bridge design - planning, site selection and general design parameters

8/13/2019 Bridge Design - Planning, Site Selection and General Design Parameters

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BRIDGE DESIGN SEMINAR: PLANNING, SITE SELECTION AND DESIGN PARAMETERSASSOCIATION OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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SEMINAR ON BRIDGE DESIGN:

PLANNING, SITE SELECTION

AND GENERAL DESIGN

PARAMETERS


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PRESENTATION OUTLINE1. The Bridge Structure

Bridge Co!o"e"t#

T$!e# o% Bridge#

&. Pri"ci!'e# o% Bridge De#ig"

P'(""i"g ("d De#ig"

De#ig" !(r(eter#


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&. T)E BRIDGE STRUCTURE

A *ridge i# ( #tructure th(t cro##e# o+er (

ri+er, *($, or other o*#tructio", or ("

o!e" i"ter#ectio" (# i" i"terch("ge#-,

!eritti"g the #ooth ("d #(%e !(##(ge

o% +ehic'e#, tr(i"#, ("dor !ede#tri("#.

A" e'e+(tio" +ie/ o% ( t$!ic(' *ridge i#

#ho/" i" the %igure #ee "e0t #'ide-.


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E'e+(tio" +ie/ o% ( t$!ic(' *ridge.


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A *ridge #tructure i# di+ided i"to (" u!!er

!(rt the #u!er#tructure-, /hich co"#i#t#

o% the /e(ri"g #ur%(ce, the dec, !ri(r$

e*er# ("d the #eco"d(r$ e*er#,

("d ( 'o/er !(rt the #u*#tructure-, /hich

(re (*ute"t#, !ier#, *e(ri"g#, %ooti"g#,!i'e# ("d #heeti"g.


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The #u!er#tructure !ro+ide# hori2o"t('

#!("# #uch (# dec ("d girder# ("d c(rrie#

tr(%%ic 'o(d# direct'$.

The #u*#tructure #u!!ort# the hori2o"t('

#!("#, e'e+(ti"g (*o+e the grou"d

#ur%(ce.


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BRIDGE COMPONENTS:

Superstructure. The #u!er#tructure

co!ri#e# ('' the co!o"e"t# o% (

*ridge (*o+e the #u!!ort#. The

*(#ic #u!er#tructure co!o"e"t#

co"#i#t o% the %o''o/i"g:


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DEC3. The dec i# the!h$#ic(' e0te"#io" o% the

ro(d/($ (cro## the

o*#tructio" to *e *ridged.

The (i" %u"ctio" o% the

dec i# to di#tri*ute 'o(d#

('o"g the *ridge cro##

#ectio" or tr("#+er#e'$. The

dec either re#t# o" or i#

i"tegr(ted /ith ( %r(e or

other #tructur(' #$#te

de#ig"(ted to di#tri*ute

'o(d# ('o"g the 'e"gth o% the

*ridge or 'o"gitudi"(''$.


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4EARING SUR5ACE. The /e(ri"g #ur%(ce cour#e- i# th(t!ortio" o% the dec cro## #ectio" /hich re#i#t# tr(%%ic /e(r.

I" o#t i"#t("ce# thi# i# ( #e!(r(te '($er (de o%

*itui"ou# (teri('. The /e(ri"g cour#e u#u(''$ +(rie# i"thic"e## %ro 67 to 177 8 ho/e+er, thi# thic"e##

c(" #oetie# *e '(rger due to re#ur%(ci"g o% the o+er!(##

ro(d/($, /hich occur# throughout the 'i%e c$c'e o% ( *ridge.


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PRIMAR9 MEMBERS.

Pri(r$ e*er# di#tri*ute

'o(d# 'o"gitudi"(''$ ("d (re

u#u(''$ de#ig"ed !ri"ci!(''$

to re#i#t %'e0ure. Be( t$!e

!ri(r$ e*er# (re ('#o

c(''ed #tri"ger# or girder#.

The#e #tri"ger# cou'd *e #tee'

!'(te girder# i.e., #tee' !'(te#/e'ded together to %or (" I

#ectio"-, !re#tre##ed

co"crete girder#, rei"%orced

co"crete girder#, or g'ued

'(i"(ted ti*er #tri"ger#.


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R(ther th(" h(+e the #'(* re#t direct'$ o" the !ri(r$

e*er, ( #('' %i''et or h(u"ch c(" *e !'(ced*et/ee" the dec #'(* ("d the to! %'("ge o% the

#tri"ger. Soe *ridge #u!er#tructure c(" *e %ored

i" the #h(!e o% ( *o0 either rect("gu'(r or

tr(!e2oid('-. Bo0 girder *ridge# c(" *e co"#tructed

out o% #tee' or !re#tre##ed co"crete ("d (re u#ed i"

#itu(tio"# /here '(rge #!(" 'e"gth# (re re;uired.


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SECONDAR9 MEMBERS.

Seco"d(r$ e*er# (re

*r(ci"g *et/ee"

!ri(r$ e*er#

de#ig"ed to re#i#t cro##

#ectio"(' de%or(tio"

o% the #u!er#tructure

%r(e ("d he'!

di#tri*ute !(rt o% the

+ertic(' 'o(d *et/ee"

#tri"ger#.


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I" o#t i"#t("ce#, the#e

#eco"d(r$ e*er# (re

"o/" (# di(!hr(g#.

The$ c(" *e co!o#ed

o% cro##ed %r(e# (t the

to! or *otto %'("ge o%

( #tri"ger u#ed to re#i#t

'(ter(' de%or(tio".Thi# t$!e o% #eco"d(r$

e*er i# c(''ed '(ter('

*r(ci"g.


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BRIDGE COMPONENTS

Substructure. The #u*#tructure

co"#i#t# o% ('' e'ee"t# re;uired

to #u!!ort the #u!er#tructure ("d

o+er!(## ro(d/($. The *(#ic

#u*#tructure co!o"e"t# co"#i#t

o% the %o''o/i"g:


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ABUTMENTS. A*ute"t# (re e(rthret(i"i"g

#tructure# /hich #u!!ort the

#u!er#tructure ("d o+er!(## ro(d/($ (t

the *egi""i"g ("d e"d o% ( *ridge. Lie (

ret(i"i"g /('', the (*ute"t# re#i#t the

'o"gitudi"(' %orce# o% the e(rth u"der"e(th

the o+er!(## ro(d/($.


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Pede#t('#. A !ede#t('i# ( #hort co'u" o" ("

(*ute"t or !ier

/hich direct'$

#u!!ort# (

#u!er#tructure !ri(r$

e*er.

The ter *ridge #e(t i#

('#o u#ed to re%er to the

e'e+(tio" (t the to!

#ur%(ce o% the !ede#t('.


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B(c/(''. A *(c/('',

#oetie# c(''ed the#te, i# the !ri(r$

co!o"e"t o% the

(*ute"t (cti"g (# (

ret(i"i"g #tructure (t

e(ch (!!ro(ch.

4i"g/(''. A /i"g/(''

i# ( #ide/('' to the

(*ute"t *(c/('' or

#te de#ig"ed to (##i#t

i" co"%i"i"g e(rth

*ehi"d the (*ute"t.


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4(ter Le+e'

Bridge A!!ro(ch

4i"g/(''

E0!("#io"


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5'(red Co'u"#


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BEARINGS. Be(ri"g# (re ech("ic(' #$#te#

/hich tr("#it the +ertic(' 'o(d# o% the

#u!er#tructure to the #u*#tructure.

E0(!'e o% *e(ri"g# (re ech("ic('

#$#te# (de o% #tee' ro''er# (cti"g o"

'(rge #tee' !'(te# or rect("gu'(r !(d# (de

o% "eo!re"e.


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The u#e ("d %u"ctio"('it$ o% *e(ri"g# +(r$

gre(t'$ de!e"di"g o" the #i2e ("dco"%igur(tio" o% the *ridge. Be(ri"g#

(''o/i"g *oth rot(tio" ("d 'o"gitudi"('

tr("#'(tio" (re c(''ed e0!("#io" *e(ri"g#,

("d tho#e /hich (''o/ rot(tio" o"'$ (re

c(''ed %i0ed *e(ri"g#.


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5OOTING. A# *e(ri"g# tr("#%er the

#u!er#tructure 'o(d# to the #u*#tructure,

#o i" tur" do the (*ute"t ("d !ier

%ooti"g# tr("#%er 'o(d# %ro the

#u*#tructure to the #u*#oi'.

A %ooti"g u"der ( /('' i# "o/" (# (co"ti"uou# or /('' %ooti"g8 /here(#, (

%ooti"g u"der ( !ier i# "o/" (# ( #!re(d

%ooti"g.


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PILES. 4he" the #oi' u"der ( %ooti"g c(""ot

!ro+ide (de;u(te #u!!ort %or the

#u*#tructure i" ter# o% *e(ri"g c(!(cit$,

o+er('' #t(*i'it$, or #ett'ee"t-, #u!!ort i#

o*t(i"ed through the u#e o% !i'e#, /hich

e0te"d do/" %ro the %ooti"g to the

!ro!er de!th.

Soe t$!e# o% !i'e r("ge %ro co"crete,

either c(#ti"!'(ce or *ored !i'e, to #tee'

)#ectio"# dri+e" to #ou"d roc.


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Soe coo" t$!e# o% %ou"d(tio"#

i"c'ude:

S!re(d i#o'(ted %ooti"g

Dri+e" !i'e# %ou"d(tio"

Dri''ed #h(%t *ored !i'e#


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S)EETING. I" co%%erd(# or #h(''o/

e0c(+(tio", the +ertic(' !'("# /hich (re

dri+e" i"to the grou"d to (ct (# te!or(r$

ret(i"i"g /(''# !eritti"g e0c(+(tio" (re

"o/" (# #heeti"g.


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Stee' #heet !i'e# (re o"e o% the o#t

coo" %or# o% #heeti"g i" u#e ("d c("

e+e" *e u#ed (# (*ute"t# %or #(''er

#tructure#.


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4(ter Le+e'M(i" Structure

Be(ri"g#

Re#tr(i"t#

Scour Protectio"

5ou"d(tio"

E0!("#io"


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The *ridge #ite, (# (" e"tit$,

!o##e##e# ("$ di%%ere"t

co!o"e"t# /hich, i" o"e /($ or

("other, i"tegr(te /ith the

#tructure !ro!er.


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The (=or (!!urte"("ce# ("d

#itere'(ted %e(ture# (re (#

%o''o/#:

EMBAN3MENT AND SLOPE PROTECTION. The#'o!e th(t t(!er# %ro the (*ute"t to the

u"der!(## e*("e"t- i# co+ered /ith (

(teri(' c(''ed #'o!e !rotectio", /hich

#hou'd *e *oth (e#thetic(''$ !'e(#i"g ("d

!ro+ide %or !ro!er dr(i"(ge ("d ero#io"

co"tro'.


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S'o!e !rotectio" cou'd *e (de o% dr$

#to"e or e+e" *'oc !(+ee"t (teri('.


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UNDERDRAIN. I" order to !ro+ide %or !ro!erdr(i"(ge o% ( (=or #u*#tructure e'ee"t,

#uch (# (" (*ute"t, it i# o%te" "ece##(r$

to i"#t('' (" u"derdr(i", /hich i# ( dr(i"(ge

#$#te (de o% !er%or(ted !i!e or other

#uit(*'e co"duit th(t tr("#!ort# ru"o%%

(/($ %ro the #tructure ("d i"to(!!ro!ri(te dr(i"(ge ch(""e'# either

"(tur(' or ("(de-.


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APPROAC). The #ectio" o% o+er!(##ro(d/($ /hich 'e(d# u! to ("d (/($ %ro

the *ridge (*ute"t# i# c(''ed the (!!ro(ch

or (!!ro(ch ro(d/($.

I" cro## #ectio" the (!!ro(ch ro(d/($ i#

de%i"ed (# the >tr(+e'ed /($ !'u#

#hou'der#.?


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To co!e"#(te %or !ote"ti(' di%%ere"ti('

#ett'ee"t (t the (!!ro(che#, ( rei"%orcedco"crete #'(* or (!!ro(ch #'(* i# #oetie#

u#ed %or ( gi+e" di#t("ce *(c %ro the

(*ute"t.

The (!!ro(ch #'(* he'!# i"ii2e i!(ct to

the (*ute"t /hich c(" re#u't %ro

di%%ere"ti(' #ett'ee"t. It i# !o##i*'e %or the

(!!ro(ch to *e !h$#ic(''$ #u!!orted *$ the

(*ute"t.


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TRA55IC BARRIERS. Protecti+e de+ice# u#edto reduce the #e+erit$ o% (" (ccide"t /he"

( +ehic'e 'e(+e# the ro(d (re c(''ed tr(%%ic

*(rrier#.

Tr(%%ic *(rrier# c(" r("ge %ro ( gu(rd r(i'

(de o% corrug(ted #tee' to rei"%orced

co"crete !(r(!et#.


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T9PES O5 BRIDGES

Classification by Materials

Classification by Objective

Classification by Structural System

Classification by Support Condition

Classification by Position ofTravelled Roadway

Classification by Durability


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T9PES O5 BRIDGES

Classification byMaterials. Thi#

c'(##i%ic(tio" i# *(#ed o"

the (i" t$!e o%

(teri(' u#ed %or the

#u!er#tructure.


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Stee' *ridge#: A #tee' *ridge ($ u#e (

/ide +(riet$ o% #tructur(' #tee'

co!o"e"t# ("d #$#te#: girder#,

%r(e#, tru##e#, (rche#, ("d #u#!e"#io"

c(*'e#.


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Co"crete *ridge#: There (re t/o!ri(r$ t$!e# o% co"crete *ridge#:

rei"%orced ("d !re#tre##ed.


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Ti*er *ridge#: 4oode" *ridge# (re

u#ed /he" the #!(" i# re'(ti+e'$ #hort.


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Met(' (''o$ *ridge#: Met(' (''o$# #uch

(# ('ui"u (''o$ ("d #t(i"'e## #tee'

(re ('#o u#ed i" *ridge co"#tructio".


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Classification by Objective. Thi#

c'(##i%ic(tio" i# *(#ed o" the t$!e

o% 'o(d th(t i# c(rried (cro## the

*ridge. Bridge# c(" ('ter"(ti+e'$

*e c'(##i%ied i"to o+(*'e %or

#hi!# to !(## the ri+er- or %i0ed

("d !er("e"t or te!or(r$

c(tegorie#.


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)igh/($ *ridge#:

*ridge# o"

high/($# %or

+ehic'e#.

R(i'/($ *ridge#:

*ridge# o"

r(i'ro(d# %or tr(i"#.

Co*i"ed *ridge#:

*ridge# c(rr$i"g

*oth +ehic'e# ("d

tr(i"#.


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Pede#tri(" *ridge#:*ridge# c(rr$i"g

!ede#tri(" tr(%%ic

A;ueduct *ridge#:

*ridge# #u!!orti"g

!i!e# /ith

ch(""e'ed /(ter

%'o/


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Classification by Structural

System of Superstructures.

Thi# c'(##i%ic(tio" i# *(#ed

o" the #tructur(' #$#te o%the (i" girder# o% the

#u!er#tructure.


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P'(te girder *ridge#: The (i" girder#co"#i#t o% ( !'(te (##e*'(ge o% u!!er

("d 'o/er %'("ge# ("d ( /e*. ) or I

cro###ectio"# (re u#ed to e%%ecti+e'$

re#i#t *e"di"g ("d #he(r.


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Bo0 girder *ridge#: The

#i!'e or u'ti!'e-

(i" girder co"#i#t# o%( *o0 *e( %(*ric(ted

%ro #tee' !'(te# or

%ored %ro co"crete,

/hich re#i#t# "ot o"'$

*e"di"g ("d #he(r *ut

('#o tor#io"

e%%ecti+e'$.


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T*e( *ridge#: A "u*er o%

rei"%orced co"crete T*e(# (re !'(ced

#ide *$ #ide to #u!!ort the 'i+e 'o(d.


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Co!o#ite girder*ridge#: The co"crete

dec #'(* /or# i"

co"=u"ctio" /ith the

#tee' girder# to #u!!ort

'o(d# (# ( u"ited

*e(. The #tee' girder

t(e# (i"'$ te"#io",

/hi'e the co"crete #'(*

t(e# the co!re##io"

co!o"e"t o% the

*e"di"g oe"t.


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Gri''(ge girder *ridge#: The (i"

girder# (re co""ected tr("#+er#e'$ *$

%'oor *e(# to %or ( rid !(tter" /hich

#h(re# the 'o(d# /ith the (i" girder#.


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Tru## *ridge#:

Tru## *(r e*er# (re theoretic(''$

co"#idered to *e co""ected /ith

!i"# (t their e"d# to %or tri("g'e#.

E(ch e*er re#i#t# (" (0i(' %orce,

either i" co!re##io" or te"#io".


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T$!ic(' t$!e# (re: Le"ticu'(r

Pr(tt

Dou*'e I"ter#ectio" Pr(tt

4hi!!'e-

B('tiore

P(rer

Pe""#$'+("i(


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4(rre"

Dou*'e I"ter#ectio" 4(rre" 4(rre" @u(dr("gu'(r L(ttice-

3 Tru##

Bo/#tri"g

The #ucceedi"g #'ide# i''u#tr(te

!hoto# o% e(ch tru## t$!e.


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Le"ticu'(r

Pr(tt


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Dou*'e I"ter#ectio"

Pr(tt 4hi!!'e-

B('tiore


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P(rer

Pe""#$'+("i(


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4(rre"

4(rre"


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4(rre"

4(rre"


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Dou*'e I"ter#ectio"

4(rre"

4(rre" @u(dr("gu'(r

L(ttice-


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3Tru##

Bo/#tri"g


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Arch *ridge#:The (rch i# ( #tructure th(t

re#i#t# 'o(d (i"'$ i" (0i('

co!re##io".

The circu'(r (rc i"

co!re##io" #u!!ort# the

ro(d8 the (rch c(" either

*e *e'o/ or (*o+e the

ro(d.

I" ("cie"t tie# #to"e /(# the

o#t coo" (teri('

u#ed to co"#truct

(g"i%ice"t (rch *ridge#.


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M(rg(ret Bridge, Bud(!e#t


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Po"te Cre#to, Roe


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C(*'e#t($ed *ridge#:

The girder# (re #u!!orted

*$ high'$ #tre"gthe"ed

c(*'e# o%te"

co!o#ed o% tight'$

*ou"d #tee' #tr("d#-

/hich #te direct'$

%ro the to/er. The#e

(re o#t'$ #uited to

*ridge 'o"g di#t("ce#.

The c(*'e# i" te"#io"

#u!!ort the ro(d.


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M(rce'o 5er"(" Bridge, Ce*u


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(#co d( G(( Bridge, Li#*o"


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Mi''e""iu Bridge Po'("d


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RioA"titio Bridge Greece


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Su#!e"#io" *ridge#:The girder# (re #u#!e"ded *$ h("ger# tied

to the (i" c(*'e# /hich h("g %ro the

to/er#. The 'o(d i# tr("#itted (i"'$

*$ te"#io" i" c(*'e. The c(*'e# i"

te"#io" #u!!ort the ro(d. Thi# de#ig" i#

#uit(*'e %or 'o"g #!(" *ridge#.


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Go'de" G(te Bridge, S(" 5r("ci#co


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Po"te &6 de A*ri', Li#*o"


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To/er Bridge, Lo"do"


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Classification by

Support Condition.

Thi# c'(##i%ic(tio" i#

*(#ed o" the #u!!ort

co"ditio"# o% ( *ridge.


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Si!'$#u!!orted *ridge#:The (i" girder# or tru##e# (re

#u!!orted *$ ( o+(*'e hi"ge (t

o"e e"d ("d ( %i0ed hi"ge (t the

other #i!'e #u!!ort-8 thu# the$

c(" *e ("('$2ed u#i"g o"'$ the

co"ditio"# o% e;ui'i*riu.


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Michig(" A+e"ue Bridge, Chic(go


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Co"ti"uou#'$ #u!!orted *ridge#:

Girder# or tru##e# (re #u!!orted

co"ti"uou#'$ *$ ore th(" three

#u!!ort#, re#u'ti"g i" ( #tructur(''$

i"deteri"(te #$#te. The#e te"d to *e

ore eco"oic(' #i"ce %e/er e0!("#io"

=oi"t#, /hich h(+e ( coo" c(u#e o%

#er+ice ("d (i"te"("ce !ro*'e#, (re"eeded. Shri"(ge (t the #u!!ort# u#t

*e (+oided.


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Ger*er *ridge# c("ti'e+er*ridge-:

A co"ti"uou# *ridge i# re"dered

deteri"(te *$ !'(ci"g

i"teredi(te hi"ge# *et/ee"

the #u!!ort#.


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109

South(!to"# Itche" Bridge U3


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Classification by Position of

Traveled Roadway. Thi#

c'(##i%ic(tio" i# *(#ed o" the

!o#itio" o% the *ridge %'oor

/ith re#!ect to the (i" girder

or (i" #u!!orti"g the

#tructur(' e*er.


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Dec: 4he" the ro(d/($ i# o" to! o%

the (i" girder.


113

Po"$: 4he" the ro(d/($ i# "e0t to the

(i" girder.


114

)('%through: 4he" the ro(d/($ i#*et/ee" the de!th o% the (i" girder.


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115

Through: 4he" the ro(d/($ i# (t the

*otto o% the (i" girder.


116


117

Classification by Durability. Thi#

c'(##i%ic(tio" i# *(#ed o" the

dur(tio" %or /hich the *ridge i#

i"te"ded to *e u#e%u'.


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118

Per("e"t *ridge

Sei!er("e"t

*ridge

Te!or(r$ *ridge


119


120


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121

. PRINCIPLES O5 BRIDGE DESIGN

Bridge !'(""i"g ("d de#ig" !roce##

i"c'ude# co"#ider(tio" o% other

i!ort("t %(ctor# #uch (# choice

o% *ridge #$#te, (teri('#,

die"#io"#, %ou"d(tio"#,

(e#thetic#, ("d 'oc(' '("d#c(!e

("d e"+iro"e"t.


122

PLANNING

Be%ore the #tructur(' de#ig" o% (

*ridge i# co"#idered, ( *ridge

!ro=ect /i'' #t(rt /ith !'(""i"g the

%u"d(e"t(' de#ig" co"ditio"#.


123

A *ridge !'(""i"g u#t co"#ider the%o''o/i"g %(ctor#:

(- P(##i"g Li"e ("d Loc(tio"

A *ridge, *ei"g ( co"ti"u(tio" o% (

ro(d, doe# *e#t to %o''o/ the 'i"e o% the

ro(d.

A right ("g'e *ridge i# e(#$ to de#ig"

("d co"#truct *ut o%te" %orce# the 'i"e

to *e *e"t.


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124

A #e/ed *ridge or ( cur+ed *ridge i#

coo"'$ re;uired %or e0!re##/($# orr(i'ro(d# /here the ro(d 'i"e u#t *e

e!t #tr(ight or cur+ed, e+e" (t the co#t

o% ( ore di%%icu't de#ig".


125

*- 4idth

The /idth o% ( high/($ *ridge i#

u#u(''$ de%i"ed (# the /idth o% the

ro(d/($ !'u# th(t o% the #ide/(',

("d o%te" the #(e die"#io" (#

th(t o% the (!!ro(chi"g ro(d.


126

c- T$!e o% Structure ("d S!("Le"gth

The t$!e# o% #u*#tructure# ("d

#u!er#tructure# (re deteri"ed *$

%(ctor# #uch (#:

the #urrou"di"g geogr(!hic('

%e(ture#,

the #oi' %ou"d(tio",

the !(##i"g 'i"e ("d it# /idth,

the 'e"gth ("d #!(" o% the *ridge,


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127

(e#thetic#,

the re;uiree"t %or c'e(r("ce *e'o/

the *ridge,

tr("#!ort(tio" o% the co"#tructio"

(teri('# ("d erectio" !rocedure#,

co"#tructio" co#t, ("d

co"#tructio" !eriod.


128

d- Ae#thetic#

A *ridge i# re;uired "ot o"'$ to %u'%i'' it#

%u"ctio" (# ( thorough%(re, *ut ('#o to

u#e it# #tructure ("d %or to *'e"d,

h(ro"i2e, ("d e"h("ce it#

#urrou"di"g#.


129

DESIGN U#e ("d 5u"ctio"('it$

A high/($ *ridge #ite i# (

co!'ic(ted !'(ce ("d ( !oi"t

/here ( #uite o% ci+i'

e"gi"eeri"g di#ci!'i"e#

co"+erge to %or o"e o% the

o#t e0citi"g ch(''e"ge# i" the

!ro%e##io".


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130

It i# i!er(ti+e th(t ( *ridge

de#ig"ere"gi"eer u#t *eco"cer"ed /ith:

)igh/($ De#ig" %or the o+er!(##

("d u"der!(## ('ig"e"t ("d

geoetr$.

Structur(' De#ig" %or the

#u!er#tructure ("d #u*#tructure

e'ee"t#.


131

Geotech"ic(' E"gi"eeri"g %or the

!ier ("d (*ute"t %ou"d(tio"#.

)$dr(u'ic E"gi"eeri"g %or !ro!er

dr(i"(ge o% the *ridge ("d #ite.

Sur+e$i"g ("d M(!!i"g %or the

'($out ("d gr(di"g o% ( !ro!o#ed

#ite.


132

9et e+e" /ith #uch ( *re(dth o%

e"gi"eeri"g to!ic# to co"cer"

our#e'+e# /ith, the oder"

high/($ *ridge re(i"# ("

i"trigui"g !ro=ect *ec(u#e o%

the e'eg("t #i!'icit$ o% it#

de#ig" ("d the e(#e /ith /hich

it# #$#te# c(" *e gr(#!ed.


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133

5or the "e/ or e0!erie"ced

*ridge de#ig"er o"e o% the o#the'!%u' (id# i# co"ti"u('

o*#er+(tio".

Bridge e"gi"eer# h(+e co"#t("t

e0!o#ure to high/($ *ridge# (#

the$ tr(+e' the e0!("#e# o% our

tr("#!ort(tio" "et/or#.


134

The *ridge de#ig" i"c'ude#

#e'ectio" o% ( *ridge t$!e,

#tructur(' ("('$#i# ("d e*er

de#ig", ("d !re!(r(tio" o%

det(i'ed !'("# ("d dr(/i"g#.

The #i2e o% e*er# th(t #(ti#%$the re;uiree"t# o% de#ig"

code# (re cho#e". The$ u#t

#u#t(i" !re#cri*ed 'o(d#.


135

Structur(' ("('$#e# (re !er%oredo" ( ode' o% the *ridge to

e"#ure #(%et$ (# /e'' (# to

=udge the eco"o$ o% the

de#ig".

The %i"(' de#ig" i# coitted to

dr(/i"g# ("d gi+e" to

co"tr(ctor# %or !ro!er

i!'ee"t(tio".


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136

B(#ic De#ig" D(t(

O%%ice D(t(. The %ir#t #te! i" the

de#ig" !roce## i# to g(ther ("d

("('$2e (+(i'(*'e i"%or(tio" #uch

(# (!#, ch(rt#, r(i"%('' d(t(, etc.

th(t 'e(d to/(rd# (i"g

i"te''ige"t deci#io"# reg(rdi"g the

'oc(tio" ("d re;uired /(ter/($

o!e"i"g %or the *ridge #tructure.


137

I" choo#i"g ( *ridge 'oc(tio", the

%o''o/i"g guide'i"e# ($ *e

co"#idered:

/he" geo'og$ ("d ri+er ch(r(cteri#tic#

+(r$ #ig"i%ic("t'$ /ithi" the 'e"gth o%

the ri+er, !re%ere"ce #hou'd *e gi+e"to #t(*'e re(che# th(t do "ot re;uire

e'(*or(te tr(i"i"g /or# i" order to

(i"t(i" ( good %'o/ ('ig"e"t.


138

The te"de"c$ o% ri+er #couri"g ("d

*(" ero#io" ($ +(r$ co"#ider(*'$

o+er #hort di#t("ce#, there%ore c(re%u'

'oc(' i"+e#tig(tio" i# i!ort("t.

I" cert(i" c(#e#, ri+er cro##i"g i" (

*e"d ($ !ro+ide ( ore eco"oic('

#ite th(" /ithi" ( #tr(ight !ortio" o%

the ch(""e'.


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139

S!eci%ic De#ig" D(t(

The *ridge #ite to!ogr(!hic (!

"eeded %or the de#ig" o% *ridge:

#hou'd *e dr(/" to #c('e o% 1:&77 to

1:1777 de!e"di"g o" the /idth o% the

ri+er8

#hou'd *e e0te"ded (t 'e(#t &77

u!#tre( ("d do/"#tre( %ro the

ce"ter'i"e o% the !ro!o#ed *ridge8


140

#hou'd h(+e 'oc(tio" !'(" #ho/i"g the

e0i#ti"g !u*'ic ("d !ri+(te #tructure#

uti'itie# th(t ($ *e (%%ected *$ the

!ro=ect8 ("d

#hou'd h(+e cro###ectio" (t the

(!!ro(che# (t &77 i"ter+('.


141

The !ro%i'e ('o"g the ce"ter'i"e o%

the !ro!o#ed *ridge #hou'd #ho/

the e'e+(tio"# o% ordi"(r$ /(ter

'e+e' O4L- ("d (0iu %'ood

'e+e' M5L-.


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142

Ri+er cro###ectio"# (t 67 i"ter+('

#hou'd *e 177 to &77

u!#tre( ("d do/"#tre( %ro

the !ro!o#ed *ridge i"dic(ti"g the

recorded ("d e0!erie"ced high ("d

ordi"(r$ /(ter e'e+(tio"#.


143

The h$dr(u'ic ("d h$dro'ogic #tud$ ("d

("('$#i# "eeded %or the de#ig" o%

!ro!o#ed *ridge #hou'd h(+e:

to!ogr(!hic (! #ho/i"g the

/(ter#hed (re( ("d the !oi"t o%

i"tere#t8

c('cu'(tio" o% the re;uired /(ter/($o!e"i"g8

#cour ("('$#i#8 ("d

c('cu'(tio" o% the de#ig" %'ood 'e+e'.


144

The *ori"g d(t( /ith SPT ("d the

geotech"ic(' re!ort #hou'd

i"dic(te!re#cri*e:

i"iu o% t/o &- dee! *ori"g#

("d #h('' *e (de (t e(ch

(*ute"t, !re%er(*'$, ("

(dditio"(' *ori"g (t e(ch !ier

'oc(tio" %or u'ti#!(" *ridge#8


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145

*oreho'e# to h(+e ( i"iu

de!th o% &7 *e'o/ the ri+er *ed

i" ordi"(r$ #oi' or (t 'e(#t i"

*edroc8

#t("d(rd !e"etr(tio" te#t SPT- to

h(+e ( (0iu i"ter+(' o% 1.6

("d (t e+er$ ch("ge i" #oi'

#tr(tu8 ("d

("('$#i# %or 'i;ue%(ctio" !ote"ti('.


146

The #u*#ur%(ce e0!'or(tio" #hou'd

de%i"e the %o''o/i"g, /here

(!!'ic(*'e:

Soi' #tr(t(

De!th, thic"e## ("d +(ri(*i'it$8

Ide"ti%ic(tio" ("d c'(##i%ic(tio"8


147


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148


149

Re'e+("t e"gi"eeri"g !ro!ertie#

#uch (# #he(r #tre"gth, u"it

/eight, co!re##i*i'it$, #ti%%"e##,

!ere(*i'it$, e0!("#io" or

co''(!#e !ote"ti('


150

Roc #tr(t(

De!th o% roc8

Ide"ti%ic(tio" ("d c'(##i%ic(tio"8

@u('it$ i.e. #ou"d"e##, h(rd"e##,

=oi"ti"g, re#i#t("ce to /e(theri"g

i% e0!o#ed, ("d #o'utio"i"g-8


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151

Co!re##i+e #tre"gth i.e. u"i(0i('

co!re##io", !oi"t 'o(d i"de0-8

E0!("#io" !ote"ti('

Grou"d /(ter e'e+(tio"

Grou"d /(ter to!ogr(!h$


152


153


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154

To"i(#, Deetrio# E. Bride !nineerin " Desin#

Re$abilitation# and Maintenance of Modern

%i$way Brides, Ne/ 9or: McGr(/)i'', I"c.,

M(rch 1.

To(, Shou=i, Du(" Li(", 4(i5(h Che".

%andboo& of Structural !nineerin " Bride

Structure, CRC Pre## LLC, 1.

De!(rte"t o% Pu*'ic 4or# ("d )igh/($#,

Bride Desin Manual, Octo*er 6, &77.

RE5ERENCES


155

htt!:///.$i"*'og.co67*re(tht(i"g*ridge

!hoto#%ro(rou"dthe/or'd

htt!:///.(+ie/o"citie#.cog(''er$*ridge#.ht

htt!:///."e(tor((.co&77F7717o#t

*e(uti%u'*ridge#i"the/or'd

htt!:///.hu%%i"gto"!o#t.code!(rture#

(g(2i"e/or'd#o#t*e(uti%u'

*ridge#*17&6.ht'


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