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Final Exam Review

Biology 30S

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Unit 1 – Wellness and Homeostasis

1. Define wellness. Please include physical wellness, emotional needs, spirituality, intellectual

stimulation and social balance in your definition.

Wellness is not the same as health. Health generally refers to only the physical well-being of an individual, whereas,

wellness refers to the multidimensional interrelationship between physical, emotional, spiritual, intellectual, interpersonal

or social and environmental aspects of life.

2. Describe things people do to promote wellness. (remember that maintaining a balance is important)

Out of notes… a closer look at wellness

3. List and describe 6 life functions. Which life function makes reference to homeostasis?

living things acquire energy and materials from the environment

living things are organized

living organisms maintain a relatively constant internal environment –homeostasis

living things reproduce

living things grow and develop

living things respond to stimuli from their living and non-living environments

4. What is homeostasis? How does each system of the body work together to achieve homeostasis?

Qualify your answers with specific examples.

Homeostasis: is the ability of the body to maintain its internal environment within acceptable ranges despite the changing

external environment

Thermoregulation: maintaining constant body temperature of 37 oC. The hypothalamus coordinates the body’s temperature

which releases hormones that target specific effectors like sweat glands.

Osmoregulation: ability to maintain a constant water balance. The hypothalamus is the coordinating center for water

balance and releases hormones

Waste Management: The ability of the body to rid itself of harmful wastes. Liver – ammonia , kidneys, lungs, skin and

stomach

5. Explain the principles of negative feedback and complete the examples in the framework below.

a) Leaving the front door of your home open on a cold winter day

b) Putting on winter outerwear and not leaving a warm environment

Control Centre:

1. thermostat

2. hypothalamus

Receptor:

1. thermometer

2. skin

Change:

1. house gets cold

2. body heats up

Normal Condition:

1. 20 oC

2. 37 oC

Effector:

1. furnace

2. sweat glands

and blood vessels

Change:

1. house heats up

2. body heat lost

Cause:

1. door open

2. warm clothes

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6. Cell membranes are selectively permeable and regulate the movement of substances into and out of the

cell.

a) What is meant by the term “selectively permeable?” __only allows certain substances into and out of

the cell

b) With help from a diagram, describe the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane. (Include:

phospholipid layers and proteins)

Phospholipids make up a viscous, fluid (analogy grout between tiles) and the proteins are free to move about

(analogy, the tiles)

c) Describe the following plasma membrane processes (include diagrams):

i. Passive transport: _______transport across a plasma membrane going down a concentration

gradient (high to low) that does not require energy (ATP) ______________________________

- Simple diffusion: ___movement of dissolved gasses, water or lipid soluble molecules

through the phospholipid bilayer __________________________________________

- Facilitated diffusion: ____Diffusion through a channel or carrier protein

__________________________________________________

- Osmosis: _____Movement of water across the plasma membrane

_________________________________________

Include:

*isotonic: solution with the same concentration as the plasma cytoplasm of the cell

*hypertonic: solution with a higher concentration of dissolved particles than the cytoplasm of the cell (a cell will shrink)

*hypotonic: solution with a lower concentration of dissolved particles than the cytoplasm of the cell (a cell will burst)

ii. Energy-requiring transport: ____

- Active transport: the movement of substances for low concentration of high concentration

(requires energy)_____________________________________________________

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- Endocytosis: ___movement of large particles including microorganisms into a cell by

engulfing extracellular materials as the plasma membrane forms membrane bound sacs that

enter the cytoplasm_________________________________________________

Include:

*pinocytosis: cells engulfing liquid food and materials by bringing it inside the cell

*phagocytosis: resembles pinocytosis but with large vesicles (solid food)

- Exocytosis: movement of materials out of the cell by enclosing the materials in a membrane

bound sac that moves to the cell’s surface, fuses with the plasma membrane and opens outside

the cell allowing contents to diffuse away. ___________________________________

7. Explain why putting celery or lettuce in fresh water often makes it crisp. water will move by osmosis from

and area of higher concentration to lower concentration

8. Why is energy required for active transport to take place across a cell membrane and not required for

passive transport? __________________________movement against the concentration

gradient_____________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

9. Living things require a constant source of energy to do 3 kinds of work, what are the types of work?

Chemical: construction and breaking down of large complex molecules such as proteins

Transport: movement and concentration of materials or nutrients for building complex molecules of cell growth

Mechanical: movement (such as muscle contractions)

10. A special carrier of energy in all living things is __ATP____, which stands for _____Adenosine

Triphosphate ______________________________________________.

11. How does ATP provide energy? Include details about the structure of ATP.

by breaking the bonds between the three phosphate groups

ATP has three components 1. ribose (a sugar molecule) 2. adenine (adenine and ribose together form adenosine) 3. string

of 3 phosphate groups

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Unit 2 – Digestion

1. Label the following diagrams

1. Parotid gland (salivary gland)

2. epiglottis

3. esophagus

4. stomach

5. transverse colon (large intestine)

6. descending colon (large intestine)

7. anus

8. teeth

9. sublingual gland (salivary gland)

10. submandibular gland (salivary gland)

11. liver

12. ascending colon (large intestine)

13. small intestine

2. The diagram on the right is a ___________ which is found in the

________________________________. villi, small intestine

3. The two types of digestion are

____________________________________ and

__________________________________________. Mechanical and

Chemical

4. Using the digestive system below, indicate each location and describe

the action of mechanical and chemical digestion.

mechanical:

mouth- chewing

esophagus – peristalsis

stomach – churning

small intestines – segmented

movements

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Chemical:

mouth – salivary glands (amylase)

stomach – digestive juices including HCl which breaks down bolus into chime; most proteins are digested and broken down

into amino acids; gastric glands release pepsin which work with HCl

small intestine – digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas and glands in the small intestine these include: trypsin (protein –

along with pepsin), amylase (carbohydrate starch to maltose), maltase (converts maltose to glucose), lipase (lipid digestion),

lactase (digestion of lactose glucose)

Sodium bicarbonate from the pancreas changes the pH of chime – allows digestive enzymes in the small intestine to work

5. The circular muscle which control the flow of food into the stomach is the _____________ whereas

the __________controls the flow of chyme out of the stomach. cardiac sphincter, pyloric sphincter

6. With help from the diagram below, describe the structure and function of villi in the small intestine.

Villi line the small intestine and give the small intestine a large surface area for

absorption of nutrients. Villi look and feel like velvet. Nutrients absorbed by the villi

travel through the capillary walls into the blood stream.

7. Name 2 stomach secretions and give the function of each.

HCl- changes the pH of the stomach allowing stomach enzymes to work more efficiently as well as killing germs that may

have entered with the food.

Mucous- to protect the stomach muscle from the HCl

Pepsinogen- turns to pepsin to breakdown proteins.

8. List two functions of the large intestine.

To absorb water and to eliminate undigested foods.

9. List 2 hormones involved in the digestive process, the organs which secrete them, their target organs

and their function in the process.

Hormone Gland Target Effect (function)

Insulin Pancreas Body cells Increases cell permeability to glucose. Lowers blood-

sugar levels

Glucagon Pancreas Body cells Decreases cell permeability to glucose. Increases blood-

sugar levels

Gastrin Stomach Stomach Increases production of gastric juices and increases

stomach motility

Secretin Duodenum Pancreas Promotes the release of sodium bicarbonate

10. Name the enzymes that digest the following nutrients and the end products of their chemical digestion.

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Nutrient Enzyme End Products

1. starch Amylase Many glucose

2. maltose Maltase 2 glucose

3. lactose Lactase 1 galactose 1glucose

4. sucrose Sucrase 1 glucose 1 fructose

5. lipids Lipase Glycerol, fatty acids

6. proteins Pepsin Amino acids

11. Describe the role of insulin and glucagons in controlling of blood sugar.

Insulin is released in response to increasing blood-sugar levels. Insulin increases the permeability of body cells to glucose

thus decreasing blood-sugar levels.

Glucagon is released in response to decreasing blood-sugar levels. Glucagon decreases the permeability of body cells to

glucose. Glucagon also triggers the liver to break down glycogen to glucose thus increasing blood-sugar levels.

12. Give the pathway that a mouthful of food would take from the time it enters your mouth until the solid

waste is removed from the anus.

Mouth-Esophagus-Stomach-Small Intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)-Large intestine (ascending, transverse,

descending)-Rectum-Anus.

13. The six main nutrients of the human diet are ___________, __________, ___________,

____________, ______________, and ______________. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water.

14. The two main classes of vitamins are ________________ and e.g. ______ ___________________e.g.

_____________. water soluble (B, C), fat soluble (A, D, E, K)

15. mistake…..

16. Why is water important in the body? Our bodies are made up of 60 to 80% water. Water is important for a variety

of bodily functions including the breakdown and synthesis of many substances.

17. According to Canada's Food Guide the main food groups are ___________, ___________,

_____________, and ________________. Meat (protein), Dairy, Grains and cereals, Fruits and vegetables

18. Use the following words to complete questions a-j.

liver bile lipids mucus peristalsis

pepsin appendix gallbladder pancreas epiglottis

a) The organ which secretes HCO3 in order to neutralize chyme. __________

b) Hydrochloric acid is used to activate this substance. __________

c) Protects the gastrointestinal tract from digestion. __________

d) Used in the emulsification of lipids. __________

e) Produced by the liver. __________

f) Prevents food from entering the trachea. __________

g) The organ which produces bile. __________

h) The organ which stores excess bile. __________

i) On organ which is a legacy of our evolutionary past. __________

j) The movement of food through the digestive system. __________

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a) Pancreas

b) Pepsin

c) Mucous

d) Bile

e) Lipids

f) Epiglottis

g) Liver

h) Gallbladder

i) Appendix

j) Peristalsis

Unit 3 – Transportation and Respiration

1. Label the following diagrams:

1. Sinus 2. Pharynx 3. Larynx 4. Trachea 5. Bronchus

6. Bronchiole 7. Lung 8. Diaphragm 9. Bronchiole 10. Terminal Bronchiole (bronchiole)

11. Alveoli

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1. superior vena cava

2. atrioventricular valve

3. inferior vena cava

4. right ventricle

5. purkinje fibres

6. left ventrical

7. atrioventricular valve

8. left atrium

9. semi-lunar valve

10. aorta

The respiratory system:

2. List and differentiate between the three types of respiration.

Types of Respiration Definition

1. Respiration Process by which oxygen is taken from the environment (inhalation) and carbon

dioxide is released into the environment (exhalation)

2. Gas exchange Process by which oxygen is transferred (diffusion) from the air to blood and carbon

dioxide is transferred (diffusion) from the blood to the air. Respiratory surfaces are

covered with thin, moist epithelial cells that allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to

exchange.

External respiration: is the exchange gases across the respiratory surface between

the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs and the blood

Internal respiration: exchange of gases between the blood and individual cells in

the tissue

Include:

Where does this occur? This process takes place on the respiratory surface called alveoli.

List 4 criteria necessary for this to take place. Justify why they are

necessary. A concentration gradient

1

2

3 4

5

6

7

8

9 10

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Large surface area

Thin permeable surface

Moist exchange surface

3. Cellular respiration The cells using oxygen to break down glucose to produce cellular energy (ATP)

Include:

Where does this occur? mitochondria

Chemical Equation:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + Energy (ATP)

Glucose + oxygen Water + carbon dioxide + Energy (ATP)

3. What is the link between the immune system (defense mechanisms) and the lungs?

Help defend against pollutants by:

heating and cooling the body temperature

humidifying inhaled air for gas exchange

protecting the body from harmful substances by coughing, sneezing and filtering, absorbing, or alerting the body through scent

lungs are defended by cilia (microscopic hairs along the respiratory surface), phlegm (collects dust and inhaled microbes to be

coughed up or swallowed into the stomach) and macrophages (scavenger immune cells in the lungs)

4. Matching:

A

Adenoids

Alveoli

Bronchi

Diaphragm

Epiglottis

Larynx

Nasal cavity

Pleura

Ribs

Sinuses

Tonsils

Trachea

B

Nasal cavity ____ warms the air before if enters the lungs

Sinuses ____ hollow spaces in the bones of the head called frontal, maxillary and sphenoidal

Adenoids ____ lymph tissue at the top of the throat

Tonsils ____ lymph nodes in the wall of the throat (pharynx)

Epiglottis ____ flap of tissue that guards the entrance to the trachea

Larynx ____ contains vocal cords and constructed mainly of cartilage

Trachea ____ passage leading from the pharynx to the lungs (about 12 cm in length)

Bronchi ____ branches of the trachea, one leading into each side of the lungs (branches further into

bronchioles)

Ribs ____ bones supporting and protecting the chest cavity

Pleura ____ membrane that surrounds each lung

Alveoli ____ walls are one cell thick, also the respiratory surface of the lungs

Diaphragm ____ strong wall of muscle separating the chest and abdominal cavities.

5. Relaxation of the diaphragm _______compresses__________ the lungs,

_________decreasing______________ their volume while ______increasing___________ the pressure

inside them. Contraction of the diaphragm _________increasing_____________ the volume of the

lungs, ________decreasing____________ the pressure inside.

The circulatory system:

6. On the following diagram of the heart, trace the path of blood starting from the right atrium. Use a

blue pen to represent deoxygenated blood and a red pen to represent oxygenated blood.

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Vena cava right atrium atrioventricular valve

right ventricle pulmonary artery lungs (get

oxygen) pulmonary vein left atrium

atrioventricular valve left ventricle aorta

arterioles capillaries (changes to deoxygenated

blood) venules veins vena cave

7. The 4 components of blood:

Component: Function:

1. platelets

Helps stop bleeding

Made in the bone marrow

2. plasma

Mostly water

straw-colored liquid in which the blood cells are suspended

3. white blood cells (leukocytes)

Your body’s defense mechanism

Travel to areas of infection

4. red blood cells (erythrocytes)

Carry oxygen from lungs to body

Hemoglobin: oxygen carrying protein – give RBC colour

Hematocrit: measures the amount of space RBC take up

8. Complete the following blood type table:

Blood

Type

Antigens

present

Antibodies

present

Can donate

to…

Can

receive

from…

Diagram Rh - Diagram Rh+

A

A

B

A, AB

A, O

B

B

A

B, AB

B, O

AB AB None AB A, B, AB,

O

O None A B A, B, AB,

O

O

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9. The two heart sounds are ______ and ________. The first sound is created by the ___________ of the

valves during ___________while, the second sound is created by the _________ of the valves during

_____________. lubb, dubb, closing, systole, closing, diastole

10. The cardiac cycle consists of 2 phases, ______________________ (when the ventricles contract) and

___________________ (when the atria contract). Systole, diastole

11. The instrument which is used to hear the heartbeat is a _____________and the instrument used to

determine blood pressure is the ________________. stethoscope, sphygmomanometer

12. The contraction of the heart muscles is initiated by a mass of specialized cells known as the

_______sinoatrial _________________ node (_SA_ node), located in the posterior wall of the right

atrium. This node is also known as the ____pacemaker__________________.

13. The impulse started in the SA node and picked up by the ____atrioventricular __________node (_AV _

node) reaches the muscles of the ventricles and causes them to contract.

14. 5 different types of blood vessels include _________, _____________,

________________, _________________ and _____________. Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules,

veins

15. Label these three vessels.

Artery, vein, capillary

16. List 4 differences between them.

a. _________________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________________

c. _________________________________________________________

d. _________________________________________________________

a) Arteries have a much thicker muscle layer.

b) Veins have valves

c) Arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins carry blood to the heart

d) Arteries and veins have three layers, capillaries are only one cell thick

17. What is an electrocardiograph?

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

An instrument that is used to measure electrical activity in the heart. It measures changes in electrical potential across the heart and

can detect the contractions pulses that pass over the surface of the heart.

Unit 4 – Excretion and Waste Management

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1. Label the following diagrams.

Diagram 1

1. renal cortex 2. medulla 3. renal artery 4. renal vein 5. adrenal gland

6. kidney 7. descending aorta 8. inferior vena cava 9. ureter

10. bladder 11. urethra

Diagram 2

1. bowman’s capsule 2. glomerulus 3. proximal convoluted tubule 4. loop of henle

5. distal convoluted tubule 6. collecting duct

2. The primary metabolic wastes of the body are ________, ___________, __________,

and___________. CO2,

nitrogen-based waste (urea), salts, water

3. The major excretory organs are ____________, ____________, __________ and __________,

whereas the ____________ is really an organ of the digestive system. lungs, kidneys, skin, liver, large intestine

4. Every vertebrate has a pair of kidneys consisting of functional units called___________________. nephrons

5. The _______________arteries and veins carry blood to and from the kidney. renal

6. The collected waste material leaves the kidney via the ______________ and is stored in the

_________________; it is then expelled from the body through the _________________. ureter, bladder,

urethra

7. The nephron's cup shaped _______________________surrounds a knot of blood capillaries called the

glomerulus. Bowman’s capsule

8. The material filtered out is then passed through the nephron tubule, which has 4 main parts:

___________________, __________________________, _____________________, and

________________________. proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

9. In the __________________________, a considerable amount of reabsorbtion occurs. Glucose and

ions are returned to the blood by active transport. proximal convoluted tubule

Artery

Vein

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10. The ______________________, lie in the medulla of the kidney. Salt is actively transported out of

the filtrate, and since this area impermeable to water, water cannot follow the ions out here.

11. Urine is then passed through the _______________________________ where it is concentrated due to

its permeability to water, from here the urine travels to the distal tubule to the collecting duct. Loop of

henle 12. It then leaves the collecting duct into the pelvis of the kidney, which leads to the ureter and the

__________________where it is stored. bladder

13. Urine composition and the rate of urine formation are largely regulated by hormones

_______________________, and __________________________. Antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone

14. _________________________ (ADH) is produced by the posterior pituitary gland and increases the

body’s ability to reabsorb water as it increases the permeability of the collecting ducts. Antidiuretic

hormone

15. List the 3 processes required for urine production __________, ____________, and_____________. Filtration, reabsorption, tubular secretion

16. Define filtration.

the passage of substances through the capillaries of the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule.

17. What is the filtrate?

small molecules like water, salts, glucose, and urea (all called filtrate) but no large molecules.

18. Describe reabsorption. What substances are reabsorbed from the loop into the bloodstream?

the transfer of essential solutes and water from the nephron back into the blood. Salts, glucose and amino acids.

19. How does kidney function relate to homeostasis?

The kidneys remove metabolic wastes from the body by filtering the blood. Without the removal of these wastes many of these

substances would become toxic to the human body. Therefore the kidneys play a major role in keeping a constant internal

environment.

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Unit 5 – Protection and Control

1. Label the following diagram.

1. Label the diagrams

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1. Pituatary gland 2. Thyroid gland 3. Thymus 4. Adrenal Glands 5. Pancreas

6. Ovaries 7. Testes 8. Cerebral cortex 9. Cerebellum 10. Spinal Cord

11. Medulla Oblongata 12. Pons 13. Pituitary gland 14. Hypothalamus 15. Corpus

Callosum

16. Temporal Lobe 17. Frontal Lobe 18. Parietal Lobe 19. Occipatal Lobe 20. Cerebellum

21. Dentrites 22. Node of Ranvier 23. Myelin Sheath 24. Axon 25. Cell body

(soma)

The lymphatic system:

2. List the 3 functions of the lymphatic system

i. _________________________________________________________

ii. _________________________________________________________

iii. _________________________________________________________ i. it returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood.

ii. it provides defense against invading microorganisms and disease.

iii. absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive system

3. List the 4 components of lymph

i. _________________________________________________________

ii. _________________________________________________________

iii. _________________________________________________________

iv. _________________________________________________________ water, salts, proteins, hormones, nutrients, waste products, gases

i. The lymphatic organs are characterized by clusters of

_______lymphocytes________________.

ii. Four lymphatic organs are: ________spleen________________________,

__________adenoids___________________________,

___________lymph nodes_____________________,

______________tonsils________________________.

The immune system:

4. ______________ and _______________ are two types of lymphocytes. T-cells and B-cells

5. B-cells fight infection by the production of _____________ whereas, T-cells like

macrophages fight infection by ______________________. antibodies, engulfing pathogens by

phagocytosis.

6. Examples of chemical barriers _____________,____________,__________ Chemical

barriers: mucous, oil and sweat, stomach acids, lyzozymes in tears

7. Examples of physical barriers _____________, ____________, __________ Physical barriers: skin, cilia, hair

8. Differentiate between cell mediated and antibody mediated immunity.

Antibody-Mediated Immunity results from the production of antibodies specific to a given antigen. Cell-mediated Immunity requires direct physical contact with antigens. It is provided by T cells and does

not involve the secretion of antibodies. T cells are involved in the attacking of certain bacteria, viruses,

fungi and immunity to cancer cells.

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9. Differentiate between passive and active immunity.

Active immunity develops after an illness or vaccine. It is the production of antibodies against a specific agent

by the immune system. Passive immunity is the type of immunity when the individual is given antibodies to

combat a specific disease. Passive immunity is short-lived, usually only lasting for few weeks (breast feeding).

10. Describe the differences between primary and secondary immune response.

A primary immune response takes place when an antigen (foreign protein) is detected by one of an array of

white blood cells. The development of antibodies against the antigen develops and the pathogen is either

destroyed or rendered incapable of injuring cells. The secondary immune response involves memory cells the

second time the same antigen is found in the body.

11. Explain how a vaccination may prevent a person from contracting a disease.

A vaccine stimulates the antibody production and formation of memory cells without causing the disease.

Therefore if infected by the real disease, the body is ready.

The nervous system:

12. List the main functions of the nervous system___________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

The nervous system is the major controlling, regulatory, and communicating system in the body.

13. Define the following: stimulus, receptor, impulse, and effector. Stimulus: something that incites to action or exertion or quickens action, feeling, thought, etc

Receptor: a kind of sensor that picks up information about an organism's internal or external environment

Impulse: a progressive wave of excitation over a nerve or muscle fiber

Effector: a structure that responds when it is stimulated by nerve impulses

14. _____________ carry an impulse from the receptor toward the spinal cord, where

_____________ relay the information to the ______________ which stimulate the

effector. Sensory neurons, associative neurons, brain

15. The five components of a reflex arc are __________, __________, ____________,

______________, and ________________. Receptor, Sensory neuron, associative neuron, motor neuron, effectors

16. A _______________________ is an involuntary, automatic response to a given stimulus. reflex

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17. Describe the electrical state of a resting neuron.

A resting neuron is positively charged on the outside and negatively charged on the inside.

18. How does the electrical state of a neuron change as an impulse travels down it?

As an impulse travels down it, the inside becomes positively charged and the outside negatively charged.

19. When is the nerve cell unable to carry impulses?

During repolarization

20. Explain the following statement, “A neuron fires on an all-or-none response”

A stimulus must be greater or equal to the nerve threshold or the neuron will not fire. It does not matter how

much greater the stimulus is, the neuron will fire the exact same (the difference is the number of times it fires).

21. How is the transmission of an impulse across a synapse performed?

Synaptic vesicles release neurtransmitters into the synapse. These are picked up by the next neuron which fires

an impulse.

22. The two main divisions of the nervous system are _________________ , which consists

of the brain and _____________. The other is the ________________ which contains

__________________________________. Central nervous system, spinal cord, Peripheral

nervous system, nerves and their roots.

23. The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the ______________ and the

__________________. sympathetic, parasympathetic

The endocrine system:

24. Hormones are _________________________________________________ which are

composed of _______ and travel through the ______ to target organs. chemical substances,

proteins, blood

25. One type of hormones are ________________ composed of ________ they can move

through cell membranes and are produced in the _____________. The other type are

____________ and are composed of ______________ which are unable to pass through

cell membranes. steroid hormones, lipids, gonads-adrenal cortex-placenta. peptide hormones, short

amino acid chains. 26. Hormones are secreted by ___________________ glands, which secrete hormones

through ducts, ___________________ glands, which secrete hormones directly into the

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blood capillaries and ____________________ glands which can secrete its products into

ducts or directly into the blood stream. Exocrine, endocrine, heterocrine

27. Complete the chart.

Gland Hormone Target Effect

Pituitary 1. oxytocin

2. antidiuretic hormone

Uterus (female)

Sperm duct muscles

(males)

Contraction of smooth

muscle during child birth

Stimulate muscles of the

sperm duct to propel

sperm out of the body

Thyroid 1. thyroxin

2. calcitonin

Body cells

Bone cells

Regulate metabolism

Prevents release of

calcium in bones

Parathyroid 1. parathormone

blood Raises calcium level in

blood

Pancreas 1. insulin

2. glucagons

Blood

Blood

Lowers blood sugar level

Raises concentration of

glucose in blood

Gonads: Ovaries

Testes

1. estrogen

2. progesterone

1. testosterone

Reproductive organs and

body cells

Reproductive organs and

body cells

Reproductive organs and

body cells

Secondary sexual

characteristics

Prepares uterus to receive

a fertilized egg

Secondary sexual

characteristics

Adrenal: cortex

medulla

1. aldosterone

1. adrenalin

Kidney

Body cells

Salt and water balance

Fight, flight response

Unit 6 – Wellness and Homeostatic Change

Separate handout later this week

If you are having trouble with any of the above questions, please

arrange a meeting with Mr.Cawker as soon as possible.

Good Luck on the exam! Note: Parts of this review was created using Ms. Mackie’s Bio30S exam review… thank you Ms. Mackie