C 24: New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania

Hispaniola (Haiti-Dominican RepublicIndigenous Taino people (4 million 1492

(1000s by 1540s)Encomienda system?Gold, some silver NOT silks and spices

Taino populations gone by mid 16th CCulture preserved through language

fire consuming the temple of Huitzilopochtli

the appearance of streaking fire

across the sky,

the “boiling,” and later flooding, of a lake nearby Tenochtitlan,

a woman weeping in the middle of night

the capturing of an unknown creature with a fishing net,

and the sightings of strange monsters having two heads and only one body throughout the city.

God Quetzalcoatl (bearded, fair skinned Toltec god) was to return from the East

The emperor Montezuma was said to have consulted fortune tellers to determine the causes of these omens; but they were unable to provide an exact explanation until after the arrival of the Spaniards

http://gale.corbis.com/search/detail/detail.aspx?%09id=10&imageid=11230816&search=aztec&t=96&psz=30&pos=4

Hernan Cortes Montezuma II

Spanish arrive

Messengers killed

Tlaxcala

Malinche interprets

1520: Death of Montezuma II

1520: Fall of the Aztec Empire100-200,000 Aztecs killed: battle of Tenochtitlan

Bartolome de las Casas:Wrote about abuse of native populationsInitially suggested imported Africans for labor

Florentine Codex1547-1558

Bernardino de Sahagun:Father of modern enthography

During a ceremony on July 12, 1562, a disputed number of Maya codices (or books; Landa admits to 27, other sources claim "99 times as many") and approximately 5,000 Maya cult images were burned. The actions of Landa passed into the Black Legend of the Spanish in the Americas.

Bishop Diego de LandaRelación de las Cosas de Yucatán 1566

1572: Spaniards executing Tupac AmaruLast Inca emperor

Francisco Pizarro and Atahualpa, in 1532, drawing by Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala, c. 1600.

Francisco Pizarro and Atahualpa:The Fall of the Inca Empire 1532-1533

Pizarro had 180 soldiers60 reinforcements

Atahualpa and HuascarInca army = thousands

(Submit and Live, Resist and Die)Battle of Cajamarca 1532

Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala

Guaman Poma's great work was the (The First New Chronicle and Good Government), a 1,189-page document.. His book remains the longest sustained critique of Spanish colonial rule produced by an indigenous subject in the entire colonial period. Written between 1600 and 1615 and addressed to King Philip II of Spain, the Corónica outlines the injustices of colonial rule and argues that the Spanish were foreign settlers in Peru. The king never received the document.

European ExplorationsEuropean ExplorationsEuropean ExplorationsEuropean Explorations

Similarities and

Differences?

Compare the Spanish and Portuguese systems of social hierarchy established in colonial America.

Compare the Spanish and Portuguese systems of social hierarchy established in colonial America.

Similarities:

Differences: S: P:Peninsulares PensinsularesCreoles (Crillos) MESTIZOSMESTIZOS MulattosRIGID Hierarchy Zambos

Peninsulares owned all -More male dominated

the land and power 85% of migrant populationwas male- more African slaves (1518:

first slaves imported to New Word- to Brazil

-Portuguese planters and owners of sugar mills were a

privileged class- acted like the landed nobility- as long as they contributed toroyal revenues, they were left

alone- People of varied ancestry lived together under European rule-Mixed race performed much of the manual labor-Members of native European countries were the pinnacle of the social ladder-Mixed races below on the social hierarchy-Slaves at the bottom

The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem

The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystemPeninsularePeninsulare

ssPeninsularePeninsulare

ss CreolesCreolesCreolesCreoles

MestizoMestizoss

MestizoMestizoss

MulattMulattosos

MulattMulattosos

Native IndiansNative IndiansNative IndiansNative Indians Black SlavesBlack SlavesBlack SlavesBlack Slaves

Social Organization:Similar or Differentfrom other areas?

Zambos?

Spanish+

Natives

African+

Spanish/Portugese

Born in America/Iberian parents

Miguel Cabrera: 18th century Zapotec artist…

Compare the Spanish and Portuguese systems of colonial administrationestablished in colonial America.

Compare the Spanish and Portuguese systems of colonial administrationestablished in colonial America.

Differences: S:- initially ruled by conquistadores- semi-private regimes that gave

way to the Spanish crown-administrative centers in Mexico

andPeru governed by viceroys- viceroys were reviewed by

audencias

haciendasencomienda system eventually

replaced by the repartimiento systemquinto: Spanish crown claimed

1/5 of all silver produced

P:-Sugar plantations-Portuguese king granted large territories to nobles-Expected nobles to develop their holdings-Dispatched a governor to oversee affairs and enforce-Imperial policy

Similarities:

-Imperial rule/ royal backing and oversight-European style society in the cities-Both developed colonies for economic gain’-Tried to gain control of as much land and territory as possible-Tried to make sure officials remained loyal to their respective governments-- generally saw this land as a place to exploit rather than as a place to settle

Zacatecas: One of the most productive of its silver mines, the Alvarado, has records which show a production of nearly $800,000,000 in silver between 1548 and 1867.

Potosi

Quinto?Mita service?

1572

European Empires and ColoniesIn the Americas, 1700

North American Populations

0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

7000000

8000000

1500 1800

Native

European

African

Export of Tobacco from Virginia

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

1616 1624 1638

Pounds

A Hacienda in Chile

Spanish fort in Florida

Social:Development and Transformation of social structures  

            

Political:State-building, expansion and conflict  

           

InteractionBetween humans and the environment  

        

S

P

I

C

E

Spanish: introduced smallpox, reduced native pop by 90% (~ 4 million to 2000) imposed strict system of social hierarchy based on race (peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, mulattos, zambos)/ harsh treatment of natives: encomienda system repartimiento system, mita service)/ established capitals in European style: Mexico City (New Spain), Lima (New Castile)./early settlers mostly single menPortuguese: no forced labor for natives, imported African slaves for sugar mills, similar social hierarchy to the Spanish/ early settlers mostly single men: social classes created from offspring of Europeans and Africans (mulattos) and natives and Africans (zambos) (BOTH social systems based on race)French: mostly single men come over to Americas: enter into relationship with native

women = metisEnglish: families come over- less interaction with natives

Spanish/ Portuguese: viceroyalties, audencias check the power of the viceroys,encomineda system serves as mechanism for controlBrazil: given to nobles by the kingIberian royal crowns controlled the colonies to a greater degree than the

British or French

British/ French: more independent, backed by support of some private investors as well as the crown under a mercantilist model

Latin America: Plantations/ haciendas/ mining/ gold and silver / sugar/ introductionof smallpox and huge population loss

North America: originally intend to live off the land and import goods/ later becomesettled agriculturalists- learn from nativesNew England: refine sugarcane into molasses for exportFrench: exploit fur resources

90% of native popLost in Latin Am

North Am = mostlydisplacement

Culture:Development and interaction of cultures  

           

Economic:Creation, expansion and interaction of economic systems  

   

       

S

P

I

C

E

Spanish/ Portuguese: intentionally do not encourage cultural exchange ordiffusion, tried to eliminate native beliefs and replace with Roman Catholicism. Missionaries present early on:Bartolomeu de las Casas, Bishop Diego de Landa- Virgin ofGuadalupe represents support for Christianity among natives

English/ French: neither had much interest in converting natives to Christianitymore cultural diffusion with the French/ English resisted mixed relationships the most / Africans in French colonies = voodoo

Native resistance: try to retain cultural identity but largely unsuccessful- some revolts in North America/ African slaves attempted revolt but not successful

Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala: native Incan who protested to the king to no availTupac Amaru rebellion (Inca) 1572 : led a rebel state, last Inca ruler, executed by the Spanish

Spanish/ Portuguese: first looked for finished products/ spices/ gold/ finding noneset up plantation economies (mostly sugar cane)Spanish: silver mines (Zacatecas, Mexico/ Potosi), Peru/ Manilla galleonsEMCOMIENDA/ REPARTIMIENTO/ FREE LABORqunito taxBrazil: engenhos

English: mercantile system/ Atlantic Slave trade/ sugar = molasses and rumindentured servants as labor pooldid not enslave the nativescash crops = cotton, tobacco, southern plantations

French: in North America = fur trade, timber, fish in Caribbean colonies = horrible plantation conditions, sugarcane

Mostly Mexico

Not Peru

Vasco da Gama Adam SmithAlfonso d Albuquerque MercantilismFerdinand and Isabel Spanish InquisitionChristopher Columbus CopernicusTaino John LockeHispaniola Thirty Years’ WarMotivations for exploration? Peace of WestphaliaColumbian Exchange Balance of PowerSeven Year’s War Hernan CortesManila Galleons Francisco PizarroJames Cook Atahualpa/HuascarMartin Luther viceroysProtestant Reformation audenciasJohn Calvin quintoHenry VIII PotosiCouncil of Trent peninsluares/mestizos/crillosLouis XIV mulattos/ zambosEnglish East India Company North America: royal backingUnited East India Company (VOC) encomiendasIndulgences mitaDivine Right of Kings indentured servitude

Compare the forced labor systems utilized by the Spanish, Portuguese and the English in colonial America.

Compare the indigenous response to the Spanish, French and English in colonial America.

Social:Development and Transformation of social structures  

            

Political:State-building, expansion and conflict  

           

InteractionBetween humans and the environment  

        

S

P

I

C

E

Culture:Development and interaction of cultures  

           

Economic:Creation, expansion and interaction of economic systems  

   

       

S

P

I

C

E

Post- 15th Century Trade Routes?

POV?