Bio 9B: Tuesday, 5.3.11Title: Block 2 - Using homologous structures as evidence for evolution Homework:

Complete Part A of the Evolution Investigation: All in the Family

Do Now(s): Power-up a laptop and get ready for your next

instructions

Today’s Objectives: Use the three different types of homologies as

evidence for evolution

EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTIONPHA Biology 9Moretti/ Dickson

Evolution 3-Part Investigation Dry Lab

Key Questions:1. What is the evidence that one species

can branch into two?

2. What is the evidence that multiple species are evolutionarily related?

Objectives for Class:• Use the three different types of homologies as evidence for evolutionary relationships

Evolution Dry Lab Part APart A Computer LabAll in the Family: Which Animals are the Closest

Relatives? Link: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/change/family/index.html

The purpose of this series of lab activities is for you to…

Examine and understand the evidence for evolution Use that evidence to infer evolutionary relationships

and build phylogenetic trees Part A focuses on using the three different types of

homologies as evidence for evolutionary relationshipsObjectives for Class:

• Use the three different types of homologies as evidence for evolutionary relationships

Evidence: HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES

HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES Similar structures due to sharing a common

ancestor that had those structures

Three Types of Homologies:1. Anatomical (including vestigial traits)2. Embryological/ Developmental3. Molecular/ Genetic

Objectives for Class:• Describe the three different types of homologies and give examples of each

Begin notes for type of Evidence for Evolution

Evidence for Evolution

Patrick

Trevon

Julian

Whitney

McHenleyZuri

Ricardo

Nancy

Aser

AndreNatalie N

Emily

Israel

Harold

Leela

Leslie

Larissa Natalie G

Tom

Emperor

Reaction Time Lab

Jamesley

Grace

Bio 9B: Wednesday, 5.4.11 Title: Evidence for Evolution: 3 Homologies

Homework: Lab Part B: Finish Tree #1 and Analysis Question #6 by the

start of tomorrow’s class!

Do Now: According to this diagram, which organism is the

closest evolutionary relative of a bat? What is one piece of evidence you could use

to explain this evolutionary relationship?

Today’s Objectives: Compare and contrast anatomical, genetic, and

developmental homologies as evidence for evolution

Bird Bat Mouse

EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION What is the evidence that all species on

earth are related to each other and share common ancestors?

3 Major Types of Evidence: 1. Homologous Structures

a) Anatomical homologies and vestigial structures

b) Embryological/ Developmentalc) Molecular/Genetic

2. Fossils3. Geographic Distribution of SpeciesObjectives for Class:

• Compare and contrast anatomical, genetic, and developmental homologies as evidence for evolution

Objectives for Class:• Compare and contrast anatomical, genetic, and developmental homologies as evidence for evolution

Anatomical Homology Similar body parts or bone

structures They don’t necessarily have the same function

now, but did in the common ancestor Ex: human arm, cat leg, whale flipper, bat wing

all have same bones

Don’t confuse Homologous Structures with Analogous Structures

Analogous Structures structures that have the same function but NOT the same

skeletal structure This suggests these organisms did NOT descend from a common

ancestor with that trait

Ex: insect wing and bird wing

bio.miami.edu

Insect wing

Bird wing

Objectives for Class:• Compare and contrast anatomical, genetic, and developmental homologies as evidence for evolution

Objectives for Class:• Compare and contrast anatomical, genetic, and developmental homologies as evidence for evolution

Anatomical Homology: Vestigial Traits

Vestigial Traits Don’t have a function now,

but suggest that they descended from an ancestor that did use them.

Examples: human tailbone, human goose

bumps, ostrich wings

Ex: human tail bone, human goose

www.toptenz.net

animal.nationalgeographic.com

Embryological/Developmental Homology

Similar characteristics appearing during specific embryonic/ developmental stages of development

Examples: fish, reptile, bird, and human embryos all have gill

slits and a tail (but some lose these features before birth)

Objectives for Class:• Describe the three different types of homologies and give examples of each

Molecular/Genetic Homology Comparing the similarities and differences

of DNA or amino acid sequences for different organisms

Closer the similarities = Closer relationships

Objectives for Class:• Compare and contrast anatomical, genetic, and developmental homologies as evidence for evolution

Phylogenetic Tree for All Living Things

Time -------------------------------------------------------------------->present

Nodes indicate most recent common ancestor of two branches

Evolution Dry Lab PART B – Day 1

Part B: Comparing Anatomical and Genetic Evidence

The purpose of this series of lab activities is for you to… Examine and understand the evidence for evolution Use that evidence to infer evolutionary relationships and

build phylogenetic trees Part B focuses on comparing and contrasting anatomical and

genetic homologies as evidence for evolution

Complete through Tree # 1 using the evidence for Tree 1

Objectives for Class:• Compare and contrast anatomical, genetic, and developmental homologies as evidence for evolution

Bio 9B: Thursday, 5.5.11 Title: Using homologous structures as evidence for evolution

Homework: No Homework (unless you need to catch-up)

Do Now(s): Label the front right-hand corner of your Evolution Lab B:

CU = Finished Tree #1 and totally understand how the info in the table makes the tree

CD = Finished Tree #1, but don’t understand how the info in the table makes the tree

NC = Did NOT complete the table or the tree (for whatever reason)

Today’s Objectives: Compare and contrast anatomical and genetic homologies as

evidence for evolution Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and

give one example that illustrates this

Double Block

Do Now – Part 2 Which organisms branched off before evolving a

complete digestive tube? Which three organisms have a brain?

Evolution Dry Lab PART B – Day 2

Part B: Comparing Anatomical and Genetic Evidence

The purpose of this series of lab activities is for you to… Examine and understand the evidence for evolution Use that evidence to infer evolutionary relationships and build

phylogenetic trees Part B focuses on comparing and contrasting anatomical and

genetic homologies as evidence for evolution

Complete Tree #2 and ALL analysis questions

Objectives for Class:• Compare and contrast anatomical and genetic homologies as evidence for evolution

Geographic DistributionFossils

Evidence for Evolution

EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION1. Homologous Structures

a) Anatomical homologies and vestigial structuresb) Embryosc) Molecular/Genetic

2. Geographic Distribution of Species

3. Fossils

Evidence: GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

Species that live on the same continents are often closely related to each other

Based on genetic (DNA) and embryonic evidence This is true, even though they look more similar to species

elsewhere.Example:

North vs. South American rodents

Objectives for Class:• Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.

Example: Placental Mammals vs. Australian Marsupial

Mammals Australia has been

separated from other continents for a long time, so its marsupials evolved independently

Marsupial traits are analogous, NOT homologous, to placental mammals

Evidence: GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

Recap: Analogy vs. Homology

Analogous Structures – similar structures due to natural selection in similar environments common ancestor did not have it, but

descendents evolve it independently

Homologous Structures – similar structures due to shared ancestry common ancestor had this feature, so all

descendents have it Results from divergent (branching)

evolution

DIVERGENT (branching) EVOLUTION

Evidence: FOSSILS Fossils

show species that are now extinct show transitions to new body forms

Example: Tiktaalik (lived 375 million years ago) fish with legs and (maybe) primitive lungs… earliest amphibian?

Fossil Artist Rendering

Objectives for Class:• Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.

Evidence: FOSSILS cont. Example: Archaeopteryx (lived 150

million years ago) earliest bird… but has many dinosaur

features

www.ansp.org

Objectives for Class:• Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.

Evidence: FOSSILS cont. Interpreting Fossil

Evidence Fossils form in layers of

rock (older = lower layer) Fossils in the same layer

lived at the same time Radiometric dating:

determine the age of a fossil based on how much radioactive carbon it contains

Objectives for Class:• Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.

What lived at the same time as the fossil fish?

Objectives for Class:• Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.

Bio 9B: Monday, 5.9.11 Title: Using fossils and homologous structures as evidence for evolution

Homework: Finish analysis question for Part C by Thursday.

Do Now: How are fossils used as evolutionary evidence?

Today’s Objectives: Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and

give one example that illustrates this. Describe how the geographic distribution of species is used

as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.

Evidence: FOSSILS cont. Interpreting Fossil

Evidence Fossils form in layers of

rock (older = lower layer) Fossils in the same layer

lived at the same time Radiometric dating:

determine the age of a fossil based on how much radioactive carbon it contains

Objectives for Class:• Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.

How did whales evolve?

Evidence for Evolution: Part C

Patrick

Trevon

Julian

Whitney

McHenley

Zuri

Ricardo

Nancy

Aser

AndreNatalie N

Emily

IsraelHarold

Leela

Leslie

Larissa Natalie G

Tom

Emperor

Part C: Evolution Dry Lab

Jamesley

Grace

Evolution Dry Lab PART C – Day1

Part C: How Did Whales Evolve?

The purpose of this series of lab activities is for you to… Examine and understand the evidence for evolution Use that evidence to infer evolutionary relationships and build

phylogenetic trees Part C focuses on using fossil evidence and anatomical homologies to

determine evolutionary relatedness

Complete Tasks 1-4 before watching the video You may also have the reading to go along with this video: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/03/4/l_034_05.html

Objectives for Class:• Describe how fossils and anatomical homologies are used as evidence for evolution

Ambulocetus natans in action

A reconstruction of an early close cousin of whales

Shown here with the kind permission of artist Carl Buell. http://www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb/lessons/whale.ev.html

Check the Answers…

Check the Answers…

Bio 9B: Tuesday, 5.10.11 Title: No Class

Homework:

Do Now:

Today’s Objectives:

Bio 9B: Wednesday, 5.11.11 Title: Using fossils and homologous structures as evidence for evolution

Homework: Finish analysis question for Part C by Thursday.

Do Now: Take out Part C and prepare to complete activity

Today’s Objectives: Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and

give one example that illustrates this. Describe how the geographic distribution of species is used

as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.

Evolution Dry Lab PART C – Day2

Part C: How Did Whales Evolve?

The purpose of this series of lab activities is for you to… Examine and understand the evidence for evolution Use that evidence to infer evolutionary relationships and build

phylogenetic trees Part C focuses on using fossil evidence and anatomical homologies to

determine evolutionary relatedness

Complete Task 5 after watching the video You may also have the reading to go along with this video: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/03/4/l_034_05.html

Objectives for Class:• Describe how fossils and anatomical homologies are used as evidence for evolution

Modern Whales…

Where Did Whales Evolve From?

Zooming in on Whale Evolution

Bio 9B: Thursday, 5.12.11 Title: Evolution Review

Homework: Study for Evolution “Tuiz”.

Do Now: Collect Part C of the Evolution Dry Lab Next Slide

Today’s Objectives: Review the major concepts from the Evolution Unit

EVOLUTION SUMMARY Populations of living things change over

time. Due to change over time, a species can

evolve into one or more new species. This results in the branching view of the tree of life.

All living things are related because we all evolved from a common ancestor.

Phylogenetic Tree for All Living Things Time --------------------------------------------------------------------

>present

“There is grandeur in this view of life…” – Charles Darwin

Evolution Review In your own words, describe the four key steps/ideas of

natural selection and explain how they relate to each other. (you may want to think of this in terms of an example).

Write a paragraph describing an example of how the steps of natural selection (above) work in a population (examples could include hummingbird beaks, finch beaks, antibiotic resistance in bacteria, sickle cell anemia and malaria, or another example of your choice).

 Define what a species is. In your own words, explain the 2 main steps of speciation

(one species dividing into two species). Describe at least four types of evidence used to

determine evolutionary relationships between species. Give an example of each!

Interpret or draw phylogenetic trees.

What Darwin Never Knew http://video.pbs.org/video/1372073

556 Selected Chapters:

9 - Gene Switches 10 – A Transitional Form 11 – Fins to Limbs 12 (start at 1:26)

Bio 9B: Tuesday, 5.11.10 Title: Evolution Tuiz

Homework: Now Homework

Do Now: Put all of your stuff in your bag and zip them up!

Today’s Objectives: Assess your understanding of the major concepts from the

Evolution Unit