Bolton Resource Management Tract Study Area

Terrestrial Biological Inventoryand Assessment

June, 2008

Contact: Sue Hayes Toronto Region Conservation Authority

Ecology Division Regional Watershed Monitoring Program

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List of Contributors

• Sue Hayes • Gavin Miller • David Milsom • Paul Prior • Patricia Moleirinho

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Bolton Resource Management Tract (BRMT) Study AreaTable of Contents

1.0 Introduction................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 The Terrestrial Natural Heritage Program ................................................................ 1

1.1.1 Landscape Indicators ......................................................................................... 2 1.1.2 The Region Today.............................................................................................. 4 1.1.3 The Region in 100 Years ................................................................................... 4 1.1.4 Vegetation Communities and Species ............................................................... 5

1.2 Inventory Methodology ............................................................................................ 5

2.0 Results and Discussion of BRMT Study Area .......................................................... 7 2.1 Site Location; Floristic and Physiographic Regions................................................. 7 2.2 Habitat Patch Findings for BRMT Study Area......................................................... 8

2.2.1 Quality Distribution of Natural Cover ............................................................... 8 2.2.2 Quantity of Natural Cover ................................................................................. 9

2.3 Vegetation Community Findings for BRMT Study Area......................................... 9 2.3.1 Vegetation Community Representation............................................................. 9 2.3.2 Vegetation Communities of Concern............................................................... 11

2.4 Flora Findings for BRMT Study Area .................................................................... 12 2.4.1 Flora Species Representation........................................................................... 12 2.4.2 Flora Species of Concern ................................................................................. 13

2.5 Fauna Findings for the BRMT Study Area............................................................. 16 2.5.1 Fauna Species Representation.......................................................................... 16 2.5.2 Fauna Species of Concern................................................................................ 16

3.0 Recommendations ..................................................................................................... 20 3.1 Summary ................................................................................................................. 20 3.2 Site Recommendations............................................................................................ 21

3.2.1 Quality Distribution Recommendation............................................................ 23 3.2.2 Quantity Recommendations............................................................................. 25

4.0 References................................................................................................................... 26

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Tables

Table 1: Habitat Patch Quality, Rank and Species Response.................................. 3 Table 2: Schedule of the TRCA Biological Surveys of the BRMTStudy Area, 2001

- 2007 ......................................................................................................................... 6 Table 3: Summary and Recommendations for the BRMT Study Area by Indicator

................................................................................................................................... 21

Maps

Map 1: BRMT Study Area in the Context of Regional Natural Cover ...............................24 Map 2: BRMT Study Area ..................................................................................................25 Map 3: BRMT Study Area with Existing and Potential Natural Cover...............................24 Map 4: Habitat Patch Size with Fauna Area Sensitivity Scores........................................26 Map 5: Scores for Matrix Influence and Flora Sensitivity to Development.......................27 Map 6: Scores for Matrix Influence and Fauna Sensitivity to Development.....................28 Map 7: Habitat Patch Quality.............................................................................................29 Map 8: Regional Natural System Habitat Patch Quality ...................................................30 Map 9: Distribution of Fauna Regional Species of Concern ............................................31 Map 10: Vegetation Communities with their Associated Local Ranks .............................32 Map 11: Locations of Flora Species of Concern...............................................................33 Map 12: Flora Habitat Dependence Scores......................................................................34 Map 13: Location of Fauna Species of Concern ..............................................................35 Map 14: Fauna Species of Concern Habitat Dependence Scores ..................................36

Appendices

Appendix 1: List of Vegetation Communities ....................................................................37 Appendix 2: List of Flora Species......................................................................................38 Appendix 3: List of Fauna Species....................................................................................45

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1.0 Introduction

This report describes the Bolton Resource Management Tract (BRMT) Study Area in the context of the Terrestrial Natural Heritage Program of the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA). The question that the report addresses is “How does the area surveyed at the BRMT site fit within the regional natural system, and how should its contribution to this system be protected and maximized?” The important message outlined by this question is that the health of the natural system is measured at the regional scale and specific sites must be considered together for their benefits at all scales, from the site to the larger system. The TRCA has developed a Terrestrial Natural Heritage Systems Strategy for retaining and recovering natural heritage within its jurisdiction that incorporates target-setting at the regional level (TRCA, 2007d). A target system that identifies a land base where natural cover should be restored is a key component of the Strategy. Although the objectives of the Strategy are based on making positive changes at all scales, the evaluation models were developed at the landscape scale using a combination of digital land cover mapping and field-collecteddata. Field-collected data also provides ground-level information in the application of the landscape models at the site scale. This report explains the results of vegetation community and flora and fauna species inventories conducted at BRMT and, more importantly, will explain how this site-specific information fits into the regional Natural Heritage Strategy and targets.

The report is divided into several sections and sub-sections. The first section of the report includes this introduction followed by a sub-section providing background information on the Terrestrial Natural Heritage (TNH) Program; Section 1 is broad scoped. This information will assist the reader in understanding the science and rationale behind the Strategy and targets that are a key part of this program and the recommendations for this site. Also included in the first section of the report is the methodology for the collection of data pertaining to the site. Section 2 is site-focused; having examined the regional context, our reporting now describes the site and the results and analysis of information collected through both remote-sensing and field surveys. Section 3 combines results from Sections 1 & 2 to provide recommendations for the site in context with the regional natural heritage strategy and targets.

1.1 The Terrestrial Natural Heritage Program

Rapid urban expansion in the TRCA jurisdiction has led to continuous incremental loss of natural cover and species. In a landscape that probably supported 95 percent forest cover prior to European settlement, current mapping shows that only about 16 percent forest and wetland cover remains. Agricultural and natural lands are increasingly being urbanised while species continue to disappear. This represents a substantial loss of ecological integrity and ecosystem function that would be exacerbated in the future according to trends.

In the late 1990s the TRCA initiated the Terrestrial Natural Heritage (TNH) Program to address terrestrial biodiversity loss in the nine watersheds that compose its jurisdiction.

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It based this work on two landscape-level indicators: the quality distribution of natural cover and the quantity of natural cover. These indicators summarize changes that occurred in the historical natural system. The aim of the program is to create a conservation strategy that both protects elements of the natural system (vegetation communities, flora and fauna species) before they become rare and promotes greater ecological function of the natural system as a whole. This aim is accomplished through the TNH Strategy by setting targets – both short and long term (100 years) - for the two “indicators” to provide direction in planning at all scales (TRCA, 2006b). The two indicators and the targets that have been set for them are explained below. It is important to understand that each of the two indicators is interdependent, for example, neither well-distributed, poor-quality natural cover, nor poorly-distributed good quality natural cover, achieves the desired conditions.

An example of the stress placed on the natural system is illustrated by a continent-wide study undertaken by the Cornell Lab of Ornithology. The study showed that scarlet tanagers (a bird species that requires mature deciduous forests) are less area sensitivein a landscape that still has a high percentage of forest cover than in a landscape where overall forest cover has been greatly reduced (Rosenburg et al., 1999). This example demonstrates how important it is to view development and management at the broader regional scale rather than solely at the site-specific level. The important issue is the cumulative loss of natural cover in the TRCA region that has resulted from innumerable site-specific decisions.

1.1.1 Landscape Indicators

The quality distribution and quantity of natural cover in a region are important determinants of the species distribution, vegetation community health and the provision of ecosystem services in that region. As agricultural and urban land uses replace natural cover, diminishing proportions of various natural vegetation communities and reduced populations of native species remain. Unforeseen stresses are then exerted on the remaining flora and fauna in the natural heritage system and they become rarer and may eventually be at risk of extirpation. This pattern ultimately lowers the ability of the land to support biodiversity and to maintain or enhance the quality of human life (e.g. through increased pollution and decreased space for recreation).

Base Mapping

The first step in evaluating a natural system or an individual patch is to interpret and map land cover using ærial photographs. The basic unit for the evaluation at all scales is the individual habitat patch in the region, which are then combined and evaluated as a system at any scale. A habitat patch is a continuous piece of habitat, as determined from ærial photo interpretation. TRCA maps habitat according to four broad categories: forest, wetland, meadow, and coastal (beach, dune, or bluff). At the regional level, the TRCA jurisdiction is made up of thousands of habitat patches. This mapping of habitat patches in broad categories is conducted through remote-sensing and is used in the evaluation of quality, distribution and quantity. It should not be confused with the more

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detailed mapping of vegetation communities that is obtained through field-surveys and that is used to ground-truth the evaluation (the latter follows in Section 2).

Quality Distribution of Natural Cover

Quality is not just viewed on its own across the watershed, distribution of this quality is considered at the same time. If the distribution of quality habitat is poor, then the distribution of species of concern will also be poor. Where these species occur there is often a high correlation to the range and quality of ecosystem services provided. Therefore, for a watershed to deliver the range of ecosystem services equally across the watershed and provide the habitat necessary to maintain a complex and dynamic terrestrial system, good quality habitat must be distributed evenly. By examining the quality of habitat across each subunit or subwatershed the distribution of quality habitat, or ‘quality distribution’ can be ascertained.

Each habitat patch is evaluated according to three criteria: size (the number of hectares occupied by the patch), shape (edge-to-area ratio), and matrix influence (measure of the positive and negative impacts from surrounding land use)(TRCA, 2006a). A total score for each patch is obtained through a weighted average of the scores for the three criteria. This total score is used as a surrogate for the ‘quality’ of a habitat patch and is translated into a local rank (L-rank) ranging from L1-L5 based on the range of possible total scores from 3 to 15 points. Of these L-ranks, L1 represents the highest quality habitat and L5 the poorest.

Species presence or absence correlates to habitat patch size, shape and matrix influence (patch quality)(Kilgour, 2003). The quality target is based on attaining a quality of habitat patch throughout the natural system that would support in the very long term a broad range of biodiversity, more specifically a quality that would support the region’s fauna Species of Conservation Concern (Table 1).

Regional Target: The target for quality distribution is to increase the quality of patches in all subwatersheds while promoting the “good quality” (L2) average regionally (TRCA, 2007d).

Humber Watershed Target: Currently, the average quality of natural cover patches in the Humber Watershed is ranked as L3; the refined target system for the watershed seeks to increase this to an L2 average (by hectare of whole watershed) (TRCA, 2008b).

Table 1: Habitat Patch Quality, Rank and Species Response

Size, Shape and Matrix Patch Rank Fauna Species of Concern Excellent L1 Generally Found Good L2 Generally Found Fair L3 Generally Found Poor L4 Generally Not Found Very Poor L5 Generally Not Found

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In addition to the three criteria that make up the total habitat patch score, another important measure to consider in assessing habitat patch quality is forest interior, i.e. the amount of forest habitat that is greater than 100 meters from the edge of the forest patch, using 100 meter increments. A recognized distance for deep interior conditions occurs at 400 meters from the patch edge. Such conditions are a habitat requirement for several sensitive fauna species.

Quantity

The quantity target is largely the amount of forest and wetland cover necessary to achieve the quality distribution targets. This illustrates how the two targets are dependent on each other.

Regional Target: The quantity target of 30 per cent is the minimum forest and wetland cover required for the “good quality” average to be distributed where possible in the TRCA jurisdiction (TRCA, 2007d).

Based on 2002 orthophotography, 25% of the land area in the TRCA jurisdiction consists of natural cover but this figure includes meadow and old field. Although historically, the region would have consisted of up to 95% forest cover, today only about 16% is covered by forest and wetland. Of the non-natural cover (i.e. the remaining 75%), 48% is urban and 27% is rural/agricultural.

Humber Watershed Target: The Humber Watershed covers 91,077 ha, and currently 29,089 ha – 31.9% - of this is natural cover (again, including meadow and old field, 2007 figures). TRCA technicians have identified and refined a target natural heritage system that results in 35,493 ha of natural cover – 39% of the total watershed area (TRCA, 2008b).

1.1.2 The Region Today

The region-level analysis of habitat patches shows that the present average patch quality across the TRCA jurisdiction is “fair” (L3); forest and wetland cover is contained largely in the northern half of the TRCA jurisdiction, especially on the Oak Ridges Moraine; and the quantity is 16 per cent of the surface area of the TRCA jurisdiction. Thus the existing system stands below the target that has been set for the region (30%). It becomes increasingly important to recognise that all site-based decisions contribute to the condition of a region.

1.1.3 The Region in 100 Years

The targets for quality distribution and quantity fall short of the historic pre-settlement condition, which was likely an “excellent” patch quality (L1 rank) on average, with an even distribution and 100 per cent natural cover. Those historical conditions are not the

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regional vision any more than 100 per cent urban is desirable; rather, the goal is to promote natural cover in a city region where urban communities, agriculture and natural cover function together as an ecosystem. The targets represent an important move toward the sustainability of regional biodiversity. Achieving the targets would reverse the current trend of declining species and vegetation communities and would improve the system’s quality sufficiently to offset many impacts from further urban growth and intensification.

1.1.4 Vegetation Communities and Species

While the targets for the natural heritage system are derived from regional-scale information, the site surveys at the ground-truthing level provide important information that can be used in conjunction with the targets to plan decisions at the site level. A key component of the ground-truthing surveys is the scoring and ranking of vegetation communities and flora and fauna species to generate local (L) ranks (L1-L5)(TRCA, 2007e). Vegetation community scores and ranks are based on two criteria: local occurrence and the number of geophysical requirements or factors on which they depend. Flora species are scored using four criteria: local occurrence, population trend,habitat dependence, and sensitivity to impacts associated with development. Fauna species are scored based on seven criteria: local occurrence, local population trend,continent-wide population trend, habitat dependence, sensitivity to development, area-sensitivity, and mobility restriction. With the use of this ranking system, communities or species of regional concern, ranked L1-L3, now replace the idea of rare communities or species. Rarity (local occurrence) is still considered but is now one of many criteria that make up the L-ranks, making it possible to recognize communities or species of regional concern before they have become rare. As shown in Map 9, fauna species of regional concern are generally absent from the urban matrix.

Conservation efforts need to be exercised before a vegetation community or species becomes rare, since much of the damage is irreversible once a community or species is considered rare. This is why the regional targets are relevant at the site scale where cumulative impacts occur. In addition to the L1-L3 species, a large number of currently common or secure species at the regional level are considered of concern in the urban context. These are the species identified with a conservation rank of L4. Although L4 species are widespread and frequently occur in relatively intact urban sites, they are vulnerable to long-term declines.

1.2 Inventory Methodology

A biological inventory of the BRMTstudy area was conducted at the levels of habitat patch, vegetation community, and species (flora and fauna) according to the TRCA data collection methodology (TRCA, 2007c). Habitat patch mapping was excerpted from the regional 2002 mapping of broadly-defined patch categories (forest, wetland, meadow and coastal) and digitized using ArcView GIS software. For the purpose of keeping track of the survey status of the different portions of the study area it was decided to break the whole of the BRMT into four blocks, A – D:

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Block A extends south from Old Church Road to Caslederg Sideroad Block B includes all areas to the south of Castlederg Sideroad, west of Duffy’s LaneBlock C includes the extensive portion between Duffy’s Lane and Highway 50 to the south of Castlederg Sideroad Block D covers the small corridor of natural cover extending into the urban area to the east of Highway 50.

These blocks are described here as a means to easily describe the survey status but are not included on the maps of the site.

Vegetation communities and flora species were surveyed concurrently. Botanical fieldwork for the site was conducted in 2001 and 2007 (Table 2)1. Vegetation community designations were based on the Ecological Land Classification (ELC) and determined to the level of vegetation type (Lee et al., 1998). Community boundaries were outlined onto printouts of 2002 digital ortho-rectified photographs (ortho-photos) to a scale of 1:2000 and then digitized in ArcView. Flora regional species of concern (species ranked L1-L3) were mapped as point data with approximate number of individuals seen.

Fauna data were collected by the TRCA in April and June/July, 2001, 2005 and 2007. Blocks A and B were surveyed thoroughly in 2007, augmented by survey results from 2001; Block C was surveyed thoroughly in 2005, augmented by survey results from 2001; Block D has not been surveyed for fauna. The spring survey searched primarily for frog species of regional concern, but recorded incidentally the presence of any early-spring nocturnal bird species (owls and American woodcocks). The summer surveys were concerned primarily with the mapping of breeding bird species of regional concern. Songbirds are surveyed in June/July in order to obtain breeding bird data and to exclude migrants. The methodology for identifying confirmed and possible breeding birds follows Cadman et al. (1987). Fauna regional species of concern (species ranked L1-L3) and species of urban concern (L4) were mapped as point data.

Table 2: Schedule of the TRCA Biological Surveys of the BRMTStudy Area, 2001 - 2007

Survey Item Dates Time (hours)

Patch/Landscape 2002 ortho-photos 21 hours

1 Block A was surveyed in 2007. Blocks B and C were surveyed in 2001 with additional flora species information collected in 2007, while Block D was surveyed in 2001 with a very small portion from 2002.

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Vegetation Communities & Flora Species

2001: Sep 17,18,19,20,21,25, 26,27,28; Oct 1,2,3,4,9,10,11, 15,17. 2002: Jun 12;

2007: May 10,14,16,28,29,30; Jun 11,13,15,18,25; Jul 12,23, 24,26,27,30,31; Aug 3, 8,9,10, 13,14,15; Sep 12

320 hours

Frogs & Vernal Birds 12, 13, 15 April, 2005. 2, 17, 18, 20, 22 April, 2007.

21.5 hours

Breeding Songbirds 14, 17, 18, 19 June, 2001. 1, 2, 17, 20, 21 June, 2005; 7 July, 2005. 1, 4, 6, 7, 21, 25, 26 June, 2007; 10, 11 July, 2007..

114 hours

2.0 Results and Discussion of BRMT Study Area

Information pertaining to the study area was collected through both remote-sensing and ground-truthing surveys. This information contains three levels of detail: habitat patch, vegetation community, and species (flora and fauna). Section 2 provides the information collected and its analysis in the context of the TNH strategy. Sub-section 2.1 gives an overview of the site location and general information about the site. Further sub-sections will present the findings and analysis under the headings of habitat patch, vegetation communities, flora species, and fauna species.

2.1 Site Location; Floristic and Physiographic Regions

The BRMT study area is on the main branch of the Humber River just upstream from Bolton in the Town of Caledon. It includes a small area of urban parkland within Bolton, but the vast majority of the land is rural (Maps 1 & 2). Most of the land is composed of largish blocks south of Castlederg Sideroad east and west of Duffy’s Lane, and one large block north of Castlederg Sideroad west of Duffy’s Lane. Much of this land was assembled and purchased by TRCA in the early 1960s. Additional parcels include the abovementioned urban riparian parkland within Bolton proper extending east of Highway 50, a former landfill on the west side of Humber Station Road north of Castlederg surrounded by plantation and forest, and the Cedar Mains property east of Duffy’s Lane and south of Old Church Road. The site lies entirely within the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence floristic region, composed of mixed coniferous-deciduous forest.

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The northwest half of the site lies on the Oak Ridges Moraine, with the remainder extending down onto the South Slope physiographic region. The moraine boundary is south of Castlederg Sideroad and extends southwest, lying a short distance west of Duffy’s Lane. The topography and hydrogeology is divided distinctly by the Oak Ridges Moraine boundary. On the moraine, the terrain is rolling with a fairly loosely-defined river valley. At the upstream end of Bolton Tract, the moraine’s sandy loam soils are evident, while as one approaches the boundary of the moraine, there is more of a till overlay. Wetlands are abundant, with numerous kettles in the till portion and seepage headwater swamps along the valleys. The South Slope portion of Bolton Tract, as one moves downstream toward Bolton, has clay loam soils on till with a deeply incised river valley. Wetlands are fewer. As the Humber River exits the Oak Ridges Moraine, the valley includes some remarkably large and well-developed incised meanders, notably around Duffy’s Lane.

2.2 Habitat Patch Findings for BRMT Study Area

The following details the study area according to the two natural system indicators used in designing the Terrestrial Natural Heritage System Strategy: the quality distribution and quantity of natural cover. Analysis was based on 2002 ortho-photos.

2.2.1 Quality Distribution of Natural Cover

The Humber watershed, being the largest watershed in the TRCA jurisdiction, has extensive natural cover in the upper reaches, but the lower half of the watershed is heavily urbanized. The 32% natural cover of the watershed is relatively high but poorly distributed. Bolton Tract is in the upper watershed but is just upstream of the urbanizing boundary of the Bolton settlement area through which the Humber River passes. The downstream parts of Bolton Tract actually have an urban matrix (See Map 8).

Habitat Patch Size and Shape

The study area is a fairly even mix of “fair” and “good” sized patches of natural cover, the best representation of large size patches being in the area to the east of Duffy’s Lane, south of Castlederg Sideroad (Block C, surveyed primarily in 2005). “Good” size patches score 4 out of a possible 5 points (i.e. at least 50 ha for forests or 10 ha for wetlands - see Map 3). This implies that there are habitat patches of sufficient size to accommodate many area sensitive fauna species.

The majority of the habitat patches have rather uneven boundaries and shapes and this results in a comparatively low incidence of Forest Interior habitat despite the large area of many of the forest patches. Nowhere within the study area does Forest Interior occur beyond 200 metres from the patch edge, although there are several places where the 100 metre threshold is reached: such Forest Interior occurs throughout the site but with slightly more extensive examples in the western half of the site (see Map 4).

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Habitat Patch Matrix Influence

Analysis based on the 2002 ortho-photos shows that the habitat in the study area is split as to Matrix Influence, with the area to the west of Duffy’s Lane receiving a “good” score (i.e. scores four out of a possible five points, see Maps 5 & 6) while the area to the east of Duffy’s Lane receives a “fair” score (i.e. three out of five points). This can be attributed to the proximity of the town of Bolton to the south east of the site, the urban matrix associated with Bolton wrapping around the extreme eastern extension of the site.

Habitat Patch Total Score

Map 7 shows that the BRMT Study Area scores primarily “fair” quality, with just one medium sized patch between Humber Station Road and Duffy’s Lane (to the south of Castlederg Sideroad) scoring as a “good” quality patch. The habitat quality of the forest component of BRMT is thus roughly equivalent to the average condition in the TRCA jurisdiction and should support some Species and Vegetation Communities of Concern, although not to the extent of higher quality sites just to the north such as Albion Hills and Palgrave.

2.2.2 Quantity of Natural Cover

The Humber watershed is approximately 91,078 hectares in size containing 32.1% natural cover, including 18,208 hectares as forest (20%, including successional) and 1413.4 hectares as wetland (1.55%). Complete ELC coverage of Bolton Tract resulted in a ground-truthed total of 773.8 ha vegetated natural cover in the study area: 371.6 ha forest, 221.4 ha successional, 93.0 ha wetland, 0.2 ha vegetated aquatic, 6.8 ha bluff and barren, and 80.8 ha meadow. This amounts to 2.7% of the total natural cover in the Humber watershed.

2.3 Vegetation Community Findings for BRMT Study Area

2.3.1 Vegetation Community Representation

The complex geology and topography of Bolton Tract (traversed by the Humber River and a number of small tributaries and including both Oak Ridges Moraine and South Slope), along with a range of historic and current land uses (agriculture, woodlot, established settlement area) are reflected in a very diverse and complicated mosaic of vegetation communities (Appendix 1; Map 10). A total of 128 different ELC vegetation community types were described for the site. Six were present only as inclusions and/or complexes.

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Bolton Tract supports 53 types of forest covering 371.6 hectares, including 18 plantation types covering 106.4 ha. Mature forests are found along the valley corridor and in several tableland woodlots. The most extensive are Fresh-Moist White Cedar - Hardwood Mixed Forest (FOM7-2), Fresh-Moist Sugar Maple – Hemlock Mixed Forest (FOM6-1), Fresh-Moist White Cedar Coniferous Forest (FOC4-1), and Dry-Fresh Sugar Maple – White Ash Deciduous Forest (FOD5-8). The preponderance of mixed or coniferous component at Bolton Tract (particularly when combined with the treed cedar swamps) is striking. Flora species of concern are frequently encountered in these forests; a rich spring ephemeral ground layer is evident in some of the sugar maple stands, and ferns are abundant in the mixed forests. A few species with Carolinian affinities occasionally appear in the deciduous forests (for example, running strawberry bush (Euonymus obovata), but the character of Bolton Tract is generally more northern. Invasive aliens are relatively few in the forests (see section 2.4.2). Younger types include Fresh-Moist Poplar Deciduous Forest (FOD8-1) Fresh-Moist Ash Deciduous Forest (FOD7-2), Fresh-Moist White Elm Deciduous Forest (FOD7-1), and Fresh-Moist Manitoba Maple Deciduous Forest (FOD7-a). These tend to occur on the floodplain or along the edge of wetlands.

Red and white pine plantations (CUP3-1 and CUP3-2, concentrated north of Castlederg Sideroad but present throughout, occupy over 70 ha in total. Scots Pine Coniferous Plantation (CUP3-3) and various other types also occur.

Wetlands occupy 93 ha. They are mostly but not entirely found on the Oak Ridges Moraine portion of Bolton Tract, and occur in two main situations: kettles and seepage zones. Kettle wetlands occur in depressions where a layer of relatively impermeable till covers the sand and gravel of the moraine. Numerous kettles occur in the vicinity of Humber Station Road north of Castlederg Sideroad, while some are found west of Duffy’s Lane south of Castlederg. There are even a couple of kettle-like features on terraces in the valley east of Duffy’s Lane. The kettles include a variety of shallow marshes, thicket swamps, and deciduous swamps, mostly on organic soils. One large kettle west of Humber Station Road features a Red Maple – Conifer Organic Mixed Swamp (SWM5-1). There are also a few examples of Black Ash Organic Deciduous Swamp (SWD5-1), Silver or Swamp Maple Organic Deciduous Swamp (SWD6-2, SWD6-3), and Swamp Maple Mineral Deciduous Swamp (SWD3-3). Willow Organic Thicket Swamp (SWT3-2), Broad-leaved Cattail Organic Shallow Marsh (MAS3-1A), and Reed Canary Grass Organic Shallow Marsh (MAS2-d) are more typical in the kettles. Past agricultural activity with its inputs of silt and nutrients along with natural succession may explain the absence of any true peatlands (kettle bogs) such as are found at Albion Hills and in the Oak Ridges Moraine Corridor Park. Reed canary grass may have become dominant in a few wetlands as another result of agriculture.

Discharge areas along the Humber River and a few tributaries support seepage wetlands or headwater swamps. Various types of cedar swamp (pure or mixed stands, on mineral or organic soils) are the dominant cover type here and occupy 51.5 ha. The most extensive are west of Humber Station Road south of Castlederg Sideroad and along the Humber River north of Castlederg sideroad.

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The wetlands have the highest densities of flora species of concern at Bolton Tract. Many of them have distinct northern affinities.

Vegetated aquatic habitats are restricted to a couple of small ponds of human origin; one of them in the vicinity of Humber Station Road supports a Pondweed Mixed Shallow Aquatic community (SAM1-4) with a range of aquatic macrophytes. The Humber River, although clean, is largely unvegetated (OAO1) with a couple of species of pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus and P. crispus (an exotic)).

Areas subjected to past agriculture (probably abandoned in the 1960s) include 80.8 ha of meadow dominated by tall goldenrod (Solidago altissima)(Native Forb Meadow (CUM1-A)) or smooth brome (Bromus inermis) and other European cool-season grasses (Exotic Cool-season Grass Graminoid Meadow (CUM1-b)). Most of the post-agricultural land, however, has advanced to various stages of succession (221.4 ha). Hawthorn Cultural Savannah (CUS1-1) and Native Mixed Sapling Regeneration Thicket (CUT1-A2) cover extensive areas. They are generally indicators of historic cattle pasture. Many of the successional areas have complexes and inclusions of young conifer plantation. These appear to have been planted in the late 1980’s – early 1990’s.

A few vegetation communities are the result of soil erosion and/or drought. A small amount of Treed Sand Barren (SBT1) occurs in the northern part of Bolton Tract, while open and shrub clay barren (CBO1, CBS1) occurs in the south. Bluffs: White Cedar Treed Bluff (BLT1-A), Deciduous Treed Bluff (BLT1-B), Sumac-Willow Shrub Bluff (BLS1-A), and Mineral Open Bluff (BLO1) occur on some of the steeper valley slopes downstream of the Oak Ridges Moraine.

2.3.2 Vegetation Communities of Concern

The vegetation communities that occur in the TRCA jurisdiction are scored and given a local rank from L1 to L5. Vegetation communities with a rank of L1 to L3 are considered of regional concern in the jurisdiction while L4 communities are considered of concern in the urban portion of the jurisdiction. The ranks are based on two criteria: localdistribution and geophysical requirements (TRCA, 2007e). Bolton Tract is mostly rural, so L4 communities are not included in the discussion.

Thirty-seven of the 128 vegetation communities found at Bolton Tract are of regional concern (Appendix 1; Map 10). These include three forest types, 27 wetlands 2 vegetated aquatic, and 6 bluff & barren communities. When it comes to considering the forest communities, however, their age and the diversity and quality of the understorey and ground layers are also important factors in addition to their ranks.

Three of the forest communities of regional concern, 16 of the wetland and aquatic communities, and 6 of the bluff / barren communities have a restricted local distribution(generally, they are restricted to six or fewer of the forty-four 10x10 km squares that

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encompass the TRCA jurisdiction). Most of these are unusual associations of common to moderately uncommon species: for example, Yellow Birch Organic Deciduous Swamp (SWD7-2), Rice Cut-grass Organic Shallow Marsh (MAS3-8), and Reed Canary Grass Organic Shallow Marsh (MAS3-d). The Fresh-Moist Poplar Mixed Forest (FOM8-1) is a type with northern affinities; generally, it is a mid-aged forest with conifers other than cedar being co-dominant with poplar. At Bolton Tract, this is represented by a stand of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea).Similarly, swamps that are dominated by such species as hemlock (Tsuga canadensis)and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) instead of cedar (Birch – Conifer Organic Mixed Swamp SWM6-1) are somewhat unusual and often include very old trees.

The geophysical requirements of communities in the TRCA jurisdiction make up the second criteria of the community L-rank. Vegetation communities develop under certain site conditions and may be restricted to particular locations based on slope aspect, hydrology, soil character (e.g. structure and nutrient status), and dynamic processes (e.g. erosion and flooding). Hydrological processes govern many communities. The coniferous and mixed swamps at Bolton Tract are associated with a continuous flow of cool groundwater and often a northerly or easterly exposure. This is also true to some extent of the coniferous and mixed forests. On the other hand, kettle wetlands typically fill up over the winter with snowmelt and rain and dry down in the summer. Treed sand barrens on some of the higher kames are subject to drought.

Organic soils are characteristic of many of the wetlands (both kettle and headwater seeps). The build-up of muck and peat takes centuries. The shift in mineral soil type is evident as one moves downstream in Bolton Tract; wetland and sand barren are more common upstream and characteristic of the Oak Ridges Moraine, while down towards Bolton proper, there are more bluffs and clay barrens characteristic of the South Slope.

Climate and land use changes may alter many of the vegetation communities at Bolton Tract, particularly the wetlands. Increased evaporation, reduced vegetation cover, and increased silt and nutrient input are potential threats.

2.4 Flora Findings for BRMT Study Area

2.4.1 Flora Species Representation

A total of 620 flora species were found at the Bolton Resource Management Tract Study Area during the 2001 and 2007 field seasons (Appendix 2). Of these, 18 occurred only as planted specimens; thus 602 can be considered naturally-occurring or established. There were 404 native naturally-occurring species, 67% of the total. One hundred sixty-two are of regional concern (ranking L1-L3 – See Map 11). This is more typical of higher-quality sites in the TRCA jurisdiction and reflects Bolton Tract’s large size, mostly rural setting, and wide range of vegetation communities.

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2.4.2 Flora Species of Concern

As with vegetation communities, flora species are considered of regional concern in the TRCA jurisdiction if they rank L1-L3 based on their scores for four criteria: local occurrence; population trend; habitat dependence; and sensitivity to development impacts. Most of the flora species of concern are not rare plants per se, since few of them rank as provincially rare (S1-S3); however, they are of conservation concern due to their sensitivity to development and restriction to certain habitats or certain areas within the TRCA region. L4 ranked communities and species are considered to be of concern within the urban portion of the jurisdiction.

Almost all the flora species of concern (160 in total) are associated with specificvegetation communities; consequently, they are highly susceptible to changes in these communities. They score relatively high in habitat dependence (Appendix 2)(Map 12). Roughly, they are found in 7 or fewer vegetation cohorts (groupings of vegetation types with similar floristic characteristics)(TRCA, 2008a). For example, the deciduous forests (FOD5, FOD6) support spring ephemerals such as broad-leaved spring beauty (Claytonia caroliniana) and squirrel corn (Dicentra canadensis). Certain sedges such as Hitchcock’s sedge (Carex hitchcockiana) and thin-leaved sedge (Carex cephaloidea)are also characteristic. Richer and moister deciduous forests (often also mixed types with cedar such as FOM7-2) have many ferns such as Goldie’s wood fern (Dryopteris goldiana), beech fern (Phegopteris connectilis), and maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum). Sometimes there are species with southern affinities in the richer forests: for example, running strawberry-bush (Euonymus obovata) and bladdernut (Staphyleatrifoliata). On the other hand, cool mixed forests with hemlock (FOM6-1, FOM6-2) support such species of concern as Indian cucumber-root (Medeola virginiana) and rose-twisted stalk (Streptopus roseus). Pinesap (Monotropa hypopithys) is occasionally abundant in young-to-mid-aged white pine plantations (CUP3-2)

Wetland species found in kettle marshes and swamps (e.g. MAS3, SWT3, and some SWD3 and SWD6 types) include winterberry holly (Ilex verticillata), water arum (Calla palustris), rattlesnake grass (Glyceria canadensis) and many sedges (Carex spp.). The seepage headwater swamps (mostly SWC3 and SWM4) have a distinct set of often northern species such as balsam fir (Abies balsamea), three-seeded sedge (Carex trisperma), goldthread (Coptis trifolia), and twinflower (Linnaea borealis). A few species such as angelica (Angelica atropurpurea) and great St. Johnswort (Hypericum ascyron)appear to follow the banks of the Humber River in openings (intermediate between swamp and successional types of community).

Diverse aquatic flora is restricted to one pond near Humber Station Road south of Castlederg. Here occur fragrant water-lily (Nymphaea odorata ssp. odorata), and bushy naiad (Najas flexilis). One wetland in the eastern part of Bolton Tract had been recorded as a Reed Canary Grass Organic Meadow Marsh (MAM3-2) in 2001, but had standing water and floating-leaved pondweed (Potamogeton natans) in 2007. This is strange, because both surveys were in late summer during a very dry season. Perhaps spotty thunderstorms had kept the water level high in 2007.

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The sand and clay barren habitats (or often bare patches within plantations or successional habitats) support a few distinct species of regional concern, notably tower mustard (Arabis glabra), long-headed thimbleweed (Anemone cylindrica), and common juniper (Juniperus communis). Small yellow sedge (Carex cryptolepis) was found in 2001 in a clayey opening.

Most of the flora species of concern (156 of 162) have specific sensitivity to development impacts, scoring 3 or more for this criterion (Appendix 2). These impacts are indirect ones emanating from the surrounding land use or matrix influence. Note the clustering of highly sensitive plants in the more mature forests along the ravines amid a “fair” matrix influence (Map 5). This is due to the sheltered character of the forest and the relative lack of public access or intrusion onto the site. Areas that have a history of land use disturbance, including agriculture, have fewer sensitive species. Several disturbances are noteworthy as possible impacts to be aware of.

Hydrological changes from nearby development can include drainage and drying or flooding from impeded drainage and increased stormwater. A very large proportion of the flora of concern at Bolton Tract are wetland species and thus likely to be sensitive to such hydrological changes. This is particularly true of those found in the seepage mixed and coniferous swamps, which rely on a steady flow of cool ground water. Such species as bristle-stalked sedge (Carex leptalea) and a number of other sedges; goldthread (Coptis trifolia), and naked mitrewort (Mitella nuda) would be in this category. Certain trees such as hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) and most of the fern species (even those that are not restricted to swamps such as oak fern (Gymnocarpium dryopteris) and maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum) should also be considered sensitive to subtle changes in hydrological regime. The water level of kettle wetlands may also be altered by climate change and land use, thus affecting species such as hop sedge (Carex lupulina) and northern manna grass (Glyceria borealis).

Pollution of the air or changes to soil through nutrient-laden runoff alter the habitat and affect less-competitive wetland plants such as certain sedges (e.g. Carex canescens, C.disperma), and stiff marsh bedstraw (Galium tinctorium). These may be replaced by more aggressive species that can take advantage of increased disturbance and nutrient loading such as reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea). Trees such as white pine (Pinus strobus), hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), and balsam fir (Abies balsamea) and forest floor plants may be similarly affected even if they rank L4 as in the case of the first two trees named.

Disturbance caused by development and increased recreational use also facilitates the spread of invasive species. So far, Bolton Tract is relatively lightly affected, but increased recreation pressures and deer browsing are likely to facilitate invasive alien species. Dog-strangling vine (Cynanchum rossicum) is already scattered across Bolton Tract with over 30 small populations recorded, though it is not yet dominant anywhere2.Many of these populations are near Duffy’s Lane between Castlederg Sideroad and Old Church Road. Dog-strangling vine is of particular concern due to its virulence (TRCA,

2 Locations of dog-strangling vine at Bolton Tract were mapped into the TRCA GIS database and may be made available for those interested in management of the park.

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2008a). As the plant appears to have a stealthy establishment phase followed by rapid take-over of habitats, early action is critical for control. Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata)is only in small infestations, but can be expected to spread rapidly with trails and recreational use. It is mostly restricted to three areas: the margin of the Caledon Woods golf club on the Cedar Mains lands; the forest edge around a former agricultural field west of the Humber River north of Castlederg Sideroad now being actively planted; and in disturbed lowland deciduous forests in the urban area of Bolton. This species, too, is in a fairly early stage of invasion. Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) is present in many successional and young forest habitats, especially on the South Slope portion of Bolton Tract. Finally, three ornamental species that have escaped from old homesteads are invading native forests here: lily-of-the-valley (Convallaria majalis), goutweed (Aegopodium podagraria), and periwinkle (Vinca minor). These three plants are capable of forming dense monospecific ground cover in mature forests and replace native ground flora.

Many native plants, especially when subjected to other stresses, cannot compete with invasives. For example, in open and semi-open areas, sky-blue aster (Asteroolentangiensis) and common juniper (Juniperus communis) are smaller and slower-growing than a number of invasive alien species. The same is true of many forest ground flora and woodland sedges (Carex spp.) Wetland invasion by reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea), common reed (Phragmites communis), and hybrid cattail (Typhax glauca) is typically concomitant with disturbance such as sediment, fertilizer, and road salt.

Increased populations of deer often occur in areas with light to moderate amounts of development. Field observations suggest that there has been a noticeable increase in deer between 2001 and 2007; the majority of forest communities surveyed in 2007 had noticeable deer browse. Overbrowsing by deer affects many native species such as trillium (Trillium spp.) and tree regeneration. Ground hemlock (Taxus canadensis) is noticeably affected at Bolton Tract and most plants seen were browsed to the point of being in decline. While some native plants including many ferns are spared by deer, many invasives are also avoided and so may be encouraged.

Butternut (Juglans cinerea) is found at Bolton Tract in a couple of places; it is now considered endangered because of an introduced canker disease that is rapidly killing off most individuals across its range. Only a few trees at Bolton Tract were healthy in 2007.

Alteration of disturbance regimes can lead to the extirpation of species that require some kinds of disturbance. For example, foxglove beardtongue (Penstemon digitalis), tower mustard (Arabis glabra) and common juniper (Juniperus communis) require open habitats that may result from either anthropogenic grazing or natural fire. On the other hand, the saprophytic Indian pipe and pinesap (Monotropa spp.) require natural and undisturbed litter accumulation.

Increased access and use associated with recreational demand also involves increased trampling and soil compaction. Species that have a delicate stem and/or produce only a single set of leaves per growing season, such as starflower (Trientalis borealis) and

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trillium are susceptible to trampling. Many forest ground flora are in this category. Mature forests that support such flora are particularly attractive to various trail users.

Finally, a few species are directly targeted by people for collection as edibles or for planting in their gardens. Wild leek (Allium tricoccum) is often eaten, and Michigan lily (Lilium michiganense) and yellow lady’s slipper (Cypripedium calceolus ssp. parviflorum) are showy flowers often collected for garden use.

In response to loss of habitat and stresses from land use changes, susceptible flora exhibits a declining population trend and may become rare or even extirpated. Because of urbanization, most native flora species in the Toronto area are suspected to be undergoing slight declines as the total land base becomes smaller. Species that are considered rare according to the local occurrence criterion are found in fewer than 7 of the 44 10x10 km grid squares that cover the TRCA jurisdiction. The large size and intact habitat at Bolton Tract supports some notable rare species which are known in only 1-3 places in the TRCA jurisdiction. Small yellow sedge (Carex cryptolepis) was found in 2001, and Goldie’s wood fern (Dryopteris goldiana) in 2007. Of particular interest is the false mermaid (Floerkea proserpinacoides) found in 2007. This plant is a new record for the TRCA jurisdiction.

2.5 Fauna Findings for the BRMT Study Area

2.5.1 Fauna Species Representation

The TRCA fauna surveys at the study area in 2001, 2005 and 2007, documented a large total of 96 bird species, eleven mammals, and ten herpetofauna species. The TRCA also surveys for terrestrial crayfish, and one species was identified on the site bringing the total number of fauna species identified by the TRCA to 118. This total compares very favourably with ostensibly higher quality sites within the northern reaches of the TRCA jurisdiction such as Glen Major (107 sp) and Palgrave (102 sp). Refer to Appendix 3 for a list of the fauna species and their corresponding L-ranks.

2.5.2 Fauna Species of Concern

Fauna species, like vegetation communities and flora species, are considered of regional concern if they rank L1-L3 based on their scores for the seven criteria mentioned in section 1.1.4. As with flora, this is a pro-active, preventive approach, identifying where conservation efforts need to be made before a species becomes rare.

Fauna surveys in the study area have reported a total of 41 L1- L3 bird species including five L2 species (wild turkey, red-shouldered hawk, Canada warbler, Golden-winged warbler and veery) and 36 L3 species. In addition there were six herpetofauna (three L2 and three L3) and three mammal species (one L2 and two L3) of concern together with the L2 ranked crayfish species, bringing the total to 51 fauna species of regional concern. Locations of these breeding fauna species are depicted on Map 13.

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Appendix 3 lists all of the fauna species reported from the study area, together with their associated ranks and scores.

Local occurrence is one of seven scoring criteria for fauna and is based on TRCA data and information from the Natural Heritage Information Centre (NHIC) of the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR). Using local occurrence as a measure of regional rarity, any species that is reported as a probable or confirmed breeder in fewer than ten of the forty-four 10 km squares in the TRCA jurisdiction is considered regionally rare (i.e. scores 3-5 points for this criterion). At the BRMT Study Area there are 17 species of regional concern (i.e. ranked L1 – L3) that are considered regionally rare, this is an extremely high total and is very close to the totals given for Glen Major and Palgrave Conservation Area. As is the case with flora, most regionally rare fauna species have other associated factors that explain their vulnerability and need to be taken into account in conservation strategies.

Sensitivity to development is another criterion used to determine the L-rank of fauna species. A large number of impacts that result from local land use, both urban and agricultural, can affect the local fauna. These impacts - considered separately from the issue of actual habitat loss - can be divided into two distinct categories. The first category involves changes that arise from local urbanization that directly affect the breeding habitat of the species in question. These changes alter the composition and structure of the vegetation communities; for example, the clearing and manicuring of the habitat (e.g. by removal of dead wood and clearance of shrub understorey). The second category of impacts involves changes that directly affect individuals of the species in question. Examples include increased predation from an increase in the local population of predator species that thrive alongside human developments (e.g. blue jays, crows, squirrels, raccoons, and house cats); parasitism (from the facilitating of brown-headed cowbird access, a species which prefers more open, edge-type habitat); competition (for nest-cavities with bird species such as house sparrows and Eurasian starlings); flushing (causing disturbance and abandonment of nest); sensitivity to pesticides.

Fauna species are considered to have a high sensitivity to development if they score 3 or more points (out of a possible five) for this criterion. At the study area, 48 of the 51 species that are ranked L1-L3 receive this score and are therefore considered sensitive to one or more of the impacts associated with development (Map 5). These species are currently at this site because the surrounding matrix for all but the south-eastern section is largely natural and agricultural.

The tendency for local urbanization to be accompanied by the clearing and tidying of woodlands and thickets in the vicinity dramatically disrupts any species that is dependent on such scrub cover for nesting or foraging. Several of the bird species found at the study area nest low in the ground vegetation or on the ground and as such are highly susceptible both to increased predation from ground-foraging predators (house cats, raccoons) and to repeated flushing from the nest (by pedestrians, off-trail bikers and dogs) resulting in abandonment and failed breeding attempts. Such sensitive forest-bird species include American woodcock, ruffed grouse, black-and-

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white warbler, Nashville warbler, blue-winged warbler, ovenbird, veery - all species that nest on or very near the forest floor; in addition many of the open habitat species – bobolink, brown thrasher, northern harrier – and wetland species – Virginia rail- are also ground-nesters and would likewise be severely affected by any increase in pedestrian or dog-traffic within their habitat. Various studies have shown that many bird species react negatively to human intrusion (i.e. the mere presence of people) to the extent that nest-abandonment and decreased nest-attentiveness lead to reduced reproduction and survival. One example of such a study showed that abundance was 48% lower for hermit thrushes (a ground-nesting/foraging species) in intruded sites than in the control sites, a site being a one-hectare circle (Gutzwiller, 1999). Elsewhere, a recent study reported that dog-walking in natural habitats caused a 35% reduction in bird-diversity and a 41% reduction in abundance, with even higher impacts on ground-nesting species (University of New South Wales, 2007).

Changes in the hydrology of the site will affect the suitability of the habitat for bird species - such as northern waterthrush and veery - that prefer more moist conditions. The study area supports healthy populations of wood frogs, spring peepers and gray tree-frogs that would be negatively affected by any changes in hydrology that decrease the breeding opportunities within the site. These are species that have effectively been extirpated from much of the natural cover within the urbanized portions of the jurisdiction.

Area sensitivity is another of the seven criteria that are used to determine the local rank for fauna. Fauna species are scored for area sensitivity based on their requirement for a certain minimum size of preferred habitat. Species that require large tracts of habitat (>100 ha in total) score the maximum five points, while species that either show no minimum habitat requirement, or require < 1 ha in total, score one point. Species scoring three points or more (require 5+ ha in total) are deemed area sensitive species. As mentioned in section 1.1, researchers have shown that for some species of birds area sensitivity is a rather fluid factor, dependent and varying inversely with the overall percentage forest cover within the landscape surrounding the site where those species are found (Rosenburg et al., 1999).

A total of 34 of the 51 fauna species of regional concern that occur at the BRMT Study Area are considered area sensitive. Three of these species - red-shouldered hawk, wild turkey and black-and-white warbler - are scored as requiring more than 100 ha of natural habitat. Currently, according to the TRCA landscape analysis of the study area, the largest patch class represented on the site is smaller than 100 ha, however, the patch boundaries drawn by the analysis are entirely artificial and it would be more realistic to consider forest patches that are separated by, for example, the Humber River as single patches. This being the case, and understanding that the forest patch availability within the landscape surrounding the site is quite high, it is reasonable to expect representatives of some of the more area sensitive species to occur. As it is, the red-shouldered hawk report was in fact mapped in the most extensive forest in the 2001 survey. The area requirements of this species and of wild turkey extend over the greater landscape and the study area contributes to this larger landscape requirement.

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The other 31 species require in excess of 20 ha of natural habitat and the habitat patches at the study area certainly fulfill such a requirement. Patch-size constraints are due to a variety of factors including foraging requirements and the need for isolation within a habitat block. In the latter case, regardless of the provision of a habitat patch of sufficient size, if that block is seriously and frequently disturbed by human intrusion such species will be liable to abandon the site. This is particularly true of ground-nesting and foraging species such as wild turkey, American woodcock, ruffed grouse and ovenbird, and of the larger raptors (it should be noted that both long-eared owl and broad-winged hawk have been recorded within the vicinity of the study area).

Mobility restriction in fauna measures the restricted physical ability or the lack of predisposition of a species to move about within the landscape and is related to the connectivity of habitat within a landscape. Adult birds foraging for food during the nestling and fledgling stage of the breeding season are one example for the need to move about freely within a landscape. By maintaining and improving the connectivity of natural cover (e.g. by reforestation of intervening lands) we are able to positively influence the populations of mobility restricted species, improving their foraging and dispersal potential. Eight of the L1 – L3 species that are found at the study area – including brown creeper, winter wren and gray treefrog - show a requirement for continuity of habitat to facilitate mobility, scoring a total of three out of five points each. In order for such species to persist, there needs to be maintenance of currently existing connectivity throughout the various forest patches (or along other natural corridors) to allow for effective genetic dispersal between these populations and other populations within the landscape.

The score for mobility restriction does not address the issue of species that habitually - and as a part of their life-cycle - move across a variety of habitat types. Such species will readily cross open ground (and so cannot be considered “mobility restricted”) but in so doing expose themselves to potentially fatal encounters with predators and vehicular traffic. This is particularly true of highly vagile mammals such as porcupine, and the various herpetofauna that move considerable distances across the landscape as part of their annual breeding cycle (wood frogs, spring peepers, snapping turtles) Imposing higher vehicular traffic densities within the “home-range” of these species will certainly lead to a higher incidence of roadkill.

Fauna species that score greater than three points under the habitat dependencecriterion are considered habitat specialists. These species exhibit a combination of very specific habitat requirements that range from the microhabitat (e.g. decaying logs, aquatic vegetation), through requirements for particular moisture conditions, vegetation structure or spatial landscape structures, to preferences for certain community series and macro-habitat types.

Within the list of L1- L3 fauna species occurring at the study area there are 18 species that score 3 or more points for Habitat Dependence (Map 14). The majority of these species are dependent on fairly specific forest habitat characteristics. Several species are highly dependant on mature mixed or deciduous forests with fairly extensive interior components and these species are well-represented with high numbers of breeding pairs – black-throated green warbler (19 territories), ovenbird (46 territories), scarlet

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tanager (at least 7 territories) and wood thrush (29 territories). Another very well-represented Habitat Dependent species is veery with 31 territories; this species has a preference for forest with a particularly moist hydrology and certainly this is well satisfied by the section of forest to the west of Duffy’s Lane south of Castlederg Sideroad. Any changes to the local habitat such as the age characteristics of a forest or changes in hydrology may negatively impact species that are habitat specialists.

On the other hand, two highly Habitat Dependant species, Canada warbler and Blackburnian warbler, are represented only by single territories, and in fact it is quite possible that these birds were unpaired and were unsuccessful at breeding. Canada Warbler is a particularly scarce species in the jurisdiction and requires forest patches with a thick, undisturbed understory. The other species, Blackburnian Warbler, has a particular preference for a mature eastern hemlock component to the forest habitat. In both cases, such forest characteristics are present and it is therefore likely that some other factor is working against these species, perhaps simply their over all low abundance within the jurisdiction, and certainly BRMT represents the most southerly extent of their occurrence within the region. It may also be that the site is simply too far from the established core breeding areas within the region for these two species– Blackburnian Warblers are well-represented in the north-west at Palgrave, whereas Canada warbler is well-represented only in the extreme north-east of the region (the Glen Major/Secord complex).

Representation is essentially the presence or absence of a species at a site. However, beyond mere representation of single species is the idea that a natural system can be considered as a healthy functioning system if there is an association of several species thriving within that system. Each habitat type supports particular species associations. As the quality of the habitat patch improves so will the representation of flora and fauna species within that habitat. In this way representative bio-diversity is an excellent measure of the health of a natural system. The presence at the BRMT Study Area ofseveral habitat dependent species in good numbers, in particular species that are dependent on mature forest, indicates that the forest habitat is functioning at a relatively high level.

3.0 Recommendations

The recommendations for the BRMT Study Area are given in relation to the regional targets for natural heritage in the TRCA jurisdiction (see section 1.1.1, also TRCA 2007b, 2007d). To reach the regional targets for quality distribution and quantity of natural cover, every site will require its own individualized plan of action. Following is a short summary of BRMT within the regional context, followed by specific recommendations for the site.

3.1 Summary

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Located in the rural zone of the TRCA jurisdiction, with some local urban development occurring in the vicinity of the town of Bolton, BRMT is actually quite representative of the average conditions for natural cover in this section of the TRCA jurisdiction. The forest habitat patch quality is “fair” (L3)(Map 7). It is located within the relatively well-forested northern reaches of the Humber Watershed. The study area is dominated by forest cover (607 ha) but this is interspersed with a fairly large meadow component (106 ha) along with 8.5 ha of wetland.

BRMT under current conditions supports 404 recorded species of native vascular plants, 162 of which are of regional concern. There are 118 species of breeding fauna, including 51 of regional concern. Given the over all “fair” Habitat Patch Quality of the site the number of fauna Species of Concern is surprisingly high.

3.2 Site Recommendations

Expand the forested natural system at BRMT wherever current land-use permits. Management of BRMT should strive towards meeting the refined target system presented for the Humber watershed. Regeneration and land acquisition are two options that would work at this site together with management of appropriate public use of the trail system.

The following table illustrates the contributions made by the study area toward the quality distribution and quantity indicators, along with site-specific recommendations for potential improvements and for reaching the refined target for natural cover in the Humber watershed. It is important when considering the indicators in Table 3 to keep in mind the varying degrees of interdependence between them. These indicators have been selected as a means for describing important aspects of a natural system, a system that exists as a whole, encompassing a network of closely related and inter-dependent factors. It would be incorrect and misleading to view any one of these indicators in isolation from the others.

Table 3: Summary and Recommendations for the BRMT Study Area by Indicator

INDICATOR BRMT STUDY AREA SUMMARY RECOMMENDATIONS

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Size,Shape, & ForestInterior

34 area-sensitive forest-fauna species, three of which require in excess of 100 ha of forest

Restore open land both within and adjacent to the site to increase habitat interior & improve size. This would improve the opportunities for species such as red-shouldered hawk and broad-winged hawk, and would bolster the already fairly healthy populations of forest songbirds.

Quality Distribution

MatrixInfluence

Matrix surrounding much of the site is largely agricultural and natural; to the south-east there has been some relatively recent urbanization associated with the town of Bolton. These mixed land-uses combine for a total matrix influence score of 3 out of 5 (fair). - 156 of the 162 floraspecies of regional concern are sensitive to development

- 48 of the 51 fauna species of regional concern are scored as sensitive to development

Located in north-west section of TRCA jurisdiction where there is relatively little urbanization.

Mitigate impacts of public use. - plan any trails to limit damage to

species and vegetation communities.- cluster non-natural land uses to

specific nodes on perimeter of area with buffer zones

Convert nearby agricultural land and old field to natural cover, especially where such conversion will create a buffer against the urbanization that is occurring in the south-east corner of the site.

Prevent further invasive species spread into high-quality natural areas, especially the mature forests.

Encourage stewardship from neighbouring landowners.

Retain and restore natural cover

- TRCA region can retain range of flora, fauna, and community types if we protect the relatively diverse parts of jurisdiction such as this one.

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Quantity The study area contains 721 ha of natural cover. This contributes 2.5% to the total natural cover within the Humber watershed. Of this, 607 ha is forest and 8.5 ha are wetland, 3.3 and 0.6% of the watershed totals for forest and wetland respectively.

Maximize natural cover at BRMT. - Vegetation communities and flora

and fauna species will then be protected.

Maintain/enhance continuous links between habitat patches.

- recruit local stakeholders to restore riparian natural cover downstream of the study area in order to connect the site with other sites in the lower Humber watershed.

Judicious positioning of restoration projects will have far reaching effects on all other Indicator categories.

3.2.1 Quality Distribution Recommendation

If any one of the three landscape measures (size, shape or matrix influence) within the study area were to be increased, the area would improve in habitat patch total score, perhaps to the extent of introducing more “good” quality patches into the area. The expected results from such an increase in habitat patch score (and therefore quality) would be a subsequent improvement in the quality of the local natural system (reflected in the enhancement of the more sensitive communities and species). Efforts should be made to improve the habitat patch total score of the study area to the same level as currently exists in much of the upper reaches of the Humber watershed: turning “fair” patches to “good”, thereby improving the function of the natural system locally, and bolstering the relatively healthy system that exists in the Humber watershed.

Optimize Patch Size & Shape, Forest Interior

The larger the habitat block, the more resilient the fauna and flora communities are to developments within the landscape. Restoration of currently open areas adjacent to and within the study area will enhance the overall size of the continuous forest blocks on the site, leading in turn to an increase in the forest interior available for interior obligate species. However, this may involve a trade-off in that the meadow habitats currently support fauna species of concern such as vesper sparrow and field sparrow. Increasing the size of habitat patches (and thus enhancing forest interior) is an effective way of mitigating the negative effects of human disturbance since the impacts of such disturbance are spread and dissipated over a wider area of natural cover. Since it is very likely that human disturbance levels will increase in the future, the only way to protect the area’s natural system (e.g. the currently high numbers of sensitive breeding fauna) is to take early steps to mitigate the impacts. Increasing patch size and forest interior is the first step in achieving such mitigation.

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Minimize Negative Matrix Influence

Urban land uses should be kept from intruding onto this site, particularly given the growth of the Town of Bolton enveloping the south-eastern corner of the site. Non-natural or higher impact land uses should be directed to the periphery of the site, and buffer zones should be identified around the forest and wetland habitats. Any further development within or in the vicinity of the study area will exert additional negative matrix influence on the remaining area by the loss of natural cover in the matrix and urbanization of agricultural lands. Serious impacts would inevitably arise from such land use changes. For example, there are generally lower levels of human disturbance and opportunistic predation by domestic cats within an agricultural matrix than in a developed matrix. The matrix influence scores for BRMT were calculated using landscape analysis from 2002 ortho-rectified photographs. Because this part of Peel is undergoing landscape changes in the form of urbanization, it is likely that the local matrix influence in the south-east corner has already deteriorated over the past three years.

The relatively large populations of fauna species of concern appear to be fairly evenly distributed throughout the entire study area. Although the extreme south-east corner has not been surveyed for fauna it is unlikely that this section of the study area accommodates as high a density of fauna Species of Concern since it will undoubtedly be influenced by the adjacent urban matrix. Every effort should be made to mitigate any negative matrix influence that might occur throughout the site. For example, a long-term planning approach would direct trail development away from any areas that hold particularly sensitive fauna and flora. Since a large proportion of the sensitive fauna on the site are ground-nesting forest birds, particular attention should be paid to the affects of off-leash dog walking and other activities that impose a high degree of stress on such breeding fauna.

Encouraging increased natural cover in adjacent lands can further enhance the matrix. Landowner stewardship could inform neighbouring landowners on the value of natural cover. Community involvement in this local natural area could ensure that some human-influenced impacts on the communities and species would be diminished. Impacts from adjacent lands can be mitigated through measures such as the removal of invasive exotic species.

Because of the good condition and high biodiversity of Bolton Tract, invasive species should be targeted for removal. Dog-strangling vine (Cynanchum rossicum) is in the early stages of invasion and it is of critical importance to start control efforts right away while they might still be effective (TRCA, 2008a). Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) is also still localized and one of its populations is adjacent to an active restoration area. Slowly-expanding but dense populations of lily-of-the-valley (Convallaria majalis), goutweed (Aegopodium podagraria), and periwinkle (Vinca minor) present a longer-term threat to native forest flora. European buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) should be removed from successional areas.

25

The impacts of deer browsing need to be considered as well. Deer impacts are increasing in the TRCA jurisdiction and are now serious in the Rouge Park. They are becoming noticeable at Bolton Tract. A controlled hunt might be recommended to ensure the future of sensitive ground flora and shrubs, and to allow understorey regeneration to continue.

3.2.2 Quantity Recommendations

Increase Natural Cover to Achieve Quality Distribution Targets

In order to achieve the target for natural cover quality distribution there needs to be an adequate amount of natural cover. Insufficient natural cover in many urban parts of the TRCA jurisdiction such as the Don Valley has resulted in concentrated impacts on the remaining land base, as well as conflicts between various user groups.

The more natural cover we retain at the BRMT Study Area and vicinity, the better it can support a healthy level of biodiversity. The study area has a diversity of habitat types that includes a very high number of vegetation communities (128 vegetation types) and flora and fauna species that are of concern in the region. Vegetation communities and species of concern are associated both with forest and wetland, and a few barrens (both sand and clay).

Improve Connectivity To Nearby Habitat

Restoration of agricultural and other open lands at this site would increase local natural cover, and it will contribute to the regional natural cover. At the watershed level, it is important to maintain continuity of natural cover along the Humber River as it continues south through the urban landscape of Bolton connecting the site to the fauna communities further to the south, e.g. at Marbloom and Boyd. This aspect of habitat connectivity has immense implications at both the watershed and regional levels. Connectivity through natural cover along these potential corridors should be maintained and enhanced to improve the opportunities for dispersal of breeding and migrating fauna. The placement of restored habitat can be planned so as to maximize its benefitsto habitat quality distribution, as well as connectivity and the protection of existing populations of species of concern.

26

4.0 References

Cadman, M.D., P.F.J. Eagles, and F.M. Helleiner, 1987. Atlas of Breeding Birds of Ontario. Waterloo, Ontario: University of Waterloo Press.

Chapman, L.F. & D.F. Putnam, 1984. The Physiography of Southern Ontario. 3rd

edition, Special Volume 2. Toronto: Ontario Research Foundation, Ontario Geological Survey. Pages 276-277, 292-293.

Gutzwiller, K.J. and S.H. Anderson. 1999. Spatial extent of human-intrusion effects on subalpine bird distributions. Condor 101:378-389.

Kilgour, B., 2003. Landscape and patch character as a determinant of occurrence of eighty selected bird species in the Toronto area. A report prepared for the TRCA. Jacques-Whitford Ltd., 2003.

Lee, H. W.D. Bakowsky, J. Riley, J. Bowles, M. Puddister, P. Uhlig, and S. McMurray, 1998. Ecological Land Classification for Southern Ontario: firstapproximation and its application. Peterborough, Ontario: Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Southcentral Science Section, Science Development and Transfer Branch.

NHIC (Ontario Natural Heritage Information Centre), 2006. Natural Heritage Information website: http://nhic.mnr.gov.on.ca/MNR/nhic/elements/el_report.cfm?elid=9340

Rosenburg, K.V., R.W. Rohrbaugh, Jr., S.E. Barker, R.S. Hames, and A.A. Dhondt, 1999. A Land Manager’s Guide to Improving Habitat for Scarlet Tanagers and other Forest-interior Birds. Ithaca, NY: The Cornell Lab of Ornithology.

TRCA, 2007a. Evaluating and Designing Terrestrial Natural Systems. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority.

TRCA, 2007b. Setting Terrestrial Natural Heritage System Targets. Toronto Region Conservation Authority.

TRCA, 2007c. Terrestrial Natural Heritage Program Data Collection Methodology.Toronto Region Conservation Authority.

TRCA, 2007d. The Terrestrial Natural Heritage System Strategy. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority.

TRCA, 2007e. Vegetation Community and Species Ranking and Scoring Method.Toronto Region Conservation Authority.

TRCA, 2008a. Dog-strangling vine – Cynanchum rossicum (Kleopow)Borhidi: a review of distribution, ecology, and control of this invasive exotic plant.Toronto and Region Conservation Authority and Rouge Park.

27

TRCA, 2008b. State of the Humber Watershed Report – Terrestrial System. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority.

University of New South Wales (2007, September 12). A Dog In The Hand Scares Birds In The Bush. ScienceDaily. Retrieved November 23, 2007, from http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2007/09/070905095349.htm

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NOTE: All flora specieswith their associated scoresfor sensitivity to developmentcan be found in Appendix #2.

Date: March 2008

Map 5:Scores for Matrix Influenceand Flora Sensitivity to

Development

0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000250Meters

-Legend

5 - Excellent

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Map 6:Scores for Matrix Influenceand Fauna Sensitivity to

Development

NOTE: All fauna specieswith their associatedscores for sensitivity todevelopment can be foundin Appendix #3.

Fauna Sensitivity to Development Scores

-0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000250

Meters

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* Fauna Species ( )) Frog Species

Legend

5 - Excellent

4 - Good

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1 - Very Poor

Habitat MatrixInfluence Scores*

BRMT Study Area

Date: March 2008Orthophoto: Spring 2005, First Base Solutions Inc.

Landscape analysis based on 2002Orthophotography*

HWY50

THEGORE

RD

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Map 7:Habitat Patch

Quality

Legend

Date: March 2008

0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500250Meters

- Habitat Patch Quality *L1 - Excellent

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Road

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Orhtophoto: Spring 2005, First BaseSolutions Inc.

Landscape analysis based on2002 Orthophotography*

Map

8:RegionalNaturalSystem

HabitatPatch

Quality

Legend

HabitatPatchQuality*

L5-VeryPoor

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Date:March

2008

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HWY50

KING

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QUEENSTCENTREVILLE

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CALEDONKINGTOWNLI

16THSDR

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COLUMBIAWY

COLERAINEDR

OLD K

INGRD

GLASGOW

RD

Map 11:Location of FloraSpecies of ConcernDate: March 2008

Orthophoto: Spring 2005, First BaseSolutions Inc.

0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000250Meters

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BRMT Study Area

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50HY

KING

ST

CASTLEDERG

SR

THEGORE

RD

DUFFYSLN

HUMBER

STATIONRD

MOUNTHOPE

RD

QUEENST

CALEDON-KINGTLIN

E

MOUNT

PLEASANTRD

COLUMBIAWY

CENTREVILLECREEK

RD

ELLW

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COLERAINEDR

OLD K

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GLASGOW

RD

Map 14:Fauna Species of ConcernHabitat Dependence

ScoresDate: March 2008

NOTE: All fauna specieswith their associated scoresfor habitat dependence canbe found in Appendix #3.

Fauna Habitat Dependence Scores

Legend

Orthophoto: Spring 2005, First BaseSolutions Inc.

-0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000250

Meters

BRMT Study Area

5 - Extreme habitat specialist4 - Strong habitat specialist3 - Moderate habitat specialist2 - Moderate habitat generalist1 - Strong habitat generalist0 - Extreme habitat generalist

$T

$T

$T

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$T

$T

")

")

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T Fauna Species

( )) Frog Species

Ap

pen

dix

1: L

ist

of

Veg

etat

ion

Co

mm

uniti

es F

oun

d in

Bo

lton

Trac

t S

tud

y A

rea

2001

& 2

007

area

Loca

lG

eop

hy.

Loca

lE

LCV

eget

atio

n Ty

pe

# h

aD

istr

ib.

Req

uir.

Ran

kC

od

e(*

indi

cate

s pr

esen

t as

incl

usio

n an

d/or

com

plex

onl

y)(2

002-

01)

Fore

st37

1.6

FOC

1-a

Dry

-Fre

sh S

cots

Pin

e C

onife

rous

For

est

0.1

40

4L+

FOC

2-2

Dry

-Fre

sh W

hite

Ced

ar C

onife

rous

For

est

1.7

22

4L4

*FO

C3-

1*F

resh

-Moi

st H

emlo

ck C

onife

rous

For

est

22

4L4

FOC

4-1

Fres

h-M

oist

Whi

te C

edar

Con

ifero

us F

ores

t33

.12

24

L4FO

C4-

2Fr

esh-

Moi

st W

hite

Ced

ar -

Hem

lock

Con

ifero

us F

ores

t3.

72

24

L4FO

M2-

2D

ry-F

resh

Whi

te P

ine

- Sug

ar M

aple

Mix

ed F

ores

t3.

22

02

L5FO

M3-

2D

ry-F

resh

Hem

lock

- S

ugar

Map

le M

ixed

For

est

1.4

22

4L4

FOM

4-1

Dry

-Fre

sh W

hite

Ced

ar -

Pap

er B

irch

Mix

ed F

ores

t0.

13

14

L4FO

M4-

2D

ry-F

resh

Whi

te C

edar

- P

opla

r M

ixed

For

est

3.8

31

4L4

FOM

4-A

Dry

-Fre

sh W

hite

Ced

ar -

Har

dwoo

d M

ixed

For

est

0.4

31

4L4

FOM

6-1

Fres

h-M

oist

Sug

ar M

aple

- H

emlo

ck M

ixed

For

est

34.7

22

4L4

FOM

6-2

Fres

h-M

oist

Hem

lock

- H

ardw

ood

Mix

ed F

ores

t2.

73

25

L3FO

M7-

1Fr

esh-

Moi

st W

hite

Ced

ar -

Sug

ar M

aple

Mix

ed F

ores

t3.

72

24

L4FO

M7-

2Fr

esh-

Moi

st W

hite

Ced

ar -

Har

dwoo

d M

ixed

For

est

55.3

22

4L4

FOM

8-1

Fres

h-M

oist

Pop

lar

Mix

ed F

ores

t1.

75

27

L2FO

D3-

1D

ry-F

resh

Pop

lar

Dec

iduo

us F

ores

t1.

72

02

L5FO

D4-

2D

ry-F

resh

Whi

te A

sh D

ecid

uous

For

est

3.9

20

2L5

FOD

5-1

Dry

-Fre

sh S

ugar

Map

le D

ecid

uous

For

est

15.3

10

1L5

FOD

5-2

Dry

-Fre

sh S

ugar

Map

le -

Bee

ch D

ecid

uous

For

est

8.6

10

1L5

FOD

5-6

Dry

-Fre

sh S

ugar

Map

le -

Bas

swoo

d D

ecid

uous

For

est

3.9

40

4L4

FOD

5-7

Dry

-Fre

sh S

ugar

Map

le -

Bla

ck C

herr

y D

ecid

uous

For

est

5.1

30

3L4

FOD

5-8

Dry

-Fre

sh S

ugar

Map

le -

Whi

te A

sh D

ecid

uous

For

est

26.6

20

2L5

FOD

5-10

Dry

-Fre

sh S

ugar

Map

le -

Pap

er B

irch

- Pop

lar

Dec

iduo

us F

ores

t6.

22

13

L4FO

D6-

1Fr

esh-

Moi

st S

ugar

Map

le -

Ash

Dec

iduo

us F

ores

t8.

22

02

L5FO

D6-

3Fr

esh-

Moi

st S

ugar

Map

le -

Yel

low

Birc

h D

ecid

uous

For

est

0.4

42

6L3

FOD

6-4

Fres

h-M

oist

Sug

ar M

aple

- W

hite

Elm

Dec

iduo

us F

ores

t0.

12

02

L5FO

D6-

5Fr

esh-

Moi

st S

ugar

Map

le -

Har

dwoo

d D

ecid

uous

For

est

3.4

20

2L5

FOD

7-1

Fres

h-M

oist

Whi

te E

lm L

owla

nd D

ecid

uous

For

est

5.0

20

2L5

FOD

7-2

Fres

h-M

oist

Ash

Dec

iduo

us F

ores

t5.

72

02

L5FO

D7-

3Fr

esh-

Moi

st W

illow

Low

land

Dec

iduo

us F

ores

t0.

41

01

L5FO

D7-

aFr

esh-

Moi

st M

anito

ba M

aple

Low

land

Dec

iduo

us F

ores

t5.

02

02

L5

Tota

lS

core

Ap

pen

dix

1: L

ist

of

Veg

etat

ion

Co

mm

uniti

es F

oun

d in

Bo

lton

Trac

t S

tud

y A

rea

2001

& 2

007

area

Loca

lG

eop

hy.

Loca

lE

LCV

eget

atio

n Ty

pe

# h

aD

istr

ib.

Req

uir.

Ran

kC

od

e(*

indi

cate

s pr

esen

t as

incl

usio

n an

d/or

com

plex

onl

y)(2

002-

01)

Tota

lS

core

FOD

7-b

Fres

h-M

oist

Nor

way

Map

le D

ecid

uous

For

est

1.0

40

4L+

FOD

7-E

Fres

h-M

oist

Haw

thor

n - A

pple

Dec

iduo

us F

ores

t5.

22

02

L5FO

D8-

1Fr

esh-

Moi

st P

opla

r D

ecid

uous

For

est

13.5

20

2L5

FOD

8-B

Fres

h-M

oist

Pap

er B

irch

Dec

iduo

us F

ores

t0.

53

03

L4C

UP

1-5

Silv

er M

aple

Dec

iduo

us P

lant

atio

n0.

22

02

L5*C

UP

1-A

*Res

tora

tion

Dec

iduo

us P

lant

atio

n2

02

L5C

UP

1-b

Will

ow D

ecid

uous

Pla

ntat

ion

0.4

40

4L+

CU

P1-

cB

lack

Loc

ust D

ecid

uous

Pla

ntat

ion

1.8

30

3L+

CU

P2-

1AB

lack

Wal

nut -

Con

ifer

Mix

ed P

lant

atio

n0.

34

04

L5*C

UP

2-A

*Res

tora

tion

Mix

ed P

lant

atio

n3

03

L5C

UP

2-G

Ash

- C

onife

r M

ixed

Pla

ntat

ion

4.2

30

3L5

CU

P2-

hH

ortic

ultu

ral M

ixed

Pla

ntat

ion

1.7

30

3L+

CU

P2-

IR

ed O

ak -

Con

ifer

Mix

ed P

lant

atio

n2.

95

05

L5C

UP

3-1

Red

Pin

e C

onife

rous

Pla

ntat

ion

22.3

20

2L5

CU

P3-

2W

hite

Pin

e C

onife

rous

Pla

ntat

ion

51.0

20

2L5

CU

P3-

3S

cotc

h P

ine

Con

ifero

us P

lant

atio

n5.

91

01

L+C

UP

3-8

Whi

te S

pruc

e - E

urop

ean

Larc

h C

onife

rous

Pla

ntat

ion

0.3

20

2L5

CU

P3-

CW

hite

Spr

uce

Con

ifero

us P

lant

atio

n4.

62

02

L5C

UP

3-e

Nor

way

Spr

uce

Con

ifero

us P

lant

atio

n0.

12

02

L+C

UP

3-F

Tam

arac

k C

onife

rous

Pla

ntat

ion

0.3

40

4L5

CU

P3-

GW

hite

Ced

ar C

onife

rous

Pla

ntat

ion

0.4

30

3L5

CU

P3-

HM

ixed

Con

ifer

Con

ifero

us P

lant

atio

n9.

92

02

L5

Suc

cess

iona

l22

1.4

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T1-1

*Sum

ac D

ecid

uous

Thi

cket

10

1L5

*CU

T1-5

*Ras

pber

ry D

ecid

uous

Thi

cket

20

2L5

CU

T1-A

1N

ativ

e D

ecid

uous

Sap

ling

Reg

ener

atio

n Th

icke

t2.

71

01

L5C

UT1

-A2

Nat

ive

Mix

ed S

aplin

g R

egen

erat

ion

Thic

ket

44.0

20

2L5

CU

T1-A

3C

onife

rous

Sap

ling

Reg

ener

atio

n Th

icke

t4.

52

13

L4C

UT1

-bB

uckt

horn

Dec

iduo

us T

hick

et1.

93

03

L+C

UT1

-cE

xotic

Dec

iduo

us T

hick

et4.

24

04

L+C

UH

1-A

Tree

d H

edge

row

5.7

10

1L5

CU

S1-

1H

awth

orn

Suc

cess

iona

l Sav

anna

h80

.52

02

L5

Ap

pen

dix

1: L

ist

of

Veg

etat

ion

Co

mm

uniti

es F

oun

d in

Bo

lton

Trac

t S

tud

y A

rea

2001

& 2

007

area

Loca

lG

eop

hy.

Loca

lE

LCV

eget

atio

n Ty

pe

# h

aD

istr

ib.

Req

uir.

Ran

kC

od

e(*

indi

cate

s pr

esen

t as

incl

usio

n an

d/or

com

plex

onl

y)(2

002-

01)

Tota

lS

core

CU

S1-

2AW

hite

Ced

ar S

ucce

ssio

nal S

avan

nah

12.7

31

4L4

CU

S1-

A1

Nat

ive

Dec

iduo

us S

ucce

ssio

nal S

avan

nah

27.1

20

2L5

CU

S1-

bE

xotic

Suc

cess

iona

l Sav

anna

h3.

12

02

L+C

UW

1-A

1W

hite

Ced

ar S

ucce

ssio

nal W

oodl

and

8.6

31

4L4

CU

W1-

A3

Nat

ive

Dec

iduo

us S

ucce

ssio

nal W

oodl

and

12.3

20

2L5

CU

W1-

bE

xotic

Suc

cess

iona

l Woo

dlan

d10

.52

02

L+C

UW

1-D

Haw

thor

n S

ucce

ssio

nal W

oodl

and

3.5

20

2L5

Wet

land

93.0

SW

C1-

1W

hite

Ced

ar M

iner

al C

onife

rous

Sw

amp

2.6

22

4L4

SW

C1-

2W

hite

Ced

ar -

Con

ifer

Min

eral

Con

ifero

us S

wam

p0.

44

26

L3S

WC

3-1

Whi

te C

edar

Org

anic

Con

ifero

us S

wam

p8.

62

35

L3S

WC

3-2

Whi

te C

edar

- C

onife

r O

rgan

ic C

onife

rous

Sw

amp

7.3

33

6L3

SW

CA

-AH

emlo

ck O

rgan

ic C

onife

rous

Sw

amp

0.1

53

8L2

SW

M1-

1W

hite

Ced

ar -

Har

dwoo

d M

iner

al M

ixed

Sw

amp

6.2

22

4L4

SW

M3-

2P

opla

r - C

onife

r M

iner

al M

ixed

Sw

amp

2.3

32

5L3

SW

M4-

1W

hite

Ced

ar -

Har

dwoo

d O

rgan

ic M

ixed

Sw

amp

26.4

23

5L3

SW

M5-

1R

ed M

aple

- C

onife

r O

rgan

ic M

ixed

Sw

amp

0.4

33

6L3

SW

M6-

1B

irch

- Con

ifer

Org

anic

Mix

ed S

wam

p2.

24

37

L2S

WD

2-1

Bla

ck A

sh M

iner

al D

ecid

uous

Sw

amp

1.1

32

5L3

SW

D3-

3S

wam

p M

aple

Min

eral

Dec

iduo

us S

wam

p0.

23

14

L4S

WD

3-4

Man

itoba

Map

le M

iner

al D

ecid

uous

Sw

amp

0.2

31

4L4

SW

D4-

1W

illow

Min

eral

Dec

iduo

us S

wam

p0.

41

01

L5S

WD

4-3

Pap

er B

irch

- Pop

lar

Min

eral

Dec

iduo

us S

wam

p1.

82

13

L4S

WD

5-1

Bla

ck A

sh O

rgan

ic D

ecid

uous

Sw

amp

2.1

53

8L2

SW

D6-

2S

ilver

Map

le O

rgan

ic D

ecid

uous

Sw

amp

0.5

53

8L2

SW

D6-

3S

wam

p M

aple

Org

anic

Dec

iduo

us S

wam

p0.

35

38

L2S

WD

7-1

Pap

er B

irch

- Pop

lar

Org

anic

Dec

iduo

us S

wam

p3.

34

37

L2S

WD

7-2

Yel

low

Birc

h O

rgan

ic D

ecid

uous

Sw

amp

1.1

43

7L2

SW

T2-1

Ald

er M

iner

al T

hick

et S

wam

p 0.

22

24

L4S

WT2

-2W

illow

Min

eral

Thi

cket

Sw

amp

0.9

10

1L5

SW

T2-5

Red

-osi

er M

iner

al T

hick

et S

wam

p2.

02

02

L5S

WT3

-1A

lder

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anic

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cket

Sw

amp

1.2

34

7L2

Ap

pen

dix

1: L

ist

of

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etat

ion

Co

mm

uniti

es F

oun

d in

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lton

Trac

t S

tud

y A

rea

2001

& 2

007

area

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lG

eop

hy.

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lE

LCV

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atio

n Ty

pe

# h

aD

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ib.

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kC

od

e(*

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cate

s pr

esen

t as

incl

usio

n an

d/or

com

plex

onl

y)(2

002-

01)

Tota

lS

core

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Will

ow O

rgan

ic T

hick

et S

wam

p2.

73

36

L3S

WT3

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sier

Org

anic

Thi

cket

Sw

amp

0.1

23

5L3

SW

T3-7

Win

terb

erry

Org

anic

Thi

cket

Sw

amp

0.7

54

9L1

MA

M2-

2R

eed

Can

ary

Gra

ss M

iner

al M

eado

w M

arsh

3.8

20

2L5

MA

M2-

3R

ed-to

p M

iner

al M

eado

w M

arsh

1.6

21

3L4

MA

M2-

6B

road

-leav

ed S

edge

Min

eral

Mea

dow

Mar

sh0.

033

14

L4*M

AM

2-7

*Hor

seta

il M

iner

al M

eado

w M

arsh

32

5L3

MA

M2-

9Je

wel

wee

d M

iner

al M

eado

w M

arsh

0.1

21

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MA

M2-

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rb M

iner

al M

eado

w M

arsh

3.7

21

3L4

MA

M3-

2R

eed

Can

ary

Gra

ss O

rgan

ic M

eado

w M

arsh

0.4

22

4L4

MA

M3-

9Fo

rb O

rgan

ic M

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w M

arsh

0.4

33

6L3

MA

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road

-leav

ed C

atta

il M

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arsh

0.6

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w-L

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il M

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sh M

iner

al S

hallo

w M

arsh

0.04

21

3L4

MA

S2-

4B

road

-leav

ed S

edge

Min

eral

Sha

llow

Mar

sh0.

23

14

L4M

AS

2-8

Ric

e C

ut-g

rass

Min

eral

Sha

llow

Mar

sh0.

042

13

L4M

AS

2-9

Forb

Min

eral

Sha

llow

Mar

sh0.

022

13

L4M

AS

3-1A

Bro

ad-le

aved

Cat

tail

Org

anic

Sha

llow

Mar

sh5.

02

35

L3M

AS

3-2

Bul

rush

Org

anic

Sha

llow

Mar

sh0.

15

38

L2M

AS

3-4

Bro

ad-le

aved

Sed

ge O

rgan

ic S

hallo

w M

arsh

0.3

43

7L2

MA

S3-

8R

ice

Cut

-gra

ss O

rgan

ic S

hallo

w M

arsh

0.1

53

8L2

MA

S3-

10Fo

rb O

rgan

ic S

hallo

w M

arsh

0.1

43

7L2

MA

S3-

dR

eed

Can

ary

Gra

ss O

rgan

ic S

hallo

w M

arsh

0.5

L3?

Aq

uatic

0.2

SA

M1-

2D

uckw

eed

Mix

ed S

hallo

w A

quat

ic0.

044

15

L3S

AM

1-4

Pon

dwee

d M

ixed

Sha

llow

Aqu

atic

0.1

52

7L2

OA

O1

Ope

n A

quat

ic (

deep

or

river

ine)

20.1

L5O

AO

1-T

Turb

id O

pen

Aqu

atic

(di

stur

bed)

0.3

L+

Dyn

amic

(B

luff

and

Bar

ren)

6.8

BLO

1M

iner

al O

pen

Blu

ff0.

12

24

L4B

LS1-

AS

umac

- W

illow

Shr

ub B

luff

0.6

32

5L3

Ap

pen

dix

1: L

ist

of

Veg

etat

ion

Co

mm

uniti

es F

oun

d in

Bo

lton

Trac

t S

tud

y A

rea

2001

& 2

007

area

Loca

lG

eop

hy.

Loca

lE

LCV

eget

atio

n Ty

pe

# h

aD

istr

ib.

Req

uir.

Ran

kC

od

e(*

indi

cate

s pr

esen

t as

incl

usio

n an

d/or

com

plex

onl

y)(2

002-

01)

Tota

lS

core

BLT

1-A

Whi

te C

edar

Tre

ed B

luff

5.4

43

7L2

BLT

1-B

Dec

iduo

us T

reed

Blu

ff0.

13

25

L3C

BO

1O

pen

Cla

y B

arre

n0.

13

47

L2C

BS

1S

hrub

Cla

y B

arre

n0.

33

47

L2S

BT1

Tree

d S

and

Bar

ren

0.2

55

10L1

Mea

do

w80

.8C

UM

1-A

Nat

ive

Forb

Mea

dow

35.1

10

1L5

CU

M1-

bE

xotic

Coo

l-sea

son

Gra

ss G

ram

inoi

d M

eado

w45

.71

01

L+C

UM

1-c

Exo

tic F

orb

Mea

dow

0.1

10

1L+

Tota

l veg

etat

ed n

atur

al c

over

773.

8

App

endi

x 2:

Lis

t of F

lora

Spe

cies

Fou

nd in

Bol

ton

Trac

t Stu

dy A

rea

in 2

007

(all

bloc

ks)

cf. i

n th

e sp

ecie

s na

me

indi

cate

s th

e sp

ecie

s fo

und

was

mos

t lik

ely

nam

ed c

orre

ctly

but

cou

ld n

ot b

e co

nfirm

edpL

… in

the

rank

col

umn

indi

cate

s th

at th

e sp

ecie

s w

as o

nly

foun

d pl

ante

d an

d no

t reg

ener

atin

gLo

cal

Popu

latio

nH

abita

tSe

nsiti

vity

toTo

tal

Ran

kSc

ient

ific

nam

eC

omm

on N

ame

Dis

trib

utio

nTr

end

Dep

ende

nce

Dev

elop

men

tSc

ore

TRC

A20

0120

071

- 51-

50-

50-

52-

20A

pr.2

003

Linn

aea

bore

alis

ssp

. lon

giflo

ratw

inflo

wer

45

55

19L1

xx

Osm

unda

cla

yton

iana

inte

rrup

ted

fern

45

55

19L1

xA

rabi

s gl

abra

tow

er m

usta

rd4

45

417

L2x

Bot

rych

ium

dis

sect

umcu

t-lea

ved

grap

e fe

rn o

r moo

nwor

t4

45

518

L2x

xB

otry

chiu

m v

irgin

ianu

mra

ttles

nake

fern

35

55

18L2

xx

Cal

la p

alus

tris

wat

er a

rum

35

55

18L2

xC

aulo

phyl

lum

thal

ictro

ides

blue

coh

osh

53

54

17L2

xC

optis

trifo

lia (C

. gro

enla

ndic

a)go

ldth

read

35

55

18L2

xx

Cyp

riped

ium

cal

ceol

us v

ar. p

arvi

floru

m (C

. par

viflo

rum

)sm

alle

r yel

low

lady

's s

lippe

r3

45

517

L2x

Cys

topt

eris

tenu

is (C

ysto

pter

is fr

agili

s va

r.mac

kayi

)M

acka

y's

fragi

le fe

rn3

45

517

L2x

Dic

entra

cuc

ulla

riaD

utch

man

's b

reec

hes

34

55

17L2

xD

ipha

sias

trum

dig

itatu

m (L

ycop

odiu

m d

igita

tum

)gr

ound

ced

ar o

r cro

wfo

ot c

lub-

mos

s3

55

518

L2x

Dry

opte

ris c

linto

nian

aC

linto

n's

woo

d fe

rn3

55

417

L2x

Dry

opte

ris g

oldi

ana

Gol

die'

s fe

rn5

45

418

L2x

Dul

ichi

um a

rund

inac

eum

thre

e-w

ay s

edge

34

55

17L2

xFl

oerk

ia p

rose

rpin

acoi

des

fals

e m

erm

aid

54

44

17L2

xG

lyce

ria b

orea

lisno

rther

n m

anna

gra

ss3

45

517

L2x

xG

lyce

ria c

anad

ensi

sra

ttles

nake

gra

ss4

45

518

L2x

Hup

erzi

a lu

cidu

la (L

ycop

odiu

m lu

cidu

lum

)sh

inin

g cl

ub-m

oss

35

55

18L2

xx

Med

eola

virg

inia

naIn

dian

cuc

umbe

r-ro

ot3

54

517

L2x

xM

onot

ropa

hyp

opith

yspi

nesa

p3

45

517

L2x

xN

ajas

flex

ilis

bush

y na

iad

44

55

18L2

xx

Nym

phae

a od

orat

a ss

p. o

dora

tafra

gran

t wat

er li

ly4

55

418

L2x

xO

smun

da c

inna

mom

eaci

nnam

on fe

rn2

55

517

L2x

xO

smun

da re

galis

var

. spe

ctab

ilis

roya

l fer

n3

55

518

L2x

Pol

ypod

ium

virg

inia

num

(P. v

ulga

re)

rock

pol

ypod

y4

45

518

L2x

Abi

es b

alsa

mea

bals

am fi

r2

34

514

L3x

xA

dian

tum

ped

atum

north

ern

mai

denh

air f

ern

23

55

15L3

xx

Agr

ostis

sca

bra

tickl

egra

ss4

34

415

L3x

Alli

um tr

icoc

cum

wild

leek

or r

amps

23

44

13L3

xx

Aln

us in

cana

ssp

. rug

osa

(A. r

ugos

a)sp

eckl

ed o

r tag

ald

er3

44

516

L3x

xA

lope

curu

s ae

qual

issh

ort-a

wne

d fo

xtai

l3

45

416

L3x

Ane

mon

e ac

utilo

ba (H

epat

ica

acut

iloba

)sh

arp-

lobe

d he

patic

a2

44

515

L3x

xA

nem

one

cylin

dric

alo

ng-fr

uite

d th

imbl

ewee

d3

43

414

L3x

Ang

elic

a at

ropu

rpur

eaan

gelic

a4

34

314

L3x

xA

quile

gia

cana

dens

isw

ild c

olum

bine

24

35

14L3

xA

ralia

race

mos

a ss

p. ra

cem

osa

spik

enar

d3

44

314

L3x

xA

ster

ool

enta

ngie

nsis

(A. a

zure

us)

sky-

blue

or a

zure

ast

er4

34

314

L3x

Ast

er u

roph

yllu

s (A

. sag

ittifo

lius)

arro

w-le

aved

ast

er4

34

314

L3x

Bro

mus

cili

atus

(B. c

anad

ensi

s)fri

nged

bro

me

gras

s3

44

516

L3x

xC

arda

min

e co

ncat

enat

a (D

enta

ria la

cina

ta)

cut-l

eave

d to

othw

ort

23

54

14L3

xC

arex

alo

peco

idea

foxt

ail o

r bro

wn-

head

ed w

ood

sedg

e3

34

414

L3x

xC

arex

ath

erod

esaw

ned

sedg

e4

35

416

L3x

App

endi

x 2:

Lis

t of F

lora

Spe

cies

Fou

nd in

Bol

ton

Trac

t Stu

dy A

rea

in 2

007

(all

bloc

ks)

cf. i

n th

e sp

ecie

s na

me

indi

cate

s th

e sp

ecie

s fo

und

was

mos

t lik

ely

nam

ed c

orre

ctly

but

cou

ld n

ot b

e co

nfirm

edpL

… in

the

rank

col

umn

indi

cate

s th

at th

e sp

ecie

s w

as o

nly

foun

d pl

ante

d an

d no

t reg

ener

atin

gLo

cal

Popu

latio

nH

abita

tSe

nsiti

vity

toTo

tal

Ran

kSc

ient

ific

nam

eC

omm

on N

ame

Dis

trib

utio

nTr

end

Dep

ende

nce

Dev

elop

men

tSc

ore

TRC

A20

0120

071

- 51-

50-

50-

52-

20A

pr.2

003

Car

ex b

revi

orsh

ort-f

ruite

d se

dge

43

43

14L3

xC

arex

bru

nnes

cens

ssp

. bru

nnes

cens

brow

nish

sed

ge3

34

414

L3x

xC

arex

can

esce

ns s

sp. c

anes

cens

silv

ery

sedg

e4

45

316

L3x

Car

ex c

epha

loid

eath

in-le

aved

sed

ge4

25

314

L3x

Car

ex c

epha

loph

ora

oval

-hea

ded

sedg

e5

25

315

L3x

Car

ex c

omos

a (C

. pse

udo-

cype

rus

var.

com

osa)

bris

tly s

edge

33

54

15L3

xC

arex

crin

itafri

nged

sed

ge3

44

415

L3x

xC

arex

cry

ptol

epis

smal

l yel

low

sed

ge5

32

515

L3x

Car

ex d

iand

rale

sser

pan

icle

d se

dge

43

54

16L3

xC

arex

dis

perm

atw

o-se

eded

or s

oft-l

eave

d se

dge

33

54

15L3

xx

Car

ex e

burn

eabr

istle

-leav

ed s

edge

34

44

15L3

xx

Car

ex g

risea

grey

sed

ge5

24

314

L3x

Car

ex h

irtifo

liapu

besc

ent o

r hai

ry-le

aved

sed

ge3

35

314

L3x

xC

arex

hitc

hcoc

kian

aH

itchc

ock'

s se

dge

43

53

15L3

xC

arex

inte

rior

inla

nd o

r pra

irie

star

sed

ge3

25

414

L3x

xC

arex

laev

ivag

inat

asm

ooth

-she

athe

d se

dge

24

44

14L3

xx

Car

ex la

xicu

lmis

var

. lax

icul

mis

spre

adin

g or

wea

k w

ood

sedg

e5

25

315

L3x

Car

ex le

ptal

ea s

sp. l

epta

lea

bris

tle-s

talk

ed s

edge

33

54

15L3

xx

Car

ex le

pton

ervi

a (C

. lax

iflor

a va

r. le

pton

ervi

a)fe

w- o

r fin

e-ne

rved

woo

d se

dge

43

43

14L3

xC

arex

lupu

lina

hop

sedg

e2

44

414

L3x

xC

arex

pla

ntag

inea

plan

tain

-leav

ed s

edge

34

54

16L3

xx

Car

ex s

cabr

ata

roug

h se

dge

33

43

13L3

xx

Car

ex tr

ibul

oide

sbl

unt b

room

sed

ge5

24

314

L3x

Car

ex tr

ispe

rma

var.

trisp

erm

ath

ree-

seed

ed s

edge

33

54

15L3

xC

arex

tuck

erm

anii

Tuck

erm

an's

sed

ge3

44

415

L3x

xC

helo

ne g

labr

atu

rtleh

ead

33

44

14L3

xC

hrys

ospl

eniu

m a

mer

ican

umgo

lden

sax

ifrag

e3

35

415

L3x

Cic

uta

bulb

ifera

bulb

let-b

earin

g w

ater

-hem

lock

33

54

15L3

xC

inna

aru

ndin

acea

tall

woo

d re

ed3

45

214

L3x

Cin

na la

tifol

iano

ddin

g w

ood

reed

33

53

14L3

xx

Circ

aea

alpi

nasm

alle

r enc

hant

er's

nig

htsh

ade

24

54

15L3

xC

layt

onia

car

olin

iana

broa

d-le

aved

spr

ing

beau

ty3

45

416

L3x

Clin

toni

a bo

real

isye

llow

clin

toni

a or

blu

ebea

d lil

y2

54

516

L3x

xC

ornu

s ru

gosa

roun

d-le

aved

dog

woo

d3

44

314

L3x

xD

epar

ia a

cros

ticho

ides

(Ath

yriu

m th

elyp

terio

ides

)si

lver

y gl

ade

fern

or s

plee

nwor

t4

45

316

L3x

Dic

entra

can

aden

sis

squi

rrel

-cor

n2

45

415

L3x

Dirc

a pa

lust

risle

athe

rwoo

d3

45

416

L3x

xD

ryop

teris

cris

tata

cres

ted

woo

d fe

rn2

44

414

L3x

xE

leoc

haris

sm

allii

(E. p

alus

tris)

Sm

all's

or c

reep

ing

spik

e-ru

sh3

45

315

L3x

Ely

mus

can

aden

sis

Can

ada

wild

rye

42

53

14L3

xE

pilo

bium

lept

ophy

llum

narr

ow-le

aved

will

ow-h

erb

35

44

16L3

xE

quis

etum

fluv

iatil

ew

ater

hor

seta

il2

45

415

L3x

xE

quis

etum

pra

tens

em

eado

w o

r thi

cket

hor

seta

il4

45

316

L3x

xE

quis

etum

sci

rpoi

des

dwar

f sco

urin

g ru

sh2

45

516

L3x

x

App

endi

x 2:

Lis

t of F

lora

Spe

cies

Fou

nd in

Bol

ton

Trac

t Stu

dy A

rea

in 2

007

(all

bloc

ks)

cf. i

n th

e sp

ecie

s na

me

indi

cate

s th

e sp

ecie

s fo

und

was

mos

t lik

ely

nam

ed c

orre

ctly

but

cou

ld n

ot b

e co

nfirm

edpL

… in

the

rank

col

umn

indi

cate

s th

at th

e sp

ecie

s w

as o

nly

foun

d pl

ante

d an

d no

t reg

ener

atin

gLo

cal

Popu

latio

nH

abita

tSe

nsiti

vity

toTo

tal

Ran

kSc

ient

ific

nam

eC

omm

on N

ame

Dis

trib

utio

nTr

end

Dep

ende

nce

Dev

elop

men

tSc

ore

TRC

A20

0120

071

- 51-

50-

50-

52-

20A

pr.2

003

Equ

iset

um s

ylva

ticum

woo

dlan

d ho

rset

ail

33

54

15L3

xx

Euo

nym

us o

bova

ta (E

. obo

vatu

s)ru

nnin

g st

raw

berr

y-bu

sh3

44

415

L3x

Gal

ium

tinc

toriu

mst

iff m

arsh

bed

stra

w5

44

316

L3x

Gal

ium

trifi

dum

var

. trif

idum

smal

l bed

stra

w4

44

315

L3x

Gly

ceria

sep

tent

riona

lisea

ster

n m

anna

gra

ss3

35

415

L3x

xG

ymno

carp

ium

dry

opte

risoa

k fe

rn2

35

515

L3x

xH

ydro

coty

le a

mer

ican

am

arsh

pen

nyw

ort

34

44

15L3

xx

Hyp

eric

um a

scyr

ongr

eat S

t.Joh

nsw

ort

44

52

15L3

xx

Ilex

verti

cilla

taw

inte

rber

ry3

44

516

L3x

xIri

s ve

rsic

olor

blue

flag

25

45

16L3

xx

Jugl

ans

cine

rea

butte

rnut

24

44

14L3

xx

Juni

peru

s co

mm

unis

com

mon

juni

per

33

44

14L3

xx

Lact

uca

bien

nis

tall

blue

lettu

ce4

42

414

L3x

Larix

laric

ina

tam

arac

k3

44

415

L3x

xLe

mna

tris

ulca

star

or i

vy-le

aved

duc

kwee

d3

45

315

L3x

Liliu

m m

ichi

gane

nse

Mic

higa

n or

Tur

k's

cap

lily

34

35

15L3

xLo

belia

infla

taIn

dian

toba

cco

44

44

16L3

xLo

belia

sip

hilit

ica

grea

t blu

e lo

belia

33

44

14L3

xLo

nice

ra c

anad

ensi

sfly

hon

eysu

ckle

34

34

14L3

xLu

zula

acu

min

ata

hairy

woo

d ru

sh5

34

315

L3x

Lysi

mac

hia

thyr

siflo

ratu

fted

loos

estri

fe3

34

414

L3x

Men

ispe

rmum

can

aden

sem

oons

eed

34

43

14L3

xx

Mim

ulus

ring

ens

squa

re-s

tem

med

mon

key-

flow

er5

23

414

L3x

Mitc

hella

repe

nspa

rtrid

gebe

rry

24

45

15L3

xx

Mite

lla n

uda

nake

d m

itrew

ort

24

55

16L3

xx

Mon

arda

did

yma

bee-

balm

or O

sweg

o te

a5

34

214

L3x

xM

onot

ropa

uni

flora

Indi

an-p

ipe

24

55

16L3

xx

Myo

sotis

laxa

smal

ler f

orge

t-me-

not

54

34

16L3

xO

ryzo

psis

asp

erifo

liaw

hite

-frui

ted

or ro

ugh-

leav

ed m

ount

ain-

rice

24

45

15L3

xx

Ory

zops

is ra

cem

osa

blac

k-fru

ited

mou

ntai

n-ric

e3

35

415

L3x

Osm

orhi

za c

layt

onii

woo

lly s

wee

t cic

ely

34

44

15L3

xO

xalis

ace

tose

lla s

sp. m

onta

na (O

. mon

tana

)pi

nk w

ood-

sorr

el4

34

415

L3x

Phe

gopt

eris

con

nect

ilis

north

ern

or lo

ng b

eech

fern

33

55

16L3

xx

Pic

ea g

lauc

aw

hite

spr

uce

35

43

15L3

xpx

Pile

a fo

ntan

asp

ring

clea

rwee

d3

44

415

L3x

xP

oa a

lsod

esgr

ove

mea

dow

gra

ss o

r woo

dlan

d po

a4

35

315

L3x

Pol

ygon

atum

pub

esce

nsdo

wny

Sol

omon

's s

eal

24

55

16L3

xP

olyg

onum

am

phib

ium

(P. n

atan

s; P

. coc

cine

um)

wat

er s

mar

twee

d2

44

414

L3x

Pol

ystic

hum

acr

ostic

hoid

esC

hris

tmas

fern

23

55

15L3

xx

Pot

amog

eton

folio

sus

leaf

y po

ndw

eed

33

54

15L3

xx

Pot

amog

eton

nat

ans

float

ing

pond

wee

d3

45

315

L3x

xP

yrol

a el

liptic

ash

inle

af2

44

414

L3x

xR

anun

culu

s pe

nsyl

vani

cus

bris

tly b

utte

rcup

43

43

14L3

xR

ibes

tris

tesw

amp

red

curr

ant

34

45

16L3

xx

App

endi

x 2:

Lis

t of F

lora

Spe

cies

Fou

nd in

Bol

ton

Trac

t Stu

dy A

rea

in 2

007

(all

bloc

ks)

cf. i

n th

e sp

ecie

s na

me

indi

cate

s th

e sp

ecie

s fo

und

was

mos

t lik

ely

nam

ed c

orre

ctly

but

cou

ld n

ot b

e co

nfirm

edpL

… in

the

rank

col

umn

indi

cate

s th

at th

e sp

ecie

s w

as o

nly

foun

d pl

ante

d an

d no

t reg

ener

atin

gLo

cal

Popu

latio

nH

abita

tSe

nsiti

vity

toTo

tal

Ran

kSc

ient

ific

nam

eC

omm

on N

ame

Dis

trib

utio

nTr

end

Dep

ende

nce

Dev

elop

men

tSc

ore

TRC

A20

0120

071

- 51-

50-

50-

52-

20A

pr.2

003

Rum

ex a

ceto

sella

ssp

. ace

tose

llash

eep

sorr

el3

25

414

L3x

Sal

ix lu

cida

shin

ing

will

ow2

45

314

L3x

xS

alix

pet

iola

rissl

ende

r will

ow3

35

314

L3x

xS

chiz

achn

e pu

rpur

asce

ns s

sp. p

urpu

rasc

ens

purp

le o

r fal

se m

elic

gra

ss3

33

514

L3x

xS

cirp

us c

yper

inus

woo

lly b

ulru

sh o

r woo

l-gra

ss2

34

514

L3x

xS

cirp

us p

endu

lus

droo

ping

, nod

ding

, or r

ed b

ulru

sh3

45

416

L3x

Sis

yrin

chiu

m m

onta

num

blue

-eye

d gr

ass

33

44

14L3

xx

Spa

rgan

ium

em

ersu

m s

sp. e

mer

sum

(S. c

hlor

ocar

pum

)gr

een-

fruite

d bu

r-re

ed3

35

415

L3x

xS

parg

aniu

m e

uryc

arpu

mgi

ant o

r gre

at b

ur-r

eed

34

54

16L3

xS

pira

ea a

lba

mea

dow

swee

t or w

ild s

pira

ea3

44

314

L3x

xS

piro

dela

pol

yrhi

za (L

emna

pol

yrhi

za)

grea

ter d

uckw

eed

34

52

14L3

xS

poro

bolu

s cr

ypta

ndru

ssa

nd d

rops

eed

42

53

14L3

xS

taph

ylea

trifo

liabl

adde

rnut

43

43

14L3

xS

tella

ria lo

ngifo

lialo

ng-le

aved

chi

ckw

eed

53

43

15L3

xS

trept

opus

rose

usro

se tw

iste

d-st

alk

24

45

15L3

xTa

xus

cana

dens

isC

anad

a ye

w o

r gro

und

hem

lock

24

45

15L3

xx

Trie

ntal

is b

orea

lis s

sp. b

orea

lisst

ar-fl

ower

24

45

15L3

xx

Trill

ium

ere

ctum

red

trilli

um o

r stin

king

Joh

nny

24

35

14L3

xx

Trill

ium

gra

ndifl

orum

whi

te tr

illiu

m1

44

514

L3x

Ver

onic

a am

eric

ana

Am

eric

an s

peed

wel

l or b

rook

lime

33

44

14L3

xV

eron

ica

cate

nata

(V. a

naga

llis-

aqua

tica

ssp.

cat

enat

a)w

ater

spe

edw

ell (

nativ

e)5

34

416

L3x

Ver

onic

a sc

utel

lata

mar

sh s

peed

wel

l3

25

414

L3x

Vib

urnu

m a

cerif

oliu

mm

aple

-leav

ed v

ibur

num

23

45

14L3

xV

iola

affi

nis

Le C

onte

's v

iole

t3

44

314

L3x

Vio

la c

anad

ensi

sC

anad

a vi

olet

34

44

15L3

xV

iola

cuc

ulla

tam

arsh

blu

e vi

olet

33

44

14L3

xV

iola

mac

losk

eyi s

sp. p

alle

nsno

rther

n w

hite

vio

let

44

43

15L3

xV

iola

reni

folia

kidn

ey-le

aved

vio

let

44

53

16L3

xx

Vio

la ro

stra

talo

ng-s

purr

ed v

iole

t3

44

314

L3x

Wol

ffia

bore

alis

north

ern

or d

otte

d w

ater

-mea

l4

45

215

L3x

Wol

ffia

colu

mbi

ana

colu

mbi

a w

ater

-mea

l3

45

214

L3x

Ace

r rub

rum

red

map

le2

42

513

L4x

xA

cer s

acch

arin

umsi

lver

map

le2

24

311

L4x

xA

cer s

acch

arum

ssp

. nig

rum

blac

k m

aple

33

32

11L4

xx

Ace

r spi

catu

mm

ount

ain

map

le2

34

413

L4x

xA

cer x

free

man

ii (A

. rub

rum

x s

acch

arin

um)

Free

man

's o

r hyb

rid s

wam

p m

aple

hh

hh

L4x

xA

ctae

a pa

chyp

oda

whi

te b

aneb

erry

23

43

12L4

xA

lism

a pl

anta

go-a

quat

ica

(A. t

rivia

le)

wat

er-p

lant

ain

22

52

11L4

xx

Am

elan

chie

r lae

vis

smoo

th s

ervi

cebe

rry

32

43

12L4

xA

mel

anch

ier s

p.se

rvic

eber

ry2

43

L4x

Ant

enna

ria h

owel

lii s

sp. h

owel

liifie

ld o

r How

ell's

pus

syto

es4

23

312

L4x

Apo

cynu

m a

ndro

saem

ifoliu

msp

read

ing

dogb

ane

23

33

11L4

xA

risae

ma

triph

yllu

mJa

ck-in

-the-

pulp

it1

33

411

L4x

Asa

rum

can

aden

sew

ild g

inge

r2

34

312

L4x

x

App

endi

x 2:

Lis

t of F

lora

Spe

cies

Fou

nd in

Bol

ton

Trac

t Stu

dy A

rea

in 2

007

(all

bloc

ks)

cf. i

n th

e sp

ecie

s na

me

indi

cate

s th

e sp

ecie

s fo

und

was

mos

t lik

ely

nam

ed c

orre

ctly

but

cou

ld n

ot b

e co

nfirm

edpL

… in

the

rank

col

umn

indi

cate

s th

at th

e sp

ecie

s w

as o

nly

foun

d pl

ante

d an

d no

t reg

ener

atin

gLo

cal

Popu

latio

nH

abita

tSe

nsiti

vity

toTo

tal

Ran

kSc

ient

ific

nam

eC

omm

on N

ame

Dis

trib

utio

nTr

end

Dep

ende

nce

Dev

elop

men

tSc

ore

TRC

A20

0120

071

- 51-

50-

50-

52-

20A

pr.2

003

Asc

lepi

as in

carn

ata

ssp.

inca

rnat

asw

amp

milk

wee

d2

34

312

L4x

Bet

ula

alle

ghan

iens

is (B

. lut

ea)

yello

w o

r cur

ly b

irch

14

35

13L4

xx

Bet

ula

papy

rifer

a pa

per o

r whi

te b

irch

14

24

11L4

xx

Boe

hmer

ia c

ylin

dric

afa

lse

nettl

e2

44

313

L4x

Bro

mus

latig

lum

isea

red

or ta

ll br

ome

22

52

11L4

xC

alam

agro

stis

can

aden

sis

Can

ada

blue

join

t2

24

311

L4x

Cal

tha

palu

stris

mar

sh m

arig

old

24

34

13L4

xC

arda

min

e di

phyl

la (D

enta

ria d

iphy

lla)

broa

d- o

r tw

o-le

aved

toot

hwor

t2

34

413

L4x

Car

dam

ine

pens

ylva

nica

bitte

r cre

ss2

24

311

L4x

Car

dam

ine

x m

axim

a (C

. con

cate

nata

x d

iphy

lla)

hybr

id to

othw

ort

hh

hh

L4x

Car

ex a

lbur

sina

(C. l

axifl

ora

var.

latif

olia

)w

hite

bea

r sed

ge2

35

313

L4x

xC

arex

arc

tata

nodd

ing

woo

d se

dge

24

23

11L4

xC

arex

aur

eago

lden

-frui

ted

sedg

e3

24

413

L4x

Car

ex c

omm

unis

fibro

us-r

oote

d se

dge

24

33

12L4

xC

arex

dew

eyan

aD

ewey

's s

edge

24

33

12L4

xC

arex

gra

cilli

ma

grac

eful

sed

ge4

34

213

L4x

xC

arex

hys

teric

ina

(C. h

ystri

cina

)po

rcup

ine

sedg

e2

32

512

L4x

Car

ex in

tum

esce

nsbl

adde

r sed

ge3

43

212

L4x

Car

ex la

cust

risla

ke-b

ank

sedg

e3

33

413

L4x

xC

arex

laxi

flora

loos

e-flo

wer

ed s

edge

33

43

13L4

xC

arex

pec

kii (

C. n

igro

mar

gina

ta v

ar. e

llipt

ica)

Pec

k's

sedg

e3

24

312

L4x

Car

ex p

edun

cula

taea

rly-fl

ower

ing

sedg

e2

33

311

L4x

xC

arex

pen

sylv

anic

aP

enns

ylva

nia

sedg

e2

43

413

L4x

xC

arex

pro

ject

ane

ckla

ce o

r loo

se-h

eade

d ov

al s

edge

42

43

13L4

xC

arex

pse

udo-

cype

rus

pseu

docy

peru

s se

dge

13

34

11L4

xx

Car

ex re

trors

are

trors

e se

dge

23

34

12L4

xx

Car

ex s

parg

anio

ides

bur-

reed

sed

ge2

25

211

L4x

Car

ex s

pren

gelii

long

-bea

ked

sedg

e3

44

213

L4x

Car

ex s

trict

atu

ssoc

k se

dge

23

34

12L4

xC

arex

tene

rast

raw

sed

ge3

33

312

L4x

Car

pinu

s ca

rolin

iana

ssp

. virg

inia

nabl

ue b

eech

or A

mer

ican

hor

nbea

m2

34

211

L4x

xC

arya

cor

difo

rmis

bitte

rnut

hic

kory

24

42

12L4

xx

Cau

loph

yllu

m g

igan

teum

(C. t

halic

troid

es v

ar. g

igan

teum

)lo

ng-s

tyle

d bl

ue c

ohos

h2

34

413

L4x

xC

elas

trus

cf. s

cand

ens

clim

bing

or A

mer

ican

bitt

ersw

eet

32

34

12L4

xC

ornu

s am

omum

ssp

. obl

iqua

silk

y do

gwoo

d3

35

213

L4x

xC

ornu

s fo

emin

a ss

p. ra

cem

osa

(C. r

acem

osa)

grey

dog

woo

d5

24

213

L4x

Cor

ylus

cor

nuta

(C. r

ostra

ta)

beak

ed h

azel

24

34

13L4

xC

rata

egus

mac

raca

ntha

(C. s

uccu

lent

a va

r. m

acra

cant

ha)

long

-spi

ned

haw

thor

n2

24

311

L4x

Cys

topt

eris

bul

bife

rabu

lble

t fer

n1

44

413

L4x

xD

anth

onia

spi

cata

pove

rty o

at g

rass

24

34

13L4

xx

Die

rvill

a lo

nice

rabu

sh h

oney

suck

le2

32

411

L4x

xD

ryop

teris

inte

rmed

ia (D

. spi

nulo

sa v

ar. i

nter

med

ia)

ever

gree

n w

ood

fern

24

33

12L4

xx

Dry

opte

ris m

argi

nalis

mar

gina

l woo

d fe

rn1

33

411

L4x

xE

leoc

haris

obt

usa

blun

t spi

ke-r

ush

32

52

12L4

x

App

endi

x 2:

Lis

t of F

lora

Spe

cies

Fou

nd in

Bol

ton

Trac

t Stu

dy A

rea

in 2

007

(all

bloc

ks)

cf. i

n th

e sp

ecie

s na

me

indi

cate

s th

e sp

ecie

s fo

und

was

mos

t lik

ely

nam

ed c

orre

ctly

but

cou

ld n

ot b

e co

nfirm

edpL

… in

the

rank

col

umn

indi

cate

s th

at th

e sp

ecie

s w

as o

nly

foun

d pl

ante

d an

d no

t reg

ener

atin

gLo

cal

Popu

latio

nH

abita

tSe

nsiti

vity

toTo

tal

Ran

kSc

ient

ific

nam

eC

omm

on N

ame

Dis

trib

utio

nTr

end

Dep

ende

nce

Dev

elop

men

tSc

ore

TRC

A20

0120

071

- 51-

50-

50-

52-

20A

pr.2

003

Ely

mus

hys

trix

(Hys

trix

patu

la)

bottl

e-br

ush

gras

s2

24

311

L4x

Ely

mus

ripa

rius

river

bank

wild

rye

22

52

11L4

xE

pilo

bium

col

orat

umpu

rple

-leav

ed w

illow

-her

b3

34

212

L4x

xE

quis

etum

var

iega

tum

ssp

. var

iega

tum

varie

gate

d sc

ourin

g-ru

sh3

25

313

L4x

Eup

ator

ium

per

folia

tum

bone

set

13

43

11L4

xx

Fagu

s gr

andi

folia

Am

eric

an b

eech

14

34

12L4

xx

Fest

uca

subv

ertic

illat

a (F

. obt

usa)

nodd

ing

fesc

ue4

24

313

L4x

xFr

axin

us n

igra

blac

k as

h2

44

313

L4x

xG

aliu

m a

parin

ecl

eave

rs3

34

212

L4x

Gal

ium

pal

ustre

mar

sh b

edst

raw

22

43

11L4

xG

lyce

ria g

rand

ista

ll m

anna

gra

ss2

34

211

L4x

xH

ydro

phyl

lum

can

aden

seC

anad

a w

ater

leaf

33

43

13L4

xJu

ncus

effu

sus

ssp.

sol

utus

soft

rush

24

43

13L4

xJu

ncus

nod

osus

knot

ted

rush

32

53

13L4

xJu

ncus

torr

eyi

Torr

ey's

rush

42

42

12L4

xLy

copu

s am

eric

anus

Am

eric

an o

r cut

-leav

ed w

ater

-hor

ehou

nd2

43

312

L4x

Lyco

pus

unifl

orus

north

ern

wat

er-h

oreh

ound

or b

ugle

wee

d2

33

311

L4x

Mai

anth

emum

can

aden

seC

anad

a m

ayflo

wer

24

15

12L4

xx

Mite

lla d

iphy

llam

itrew

ort

23

44

13L4

xP

anic

um a

cum

inat

um v

ar. a

cum

inat

umha

iry p

anic

gra

ss2

33

311

L4x

Pen

stem

on d

igita

lisfo

xglo

ve b

eard

-tong

ue4

24

212

L4x

Phy

salis

het

erop

hylla

clam

my

grou

nd-c

herr

y3

23

311

L4x

Pin

us s

trobu

sw

hite

pin

e1

43

412

L4x

xP

odop

hyllu

m p

elta

tum

May

-app

le2

33

311

L4x

xP

olyg

onum

pen

sylv

anic

umpi

nk o

r Pen

nsyl

vani

a sm

artw

eed

42

41

11L4

xP

opul

us g

rand

iden

tata

larg

e-to

othe

d as

pen

23

43

12L4

xx

Pru

nella

vul

garis

ssp

. lan

ceol

ata

heal

-all

(nat

ive?

)4

22

311

L4x

Pru

nus

pens

ylva

nica

pin

cher

ry3

43

313

L4x

Pte

ridiu

m a

quili

num

var

. lat

iusc

ulum

east

ern

brac

ken

24

24

12L4

xx

Que

rcus

mac

roca

rpa

bur o

ak1

43

311

L4x

xQ

uerc

us ru

bra

red

oak

14

24

11L4

xpx

Ran

uncu

lus

hisp

idus

var

. car

icet

orum

(R. s

epte

ntrio

nalis

)sw

amp

butte

rcup

24

43

13L4

xR

orip

pa p

alus

tris

ssp.

fern

aldi

ana

(R. i

slan

dica

var

. fer

nald

iana

)Fe

rnal

d's

mar

sh c

ress

32

42

11L4

xx

Ros

a bl

anda

smoo

th w

ild ro

se3

23

311

L4x

Rub

us p

ubes

cens

dwar

f ras

pber

ry2

33

513

L4x

xR

udbe

ckia

hirt

a (R

. ser

otin

a)bl

ack-

eyed

Sus

an2

44

313

L4x

xS

agitt

aria

latif

olia

com

mon

arr

owhe

ad2

25

413

L4x

xS

alix

am

ygda

loid

espe

ach-

leav

ed w

illow

22

53

12L4

xx

Sal

ix b

ebbi

ana

beak

ed o

r Beb

b's

will

ow1

44

413

L4x

xS

alix

dis

colo

rpu

ssy

will

ow2

34

312

L4x

xS

cirp

us m

icro

carp

us (S

. rub

rotin

ctus

)ba

rber

-pol

e se

dge

or b

ulru

sh2

24

311

L4x

xS

cirp

us v

alid

usso

ft-st

emm

ed b

ulru

sh2

25

312

L4x

xS

ium

sua

vew

ater

-par

snip

22

44

12L4

xx

Thel

ypte

ris p

alus

tris

var.

pube

scen

sm

arsh

fern

24

24

12L4

xx

App

endi

x 2:

Lis

t of F

lora

Spe

cies

Fou

nd in

Bol

ton

Trac

t Stu

dy A

rea

in 2

007

(all

bloc

ks)

cf. i

n th

e sp

ecie

s na

me

indi

cate

s th

e sp

ecie

s fo

und

was

mos

t lik

ely

nam

ed c

orre

ctly

but

cou

ld n

ot b

e co

nfirm

edpL

… in

the

rank

col

umn

indi

cate

s th

at th

e sp

ecie

s w

as o

nly

foun

d pl

ante

d an

d no

t reg

ener

atin

gLo

cal

Popu

latio

nH

abita

tSe

nsiti

vity

toTo

tal

Ran

kSc

ient

ific

nam

eC

omm

on N

ame

Dis

trib

utio

nTr

end

Dep

ende

nce

Dev

elop

men

tSc

ore

TRC

A20

0120

071

- 51-

50-

50-

52-

20A

pr.2

003

Thuj

a oc

cide

ntal

isw

hite

ced

ar1

41

511

L4x

xTi

arel

la c

ordi

folia

foam

-flow

er2

33

412

L4x

xTs

uga

cana

dens

isea

ster

n he

mlo

ck1

43

513

L4x

xTy

pha

latif

olia

broa

d-le

aved

cat

tail

14

44

13L4

xx

Vio

la s

elki

rkii

Sel

kirk

's o

r spu

rred

vio

let

33

43

13L4

xW

alds

tein

ia fr

agar

ioid

esba

rren

stra

wbe

rry

24

43

13L4

xx

Aca

lyph

a vi

rgin

ica

var.

rhom

boid

eath

ree-

seed

ed m

ercu

ry2

13

06

L5x

Ace

r sac

char

um s

sp. s

acch

arum

suga

r map

le1

30

26

L5x

xA

chill

ea m

illef

oliu

m s

sp. l

anul

osum

woo

lly y

arro

w1

21

18

L5x

Act

aea

rubr

are

d ba

nebe

rry

23

23

10L5

xA

grim

onia

gry

pose

pala

agrim

ony

22

02

6L5

xA

mbr

osia

arte

mis

iifol

iaco

mm

on ra

gwee

d1

14

06

L5x

Am

phic

arpa

ea b

ract

eata

hog-

pean

ut2

22

28

L5x

Ane

mon

e ca

nade

nsis

Can

ada

anem

one

12

22

7L5

xx

Ane

mon

e vi

rgin

iana

com

mon

thim

blew

eed

23

03

8L5

xA

pocy

num

can

nibi

num

var

. can

nibi

num

Indi

an-h

emp

dogb

ane

22

32

9L5

xA

ralia

nud

icau

lisw

ild s

arsa

paril

la2

32

310

L5x

xA

scle

pias

syr

iaca

com

mon

milk

wee

d1

20

14

L5x

xA

ster

cor

difo

lius

hear

t-lea

ved

aste

r1

10

13

L5x

xA

ster

eric

oide

s ss

p. e

ricoi

des

(Virg

ulus

eric

oide

s)he

ath

aste

r1

12

15

L5x

xA

ster

lanc

eola

tus

ssp.

lanc

eola

tus

pani

cled

or t

all w

hite

ast

er1

22

16

L5x

xA

ster

late

riflo

rus

calic

o or

one

-sid

ed a

ster

12

32

8L5

xx

Ast

er m

acro

phyl

lus

big-

leav

ed a

ster

13

23

9L5

xx

Ast

er n

ovae

-ang

liae

(Virg

ulus

nov

ae-a

nglia

e)N

ew E

ngla

nd a

ster

12

21

6L5

xx

Ast

er p

unic

eus

var.

puni

ceus

swam

p or

pur

ple-

stem

med

ast

er2

23

29

L5x

xA

thyr

ium

filix

-fem

ina

var.

angu

stum

north

east

ern

lady

fern

13

13

8L5

xx

Bid

ens

cern

uus

nodd

ing

bur-

mar

igol

d2

23

310

L5x

xB

iden

s fro

ndos

usco

mm

on o

r dev

il's b

egga

rtick

s1

14

06

L5x

xB

iden

s tri

parti

tus

(B. c

onna

tus,

B. c

omos

us)

thre

e-pa

rted

begg

ar's

tick

s2

24

210

L5x

xC

arex

beb

bii

Beb

b's

sedg

e1

24

310

L5x

xC

arex

bla

nda

(C. l

axifl

ora

var.

blan

da)

com

mon

woo

d se

dge

22

02

6L5

xx

Car

ex c

rista

tella

cres

ted

sedg

e2

24

19

L5x

xC

arex

gra

nula

rism

eado

w s

edge

12

13

7L5

xC

arex

radi

ata

(form

erly

C. r

osea

)st

ella

te o

r stra

ight

-sty

led

sedg

e2

22

28

L5x

xC

arex

rose

a (fo

rmer

ly C

. con

volu

ta)

curly

-sty

led

sedg

e2

23

29

L5x

xC

arex

stip

ata

awl-f

ruite

d se

dge

23

22

9L5

xC

arex

vul

pino

idea

fox

sedg

e1

24

18

L5x

Cic

uta

mac

ulat

asp

otte

d w

ater

-hem

lock

22

22

8L5

xx

Circ

aea

lute

tiana

ssp

. can

aden

sis

(C. q

uadr

isul

cata

)en

chan

ter's

nig

htsh

ade

11

11

4L5

xx

Cle

mat

is v

irgin

iana

virg

in's

bow

er2

21

38

L5x

Clin

opod

ium

vul

gare

(Sat

urej

a vu

lgar

is)

dogm

int o

r wild

bas

il2

31

28

L5x

Con

yza

cana

dens

is (E

riger

on c

anad

ensi

s)ho

rse-

wee

d1

12

04

L5x

Cor

nus

alte

rnifo

liaal

tern

ate-

leav

ed d

ogw

ood

22

12

7L5

xx

Cor

nus

stol

onife

rare

d os

ier d

ogw

ood

12

03

6L5

xx

App

endi

x 2:

Lis

t of F

lora

Spe

cies

Fou

nd in

Bol

ton

Trac

t Stu

dy A

rea

in 2

007

(all

bloc

ks)

cf. i

n th

e sp

ecie

s na

me

indi

cate

s th

e sp

ecie

s fo

und

was

mos

t lik

ely

nam

ed c

orre

ctly

but

cou

ld n

ot b

e co

nfirm

edpL

… in

the

rank

col

umn

indi

cate

s th

at th

e sp

ecie

s w

as o

nly

foun

d pl

ante

d an

d no

t reg

ener

atin

gLo

cal

Popu

latio

nH

abita

tSe

nsiti

vity

toTo

tal

Ran

kSc

ient

ific

nam

eC

omm

on N

ame

Dis

trib

utio

nTr

end

Dep

ende

nce

Dev

elop

men

tSc

ore

TRC

A20

0120

071

- 51-

50-

50-

52-

20A

pr.2

003

Cra

taeg

us p

unct

ata

dotte

d ha

wth

orn

22

33

10L5

xx

Cry

ptot

aeni

a ca

nade

nsis

hone

wor

t2

24

19

L5x

Dry

opte

ris c

arth

usia

na (D

. spi

nulo

sa)

spin

ulos

e w

ood

fern

13

22

8L5

xx

Ech

inoc

ystis

loba

taw

ild c

ucum

ber

22

11

6L5

xE

leoc

haris

ery

thro

poda

(E. c

alva

; E. p

alus

tris

var.

calv

a)cr

eepi

ng o

r red

-ste

mm

ed s

pike

-rus

h2

23

18

L5x

xE

lym

us v

irgin

icus

var

. virg

inic

usV

irgin

ia w

ild ry

e2

23

29

L5x

xE

pilo

bium

cili

atum

ssp

. cili

atum

stic

ky w

illow

-her

b2

22

17

L5x

Equ

iset

um a

rven

sefie

ld o

r com

mon

hor

seta

il1

21

15

L5x

xE

quis

etum

hye

mal

e ss

p. a

ffine

scou

ring

rush

22

12

7L5

xE

riger

on a

nnuu

san

nual

or d

aisy

flea

bane

22

01

5L5

xE

riger

on p

hila

delp

hicu

s ss

p. p

hila

delp

hicu

sP

hila

delp

hia

fleab

ane

22

01

5L5

xE

ryth

roni

um a

mer

ican

um s

sp. a

mer

ican

umye

llow

trou

t-lily

13

32

9L5

xx

Eup

ator

ium

mac

ulat

um s

sp. m

acul

atum

spot

ted

Joe-

Pye

wee

d1

23

39

L5x

xE

upat

oriu

m ru

gosu

mw

hite

sna

kero

ot2

22

17

L5x

xE

utha

mia

gra

min

ifolia

(Sol

idag

o gr

amin

ifolia

)gr

ass-

or n

arro

w-le

aved

gol

denr

od1

14

17

L5x

xFr

agar

ia v

irgin

iana

(sen

su la

to)

wild

stra

wbe

rry

12

1L5

xx

Frax

inus

am

eric

ana

whi

te a

sh1

20

36

L5x

xFr

axin

us p

enns

ylva

nica

var

. pen

nsyl

vani

care

d as

h2

22

39

L5x

Gal

ium

asp

rellu

mro

ugh

beds

traw

22

42

10L5

xG

aliu

m tr

iflor

umsw

eet-s

cent

ed b

edst

raw

22

22

8L5

xG

eum

ale

ppic

um (G

. stri

ctum

)ye

llow

ave

ns2

32

29

L5x

Geu

m c

anad

ense

whi

te a

vens

22

12

7L5

xG

lyce

ria s

triat

afo

wl m

anna

gra

ss2

21

27

L5x

xH

acke

lia v

irgin

iana

Virg

inia

stic

ksee

d4

20

28

L5x

Hel

iant

hus

tube

rosu

sJe

rusa

lem

arti

chok

e2

12

05

L5x

Hyd

roph

yllu

m v

irgin

ianu

mV

irgin

ia w

ater

leaf

12

12

6L5

xx

Impa

tiens

cap

ensi

s (I.

bifl

ora)

oran

ge to

uch-

me-

not (

spot

ted

jew

elw

eed)

12

02

5L5

xx

Jugl

ans

nigr

abl

ack

wal

nut

11

21

5L5

xx

Junc

us a

rticu

latu

sjo

inte

d ru

sh2

24

210

L5x

Junc

us b

ufon

ius

toad

rush

31

41

9L5

xJu

ncus

dud

leyi

Dud

ley'

s ru

sh2

23

18

L5x

xJu

ncus

tenu

ispa

th ru

sh2

21

16

L5x

Juni

peru

s vi

rgin

iana

red

ceda

r4

14

110

L5x

xLa

porte

a ca

nade

nsis

woo

d ne

ttle

23

22

9L5

xx

Leer

sia

oryz

oide

sric

e cu

t gra

ss2

23

29

L5x

xLe

mna

min

orco

mm

on o

r les

ser d

uckw

eed

22

42

10L5

xx

Lysi

mac

hia

cilia

tafri

nged

loos

estri

fe1

22

27

L5x

Mai

anth

emum

race

mos

um s

sp. r

acem

osum

(Sm

ilaci

na ra

cem

osa)

fals

e S

olom

on's

sea

l2

32

310

L5x

xM

aian

them

um s

tella

tum

(Sm

ilaci

na s

tella

ta)

star

ry fa

lse

Sol

omon

's s

eal

22

13

8L5

xM

atte

ucci

a st

ruth

iopt

eris

var

. pen

sylv

anic

aos

trich

fern

12

22

7L5

xx

Men

tha

arve

nsis

ssp

. bor

ealis

wild

min

t1

23

28

L5x

Mon

arda

fist

ulos

aw

ild b

erga

mot

22

22

8L5

xM

uhle

nber

gia

mex

ican

aco

mm

on m

uhly

gra

ss2

20

15

L5x

xO

enot

hera

bie

nnis

com

mon

or h

airy

eve

ning

-prim

rose

21

11

5L5

x

App

endi

x 2:

Lis

t of F

lora

Spe

cies

Fou

nd in

Bol

ton

Trac

t Stu

dy A

rea

in 2

007

(all

bloc

ks)

cf. i

n th

e sp

ecie

s na

me

indi

cate

s th

e sp

ecie

s fo

und

was

mos

t lik

ely

nam

ed c

orre

ctly

but

cou

ld n

ot b

e co

nfirm

edpL

… in

the

rank

col

umn

indi

cate

s th

at th

e sp

ecie

s w

as o

nly

foun

d pl

ante

d an

d no

t reg

ener

atin

gLo

cal

Popu

latio

nH

abita

tSe

nsiti

vity

toTo

tal

Ran

kSc

ient

ific

nam

eC

omm

on N

ame

Dis

trib

utio

nTr

end

Dep

ende

nce

Dev

elop

men

tSc

ore

TRC

A20

0120

071

- 51-

50-

50-

52-

20A

pr.2

003

Ono

clea

sen

sibi

lisse

nsiti

ve fe

rn2

31

39

L5x

xO

stry

a vi

rgin

iana

ironw

ood

13

22

8L5

xx

Pan

icum

cap

illar

epa

nic

or w

itch

gras

s2

14

18

L5x

Par

then

ocis

sus

inse

rta (P

. vita

cea)

thic

ket c

reep

er2

20

15

L5x

xP

hrym

a le

ptos

tach

yalo

psee

d2

23

29

L5x

Pile

a pu

mila

dwar

f cle

arw

eed

22

11

6L5

xP

lant

ago

ruge

liire

d-st

emm

ed o

r Rug

el's

pla

ntai

n2

20

15

L5x

Poa

pal

ustri

sfo

wl m

eado

w-g

rass

22

32

9L5

xx

Pop

ulus

bal

sam

ifera

ssp

. bal

sam

ifera

bals

am p

opla

r1

23

28

L5x

xP

opul

us d

elto

ides

cotto

nwoo

d2

14

18

L5x

Pop

ulus

trem

uloi

des

trem

blin

g as

pen

13

13

8L5

xx

Pre

nant

hes

altis

sim

ata

ll w

ood

lettu

ce2

32

29

L5x

Pru

nus

sero

tina

blac

k ch

erry

12

02

5L5

xx

Pru

nus

virg

inia

na s

sp. v

irgin

iana

chok

e ch

erry

12

01

4L5

xx

Ran

uncu

lus

abor

tivus

smal

l-flo

wer

ed o

r kid

neyl

eaf b

utte

rcup

13

12

7L5

xR

anun

culu

s re

curv

atus

var

. rec

urva

tus

hook

ed b

utte

rcup

23

23

10L5

xR

anun

culu

s sc

eler

atus

curs

ed c

row

foot

22

32

9L5

xR

hus

rydb

ergi

i (R

. rad

ican

s ss

p. ry

dber

gii)

pois

on iv

y (s

hrub

form

)1

20

25

L5x

xR

hus

typh

ina

stag

horn

sum

ach

11

22

6L5

xx

Rib

es a

mer

ican

umw

ild b

lack

cur

rant

23

22

9L5

xR

ibes

cyn

osba

tipr

ickl

y go

oseb

erry

23

22

9L5

xR

ubus

alle

ghen

iens

isco

mm

on b

lack

berr

y2

30

16

L5x

xR

ubus

idae

us s

sp. m

elan

olas

ius

(R. s

trigo

sus)

wild

red

rasp

berr

y1

10

13

L5x

xR

ubus

occ

iden

talis

wild

bla

ck ra

spbe

rry

21

01

4L5

xx

Rub

us o

dora

tus

purp

le-fl

ower

ing

rasp

berr

y2

22

28

L5x

Sal

ix e

rioce

phal

a (S

. rig

ida;

S. c

orda

ta m

isap

plie

d)na

rrow

hea

rt-le

aved

or M

isso

uri w

illow

11

31

6L5

xx

Sal

ix e

xigu

a (S

. int

erio

r)sa

ndba

r will

ow2

15

210

L5x

Sam

bucu

s ca

nade

nsis

com

mon

eld

erbe

rry

23

22

9L5

xx

Sam

bucu

s ra

cem

osa

ssp.

pub

ens

(S. p

uben

s)re

d-be

rrie

d el

der

13

22

8L5

xx

San

guin

aria

can

aden

sis

bloo

droo

t1

33

310

L5x

Sci

rpus

atro

vire

nsbl

ack-

fruite

d or

dar

k gr

een

bulru

sh2

24

210

L5x

Scu

tella

ria g

aler

icul

ata

(S. e

pilo

biifo

lia)

com

mon

sku

llcap

22

33

10L5

xS

cute

llaria

late

riflo

ram

ad-d

og s

kullc

ap2

23

310

L5x

Sm

ilax

herb

acea

carr

ion-

flow

er2

32

29

L5x

Sol

idag

o al

tissi

ma

tall

gold

enro

d1

20

03

L5x

xS

olid

ago

caes

iabl

ue-s

tem

med

gol

denr

od1

24

29

L5x

xS

olid

ago

cana

dens

is v

ar. c

anad

ensi

sC

anad

a go

lden

rod

12

01

4L5

xx

Sol

idag

o fle

xica

ulis

zig-

zag

gold

enro

d1

13

27

L5x

xS

olid

ago

giga

ntea

late

gol

denr

od2

11

15

L5x

xS

olid

ago

nem

oral

is s

sp. n

emor

alis

grey

gol

denr

od2

22

28

L5x

xS

olid

ago

rugo

sa s

sp. r

ugos

aro

ugh-

stem

med

gol

denr

od3

22

29

L5x

xTh

alic

trum

dio

icum

early

mea

dow

rue

13

32

9L5

xTh

alic

trum

pub

esce

ns (T

. pol

ygam

um)

tall

mea

dow

rue

23

22

9L5

xTi

lia a

mer

ican

aba

ssw

ood

14

23

10L5

xx

App

endi

x 2:

Lis

t of F

lora

Spe

cies

Fou

nd in

Bol

ton

Trac

t Stu

dy A

rea

in 2

007

(all

bloc

ks)

cf. i

n th

e sp

ecie

s na

me

indi

cate

s th

e sp

ecie

s fo

und

was

mos

t lik

ely

nam

ed c

orre

ctly

but

cou

ld n

ot b

e co

nfirm

edpL

… in

the

rank

col

umn

indi

cate

s th

at th

e sp

ecie

s w

as o

nly

foun

d pl

ante

d an

d no

t reg

ener

atin

gLo

cal

Popu

latio

nH

abita

tSe

nsiti

vity

toTo

tal

Ran

kSc

ient

ific

nam

eC

omm

on N

ame

Dis

trib

utio

nTr

end

Dep

ende

nce

Dev

elop

men

tSc

ore

TRC

A20

0120

071

- 51-

50-

50-

52-

20A

pr.2

003

Ulm

us a

mer

ican

aw

hite

elm

14

02

7L5

xx

Urti

ca d

ioic

a ss

p. g

raci

lis (U

. pro

cera

) A

mer

ican

stin

ging

net

tle2

32

29

L5x

xV

erbe

na h

asta

tabl

ue v

erva

in2

24

210

L5x

Ver

bena

urti

cifo

liaw

hite

ver

vain

22

22

8L5

xV

ibur

num

lent

ago

nann

yber

ry2

31

28

L5x

xV

iola

con

sper

sado

g vi

olet

22

02

6L5

xx

Vio

la p

ubes

cens

stem

med

yel

low

vio

let

23

12

8L5

xV

iola

sor

oria

com

mon

blu

e vi

olet

12

02

5L5

xV

itis

ripar

iariv

erba

nk g

rape

11

00

2L5

xx

Ace

r gin

nala

Am

ur m

aple

+

++

+L+

xA

cer p

lata

noid

esN

orw

ay m

aple

+

++

+L+

xx

Aeg

opod

ium

pod

agra

riago

utw

eed

or h

erb-

Ger

ard

++

++

L+x

xA

escu

lus

hipp

ocas

tanu

mho

rse-

ches

tnut

++

++

L+x

Agr

ostis

gig

ante

a (A

. sto

loni

fera

var

. maj

or; A

. alb

a)re

dtop

++

++

L+x

xA

lliar

ia p

etio

lata

(A. o

ffici

nalis

)ga

rlic

mus

tard

++

++

L+x

xA

llium

vin

eale

ssp

. vin

eale

field

or w

ild g

arlic

++

++

L+x

Aln

us g

lutin

osa

blac

k or

Eur

opea

n al

der

++

++

L+x

Aln

us in

cana

ssp

. inc

ana

Eur

opea

n gr

ey a

lder

++

++

L+x

Ara

bis

proc

urre

nsru

nnin

g ro

ckcr

ess

++

++

L+x

Arc

tium

min

us s

sp. m

inus

co

mm

on b

urdo

ck+

++

+L+

xA

rena

ria s

erpy

llifo

liath

yme-

leav

ed s

andw

ort

++

++

L+x

Arte

mis

ia v

ulga

rism

ugw

ort o

r wor

mw

ood

++

++

L+x

Asp

arag

us o

ffici

nalis

aspa

ragu

s+

++

+L+

xB

arba

rea

vulg

aris

win

ter c

ress

or y

ello

w ro

cket

++

++

L+x

Ber

beris

thun

berg

iJa

pane

se b

arbe

rry

++

++

L+x

Ber

beris

vul

garis

com

mon

or E

urop

ean

barb

erry

++

++

L+x

Ber

tero

a in

cana

hoar

y al

yssu

m+

++

+L+

xB

etul

a pe

ndul

a (B

. ver

ruco

sa)

Eur

opea

n w

hite

or s

ilver

birc

h+

++

+L+

xB

rass

ica

rapa

(B. c

ampe

stris

)tu

rnip

++

++

L+x

Bro

mus

iner

mis

ssp

. ine

rmis

smoo

th b

rom

e gr

ass

++

++

L+x

xC

alam

agro

stis

epi

gejo

sfe

athe

rtop

++

++

L+x

Cam

elin

a m

icro

carp

asm

all-s

eede

d fa

lse

flax

++

++

L+x

Cam

panu

la ra

punc

uloi

des

cree

ping

bel

lflow

er+

++

+L+

xC

ampa

nula

sp.

? (o

r Scr

ophu

laria

ceae

)un

iden

tifie

d sp

ecim

en &

pho

to (#

80)

++

++

L+x

Cap

sella

bur

sa-p

asto

rissh

ephe

rd's

pur

se+

++

+L+

xC

arag

ana

arbo

resc

ens

Sib

eria

n pe

a-sh

rub

++

++

L+x

Car

duus

aca

ntho

ides

plum

eles

s th

istle

++

++

L+x

Car

duus

nut

ans

ssp.

nut

ans

nodd

ing

this

tle+

++

+L+

xC

arex

spi

cata

spik

ed o

r Eur

opea

n m

eado

w s

edge

++

++

L+x

Cel

astru

s cf

. orb

icul

atus

orie

ntal

or A

siat

ic b

itter

swee

t +

++

+L+

xC

enta

urea

jace

abr

own

knap

wee

d+

++

+L+

xC

enta

urea

mac

ulos

asp

otte

d kn

apw

eed

++

++

L+x

xC

enta

urea

nig

rabl

ack

knap

wee

d+

++

+L+

xC

eras

tium

font

anum

(C. v

ulga

tum

)m

ouse

-ear

chi

ckw

eed

++

++

L+x

App

endi

x 2:

Lis

t of F

lora

Spe

cies

Fou

nd in

Bol

ton

Trac

t Stu

dy A

rea

in 2

007

(all

bloc

ks)

cf. i

n th

e sp

ecie

s na

me

indi

cate

s th

e sp

ecie

s fo

und

was

mos

t lik

ely

nam

ed c

orre

ctly

but

cou

ld n

ot b

e co

nfirm

edpL

… in

the

rank

col

umn

indi

cate

s th

at th

e sp

ecie

s w

as o

nly

foun

d pl

ante

d an

d no

t reg

ener

atin

gLo

cal

Popu

latio

nH

abita

tSe

nsiti

vity

toTo

tal

Ran

kSc

ient

ific

nam

eC

omm

on N

ame

Dis

trib

utio

nTr

end

Dep

ende

nce

Dev

elop

men

tSc

ore

TRC

A20

0120

071

- 51-

50-

50-

52-

20A

pr.2

003

Cer

astiu

m to

men

tosu

msn

ow-o

n-th

e-m

ount

ain

or s

now

-in-s

umm

er+

++

+L+

xC

haen

orrh

inum

min

usdw

arf s

napd

rago

n+

++

+L+

xC

helid

oniu

m m

ajus

cela

ndin

e+

++

+L+

xC

heno

podi

um a

lbum

var

. alb

umla

mb'

s qu

arte

rs+

++

+L+

xC

hrys

anth

emum

leuc

anth

emum

ox-e

ye d

aisy

++

++

L+x

Cic

horiu

m in

tybu

sch

icor

y+

++

+L+

xC

irsiu

m a

rven

secr

eepi

ng (C

anad

a) th

istle

++

++

L+x

xC

irsiu

m v

ulga

rebu

ll th

istle

++

++

L+x

Con

valla

ria m

ajal

islil

y-of

-the-

valle

y+

++

+L+

xx

Cor

onill

a va

riacr

own

vetc

h+

++

+L+

xC

oton

east

er a

cutif

oliu

sP

ekin

g co

tone

aste

r+

++

+L+

xC

rata

egus

mon

ogyn

aE

nglis

h ha

wth

orn

++

++

L+x

Cra

taeg

us m

onog

yna

x pu

ncta

taE

nglis

h hy

brid

haw

thor

n+

++

+L+

xC

repi

s te

ctor

umna

rrow

-leav

ed h

awk'

s be

ard

++

++

L+x

Cro

cus

vern

acr

ocus

++

++

L+x

Cyn

anch

um ro

ssic

um (C

. med

ium

; Vin

ceto

xicu

m ro

ssic

um))

dog-

stra

nglin

g vi

ne o

r pal

e sw

allo

w-w

ort

++

++

L+x

xC

ynog

loss

um o

ffici

nale

houn

d's

tong

ue+

++

+L+

xD

acty

lis g

lom

erat

aor

char

d gr

ass

++

++

L+x

xD

aphn

e m

ezer

eum

daph

ne+

++

+L+

xD

aucu

s ca

rota

Que

en A

nne'

s la

ce o

r wild

car

rot

++

++

L+x

xD

iant

hus

arm

eria

Dep

tford

pin

k+

++

+L+

xD

ipsa

cus

fullo

num

ssp

. syl

vest

riste

asel

++

++

L+x

xE

chin

ochl

oa c

rusg

alli

barn

yard

gra

ss+

++

+L+

xE

chiu

m v

ulga

revi

per's

bug

loss

or b

luew

eed

++

++

L+x

Ela

eagn

us a

ngus

tifol

iaR

ussi

an o

live

++

++

L+x

Ela

eagn

us c

omm

utat

asi

lver

-ber

ry+

++

+L+

xE

laea

gnus

um

bella

taau

tum

n ol

ive

++

++

L+x

xE

lym

us re

pens

(Agr

opyr

on re

pens

; Ely

trigi

a re

pens

)qu

ack

gras

s+

++

+L+

xx

Epi

lobi

um p

arvi

floru

msm

all-f

low

ered

will

ow-h

erb

++

++

L+x

Epi

pact

is h

elle

borin

ehe

llebo

rine

++

++

L+x

xE

rysi

mum

che

irant

hoid

esw

orm

seed

mus

tard

++

++

L+x

Euo

nym

us e

urop

aea

(E. e

urop

aeus

)E

urop

ean

spin

dle-

tree

++

++

L+x

Eup

horb

ia c

ypar

issi

ascy

pres

s sp

urge

++

++

L+x

Fest

uca

prat

ensi

s (F

. ela

tior v

ar. p

rate

nsis

)m

eado

w fe

scue

++

++

L+x

Fest

uca

rubr

a ss

p. ru

bra

(F. p

rolif

era)

red

fesc

ue+

++

+L+

xFo

rsyt

hia

susp

ensa

wee

ping

fors

ythi

a+

++

+L+

xG

aleo

psis

tetra

hit

hem

p-ne

ttle

++

++

L+x

Gal

ium

mol

lugo

whi

te b

edst

raw

or w

ild m

adde

r+

++

+L+

xG

eum

urb

anum

urba

n av

ens

or h

erb

Ben

nett

++

++

L+x

xG

lech

oma

hede

race

acr

eepi

ng C

harli

e or

gro

und-

ivy

++

++

L+x

xH

emer

ocal

lis fu

lva

oran

ge d

ay-li

ly+

++

+L+

xH

espe

ris m

atro

nalis

dam

e's

rock

et+

++

+L+

xx

Hie

raci

um a

uran

tiacu

mor

ange

haw

kwee

d or

dev

il's p

aint

-bru

sh+

++

+L+

xH

iera

cium

cae

spito

sum

ssp

. cae

spito

sum

(H. p

rate

nse)

yello

w o

r fie

ld h

awkw

eed

++

++

L+x

x

App

endi

x 2:

Lis

t of F

lora

Spe

cies

Fou

nd in

Bol

ton

Trac

t Stu

dy A

rea

in 2

007

(all

bloc

ks)

cf. i

n th

e sp

ecie

s na

me

indi

cate

s th

e sp

ecie

s fo

und

was

mos

t lik

ely

nam

ed c

orre

ctly

but

cou

ld n

ot b

e co

nfirm

edpL

… in

the

rank

col

umn

indi

cate

s th

at th

e sp

ecie

s w

as o

nly

foun

d pl

ante

d an

d no

t reg

ener

atin

gLo

cal

Popu

latio

nH

abita

tSe

nsiti

vity

toTo

tal

Ran

kSc

ient

ific

nam

eC

omm

on N

ame

Dis

trib

utio

nTr

end

Dep

ende

nce

Dev

elop

men

tSc

ore

TRC

A20

0120

071

- 51-

50-

50-

52-

20A

pr.2

003

Hie

raci

um p

ilose

llam

ouse

-ear

haw

kwee

d+

++

+L+

xH

iera

cium

pilo

sello

ides

(H. f

lore

ntin

um)

smoo

th y

ello

w h

awkw

eed

or k

ing

devi

l+

++

+L+

xH

orde

um ju

batu

m s

sp. j

ubat

umsq

uirr

el-ta

il ba

rley

++

++

L+x

Hyp

eric

um p

erfo

ratu

mco

mm

on S

t. Jo

hnsw

ort

++

++

L+x

Inul

a he

leni

umel

ecam

pane

++

++

L+x

xIri

s ge

rman

ica

gard

en ir

is+

++

+L+

xIri

s ps

euda

coru

sye

llow

flag

++

++

L+x

Lact

uca

serr

iola

(L. s

cario

la)

pric

kly

lettu

ce+

++

+L+

xLa

miu

m m

acul

atum

spot

ted

dead

-net

tle+

++

+L+

xLa

rix d

ecid

uaE

urop

ean

larc

h+

++

+L+

xpx

Lath

yrus

latif

oliu

sev

erla

stin

g pe

a+

++

+L+

xLe

onur

us c

ardi

aca

ssp.

car

diac

am

othe

rwor

t+

++

+L+

xLe

pidi

um c

ampe

stre

field

pep

per-

gras

s+

++

+L+

xLi

naria

vul

garis

toad

flax,

but

ter-

and-

eggs

++

++

L+x

Lith

ospe

rmum

offi

cina

leE

uras

ian

grom

wel

l+

++

+L+

xLo

lium

per

enne

pere

nnia

l rye

++

++

L+x

Loni

cera

mor

row

iiM

orro

w's

hon

eysu

ckle

++

++

L+x

Loni

cera

tata

rica

Tarta

rian

hone

ysuc

kle

++

++

L+x

Loni

cera

x b

ella

(L. m

orro

wi x

tata

rica)

hybr

id s

hrub

or B

ell's

hon

eysu

ckle

++

++

L+x

xLo

tus

corn

icul

atus

bird

's fo

ot tr

efoi

l+

++

+L+

xLy

sim

achi

a nu

mm

ular

iam

oney

wor

t+

++

+L+

xx

Lyth

rum

sal

icar

iapu

rple

loos

estri

fe+

++

+L+

xM

alus

pum

ila (M

. dom

estic

a; P

yrus

mal

us)

appl

e+

++

+L+

xx

Mat

ricar

ia m

atric

ario

ides

pine

appl

ewee

d+

++

+L+

xM

atric

aria

recu

tita

(M. c

ham

omill

a)w

ild c

ham

omile

++

++

L+x

Med

icag

o lu

pulin

abl

ack

med

ick

++

++

L+x

Med

icag

o sa

tiva

ssp.

falc

ata

alfa

lfa+

++

+L+

xM

elilo

tus

alba

whi

te s

wee

t clo

ver

++

++

L+x

xM

elilo

tus

offic

inal

isye

llow

sw

eet c

love

r+

++

+L+

xM

irabi

lis n

ycta

gine

a (O

xyba

phus

nyc

tagi

nea)

wild

four

o'c

lock

++

++

L+x

Mis

cant

hus

sacc

harif

loru

seu

lalia

or A

mur

silv

er g

rass

++

++

L+x

Myo

sotis

sco

rpio

ides

true

or E

urop

ean

forg

et-m

e-no

t+

++

+L+

xx

Nas

turti

um m

icro

phyl

lum

(N. o

ffici

nale

var

. mic

roph

yllu

m)

wat

ercr

ess

(sm

all-l

eave

d)+

++

+L+

xx

Nep

eta

cata

riaca

tnip

++

++

L+x

Pac

hysa

ndra

term

inal

isJa

pane

se s

purg

e+

++

+L+

xP

aeon

ia o

ffici

nalis

L.

peon

y+

++

+L+

xP

hleu

m p

rate

nse

timot

hy g

rass

++

++

L+x

xP

inus

ban

ksia

naJa

ck p

ine

++

++

L+x

Pin

us s

ylve

stris

Sco

ts p

ine

++

++

L+x

xP

lant

ago

lanc

eola

taE

nglis

h pl

anta

in+

++

+L+

xP

lant

ago

maj

orbr

oad-

leav

ed o

r com

mon

pla

ntai

n+

++

+L+

xP

oa c

ompr

essa

Can

ada

or fl

at-s

tem

med

blu

e gr

ass

++

++

L+x

xP

oa p

rate

nsis

ssp

. pra

tens

isK

entu

cky

blue

gra

ss+

++

+L+

xP

olyg

onum

avi

cula

re (P

. mon

spel

iens

e)pr

ostra

te k

notw

eed

++

++

L+x

App

endi

x 2:

Lis

t of F

lora

Spe

cies

Fou

nd in

Bol

ton

Trac

t Stu

dy A

rea

in 2

007

(all

bloc

ks)

cf. i

n th

e sp

ecie

s na

me

indi

cate

s th

e sp

ecie

s fo

und

was

mos

t lik

ely

nam

ed c

orre

ctly

but

cou

ld n

ot b

e co

nfirm

edpL

… in

the

rank

col

umn

indi

cate

s th

at th

e sp

ecie

s w

as o

nly

foun

d pl

ante

d an

d no

t reg

ener

atin

gLo

cal

Popu

latio

nH

abita

tSe

nsiti

vity

toTo

tal

Ran

kSc

ient

ific

nam

eC

omm

on N

ame

Dis

trib

utio

nTr

end

Dep

ende

nce

Dev

elop

men

tSc

ore

TRC

A20

0120

071

- 51-

50-

50-

52-

20A

pr.2

003

Pol

ygon

um c

onvo

lvul

usbl

ack

bind

wee

d+

++

+L+

xP

olyg

onum

cus

pida

tum

(Rey

nout

ria ja

poni

ca)

Japa

nese

kno

twee

d+

++

+L+

xx

Pol

ygon

um p

ersi

caria

lady

's th

umb

++

++

L+x

xP

opul

us a

lba

whi

te p

opla

r (in

clud

ing

culti

vars

)+

++

+L+

xP

otam

oget

on c

rispu

scu

rly p

ondw

eed

++

++

L+x

Pot

entil

la re

cta

roug

h-fru

ited

or s

ulph

ur c

inqu

efoi

l+

++

+L+

xP

ulm

onar

ia o

ffici

nalis

lung

-wor

t+

++

+L+

xP

yrus

com

mun

ispe

ar+

++

+L+

xR

anun

culu

s ac

rista

ll bu

tterc

up+

++

+L+

xR

anun

culu

s re

pens

cree

ping

but

terc

up+

++

+L+

xR

atib

ida

colu

mni

fera

prai

rie c

onef

low

er+

++

+L+

xR

ham

nus

cath

artic

aco

mm

on o

r Eur

opea

n bu

ckth

orn

++

++

L+x

xR

ibes

rubr

umga

rden

red

curr

ant

++

++

L+x

Rob

inia

pse

udoa

caci

abl

ack

locu

st+

++

+L+

xx

Ros

a ca

nina

dog

rose

++

++

L+x

Ros

a m

ultif

lora

mul

tiflo

ra o

r Jap

anes

e ro

se+

++

+L+

xR

osa

rubi

gino

sa (R

. egl

ante

ria)

swee

t brie

r ros

e+

++

+L+

xR

udbe

ckia

trilo

babr

own-

eyed

Sus

an o

r thi

n-le

aved

con

eflo

wer

++

++

L+x

xR

umex

cris

pus

curly

doc

k+

++

+L+

xS

alix

alb

aw

hite

will

ow+

++

+L+

xS

alix

frag

ilis

crac

k w

illow

++

++

L+x

Sal

ix x

rube

ns (S

. alb

a x

fragi

lis)

Eur

opea

n tre

e w

illow

++

++

L+x

xS

apon

aria

offi

cina

lisbo

unci

ng B

et o

r soa

pwor

t+

++

+L+

xS

cilla

sib

eric

asc

illa

or S

iber

ian

squi

ll+

++

+L+

xS

edum

acr

em

ossy

sto

necr

op+

++

+L+

xS

edum

spu

rium

fals

e st

onec

rop

++

++

L+x

Sed

um te

leph

ium

live-

fore

ver

++

++

L+x

Set

aria

gla

uca

(S. p

umila

)ye

llow

foxt

ail

++

++

L+x

Set

aria

viri

dis

gree

n fo

xtai

l+

++

+L+

xS

ilene

pra

tens

is (S

. alb

a; S

. lat

ifolia

; Lyc

hnis

alb

a)ev

enin

g ly

chni

s+

++

+L+

xS

ilene

vul

garis

(S. c

ucub

alus

; S. l

atifo

lia)

blad

der c

ampi

on+

++

+L+

xS

inap

is a

rven

sis

(Bra

ssic

a ka

ber)

char

lock

++

++

L+x

Sol

anum

dul

cam

ara

bitte

rsw

eet n

ight

shad

e+

++

+L+

xx

Son

chus

arv

ensi

s ss

p. a

rven

sis

glan

dula

r per

enni

al o

r fie

ld s

ow-th

istle

++

++

L+x

Son

chus

asp

er s

sp. a

sper

spin

y so

w-th

istle

++

++

L+x

Sor

baria

sor

bifo

liafa

lse

spira

ea+

++

+L+

xS

orbu

s au

cupa

riaE

urop

ean

mou

ntai

n-as

h or

row

an+

++

+L+

xS

tella

ria g

ram

inea

gras

s-le

aved

chi

ckw

eed

or s

titch

wor

t+

++

+L+

xS

tella

ria m

edia

com

mon

chi

ckw

eed

or s

tarw

ort

++

++

L+x

Syr

inga

vul

garis

com

mon

lila

c+

++

+L+

xx

Tana

cetu

m v

ulga

reta

nsy

++

++

L+x

Tara

xacu

m o

ffici

nale

dand

elio

n+

++

+L+

xTh

lasp

i arv

ense

penn

y-cr

ess

++

++

L+x

Toril

is ja

poni

cahe

dge-

pars

ley

++

++

L+x

App

endi

x 2:

Lis

t of F

lora

Spe

cies

Fou

nd in

Bol

ton

Trac

t Stu

dy A

rea

in 2

007

(all

bloc

ks)

cf. i

n th

e sp

ecie

s na

me

indi

cate

s th

e sp

ecie

s fo

und

was

mos

t lik

ely

nam

ed c

orre

ctly

but

cou

ld n

ot b

e co

nfirm

edpL

… in

the

rank

col

umn

indi

cate

s th

at th

e sp

ecie

s w

as o

nly

foun

d pl

ante

d an

d no

t reg

ener

atin

gLo

cal

Popu

latio

nH

abita

tSe

nsiti

vity

toTo

tal

Ran

kSc

ient

ific

nam

eC

omm

on N

ame

Dis

trib

utio

nTr

end

Dep

ende

nce

Dev

elop

men

tSc

ore

TRC

A20

0120

071

- 51-

50-

50-

52-

20A

pr.2

003

Trag

opog

on d

ubiu

sle

mon

-yel

low

goa

t's b

eard

++

++

L+x

Trag

opog

on p

rate

nsis

ssp

. pra

tens

ism

eado

w g

oat's

bea

rd+

++

+L+

xTr

ifoliu

m p

rate

nse

red

clov

er+

++

+L+

xTr

ifoliu

m re

pens

whi

te c

love

r+

++

+L+

xTu

ssila

go fa

rfara

colts

foot

++

++

L+x

xTy

pha

angu

stifo

liana

rrow

-leav

ed c

atta

il+

++

+L+

xx

Typh

a x

glau

ca (T

. ang

ustif

olia

x la

tifol

ia)

hybr

id c

atta

il+

++

+L+

xx

Ulm

us g

labr

aS

cotc

h el

m+

++

+L+

xV

aler

iana

offi

cina

lisco

mm

on v

aler

ian

++

++

L+x

Ver

basc

um th

apsu

sco

mm

on m

ulle

in+

++

+L+

xV

eron

ica

anag

allis

-aqu

atic

aw

ater

spe

edw

ell (

Eur

opea

n)+

++

+L+

xV

eron

ica

arve

nsis

corn

spe

edw

ell

++

++

L+x

Ver

onic

a lo

ngifo

lialo

ng-le

aved

spe

edw

ell

++

++

L+x

Ver

onic

a of

ficin

alis

com

mon

spe

edw

ell

++

++

L+x

Vib

urnu

m la

ntan

aw

ayfa

ring

tree

++

++

L+x

Vib

urnu

m o

pulu

sgu

elde

r-ro

se/E

u hi

ghbu

sh c

ranb

erry

++

++

L+x

Vic

ia c

racc

aco

w, t

ufte

d, o

r bird

vet

ch+

++

+L+

xV

inca

min

orpe

riwin

kle

++

++

L+x

Vio

la a

rven

sis

field

pan

sy o

r Joh

nny

jum

p-up

+

++

+L+

xA

cer n

egun

doM

anito

ba m

aple

+?+?

+?+?

L+?

xx

Agr

ostis

sto

loni

fera

(A. a

lba

var.

palu

stris

)cr

eepi

ng b

ent g

rass

+?+?

+?+?

L+?

xx

Atri

plex

pat

ula

(A. p

atul

a va

r. ha

stat

a)ha

lber

d-le

aved

ora

che

or s

pear

scal

e+?

+?+?

+?L+

?x

Ger

aniu

m ro

berti

anum

herb

Rob

ert

+?+?

+?+?

L+?

xx

Oxa

lis d

illen

iide

flexe

d ye

llow

woo

d-so

rrel

+?+?

+?+?

L+?

xO

xalis

stri

cta

(O. e

urop

aea;

O. f

onta

na)

com

mon

or u

prig

ht y

ello

w w

ood-

sorr

el+?

+?+?

+?L+

?x

Pha

laris

aru

ndin

acea

reed

can

ary

gras

s+?

+?+?

+?L+

?x

xP

hrag

mite

s au

stra

lis (P

. com

mun

is)

com

mon

, gia

nt, o

r gre

at re

ed+?

+?+?

+?L+

?x

Pol

ygon

um h

ydro

pipe

rw

ater

- or m

arsh

-pep

per

+?+?

+?+?

L+?

xP

oten

tilla

nor

vegi

caro

ugh

cinq

uefo

il+?

+?+?

+?L+

?x

Spo

robo

lus

vagi

niflo

rus

ensh

eath

ed d

rops

eed

+?+?

+?+?

L+?

xV

eron

ica

pere

grin

apu

rsla

ne s

peed

wel

l+?

+?+?

+?L+

?x

Pin

us re

sino

sare

d pi

ne4

55

519

pL1

xpxp

Que

rcus

alb

a w

hite

oak

35

45

17pL

2xp

Phy

soca

rpus

opu

lifol

ius

nine

bark

52

54

16pL

3xp

xpA

mel

anch

ier a

rbor

ea (A

. can

aden

sis

mis

appl

ied)

dow

ny s

ervi

cebe

rry

or J

uneb

erry

22

43

11pL

4xp

Frax

inus

pen

nsyl

vani

ca v

ar. s

ubin

tege

rrim

agr

een

ash

22

23

9pL

5xp

Cat

alpa

spe

cios

ano

rther

n ca

talp

a+

++

+pL

+xp

Euo

nym

us a

latu

s (E

. ala

ta)

win

ged

spin

dle-

tree

++

++

pL+

xpJu

glan

s ai

lant

ifolia

(Jug

lans

sie

bold

iana

)Ja

pane

se w

alnu

t+

++

+pL

+xp

Juni

peru

s x

med

ia (J

. chi

nens

is x

sab

ina;

J. x

pfit

zeria

na)

pfitz

er o

r orn

amen

tal j

unip

er+

++

+pL

+xp

Pic

ea a

bies

Nor

way

spr

uce

++

++

pL+

xpxp

Pic

ea p

unge

nsC

olor

ado

spru

ce+

++

+pL

+xp

xpP

inus

mug

om

ugho

pin

e+

++

+pL

+xp

Pop

ulus

x c

anad

ensi

s (P

. del

toid

es x

nig

ra)

Car

olin

a po

plar

++

++

pL+

xpxp

App

endi

x 2:

Lis

t of F

lora

Spe

cies

Fou

nd in

Bol

ton

Trac

t Stu

dy A

rea

in 2

007

(all

bloc

ks)

cf. i

n th

e sp

ecie

s na

me

indi

cate

s th

e sp

ecie

s fo

und

was

mos

t lik

ely

nam

ed c

orre

ctly

but

cou

ld n

ot b

e co

nfirm

edpL

… in

the

rank

col

umn

indi

cate

s th

at th

e sp

ecie

s w

as o

nly

foun

d pl

ante

d an

d no

t reg

ener

atin

gLo

cal

Popu

latio

nH

abita

tSe

nsiti

vity

toTo

tal

Ran

kSc

ient

ific

nam

eC

omm

on N

ame

Dis

trib

utio

nTr

end

Dep

ende

nce

Dev

elop

men

tSc

ore

TRC

A20

0120

071

- 51-

50-

50-

52-

20A

pr.2

003

Rib

es o

dora

tum

buffa

lo o

r gol

den

curr

ant

++

++

pL+

xpS

alix

cap

rea

goat

or E

urop

ean

puss

y w

illow

++

++

pL+

xpS

alix

pur

pure

apu

rple

osi

er o

r bas

ket w

illow

++

++

pL+

xpS

alix

x s

epul

cral

is (S

. alb

a va

r. vi

telli

na x

bab

ylon

ica)

wee

ping

will

ow+

++

+pL

+xp

xpW

eige

la s

p.w

eige

la+

++

+pL

+xp

App

endi

x 3:

Lis

t of B

reed

ing

Faun

a S

peci

es F

ound

in B

RM

T S

tudy

Are

a in

200

7 (a

ll se

ctio

ns).

CO

MM

ON

NA

ME

CO

DE

Sci

entif

ic N

ame

num

ber

of te

rrito

ries

LOP

TnP

TtH

DA

SM

RS

TD+

TSL-

rank

Sur

vey

Sp

ecie

s:sp

ecie

s fo

r w

hic

h t

he

TRC

A p

roto

col e

ffec

tivel

y su

rvey

s.

Bir

ds

Can

ada

war

bler

CA

WA

Wils

onia

can

aden

sis

23

32

33

24

020

L2go

lden

-win

ged

war

bler

GW

WA

Verm

ivor

a ch

ryso

pter

a 2

43

32

32

40

21L2

red-

shou

lder

ed h

awk

RS

HA

But

eo li

neat

us1

32

33

51

31

21L2

veer

yV

EE

RC

atha

rus

fusc

esce

ns31

23

34

32

51

23L2

wild

turk

eyW

ITU

Mel

eagr

is g

allo

pavo

73

10

45

24

120

L2A

mer

ican

red

star

tA

MR

ESe

toph

aga

rutic

illa

212

32

22

23

016

L3A

mer

ican

woo

dcoc

kA

MW

OSc

olop

ax m

inor

140

23

23

24

016

L3bl

ack-

and-

whi

te w

arbl

erB

AW

WM

niot

ilta

varia

182

12

25

24

119

L3bl

ack-

bille

d cu

ckoo

BB

CU

Coc

cyzu

s er

ythr

opth

alm

us5

13

22

32

30

16L3

Bla

ckbu

rnia

n w

arbl

erB

LBW

Den

droi

ca fu

sca

13

12

43

23

018

L3bl

ack-

thro

ated

gre

en w

arbl

erB

TNW

Den

droi

ca v

irens

192

22

33

24

018

L3bl

ue-w

inge

d w

arbl

erB

WW

AVe

rmiv

ora

pinu

s9

32

12

32

40

17L3

bobo

link

BO

BO

Dol

icho

nyx

oryz

ivor

us7

03

22

31

40

15L3

brow

n cr

eepe

rB

RC

RC

erth

ia a

mer

ican

a11

12

22

33

30

16L3

brow

n th

rash

erB

RTH

Toxo

stom

a ru

fum

111

43

12

24

017

L3cl

ay-c

olor

ed s

parr

owC

CS

PSp

izel

la p

allid

a1

43

22

21

20

16L3

ches

tnut

-sid

ed w

arbl

erC

SW

AD

endr

oica

pen

sylv

anic

a1

32

22

32

40

18L3

Coo

per's

haw

kC

OH

AA

ccip

iter

coop

erii

32

22

34

12

016

L3ea

ster

n to

whe

eE

ATO

Pip

ilo e

ryth

ropt

halm

us6

23

21

22

40

15L3

field

spa

rrow

FIS

PSp

izel

la p

usill

a28

13

32

21

40

16L3

gree

n he

ron

GR

HE

But

orid

es v

iresc

ens

12

22

22

23

015

L3le

ast f

lyca

tche

rLE

FLEm

pido

nax

min

imus

12

33

12

23

016

L3N

ashv

ille

war

bler

NA

WA

Verm

ivor

a ru

ficap

illa

323

12

22

24

016

L3no

rthe

rn h

arrie

rN

OH

AC

ircus

cya

neus

13

22

24

13

017

L3no

rthe

rn w

ater

thru

shN

OW

ASe

iuru

s no

vebo

race

nsis

91

12

23

25

117

L3ov

enbi

rdO

VE

NSe

iuru

s au

roca

pillu

s46

02

33

42

40

18L3

pile

ated

woo

dpec

ker

PIW

OD

ryoc

opus

pile

atus

51

22

34

23

017

L3pi

ne w

arbl

erP

IWA

Den

droi

ca p

inus

351

12

34

23

016

L3pu

rple

finc

hP

UFI

Car

poda

cus

purp

ureu

s2

44

30

11

20

15L3

ruffe

d gr

ouse

RU

GR

Bon

asa

umbe

llus

91

32

13

25

118

L3sc

arle

t tan

ager

SC

TAP

irang

a ol

ivac

ea7

12

33

42

30

18L3

shar

p-sh

inne

d ha

wk

SS

HA

Acc

ipite

r st

riatu

s3

12

23

41

30

16L3

vesp

er s

parr

owV

ES

PP

ooec

etes

gra

min

eus

73

33

22

14

018

L3V

irgin

ia r

ail

VIR

AR

allu

s lim

icol

a2

12

22

23

40

16L3

whi

te-th

roat

ed s

parr

owW

TSP

Zono

trich

ia a

lbic

ollis

82

32

12

24

016

L3w

inte

r w

ren

WIW

RTr

oglo

dyte

s tro

glod

ytes

52

23

23

33

018

L3w

ood

duck

WO

DU

Aix

spo

nsa

32

11

33

14

015

L3w

ood

thru

shW

OTH

Hyl

ocic

hla

mus

telin

a29

03

33

32

40

18L3

App

endi

x 3:

Lis

t of B

reed

ing

Faun

a S

peci

es F

ound

in B

RM

T S

tudy

Are

a in

200

7 (a

ll se

ctio

ns).

CO

MM

ON

NA

ME

CO

DE

Sci

entif

ic N

ame

num

ber

of te

rrito

ries

LOP

TnP

TtH

DA

SM

RS

TD+

TSL-

rank

yello

w-b

illed

cuc

koo

YB

CU

Coc

cyzu

s am

eric

anus

63

32

22

23

017

L3ye

llow

-rum

ped

war

bler

YR

WA

Den

droi

ca c

oron

ata

93

12

23

23

016

L3ye

llow

-thro

ated

vire

oY

TVI

Vire

o fla

vifro

ns1

42

21

32

30

17L3

alde

r fly

catc

her

ALF

LEm

pido

nax

alno

rum

not m

appe

d2

12

21

24

014

L4ba

nk s

wal

low

BA

NS

Rip

aria

rip

aria

not m

appe

d3

22

21

12

013

L4be

lted

king

fishe

rB

EK

IC

eryl

e al

cyon

not m

appe

d0

32

22

22

013

L4bl

ue-g

rey

gnat

catc

her

BG

GN

Pol

iopt

ila c

aeru

lea

13

10

13

22

012

L4co

mm

on y

ello

wth

roat

CO

YE

Geo

thly

pis

trich

asno

t map

ped

02

22

12

40

13L4

east

ern

blue

bird

EA

BL

Sial

ia s

ialis

not m

appe

d4

21

22

12

014

L4ea

ster

n m

eado

wla

rkE

AM

ESt

urne

lla m

agna

not m

appe

d0

32

23

13

014

L4ea

ster

n ph

oebe

EA

PH

Sayo

rnis

pho

ebe

not m

appe

d1

22

21

21

011

L4ea

ster

n w

ood-

pew

eeE

AW

PC

onto

pus

vire

nsno

t map

ped

04

21

22

20

13L4

gadw

all

GA

DW

Ana

s st

repe

rano

t map

ped

51

11

11

40

14L4

grea

t hor

ned

owl

GH

OW

Bub

o vi

rgin

ianu

sno

t map

ped

22

21

22

10

12L4

grea

t cre

sted

flyc

atch

erG

CFL

Myi

arcy

hus

crin

itus

not m

appe

d0

23

13

22

013

L4gr

ay c

atbi

rdG

RC

AD

umet

ella

car

olin

ensi

sno

t map

ped

03

11

12

30

11L4

hairy

woo

dpec

ker

HA

WO

Pic

oide

s vi

llosu

sno

t map

ped

02

12

32

20

12L4

indi

go b

untin

gIN

BU

Pas

serin

a cy

anea

not m

appe

d0

22

21

13

012

L4m

ourn

ing

war

bler

MO

WA

Opo

rorn

is p

hila

delp

hia

440

22

22

24

014

L4no

rthe

rn fl

icke

rN

OF L

Col

apte

s au

ratu

sno

t map

ped

03

20

12

30

11L4

nort

hern

rou

gh-w

inge

d sw

allo

wN

RW

SSt

elgi

dopt

eryx

ser

ripen

nis

not m

appe

d3

23

21

11

013

L4re

d-br

east

ed n

utha

tch

RB

NU

Sitta

can

aden

sis

not m

appe

d1

11

33

22

013

L4re

d-ey

ed v

ireo

RE

VI

Vire

o ol

ivac

eus

not m

appe

d0

22

12

23

012

L4ro

se-b

reas

ted

gros

beak

RB

GR

Phe

uctic

us lu

dovi

cian

usno

t map

ped

02

22

32

30

14L4

ruby

-thro

ated

hum

min

gbird

RTH

UA

rchi

locu

s co

lubr

isno

t map

ped

32

21

11

20

12L4

sava

nnah

spa

rrow

SA

VS

Pas

serc

ulus

san

dwic

hens

i sno

t map

ped

03

12

11

30

11L4

spot

ted

sand

pipe

rS

PS

AA

ctiti

s m

acul

ariu

sno

t map

ped

12

32

11

40

14L4

swam

p sp

arro

wS

WS

PM

elos

piza

geo

rgia

nano

t map

ped

01

22

12

51

14L4

tree

sw

allo

wTR

ES

Tach

ycin

eta

bico

lor

not m

appe

d0

22

21

13

011

L4tu

rkey

vul

ture

TUV

UC

atha

rtes

aura

12

11

21

12

010

L4w

hite

-bre

aste

d nu

that

chW

BN

USi

tta c

arol

inen

sis

not m

appe

d1

21

33

22

014

L4A

mer

ican

cro

wA

MC

RC

orvu

s br

achy

rhyn

chos

not m

appe

d0

21

01

11

06

L5A

mer

ican

gol

dfin

chA

MG

OC

ardu

elis

tris

tisno

t map

ped

02

20

11

10

7L5

Am

eric

an r

obin

AM

RO

Turd

us m

igra

toriu

sno

t map

ped

01

20

11

10

6L5

Bal

timor

e or

iole

BA

OR

Icte

rus

galb

ula

not m

appe

d0

22

01

11

07

L5ba

rn s

wal

low

BA

RS

Hiru

ndo

rust

ica

not m

appe

d0

22

21

11

09

L5bl

ack-

capp

ed c

hick

adee

BC

CH

Poe

cile

atri

capi

llus

not m

appe

d0

11

11

20

06

L5bl

ue ja

yB

LJA

Cya

noci

tta c

rista

tano

t map

ped

04

20

11

00

8L5

brow

n-he

aded

cow

bird

BH

CO

Mol

othr

us a

ter

not m

appe

d0

22

01

11

07

L5C

anad

a go

ose

CA

NG

Bra

nta

cana

dens

isno

t map

ped

01

01

11

00

4L5

App

endi

x 3:

Lis

t of B

reed

ing

Faun

a S

peci

es F

ound

in B

RM

T S

tudy

Are

a in

200

7 (a

ll se

ctio

ns).

CO

MM

ON

NA

ME

CO

DE

Sci

entif

ic N

ame

num

ber

of te

rrito

ries

LOP

TnP

TtH

DA

SM

RS

TD+

TSL-

rank

ceda

r w

axw

ing

CE

DW

Bom

byci

lla c

edro

rum

not m

appe

d0

12

01

12

07

L5ch

imne

y sw

iftC

HS

WC

haet

ura

pela

gica

not m

appe

d0

33

11

10

09

L5ch

ippi

ng s

parr

owC

HS

PSp

izel

la p

asse

rina

not m

appe

d0

22

01

11

07

L5co

mm

on g

rack

leC

OG

RQ

uisc

alus

qui

scul

ano

t map

ped

03

20

11

10

8L5

dow

ny w

oodp

ecke

rD

OW

OP

icoi

des

pube

scen

sno

t map

ped

02

11

12

10

8L5

east

ern

king

bird

EA

KI

Tyra

nnus

tyra

nnus

not m

appe

d0

22

12

11

09

L5ho

use

finch

HO

FIC

arpo

dacu

s m

exic

anus

not m

appe

d0

20

01

10

04

L5ho

use

wre

nH

OW

RTr

oglo

dyte

s ae

don

not m

appe

d0

21

11

21

08

L5ki

lldee

rK

ILL

Cha

radr

ius

voci

feru

sno

t map

ped

02

21

11

20

9L5

mal

lard

MA

L LA

nas

plat

yrhy

ncho

sno

t map

ped

01

21

11

30

9L5

mou

rnin

g do

veM

OD

OZe

naid

a m

acro

ura

not m

appe

d0

21

01

10

05

L5no

rthe

rn c

ardi

nal

NO

CA

Car

dina

lis c

ardi

nalis

not m

appe

d0

21

01

22

08

L5re

d-ta

iled

haw

kR

THA

But

eo ja

mai

cens

isno

t map

ped

02

21

21

10

9L5

red-

win

ged

blac

kbird

RW

BL

Age

laiu

s ph

oeni

ceus

not m

appe

d0

22

01

13

09

L5so

ng s

parr

owS

OS

PM

elos

piza

mel

odia

not m

appe

d0

22

01

22

09

L5w

arbl

ing

vire

oW

AV

IVi

reo

gilv

usno

t map

ped

01

20

12

20

8L5

yello

w w

arbl

erY

WA

RD

endr

oica

pet

echi

ano

t map

ped

01

11

12

30

9L5

Eur

opea

n st

arlin

gE

US

TSt

urnu

s vu

lgar

isno

t map

ped

L+

Her

pet

ofa

una

gray

tree

frog

TGTF

Hyl

a ve

rsic

olor

102

23

23

35

121

L2sp

ring

peep

erS

PP

EP

seud

acris

cru

cife

r47

12

33

32

51

20L2

woo

d fro

gW

OFR

Ran

a sy

lvat

ica

410

23

43

25

120

L2no

rthe

rn le

opar

d fro

gLE

FRR

ana

pipi

ens

20

32

21

25

116

L3ea

ster

n re

d-ba

cked

sal

aman

der*

RB

SA

Ple

thod

on c

iner

eus

21

22

31

35

118

L3A

mer

ican

toad

AM

TOB

ufo

amer

ican

usno

t map

ped

02

21

12

40

12L4

gree

n fro

gG

RFR

Ran

a cl

amita

nsno

t map

ped

02

21

12

40

12L4

Inci

den

tal S

pec

ies:

sp

ecie

s th

at a

re r

epo

rted

on

as in

cid

enta

l to

th

e TR

CA

pro

toco

l.

Mam

mal

spo

rcup

ine

PO

RC

Erith

izon

dor

satu

m2

32

33

42

40

21L2

beav

erB

EA

VC

asto

r ca

nade

nsis

42

21

12

34

015

L3m

eado

w ju

mpi

ng m

ouse

MJM

OZa

pus

huds

oniu

s2

42

21

23

30

17L3

east

ern

chip

mun

kE

AC

HTa

mia

s st

riatu

sno

t map

ped

02

21

22

30

12L4

east

ern

cotto

ntai

l*E

AC

OSy

lvila

gus

florid

anus

not m

appe

d1

22

02

24

013

L4re

d sq

uirr

elR

ES

QTa

mia

sciu

rus

huds

onic

usno

t map

ped

22

20

12

20

11L4

whi

te-ta

iled

deer

WTD

EO

doco

ileus

virg

inia

nus

not m

appe

d1

22

13

12

012

L4co

yote

*C

OY

OC

anis

latra

nsno

t map

ped

11

10

11

10

6L5

App

endi

x 3:

Lis

t of B

reed

ing

Faun

a S

peci

es F

ound

in B

RM

T S

tudy

Are

a in

200

7 (a

ll se

ctio

ns).

CO

MM

ON

NA

ME

CO

DE

Sci

entif

ic N

ame

num

ber

of te

rrito

ries

LOP

TnP

TtH

DA

SM

RS

TD+

TSL-

rank

gray

squ

irrel

GR

SQ

Sciu

rus

caro

linen

sis

not m

appe

d0

22

01

20

07

L5ra

ccoo

nR

AC

CP

rocy

on lo

tor

not m

appe

d0

21

11

11

07

L5st

riped

sku

nkS

TSK

Mep

hitis

mep

hitis

not m

appe

d1

22

02

11

09

L5

Her

pet

ofa

una

snap

ping

turt

le*

SN

TUC

hely

dra

serp

entin

a1

13

22

12

40

15L3

east

ern

gart

ersn

ake

EA

GA

Tham

noph

is s

irtal

is s

irtal

isno

t map

ped

02

21

12

30

11L4

mid

land

pai

nted

turt

le*

MP

TUC

hrys

emys

pic

ta m

argi

nata

not m

appe

d1

22

11

24

013

L4

Inve

rteb

rate

s"c

him

ney"

cra

yfis

h*C

HC

RFa

llica

mba

rus

fodi

ens

31

34

21

45

121

L2

LEG

EN

D*=

loca

l occ

urre

nce

unkn

own

LO =

loca

l occ

urre

nce

MR

= m

obili

ty r

estr

ictio

nP

Tn =

pop

ulat

ion

tren

d, c

ontin

ent-w

ide

STD

= s

ensi

tivity

to d

evel

opm

ent

PTt

= p

opul

atio

n tr

end,

TR

CA

AP

= a

dditi

onal

poi

nts

HD

= h

abita

t dep

ende

nce

TS =

tota

l sco

reA

S =

are

a se

nsiti

vity

L-ra

nk =

TR

CA

Ran

k, A

pril

2003