New Worlds: The Americas & OceaniaMr. ErmerWorld History APMiami Beach Senior High

Colliding Worlds1492: Europeans brings great change to Americas &

Oceania Taino people of Caribbean first to encounter Europeans Island of Hispaniola becomes Spanish base of operations

1498: Santo Domingo becomes capital of Spanish Caribbean

Spanish seek to mine gold, labor provided through encomienda Tainos forced to work in mines, encomenderos look after

workers 1518: Smallpox arrives in Caribbean, Tainos decimated Discovery of gold and silver in Mexico & S. America shifts

focus English, French, & Dutch come to Caribbean, start

plantations Lack of indigenous labor causes plantations to import

African slaves Caribbean society made of small European

administrative class ruling over large African slave population farming cash crops

Spain in the AmericasSpanish focus on mainland after discovery of gold &

silverCortes & Pizarro conquer Mexico & Peru

Establish control on own authority, give power to soldiers Spanish monarchy eventually establishes control over

lands Bureaucrats take control of governance from

conquistadores

Viceroyalties of New Spain (Mexico) & New Castile (Peru) Capital of New Spain at Tenochtitlan, New Castile’s at

Lima New Spain stretches from Mexico City to St. Augustine, FL

(1565) New Castile from Panama (1519) to Concepcion (1550) &

B.A. (1536) Viceroys answered to Spanish king, rule vast territories

Audiencias check power of the viceroys, administer rule of small area

Portugal in the Americas

Treaty of Tordesillas gives Portugal small area of Americas Named Brazil after the brazilwood trees found on coast

Pedro Alvares de Cabral finds Brazil in 1500, does not stay French and Dutch explore Brazilian coast, Portuguese lay

claim Portuguese king grants land to nobility to colonize Portuguese nobility copy success of African sugar

plantationsAmazon remains mostly indigenous, no food/mineral

surplus

North AmericaSpanish explore north of Florida, establish missions

English, French, & Dutch fishermen dislodge SpanishFrench settle in Nova Scotia (1604) and Quebec (1608)

French migrants settle in eastern Canada Explore/trade along St. Lawrence, Ohio, Mississippi rivers

Build forts along rivers all the way down to Gulf of Mexico

English settle in Jamestown, VA (1607) & Massachusetts (1630)

Dutch settle New Amsterdam (1623), English seize in 1664

French & English Colonial Models

Private investors take lead in French & English colonies Investors provide money for establishment, retain more control English colonies establish legislatures, councils, gov’t institutions

Still under loose royal rule, but responsible for self government Virginia House of Burges

French & English do not enslave indigenous peoples Large number of migrants displace natives from hunting lands

Indentured Servants English, French, Dutch, German, & Irish migrants est. farms English lay legal claim to farmlands through treaties with natives

Natives raid English farms, English retaliated violently

Native population of N. America severely diminished

Colonial Society In Latin America

Creoles: European whites born in AmericaAs small number of whites, mix with

indigenous majority, then Africans, new races/ethnicities emerge Mestizos: mixed white and native Mulattos: mixed white and black Castas

English & French North America

English & French colonization takes place later Europe wealthier, not religiously united Colonization by companies, not military

Jamestown, tobacco, men brought to work Indentured servants House of Burgesses

Slave labor

Division of the Carolinas, North from VA, South from Caribbean (Barbados) New England settled by religious Puritan pilgrims

Skills based economy, settled by families

Mid-Atlantic colonies become commercial hub New Netherlands’s (NY) treaty with Iroquois Confederacy Penn’s open market, Philly surpasses Boston as largest city

New France’s fur trade protected by loose network of forts

Changes In The Colonies

Bourbon kings reorganize Spanish gov’t Pop. of Spanish Empire booms Shift from mining economy to cattle Rebellions, increased militarization to face

EnglishEngland limits colonial trade and production

Bad for business back home Expensive wars against France and Spain paid

for by colonies, colonists do not like increased royal control

Europeans in Oceania

Australia: terra australis incognita 1500-1600s: Dutch chart Australia Dutch make limited landfalls, encounters with people 1770: Captain Cook charts the eastern shore

English establish a penal colony on the continent Migrants continue throughout nineteenth and twentieth centuries

Spanish mariners explore the Pacific (Magellan) Spanish colonize Philippines and Guam

1778: Captain Cook stops in Hawaii while looking for NWP Recognizes Hawaiians as Polynesians, conducted trade Crew transmits V.D. to Hawaiians, conflicts rise

1800s: Europeans and Euro-Americans found throughout Pacific