bonnettfuelcellpresentationfinal (1).ppt
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HYDROGEN FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY
CONTENTSCONTENTS What is a FUEL CELL and its importanceWhat is a FUEL CELL and its importance How does a Fuel Cell work?How does a Fuel Cell work? Major Types of Fuel CellsMajor Types of Fuel Cells Importance of HydrogenImportance of Hydrogen Hydrogen ProductionHydrogen Production How will the hydrogen be stored?How will the hydrogen be stored? How can Fuel Cell technology be used?How can Fuel Cell technology be used? What are the benefits and challenges of Fuel What are the benefits and challenges of Fuel
Cell technology?Cell technology?
What is a Fuel Cell?What is a Fuel Cell? A Fuel Cell is an electrochemical device A Fuel Cell is an electrochemical device
that combines hydrogen and oxygen to that combines hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, with water and heat produce electricity, with water and heat as its by-product.as its by-product.
Why is Fuel Cell Why is Fuel Cell Technology Important?Technology Important?
Since conversion of the fuel to energy Since conversion of the fuel to energy takes place via an electrochemical takes place via an electrochemical process, not combustionprocess, not combustion
It is a clean, quiet and highly efficient It is a clean, quiet and highly efficient process- two to three times more efficient process- two to three times more efficient than fuel burning. than fuel burning.
How does a Fuel Cell How does a Fuel Cell work?work?
It operates similarly to a battery, but it It operates similarly to a battery, but it does not run down nor does it require does not run down nor does it require rechargingrecharging
As long as fuel is supplied, a Fuel Cell As long as fuel is supplied, a Fuel Cell will produce both energy and heatwill produce both energy and heat
How does a Fuel Cell How does a Fuel Cell work?work?
A Fuel Cell consists of two catalyst A Fuel Cell consists of two catalyst coated electrodes surrounding an coated electrodes surrounding an electrolyteelectrolyte
One electrode is an anode and the other One electrode is an anode and the other is a cathodeis a cathode
How does a Fuel Cell How does a Fuel Cell work?work?
The process begins when Hydrogen The process begins when Hydrogen molecules enter the anodemolecules enter the anode
The catalyst coating separates The catalyst coating separates hydrogen’s negatively charged electrons hydrogen’s negatively charged electrons from the positively charged protonsfrom the positively charged protons
How does a Fuel Cell How does a Fuel Cell work?work?
The electrolyte allows the protons to pass The electrolyte allows the protons to pass through to the cathode, but not the through to the cathode, but not the electrons electrons
Instead the electrons are directed Instead the electrons are directed through an external circuit which creates through an external circuit which creates electrical currentelectrical current
How does a Fuel Cell How does a Fuel Cell work?work?
While the electrons pass through the external While the electrons pass through the external circuit, oxygen molecules pass through the circuit, oxygen molecules pass through the cathodecathode
There the oxygen and the protons combine There the oxygen and the protons combine with the electrons after they have passed with the electrons after they have passed through the external circuitthrough the external circuit
When the oxygen and the protons combine When the oxygen and the protons combine with the electrons it produces water and heatwith the electrons it produces water and heat
How does a Fuel Cell How does a Fuel Cell work?work?
How does a Fuel Cell How does a Fuel Cell work?work?
Individual fuel cells can then be placed in Individual fuel cells can then be placed in a series to form a fuel cell stacka series to form a fuel cell stack
The stack can be used in a system to The stack can be used in a system to power a vehicle or to provide stationary power a vehicle or to provide stationary power to a buildingpower to a building
Major Types of Fuel CellsMajor Types of Fuel Cells Proton Exchange Membrane Proton Exchange Membrane
(PEM)(PEM) This is the leading cell type for This is the leading cell type for
passenger car applicationpassenger car application Uses a polymer membrane as the Uses a polymer membrane as the
electrolyteelectrolyte Operates at a relatively low Operates at a relatively low
temperature, about 175 degreestemperature, about 175 degrees Has a high power density, can Has a high power density, can
vary its output quickly and is vary its output quickly and is suited for applications where quick suited for applications where quick startup is required making it startup is required making it popular for automobilespopular for automobiles
Sensitive to fuel impuritiesSensitive to fuel impurities
Major Types of Fuel Cells Major Types of Fuel Cells Direct Methanol (a subset of PEM)Direct Methanol (a subset of PEM)
Expected efficiencies of 40% plus low operating Expected efficiencies of 40% plus low operating temperatures between 120-190 degreestemperatures between 120-190 degrees
Also uses a polymer membrane as the electrolyteAlso uses a polymer membrane as the electrolyte Different from PEM because the anode catalyst is Different from PEM because the anode catalyst is
able to draw hydrogen from methanol without a able to draw hydrogen from methanol without a reformerreformer
Used more for small portable power applications, Used more for small portable power applications, possibly cell phones and laptopspossibly cell phones and laptops
Major Types of Fuel CellsMajor Types of Fuel Cells
Phosphoric AcidPhosphoric Acid This is the most commercially This is the most commercially
developed fuel celldeveloped fuel cell It generates electricity at more It generates electricity at more
than 40% efficiencythan 40% efficiency Nearly 85% of the steam Nearly 85% of the steam
produced can be used for produced can be used for cogenerationcogeneration
Uses liquid phosphoric acid as Uses liquid phosphoric acid as the electrolyte and operates at the electrolyte and operates at about 450 degrees Fabout 450 degrees F
One main advantage is that it One main advantage is that it can use impure hydrogen as can use impure hydrogen as fuel fuel
Major Types of Fuel CellsMajor Types of Fuel Cells Solid OxideSolid Oxide
Uses a hard, non-porous Uses a hard, non-porous ceramic compound as the ceramic compound as the electrolyteelectrolyte
Can reach 60% power-Can reach 60% power-generating efficiencygenerating efficiency
Operates at extremely high Operates at extremely high temperatures 1800 degrees temperatures 1800 degrees
Used mainly for large, high Used mainly for large, high powered applications such as powered applications such as industrial generating stations, industrial generating stations, mainly because it requires mainly because it requires such high temperaturessuch high temperatures
Major Types of Fuel CellsMajor Types of Fuel Cells Alkaline Fuel CellAlkaline Fuel Cell
Requires pure hydrogen Requires pure hydrogen and oxygen because it is and oxygen because it is very susceptible to carbon very susceptible to carbon contaminationcontamination
Purification process of the Purification process of the hydrogen and oxygen is hydrogen and oxygen is costlycostly
Susceptibility to poisoning Susceptibility to poisoning affects cell’s lifetime which affects cell’s lifetime which also affects the cost also affects the cost
Major Types of Fuel CellsMajor Types of Fuel Cells Regenerative Fuel CellsRegenerative Fuel Cells
Currently researched by NASACurrently researched by NASA This type of fuel cell involves a closed loop form of This type of fuel cell involves a closed loop form of
power generation power generation Uses solar energy to separate water into hydrogen Uses solar energy to separate water into hydrogen
and oxygenand oxygen Hydrogen and oxygen are fed into the fuel cell Hydrogen and oxygen are fed into the fuel cell
generating electricity, heat and watergenerating electricity, heat and water The water byproduct is then recirculated back to the The water byproduct is then recirculated back to the
solar-powered electrolyser beginning the process solar-powered electrolyser beginning the process againagain
Importance of HydrogenImportance of Hydrogen Fuel Cells require highly purified Fuel Cells require highly purified
hydrogen as a fuelhydrogen as a fuel Researchers are developing a wide Researchers are developing a wide
range of technologies to produce range of technologies to produce hydrogen economically from a variety of hydrogen economically from a variety of resources in environmentally friendly resources in environmentally friendly waysways
Importance of HydrogenImportance of Hydrogen Hydrogen is a secondary energy Hydrogen is a secondary energy
resource, meaning it must be made from resource, meaning it must be made from another fuelanother fuel
Hydrogen can be produced from a wide Hydrogen can be produced from a wide variety of energy resources including:variety of energy resources including: Fossil fuels, such as natural gas and coalFossil fuels, such as natural gas and coal Nuclear energyNuclear energy Renewable resources, such as solar,water, Renewable resources, such as solar,water,
wind and biomass wind and biomass
Hydrogen ProductionHydrogen Production The biggest challenge regarding The biggest challenge regarding
hydrogen production is the costhydrogen production is the cost Reducing the cost of hydrogen Reducing the cost of hydrogen
production so as to compete in the production so as to compete in the transportation sector with conventional transportation sector with conventional fuels on a per-mile basis is a significant fuels on a per-mile basis is a significant hurdle to Fuel Cell’s success in the hurdle to Fuel Cell’s success in the commercial marketplacecommercial marketplace
Hydrogen ProductionHydrogen Production There are three general categories of There are three general categories of
Hydrogen productionHydrogen production Thermal ProcessesThermal Processes Electrolyte ProcessesElectrolyte Processes Photolytic ProcessesPhotolytic Processes
Hydrogen ProductionHydrogen Production Thermal ProcessesThermal Processes
Natural Gas ReformingNatural Gas Reforming Gasification Gasification Renewable Liquid ReformingRenewable Liquid Reforming
Hydrogen ProductionHydrogen Production Natural Gas ReformingNatural Gas Reforming
Steam Methane ReformingSteam Methane Reforming Hydrogen is produced from methane in natural Hydrogen is produced from methane in natural
gas using high-temperature steamgas using high-temperature steam Methane reacts with the steam in presence of a Methane reacts with the steam in presence of a
catalyst to produce hydrogencatalyst to produce hydrogen This process accounts for about 95% of the This process accounts for about 95% of the
hydrogen used today in the U.S.hydrogen used today in the U.S. Partial oxidation Partial oxidation
Produces hydrogen by burning methane in airProduces hydrogen by burning methane in air
Hydrogen Production Hydrogen Production GasificationGasification
Process in which coal or biomass is Process in which coal or biomass is converted into gaseous components by converted into gaseous components by applying heat under pressure and in the applying heat under pressure and in the presence of steampresence of steam
A subsequent series of chemical reactions A subsequent series of chemical reactions produces a synthesis gas which reacts with produces a synthesis gas which reacts with steam to produce more hydrogen that can steam to produce more hydrogen that can be separatedbe separated
Hydrogen ProductionHydrogen Production Renewable Liquid ReformingRenewable Liquid Reforming
Biomass is processed to make renewable Biomass is processed to make renewable liquid fuels, such as ethanol or bio-oil, that liquid fuels, such as ethanol or bio-oil, that are then reacted with high-temperature are then reacted with high-temperature steam to produce hydrogensteam to produce hydrogen
This process is very similar to reforming This process is very similar to reforming natural gasnatural gas
Hydrogen ProductionHydrogen Production Electrolytic ProcessesElectrolytic Processes
Electrolytic processes use an electric current Electrolytic processes use an electric current to split water into hydrogen and oxygento split water into hydrogen and oxygen
The electricity required can be generated by The electricity required can be generated by using renewable energy technologies such using renewable energy technologies such as wind, solar, geothermal and hydroelectric as wind, solar, geothermal and hydroelectric powerpower
Hydrogen ProductionHydrogen Production Auto manufacturers have worked on Auto manufacturers have worked on
developing technology that would allow developing technology that would allow fuel cell cars to continue using gasolinefuel cell cars to continue using gasoline
A “reformer” on the fuel cell car would A “reformer” on the fuel cell car would convert the gasoline to hydrogen onboard convert the gasoline to hydrogen onboard the automobilethe automobile
Funding for this technology has been Funding for this technology has been pulled due to unsatisfactory efficiencypulled due to unsatisfactory efficiency
How will the hydrogen be How will the hydrogen be stored?stored?
Developing safe, reliable, compact and Developing safe, reliable, compact and cost-effective hydrogen storage is one of cost-effective hydrogen storage is one of the biggest challenges to widespread use the biggest challenges to widespread use of fuel cell technologyof fuel cell technology
Hydrogen has physical characteristics Hydrogen has physical characteristics that make it difficult to store large that make it difficult to store large quantities without taking up a great deal quantities without taking up a great deal of spaceof space
How will the hydrogen be How will the hydrogen be stored?stored?
Hydrogen will need to be stored onboard Hydrogen will need to be stored onboard vehicles, at hydrogen production sites, vehicles, at hydrogen production sites, refueling stations and stationary power refueling stations and stationary power sitessites
Hydrogen has a very high energy content Hydrogen has a very high energy content by weight (3x more than gasoline) and a by weight (3x more than gasoline) and a very low energy content by volume (4x very low energy content by volume (4x less than gasoline)less than gasoline)
How will the hydrogen be How will the hydrogen be stored?stored?
If the hydrogen is compressed and stored If the hydrogen is compressed and stored at room temperature under moderate at room temperature under moderate pressure, too large a fuel tank would be pressure, too large a fuel tank would be required required
Researchers are trying to find light-Researchers are trying to find light-weight, safe, composite materials that weight, safe, composite materials that can help reduce the weight and volume can help reduce the weight and volume of compressed gas storage systems of compressed gas storage systems
How will the hydrogen be How will the hydrogen be stored?stored?
Liquid hydrogen could be kept in a smaller tank Liquid hydrogen could be kept in a smaller tank than gaseous hydrogen, but liquefying than gaseous hydrogen, but liquefying hydrogen is complicated and not energy hydrogen is complicated and not energy efficientefficient
Liquid hydrogen is also extremely sensitive to Liquid hydrogen is also extremely sensitive to heat and expands significantly when warmed heat and expands significantly when warmed by even a few degrees, thus the tank insulation by even a few degrees, thus the tank insulation required affects the weight and volume that required affects the weight and volume that can be storedcan be stored
How will the hydrogen be How will the hydrogen be stored?stored?
If the hydrogen is compressed and If the hydrogen is compressed and cryogenically frozen it will take up a very cryogenically frozen it will take up a very small amount of space requiring a small amount of space requiring a smaller tank, but it must be kept smaller tank, but it must be kept supercold- around -120 to -196 degrees supercold- around -120 to -196 degrees CelsiusCelsius
How will the hydrogen be How will the hydrogen be stored?stored?
Scientists are researching Materials-based Scientists are researching Materials-based storagestorage This involves tightly binding hydrogen atoms or This involves tightly binding hydrogen atoms or
molecules with other elements in a compound to molecules with other elements in a compound to store larger quantities of hydrogen in smaller store larger quantities of hydrogen in smaller volumes at low pressure near room temperaturevolumes at low pressure near room temperature
This technology is considered very promising but This technology is considered very promising but additional research is needed to overcome problems additional research is needed to overcome problems dealing with capacity, cost, life cycle impacts and dealing with capacity, cost, life cycle impacts and the uptake and release of hydrogenthe uptake and release of hydrogen
How will the hydrogen be How will the hydrogen be stored?stored?
Because hydrogen is thought to be an Because hydrogen is thought to be an alternative fuel for automobiles, much of alternative fuel for automobiles, much of the research for hydrogen storage is the research for hydrogen storage is focused on onboard vehiclesfocused on onboard vehicles
Scientists are attempting to develop Scientists are attempting to develop technology that can rival the performance technology that can rival the performance and cost of gasoline fuel storage systemsand cost of gasoline fuel storage systems
How will the hydrogen be How will the hydrogen be stored?stored?
Using current storage technology, in Using current storage technology, in order to place a sufficient amount of order to place a sufficient amount of hydrogen onboard a vehicle to provide hydrogen onboard a vehicle to provide 300-mile driving range the tank would be 300-mile driving range the tank would be larger that the trunk of a typical larger that the trunk of a typical automobileautomobile
This large of a tank would add to the This large of a tank would add to the overall weight of the car and reduce fuel overall weight of the car and reduce fuel economyeconomy
How can Fuel Cell How can Fuel Cell technology be used?technology be used?
TransportationTransportation Stationary Power StationsStationary Power Stations TelecommunicationsTelecommunications Micro PowerMicro Power
How can Fuel Cell technology How can Fuel Cell technology be used?be used?
TransportationTransportation All major automakers are working All major automakers are working
to commercialize a fuel cell carto commercialize a fuel cell car Automakers and experts speculate Automakers and experts speculate
that a fuel cell vehicle will be that a fuel cell vehicle will be commercialized by 2010commercialized by 2010
50 fuel cell buses are currently in 50 fuel cell buses are currently in use in North and South America, use in North and South America, Europe, Asia and AustraliaEurope, Asia and Australia
Trains, planes, boats, scooters, Trains, planes, boats, scooters, forklifts and even bicycles are forklifts and even bicycles are utilizing fuel cell technology as utilizing fuel cell technology as wellwell
How can Fuel Cell technology How can Fuel Cell technology be used? be used?
Stationary Power StationsStationary Power Stations Over 2,500 fuel cell systems have been Over 2,500 fuel cell systems have been
installed all over the world in hospitals, installed all over the world in hospitals, nursing homes, hotels, office buildings, nursing homes, hotels, office buildings, schools and utility power plantsschools and utility power plants
Most of these systems are either connected Most of these systems are either connected to the electric grid to provide supplemental to the electric grid to provide supplemental power and backup assurance or as a grid-power and backup assurance or as a grid-independent generator for locations that are independent generator for locations that are inaccessible by power linesinaccessible by power lines
How can Fuel Cell technology How can Fuel Cell technology be used?be used?
TelecommunicationsTelecommunications Due to computers, the Internet and Due to computers, the Internet and
sophisticated communication networks there sophisticated communication networks there is a need for an incredibly reliable power is a need for an incredibly reliable power sourcesource
Fuel Cells have been proven to be 99.999% Fuel Cells have been proven to be 99.999% reliablereliable
How can Fuel Cell technology How can Fuel Cell technology be used?be used?
Micro PowerMicro Power Consumer electronics Consumer electronics
could gain drastically could gain drastically longer battery power with longer battery power with Fuel Cell technologyFuel Cell technology
Cell phones can be Cell phones can be powered for 30 days powered for 30 days without rechargingwithout recharging
Laptops can be powered Laptops can be powered for 20 hours without for 20 hours without rechargingrecharging
What are the benefits of Fuel What are the benefits of Fuel Cell technology?Cell technology?
Physical SecurityPhysical Security ReliabilityReliability EfficiencyEfficiency Environmental BenefitsEnvironmental Benefits Battery Replacement/AlternativeBattery Replacement/Alternative Military ApplicationsMilitary Applications
What are the benefits of Fuel What are the benefits of Fuel Cell technology?Cell technology?
Physical SecurityPhysical Security Both central station power generation and Both central station power generation and
long distance, high voltage power grids can long distance, high voltage power grids can be terrorist targets in an attempt to cripple be terrorist targets in an attempt to cripple our energy infrastructureour energy infrastructure
Fuel Cells allow the country to discontinue Fuel Cells allow the country to discontinue reliance on these potential targetsreliance on these potential targets
What are the benefits of Fuel What are the benefits of Fuel Cell technology?Cell technology?
ReliabilityReliability U.S. businesses lose $29 Billion a year from U.S. businesses lose $29 Billion a year from
computer failures due to power outages computer failures due to power outages More reliable power from fuel cells would More reliable power from fuel cells would
prevent loss of dollars for U.S. Businessesprevent loss of dollars for U.S. Businesses Properly configured fuel cells would result in Properly configured fuel cells would result in
less than one minute of down time in a six less than one minute of down time in a six year periodyear period
What are the benefits of Fuel What are the benefits of Fuel Cell technology?Cell technology?
EfficiencyEfficiency Because no fuel is burned to make energy, Because no fuel is burned to make energy,
fuel cells are fundamentally more efficient fuel cells are fundamentally more efficient than combustion systemsthan combustion systems
Additionally when the heat comes off of the Additionally when the heat comes off of the fuel cell system it can be captured for fuel cell system it can be captured for beneficial purposesbeneficial purposes
This is called CogenerationThis is called Cogeneration
What are the benefits of Fuel What are the benefits of Fuel Cell technology?Cell technology?
EfficiencyEfficiency The gasoline engine in a conventional car is less The gasoline engine in a conventional car is less
than 20% efficient in converting the chemical energy than 20% efficient in converting the chemical energy in gasoline into powerin gasoline into power
Fuel Cell motors are much more efficient and use Fuel Cell motors are much more efficient and use 40-60% of the hydrogen’s energy40-60% of the hydrogen’s energy
Fuel Cell cars would lead to a 50% reduction in fuel Fuel Cell cars would lead to a 50% reduction in fuel consumptionconsumption
Fuel Cell vehicles can be up to 3 times more Fuel Cell vehicles can be up to 3 times more efficient than internal combustion enginesefficient than internal combustion engines
What are the benefits of Fuel What are the benefits of Fuel Cell technology?Cell technology?
EfficiencyEfficiency Fuel Cell power generation systems in Fuel Cell power generation systems in
operation today achieve 40% to 50% fuel-to-operation today achieve 40% to 50% fuel-to-electricity efficiencyelectricity efficiency
In combination with a turbine, electrical In combination with a turbine, electrical efficiencies can exceed 60%efficiencies can exceed 60%
When Cogeneration is used, fuel utilization When Cogeneration is used, fuel utilization can exceed 85%can exceed 85%
What are the benefits of Fuel What are the benefits of Fuel Cell technology?Cell technology?
Environmental BenefitsEnvironmental Benefits Fuels cells can reduce air pollution today Fuels cells can reduce air pollution today
and offer the possibility of eliminating and offer the possibility of eliminating pollution in the futurepollution in the future
What are the benefits of Fuel What are the benefits of Fuel Cell technology?Cell technology?
Environmental Benefits of Fuel Cell Environmental Benefits of Fuel Cell Power GenerationPower Generation A fuel cell power plant may create less than A fuel cell power plant may create less than
one ounce of pollution per 1,000 kilowatt-one ounce of pollution per 1,000 kilowatt-hours of electricity producedhours of electricity produced
Conventional combustion generating Conventional combustion generating systems produce 25 pounds of pollutants for systems produce 25 pounds of pollutants for the same electricity the same electricity
What are the benefits of Fuel What are the benefits of Fuel Cell technology?Cell technology?
Environmental Benefits of Fuel Cell Environmental Benefits of Fuel Cell VehiclesVehicles Fuel Cell Vehicles with hydrogen stored on-Fuel Cell Vehicles with hydrogen stored on-
board produce ZERO POLLUTION in the board produce ZERO POLLUTION in the conventional senseconventional sense
The only byproducts of these Fuel Cell The only byproducts of these Fuel Cell vehicles are water and heatvehicles are water and heat
What are the benefits of Fuel What are the benefits of Fuel Cell technology?Cell technology?
Environmental Benefits of Fuel Cell Environmental Benefits of Fuel Cell VehiclesVehicles Fuel Cell Vehicles with a reformer on board Fuel Cell Vehicles with a reformer on board
to convert a liquid fuel to hydrogen would to convert a liquid fuel to hydrogen would produce a small amount of pollutants, but it produce a small amount of pollutants, but it would be 90% less than the pollutants would be 90% less than the pollutants produced from combustion enginesproduced from combustion engines
What are the benefits of Fuel What are the benefits of Fuel Cell technology?Cell technology?
Battery replacement/alternativeBattery replacement/alternative Fuel Cell replacements for batteries would Fuel Cell replacements for batteries would
offer much longer operating life in a offer much longer operating life in a packaged of lighter or equal weightpackaged of lighter or equal weight
Additionally, Fuel Cell replacements would Additionally, Fuel Cell replacements would have an environmental advantage over have an environmental advantage over batteries, since certain kinds of batteries batteries, since certain kinds of batteries require special disposal treatmentrequire special disposal treatment
What are the benefits of Fuel What are the benefits of Fuel Cell technology?Cell technology?
Military ApplicationsMilitary Applications Fuel Cell technology in the military can help Fuel Cell technology in the military can help
save lives because it reduces telltale heat save lives because it reduces telltale heat and noise in combatand noise in combat
Handheld battlefield computers can be Handheld battlefield computers can be powered for 10 times longer with Fuel Cell powered for 10 times longer with Fuel Cell power meaning soldiers could rely on their power meaning soldiers could rely on their computers in the field for longer periods of computers in the field for longer periods of timetime
Challenges to Fuel Cell Challenges to Fuel Cell TechnologyTechnology
CostCost The cost of fuel cells must be reduced to The cost of fuel cells must be reduced to
compete with conventional technologiescompete with conventional technologies Conventional internal combustion engines Conventional internal combustion engines
cost $25-$35/kW; a fuel cell system would cost $25-$35/kW; a fuel cell system would need to cost $30/kW to be competitiveneed to cost $30/kW to be competitive
Challenges to Fuel Cell Challenges to Fuel Cell Technology Technology
Durability and ReliabilityDurability and Reliability Durability of fuel cell systems have not yet been Durability of fuel cell systems have not yet been
adequately establishedadequately established The durability standard for automobiles is The durability standard for automobiles is
approximately 150,000 miles and the ability to approximately 150,000 miles and the ability to function under normal vehicle operating conditionsfunction under normal vehicle operating conditions
For stationary systems 40,000 hours of reliable For stationary systems 40,000 hours of reliable operation in a temperature range of -35 degree operation in a temperature range of -35 degree Celsius to 40 degrees Celsius will be required for Celsius to 40 degrees Celsius will be required for market acceptancemarket acceptance
Challenges to Fuel Cell Challenges to Fuel Cell TechnologyTechnology
System SizeSystem Size The size and weight of current fuel cell The size and weight of current fuel cell
systems must be reduced to attain market systems must be reduced to attain market acceptance, especially with automobilesacceptance, especially with automobiles
Legal EnvironmentLegal Environment
NormsNorms
Architecture Technology LawArchitecture Technology Law
MarketMarket
ConclusionConclusion Carbon emission free energyCarbon emission free energy Promising technologyPromising technology Widespread marketplace acceptance and Widespread marketplace acceptance and
use is still many years awayuse is still many years away
Questions ?Questions ?