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Western Empire

Byzantium flourishes in the Eastern EmpireBUT

“Old Rome” in the Western Empire is fading

Here the “Middle Ages” of Europe beginNote: This era is also called “Medieval”

Middle Ages ca. 350 - 1450 AD

1. Dark Ages ca. 350 - 450 AD After fall of Rome - chaos

2. Early Middle Ages - ca. 450 - 900 Early Christian Style

3. High Middle Ages - ca. 900 - 1200 AD Romanesque Style Crusades 1095 - 1291

4. Late Middle Ages - ca. 1200 - 1450 AD Gothic Style Great era of architecture, churches

The Dark Ages 350 -450 AD

The Dark Ages 350 -450 AD

Barbarian invasionsRome falls Complete disruption

of normal life It is a daily struggle

to survive There is chaos,

mass migration Illiteracy grows

The Huns at the Battle of ChalonsbyAlphonse de Neuville (1836–85)

Monasteries and Convents

Monasteries a walled retreat for monks A refuge amid chaos as Rome fell

Monks preserve literacy, art, learning copy manuscripts offer shelter establish market days

Some Monasteries: “cloistered” – for hermitsfavoritescapegoat.blogspot.com/2007/11/stavro...

Illuminated Manuscript

Monks created elaborate copies of manuscripts called “Illuminations” They are lavishly

decorated texts

www.sccs.swarthmore.edu

The Isolated MonasteryThe Isolated Monastery

St-Martin-du-Canigou, French Pyrenees, 1001 - 26

Some Monks live apart from the outside world devoted to prayer and

meditation

Saint-Michel d’Aiguilhe chapel (Le Puy-en-Velay, France)

Mont St. Michel 1024 - 1228

In 966 a community of Benedictine monks settled on the island and set about building the pre-Romanesque church. As the abbey was developing a village grew. The tide comes in daily to isolate the community.

Barbarian Invaders

Barbarian Chiefs are fierce warlords but They are superstitious, afraid of Christianity So they leave monasteries alone

In time, they become Christian Then kings – who rule by “divine right”

Tribes form the root of new nations Will become today’s Europe But the clans war with each other

So they build fortified towns This leads to building of castles

Early Middle Ages - ca. 450 - 900Early Middle Ages - ca. 450 - 900

After Rome falls the Christian Church becomes central to medieval life It is the only surviving powerful organization

So a new Christian culture rises It dominates society in the Middle Ages

Medieval Towns

Walled for protection Tightly unifiedCentrally located churchGates locked at sundown

Besalú is a medieval town in the Catalan comarca of Garrotxa, in Catalonia.

Ancient Country Churches

Celtic: St. Kevin’s Kitchen - Glendaloug, County Wicklow, Ireland c. 800 - 15

St. Peter-on-the-Wall, Bradwell-juste-Mare, Essex c. 660

Celtic Cross

When there was no church in the countryside A cross was put up to mark

where a priest would come

Called “loci sancti” = Means holy place

www.SlidePresentationPublishers.com

The Medieval Feudal System

Charlemagne (742 - 814)• King of the Franks• Unites tribes – is crowned as emperor

In 800 he founds the “Holy Roman Empire”

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire

The Feudal System

Charlemagne sets up the “Feudal System” Set of reciprocal obligations People become: Lords, vassals, peasants, serfs Exchange oaths of loyalty

• In return for land or security• Knights defend the land • Peasants provide food etc.

Rise of knighthood

The Feudal Era

Castles built Church is central to life

Code of chivalry (honor) “Knight in shining armor”

Knighthood

Knights provided military service To be a knight required:

Horse Sword and shield Armor

http://www.ruble-enterprises.com/image_page/horse4.jpg

Medieval Towns

Walled for protection Tightly unified Gates locked at

sundown Castles built

Medieval Towns

Narrow streets Mix of shops and

houses Buildings joined

Segovia, Spain

Defensive stronghold “donjon” = originally a fortified tower central “keep” or residence of the lord

The CastleThe Castle

CastlesCastles

Conwy Castle, Wales

Note central interior couryard

Dracula’s CastleDracula’s Castle

www.skyscrapercity.com

Eilean Donan Castle

Scotland

1386 - 1390

Bodiam Castle Sussex, Britain

Tapestry Ladies at court occupied themselves with

needlework and created many beautiful tapestries, which adorned the castle walls.

www.seemytravels.com

http://mellanium13.blogspot.com/2012/06/bodiam-castle-is-there-business-model.html

Tapestry One of the most famous tapestries is a French series that includes:

“The Lady & the Unicorn”

La Dame a la Licorne "A Mon Seul Desir" (1440-96)http://michelinewalker.com/2012/02/16/a-tapestry-the-lady-the-unicorn/

The Medieval ChurchThe Medieval Church

Art & architecture to glorify God New era of church building

Early Christian Style 313 - 1000 A.D Taken from the Roman basilica

Town church largest, most important building

Early Christian Basilica

S. SABINA Rome 422- 432

Christian architecture – add façade on front and

“transepts” each side to form a Latin cross floor plan.

Apse

Early Christian Church Form

Roman basilica altered Extensions added to make

a Latin cross floor plan Long central aisle

2 story nave* Side aisles

beside nave

www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Cities/wldNave

Pisa Cathedral 1063 - 1278

Pisa Cathedral 1063 - 1278


Latin cross floor plan

Latin Cross PlanS. Apollinare, 532 - 49

Nave

Apse

Transept

small windowscurved apse*long central nave*side aislestransepts*

Crossing

Transept


High Middle AgesHigh Middle Ages Pilgrimage churches

10th - 12th centuries Pilgrims go to Santiago de Compostela

1095 Crusades begin to reclaim Jerusalem for Christianity crusaders see exotic Byzantium get new ideas millennium brings religious fervor new era of church building:

Romanesque style - 1000 - 1150

Map of CrusadesMap of

Crusades

Jerusalem

Romanesque Style

Uses Roman arch Stone barrel vault Weight carried by columns Latin cross plan

Radiating chapels at apse Plain exterior - dark interior

few windows, dim light holy, mysterious


St. Sernin, Toulouse, France 11th c.St. Sernin, Toulouse, France 11th c.

Radiating chapels www.SlidePresentationPublishers.com

West Façade East Façade

St. Foy, Conques, France,ca 1050 – 1130

Cluster piers


St. Foy, Conques, France, ca 1050 – 1130

The tower over the transept is lit by windows. This is

called a “lantern”.


Higher and Higher

EAST END Worms Cathedral, Germany llth-13th century

NAVE St-Etienne Abbaye-Aux-Hommes Caen Begun c. 1068


The Reliquary

As pilgrims traveled they stopped at “Pilgrimage Churches” along the way

Churches are often named after saints Each Church had a holy relic of that saint A relic is a remnant of Christ or a saint

The “Cult of relics” evolved “Reliquaries” are containers for them – such as the one

shown here

The Reliquary

Decorative containerHolds relic of Christ or a saint

www.SlidePresentationPublishers.comCluny monastery reliquary

Ste. Madeline, Vezelay, France c. 1104-32

Note Moorish influence on barrel vault ribsPilgrimage Church


Romanesque Style 1000 - 1150

Decoration• to educate illiterate• tell bible stories

Vezelaywww.SlidePresentationPublishers.com

Wall PaintingSan Pietro Civate Late 11th c.


Byzantine Influence in

Italy

Palatine Chapel in Palermo, Italy c. 1132La Capella Palatina

Elaborate Mosaics

La Capella Palatina

Palatine Chapel in Palermo, Italy c. 1132 – La Capella Palatina

Palatine Chapel, Palermo

Aachen Cathedral

At Charlemagne’s

Palace

AachenerDomPortal.jpg

Throne of Charlemagne

Church at Aachen, Germany ca 800

Marble

Throne of Otto II


Bishop Thrones

S.Ênicola –Bari -c.1098

THRONE OF ARCHBISHOP URSO -Cathedral, Canosa 1073-89


Altar Table


Sacristy Cupboard

Gilded & painted


Medieval Towns

Market day, commerce leads to more prosperity

Medieval Town House

Casa Isolant, Italy, 13th centuryFrench Romanesque House 12th c

Often living quarters above with shops below


Medieval Country House

Large farm house develops as defense becomes less important large hall at center kitchen at one end

Hinxworth Place c. 1390.

English Medieval Houses

Italian Medieval

House

PALACE OF THE EXARCHS (Bishops)

Ravenna, Italy After 712

Note Romanesque archeswww.SlidePresentationPublishers.com

Medieval Chests Heavy and utilitarian Carved or painted

Medieval chest, El Alcazar, Segovia, Spain

Medieval Chests


Medieval Chest

Medieval chest, El Alcazar, Segovia, Spain

13th Century Bed

Fresco

Giotto: “Esau Seeking Isaac’s Blessing”

Church of San Francesco Assisi, c. 1292

Note that occupant still reclines on one elbow.

Dining Table Interior ca 1406 – 1481

Note: table is made of boards set on trestle bases. A cloth is placed on top to cover the boards. Hence the expression “bed and board”which indicates lodging that includes meals and a place to sleep.


Diningwww.SlidePresentationPublishers.com

“The Society for Creative Anachronism”Did you know that there is a group called The Society for Creative

Anachronism? Their aim is to study and recreate Medieval European cultures before the 17th century. They are devoted to the Middle Ages “as they ought to have been.” They have members all over the world.

Anachronism = something or someone that is not in its correct historical or chronological time, especially a thing or person that belongs to an earlier time.

19 kingdoms around the world:West Kingdom (1966) California, Nevada, Alaska, Japan, Korea,

etc.East Kingdom (1968) New England states, Nova Scotia, Quebec,

etc.Middle Kingdom (1969) Midwestern states, Ontario, etc.

Arizona is the Kingdom of Atenveldt

The “Estrella War” in Arizona

Several years ago, 4 local members from the Kingdom of Atenveldt paid a visit to our history class. Below are pictures of a knight named “Sir Keigan,” a medieval merchant, and their pages. All had authentic clothing. I tried on some of their armor – a bit large!

FinisFinis

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