.2 Cf. Chandler, Travels into Greece, vol. II, p. 294.3 Cf. Leake, Morea, vol. III, p. 246.



50 BENJAMIN POWELL

ancient, these columns probably belonged to the temple of that

goddess.E. D. Clarke, who published his volumes of travels in 1818,says 1 that the four columns last removed were blasted into frag-ments with gunpowder and used by the Governor in buildinga house. Clarke disputes Chandler's idea that the building wasthe Sisypheum, and is inclined to call it the Temple of Octaviamentioned by Pausanias. He says, however, "I do not bestow

FIGURE 2. - THE TEMPLE AT CORINTH ABOUT THE YEAR 1820.

the name upon it, but leave its history to be hereafter deter-

mined, when future discoveries upon the spot shall have madethe antiquities of Corinth better known than they are at pres-ent." A thought upon the relative ages of this temple and ofa temple to the Roman Octavia would have saved Clarke even

the mention of the ridiculous hypothesis. The accompanyingsketch, taken from a volume called Views of Athens, publishedduring the second quarter of the last century, shows the ap-pearance of the temple at that time (Fig. 2). From the

1 Cf. E. D. Clarke, Travels, vol. VI, pp. 551-553.




appearance of the first architrave block of the south side, this

drawing must have been made before Blouet's visit in 1829, forhe found the block broken. The Turkish buildings are hereseen which were built out over the four dismantled columns ofthe southern peristyle; a large wall traverses the axis of the

temple and incorporates in itself the third column of the west-ern end. The second and third columns of the side are alsobound together with a wall.

The"Expedition Scientifique

deMor~e"

under Blouet in1829 made a number of excellent drawings of the temple, givinga number of measurements and details which will be consideredlater.' A point worthy of notice is seen in the drawing ofthe ruin in pl. 80 of this work; the last block of the line ofarchitraves on the south side had been broken between the visitof Stuart and that of Blouet, and the parts had become de-flected to the precarious condition in which they are found

to-day (Fig. 3).Curtius2 follows Leake in identifying the ruin as a temple

of Athena, and Bursian 3 (c. 1859) also is inclined to the same

hypothesis.Dr. Dbrpfeld of the German Archaeological Institute at

Athens made in 1886 the first excavations undertaken on thissite.4 He made clear the plan of the temple from excavations

at certain points, and discovered interesting details, but foundnothing from which the temple could be named; he supposedfrom the division of the cella into two parts that the buildingwas dedicated to two divinities, the entrances to either chamber

being from the corresponding ends of the temple.The excavations on the site of Corinth by the American

School of Classical Studies were begun in the spring of 1896,and it needed only one campaign for the director, Dr. Richard-son, to make a plausible guess at the name of the temple. A

1Cf. Exped. Scientif. de Moree, vol. II, pl. 77-80.2 Cf. Curtius, Pelopon. vol. II, p. 532.8 Cf. Bursian, Geographie von Griechenland, vol. II, p. 16.4 Cf. Ath. Mitth. XI, 1886, pp. 297 ff.



FIGURE 3. - PRESENT CONDITION (1901) OF THE WEST END OF THE T




paved roadway was found I leading from the direction of the

Corinthian Gulf toward the Acrocorinth and passing to theeast of the Old Temple. It was conjectured that the Agoradescribed by Pausanias lay a short distance up this road fromthe point where it was first tapped opposite the Old Temple, andthen a road leading from the Agora to Sicyon would leave theOld Temple on the right, which would make it appear to be thetemple of Apollo mentioned by Pausanias in his description.2Subsequent excavations have made this conjecture practicallycertain, and from the evidence given by Dr. Richardson we mayrest assured that this was truly the temple of Apollo.A Pausa-nias does not describe the temple, but simply mentions the factthat there was a bronze statue of the god there. The worshipof Apollo at Corinth is known at an early date, for in the timeof Periander (Herod. III, 52) oaths of fidelity were sworn inhis name.

Dr. Ddrpfeld had considered4 that no further excavation ofthe site of the temple was necessary, but in 1898 the work ofcompletely clearing the site was begun,5 and in 1899 completed,6with the exception of a few late walls of buildings7 which wereremoved in the spring of 1901. The only unexcavated portionat present is at the northeast corner under the wall of the un-completed, roofless schoolhouse which was begun in 1858 andleft unfinished when

the earthquake destroyed the village inthat year. The photograph of the site in the American Journalof Archaeology, vol. IV, 1900, p. 462, shows the condition ofthe ruin just before the last-mentioned walls were removed,whereas the accompanying photograph (PLATE II) shows itspresent condition. The completion of the excavation of thesite gave the satisfaction that nothing of importance could

1 Cf. Am. J. Arch. I, 1897, p. 464.2 Cf. Pausanias, II, 3, 5: rdpav U 9K 1r 7yopav Jvirl ZLKVVCJa pXopAi'oLs&TLYftvel . .

Arh,ItVr

0o90pp.

x^CaidaXl.aXaXKOv A7r6XXwvo., Kai XLyov

d'wropwxphJ -qKaxovlpiv- rXa6K-q?.

8 Cf. Am. J. Arch. IV, 1900, pp. 458 and 474.4 L.c. p. 300.6 Am. J. Arch. II, 1898, p. 501.

6 Ibid. III, 1899, p. 682.7 Ibid. Suppl. to vol. V, 1901, p. 30.



54 BENJAMIN POWELL

escape, and also furnished many additional details of interest.

The plan (PLATE III) was made in the spring of 1901, and atthat time I ascended to the architraves by means of ropes andladders and made an examination of the upper part of the

building, something that Dr. Ddrpfeld was unable to do.'The temple of Apollo at Corinth, as has been seen, was situ-

ated to the west of the road leading from the market-place north-wards to Lechaeum on the Corinthian Gulf and north of theroad leading westwards from the market-place to Sicyon. Itwas thus just northwest of the market-place and at some ele-vation above it, for at this point there is an outcropping of thenatural rock which formed a solid platform for the foundationof the temple. From this height a view could be obtained ofthe busy streets in the immediate foreground to the east andsouth of the temple. The ground slopes away from the templein every direction except toward the west, and in this direction

at a little distance was found the fountain of Glauce,2 thechambers of which were hewn out of the natural rock belong-ing to the same stratum as that of the platform of the temple.The slopes to the south and east were flanked by colonnades and

porticos in both the Greek and Roman periods,8 and these stoas,rising in terraces above the streets, formed a decorative base forthe temple which severely and majestically surmounted its more

ornate environment.Immediate access from the market-place to the temple wasgained at the southeastern corner of the platform, for here abroad staircase was constructed which conducted pedestrians tothe eastern end or front of the temple.

The slope of the rock forming the platform is from the westtoward the east, so that toward the east the foundation walls forthe peristyle and walls of the cella had to be built up to a con-siderable height. The highest point of natural rock is foundbetween the third and fourth columns of the western end, and

1 Cf. Ath. Mitth. XI, 1886, p. 304, no. 1.2 Cf. Am. J. Arch. IV, 1900, p. 458.8 Ibid. Suppl. to vol. VI, 1902, p. 19.




this is only 0.67 m. below the level of the flooring of the opis-

thodomus. Taking this fragment of the flooring at the entranceto the opisthodomus as a level, it is found that the levelled rockat the southeastern corner of the peristyle is 2.07 m. below it;the rock on the northern side just west from the wall of themodern schoolhouse is 2.55 m. below it, and the lowest point of

levelling is found in the foundation for the wall of the cella onthe northern side at some distance from the eastern end. Herea slot has been made for an inlaid stone, and one stone has beenset in the levelled rock; this point is 2.61 m. below the level ofthe floor of the opisthodomus, and the slot is 0.15 m. below thislevel, making a difference between the highest and lowest pointsof the natural rock of 2.09 m.

The plan itself (PLATE III) needs but little explanation;practically all the measurements are indicated, the levelled rockis left white, the blocks of masonry still in situ are indicated

with a shading of diagonal lines, the unworked natural rock isshaded dark, the existing columns are black, and the location ofthe others is shown by dotted circles. The dotted lines on the

present plan show the extent of Dr. Ddrpfeld's excavations.Dr. Ddrpfeld discovered that the temple was hexastyle, with

fifteen columns on a side (i.e. thirty-eight columns in all), aproportion which is seen at a later period in the temple of Apollo

at Bassae and Temple R at Selinus. The stylobate of thetemple was 53.30 m. in length and 21.36 m. in width. Thefoundations for the peristyle, the walls of the cella, and the in-terior columns were placed on the solid rock which was levelledand so descends in a series of steps or planes in accordance withthe natural slope of the rock from west to east.' These founda-tions consisted of walls of squared limestone masonry, the blocksof which had in general a surface measurement of c. 1.25 m.

by 0.85 m. The breadth of the foundations for the peristylewas e. 2.50 m., but varies somewhat. The spaces betweenthese foundation walls were filled with earth and chips of stone;the rock underneath was left in its original condition. The

1 Cf. photograph rom northeast corner (PLATE II).



56 BENJAMIN POWELL

spacing of the columns from axis to axis on the west end, begin-

ning at the corner, is as follows: 3.70 m., 4 min., .02 m., and4 m.; on the side, 3.48 m. and 3.70 m. From this we mayconclude that the spacing was 3.70 m. all down the sides except-ing the last space at each end. Dr. Ddrpfeld discovered thatthere was a slight curvature in the stylobate at the west end,for at the bases of the two middle columns the stylobate is twocentimetres higher than under the corner column. I also testedthis by a series of levellings, and obtained the same result.

The passageway between the peristyle and the wall of the

celia was somewhat more than 2.60 m. in width. None ofthe masonry which formed the foundations for the templeproper remains, but the outline can be made out from thecuttings in the rock. The temple was a temple in antis, not

prostyle; the position of the column of the opisthodomus whichwas standing in Stuart's time and of which he shows the posi-tion in his drawings makes this certain. This column stoodbehind the third column of the west end, counting from thesouthern corner, and was distant from it 4.29 m. (14 feet 11inches). This measurement brings the column in position onthe preserved masonry at the entrance to the opisthodomus,where it has been indicated on the plan. An examination ofthe surface of the masonry shows a faint circular weatheringor

toolingof the

stoneat

this pointand

also at the place forthe companion column on the other side of the entrance.The cuttings for the bedding of the wall of the cella average

about 1.50 m. in width. The chambers of the temple had awidth of nearly nine metres. The entrance chamber on thewest has a much greater depth (4.23 m.) than the chamber atthe east (2.71 m.). A large block of Pentelic marble foundnear the east end of the temple Dr. Dbrpfeld thinks was thethreshold of the eastern chamber. The interior between thetwo entrance chambers is divided by a cross-cutting into twochambers; that toward the east with a length of 16 m., that tothe west of 9.60 m. This last is nearly square. Throughoutthe length of these two chambers run two parallel cuttings




(c. 3.45 m. apart), where rested the foundations for the interior

columns supporting the roof. Dr. Ddrpfeld conjectures twopairs of columns in the western chamber and four pairs in theeastern. On account of this cross-cutting, Dr. Ddrpfeld sup-posed the temple to have been a double temple with two sepa-rate chambers,' where two different divinities were worshipped,but inasmuch as Pausanias mentions the structure as beingsacred to Apollo only, it now seems more probable to him thatthe cross-cutting, which is much shallower and less sharplydefined than any of the others, served as a bedding for some

slight superstructure which was probably a screen placed acrossthe cella of the temple to shut off the cult image from the

larger chamber.At a distance of 1.80 m. west of this cross-cutting were

found the remains of what appears to have been the founda-tion for the base of the cult image. When Dr. Ddrpfeldexcavated here there were four blocks in place, but at presentonly two of these remain. The whole base had a breadth of2.75 m. and a depth of about 2.25 m.

The columns of the temple are Doric in style with twentyflutings, which are c. 0.206 m. wide at the bottom. Thecolumns are monolithic and the material is the rough nativelimestone of the neighborhood. The greatest diameter of the

columns at the west end is 1.72 m., while those at the sidemeasure only 1.63 m. The total height of column and capitalis 7.215 m.; these measurements give massive proportions, i.e.1: 4.2 on the front and 1: 4.4 on the side. The proportions ofthe axial distance to the height of the column are 1: 1.8 on thefront and 1: 1.95 on the side. Dr. Ddrpfeld was unable2 tomeasure the height of the columns, but Blouet gives the meas-urement as 7.21 m. I have measured the fallen monolith onthe south side of the temple, whose full length is preserved, and

1Professor J. B. Bury, in his History of Greece [1st ed.], p. 152, combines theidea that there were two separate chambers with the knowledge that Pausaniascalled this a temple of Apollo and guesses that the second chamber was dedicatedto the worship of Artemis.

2 Cf. Ath. Mitth. XI, 1886, p. 304, no. 1.



58 BENJAMIN POWELL

found it to be 6.33 m. When the thickness of the capital and

abacus, 0.885 m., is added to this, it gives a total of 7.215 m.Stuart's measurements, 21 feet 44 inches (6.50 m.), height ofcolumn to the swell of the capital, + 2 feet 4a inches (0.72 m.),thickness of capital, give a total of 7.22 m. as the height.

The columns at the top have a diameter of only 1.295 m.,and this great entasis and the flat, bulging capitals give an

appearance of great solidity to the structure. The columns

FIGURE 4. - FALLEN COLUMN OF NORTH SIDE OF TEMPLE AT CORINTH.

were left slightly rough by the chisel in order to furnish asecure surface for the coat of reddish-yellow stucco with whichthe temple was finished in the earlier period. When the

temple was repaired in Roman times a thicker coat of stuccoof coarser texture was put on over this. These different coatscan be clearly seen on the larger fragment of column lying onthe north side of the temple (Fig. 4).

The details of the capital and the annulets given in Figs. 5and 6 are self-explanatory; these are redrawn from Dr. Dorp-



THRE TEMPLE OF APOLLO AT CORINTH 59

feld's measurements. The capital proper has a thickness of

0.565 m. and the abacus of 0.32 m. The abacus of the thirdcolumn from the southerncorner on the west end has asurface 2.25 m. square. The

photograph (Fig. 7) gives anear view of the capital ofthe last column remaining onthe west end.

The sketch (Fig. 8) showsthe arrangement of the archi-trave blocks that remain in

position, together with thesurface measurements. Theheight of the architraves asI measured them is 1.32 m., but Blouet gives the measurement

as 1.292 m., while Stuart gives the total height in his time as1.44 m. (4 feet 81 inches),but the height correspondingto what is now left was then

given as 1.34 m. (4 feet 4,

inches). The method of fit-

ting the blocks over the cor-

ner column is interesting; theinner blocks were joined withbevelled faces, but the outerblocks show only square ends.The outside block on the side,which is now broken, cameto the middle of the column,so the block across the endmust have reached from themiddle of the second column

on the west to the outside of the corner column. On the thirdcolumn of the western end the architraves are 0.27 m. fromthe outside edge of the abacus and 0.20 m. from the inside edge.

.8AS

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FIGURE 5. - DETAIL OF CAPITAL.

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FIGURE 6.- DETAIL OF NECKING.



60 BENJAMIN PO WELL

As may be seen from the photograph (Fig. 9), these archi-

traves have weathered badly, and large spaces have been wornbetween them at the top, while the whole upper surface is

honeycombed into cavities and sharp edges. The measure-ments of the architraves, which are given on the plan, wereobtained from their lower surfaces where they are but littleworn.

FIGURE 7. - CAPITAL OF NORTHERNMOST COLUMN OF WEST END.

On the remainsof

theseven architrave blocks,

therearetraces of the lower ends of the triglyphs, so that a few more

measurements may be given. On the west end the lower endof the only triglyph which remains in place is 0.83 m. in width

(Stuart, 2 feet 8a inches = 0.831 min.), and the space for the

metopes between the triglyphs is 1.18 m. (Stuart, 3 feet 9-5inches =1.166 min.). The guttae which remain in place are0.051 m. (Ddrpfeld, 0.056 m.) in length and 0.06 m. (Ddrpfeld,0.066 m.) in diameter. The width of the band above theguttae is 0.115 min.; hen comes a slight projection in the tri-

glyph of 0.005 m.; and then another band which extends all

along the top of the architraves, - this is 0.113 m. in widthand projects 0.06 m. from the face of the architrave.




On the south side the space is 3.10 m. for two metopes and

a triglyph. The remains of half a triglyph at the end of oneblock are 0.38 mi. in width, giving a total width of 0.76 m.

(Blouet, 0.75 m.) for the triglyphs on the side and a width of1.17 m. for the metopes.

!II I

I t

I-

Q

O.t[ o.6s

S

'N

FIGURE 8. - ARRANGEMENT OF

EXISTING ARCHITRAVES.

Of the superstructure above the architraves,nothing now remains. Dr. D6rpfeld foundsome tiles with the inscription PO TI, which

he supposes to datefrom Roman

repairs uponthe temple; he also found red pieces of orna-mentation which probably came from thewall of the cella or the pavement. Manyfragments of ornamental architectural terra-cottas have been found during the courseof the excavations, but none of these can be

assigned with certainty to this building,although their distance from the temple does not militateagainst the identification, for fragments of the columns of the

temple have been found as far away as the vaulted chamberat the foot of the terrace bordering the platform of the templeon the south.



62 BENJAMIN POWELL

As far as the time of the construction of the temple is con-

cerned there is but little to be said. Leake (MIorea, vol. III,p. 249) would date it about the middle of the seventh cen-

tury B.C.; Dr. Ddrpfeld says that it belongs to the sixth

century and perhaps earlier. The accompanying sketch (Fig.10) of a fragment of a vase, which formed the upper part ofthe handle of a large amphora a colonnette, shows a typicalCorinthian motif of the period when only animal forms of a

FIGURE 9. - VIEW FROM ABOVE OF TIHE ARCIHITRAVES AT THE SOUTHWEST

CORNER.

bizarre type were in use as decorative factors. This fragmentmay be dated from the early part of the sixth century i.c., andsince it was found among the chips of stone lying between the

cuttings for the foundation walls of the temple, it seems quitelikely that it was contemporaneous with its construction oronly a few years anterior.

In conclusion it is of interest to examine the plan of the

temple to determine just which columns were standing until alate period. The seven existing columns are plainly indicated




in black at the western end and southern side. The twelve

columns seen by Stuart were these seven and the four immedi-ately adjoining them on the southern side, whose foundationsare still standing, and in addition the more southerly of the twocolumns at the entrance ofthe opisthodomus. The thir-teen columns of the peristylestanding in Cyriacus's time,in addition to the eleven

justmentioned, probably includedthe two immediately follow-

ing on the southern side,which are now lying pros-trate as they fell outward.Farther back than this wehave no written record, but

a further examination of the plan shows that many of thecolumns on the north side must have remained standing ontheir bases down to a comparatively late date, for the masonrybetween the places for the columns is gone, having beenremoved for building purposes, but the masonry under thecolumns remains.

The part first destroyed was in all probability the eastern

end of the temple, and the eastern part of the southern side,for here the foundations were highest and now hardly a stoneremains in place. The northwestern corner seems also to havedisappeared at an early period.

BENJAMIN POWELL.

FIGURE 10. -DECORATION ON A FRAG-MENT OF A VASE FOUND IN THE

BUILDERS' REFUSE OF THE TEMPLE.

benjamin powell apollo corinth

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