New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania

Ch. 24

I. Colliding Worlds

THE SPANISH CARIBBEANThe Taino

• First interaction betweenEuros and Americans people• Prominent in the region• Interest in glass, beads Metal tools of Spanish

Spanish Arrival

• Hispaniola-Spanish base operations in Caribbean

• Spanish found no silk or spices• Attempted mining but not too

successful• Encomiendas-natives working

for the Spanish in return for taking care of them

• Spanish pushed them drastically

• Attempted unsuccessfulRebellion• Social disruption, and Abuse led to Taino downfall

Small Pox & From Mining to Plantation Agriculture

• Led to a demographicDecline• Spanish raiding Parties increased theSpread• Eventually some SpanishRemained in Caribbean• Shifted from mining to Plantation of cash crop (sugar)

1. What is an encomienda?

2.What were the effects of small pox?

THE CONQUEST OF MEXICO AND PERU

Hernan Cortes

• Made his way intoTenochtitlan (Aztec capital)• Seized Monteczoma II and Cuauhtémoc• Spanish forces starved theCity into surrender• Weaponry aided in SpanishConquest• Division amongst indigenous People also proved beneficial

Epidemic Disease

• As in the CaribbeanSmall pox played a role In the decline of theAztecs• Killed so many offThe society was unableTo function

Francisco Pizarro

• Conquered Inca empireBy exploiting a dispute amongThe ruling brothers of theEmpire• Ambushed elites by callingA “conference”• Decapitated Atahualpa (oneOf the brothers) after he Delivered the gold• Some allied with SpanishBecause they despised Inca forces

3.How did Hernan Cortes successfully defeat the Aztecs?

4.How did epidemic disease effect the Aztecs?

5.How did Francisco Pizarro defeat the Incas?

IBERIAN EMPIRES IN AMERICA

Spanish Colonial Administration& New Cities

• Two centers: Mexico (NewSpain) and Peru (New Castile)• Governed by a ViceroyResponsible to the king• Viceroys were kings repre-Sentatives • Audiencias-heard appeals Against viceroys decisions &Policies• Transportation & communicationLimited viceroys ability (2 year response)• Many towns under the controlOf audiencieas• Spanish preferred to live in the cities

Portuguese Brazil

• Portuguese est. themselvesIn Brazil • Treaty of Tordesilla-dividedThe world in imaginary NorthAnd South line.• Spain got lands to the west And Portugal lands to the East

Colonial American Society

• Cities of SpainAnd Portugal wereOf European style• Spoke in nativeLanguages for gov’t Business & society• New World Characterized by Intense interactionBetween peoples ofAmerica, Europe, &Africa

6.What areas did Spanish control in their colonies?

7.What areas did Portuguese control in their colonies?

8.What was the Treaty of Tordesilla?

9.What was life like with the colonies of Spain and Portugal in America?

SETTLER COLONIES IN NORTH AMERICA

Foundation Colonies

• Explorers plant coloniesIn N. America• Among the explorersAre the French (Nova Scotia), British (Eastern coast), Dutch (New Amsterdam laterNew York)• Did not expect to cultivateAt first relied on provisions From Europe• Expected to only gain Commodities (fur, tar, lumber)• Avoided starvation due toHelp of the indigenous people

Colonial Gov’t

• Spanish & PortugueseDiffered from French & English colonies• French & English hadPrivate investors• They had their ownAssemblies and influencedThe governors• No viceroys or Audiencias in the Northerncolonies

Relations w/Indigenous People &Conflict

• Relations also differedBetween Spanish &Portuguese and British& French colonies w/The indigenous.• Brits claimed land“legally”• Justified by stating Better use of land• Indigenous oftenDisagreed and did notRecognize “legalities”.• Indigenous mountedRaids• Europeans retaliate• Disease and violenceDecrease the numberOf Indigenous

10.What countries colonized North America in the North?

11.What was the differences between colonization of Spain& Portugal and those of English& French?

II. Colonial Society in Americas

THE FORMATION OF MULTI-CULTURAL SOCIETIES

Mestizo Societies

• Spanish and PortugueseCreate mestizo societies• European/Euro-American dominanceIn these settled colonies• Multi-cultural andMulti-ethnic• Most explorers men Interact with indigenous Women hence the “MESTIZO”• Portuguese interactedw/both indigenous and AfricanWomen• Mulattos-Portuguese & African• Zambos-Indigenous and African

The Social Hierarchy& Sexual Hierarchies

• Peninsulares-migrantsBorn in Europe (top of Social structure)• Criollos/Creoles-bornIn America of Iberian Parents• Mestizos lived in theOutskirts• Mulattos & zambosProminent in Brazil• Slaves & conquered atBottom of social structure• Race & ethnicity Important in position & roleIn society• Patriarchal society• Race & class a part of aWoman’s life• Elite women did not seemAs free as poorer women

North American Societies

• Northern American Societies different from coloniesOf the Spanish & Portuguese• Metis-French w/Native Women• English did not really Intermingle• Saw others as inferiorEspecially Africans fuelingExtreme racism• However, English was quickTo be taught by the indigenousAbout natural elements aroundthem

12.What are Mestizos?

13.What Mestizo societies existed?

14.What social hierarchies existed in these mestizo societies?

15.What were the social differences between Latin American societies and North American societies?

MINING AND AGRICULTURE IN THE SPANISH EMPIRESilver Mining

• Silver more valuableThan gold• Production in Zacatecas and Potosi• Employed manyIndigenous• Relied on voluntaryWork but had the mita• Mita-Spanish Requiring indigenousTo send a percentageOf their men to workIn return for payment (low)• Death rates high• Many sought to evadeThe mita system

Global Significance Of Silver & The Hacienda

• Essentially stimulatedNot only the SpanishEconomy but the worldEconomy• Quinto-principleRevenue of the crownFrom AmericanPossessions• Silver traded forSilk, spices and porcelain• Mining led to other Occupations which led toOther opportunities forCultivators, herders andArtisans• Hacienda-estates

Labor Systems & ResistanceTo Spanish Rule

• Labor for the hacienda was Done by the indigenous• Encomienda system turnedInto debt peonage• Essentially loans given to Indigenous by Spanish couldNever pay off because wagesWere so low• Spanish regimes met muchResistance from indigenous:Rebellions, retreats, lacklusterWork• Pueblo revolt

16.What was more valuable than gold?

17.What was the mita system?

18. In what ways did silver effect the world?

19.How did indigenous people rebel against the Spanish?

SUGAR AND SLAVERY IN PORTUGUESE BRAZILThe Engenho

• A complex of land, labor,Buildings, animals, capitalAnd technical skills related To sugar• Combo of agriculture andIndustry• Depended on heavy laborAnd specialized skills whoUnderstood sugar making• Planters and owners wereprivileged

The Search for Labor

• More difficult to enlistLocal indigenous as laborers• Not sedentary• Could not rely on indigenous

SLAVERY

• Cane cultivationTook a large toll onThe slave community• Working conditions,Hard labor, tropical heat,Poor nutrition, inadequateHousing• Lost 5-10% in slavesAnnually• Owners had little Incentive to improve Conditions of slaves• It’s all ECONOMIC.

20.What kind of system did the Portuguese have?

21.What was the engenho system?22.How did slavery play a role in Portuguese colonization?

FUR TRADERS AND SETTLERS IN NORTH AMERICA

The Fur Trade

• Fur trade is lucrative• Began to exploit furIn the northern lands• Agents, adventurers,Businessman and Settlers begin to createForts and trading posts• Hides went to Europe

Effects of the Fur Trade

• Fur trade had conflict• Decline of beaver pop.Led to Settlers movingInland• This led to nativesHaving to invade otherTerritories• Fur trade was also a formOf competition betweenEuropean states• Indigenous people becameA part of these rivalries

Settler Society

• Settler cultivators posedAnother threat to the Native ways of the indigenous• Turned hunting groundsTo plantations

23. What was the big commodity in North America?

24. What ere the effects of the fur trade?

25.How did settlers effect indigenous people?

FUR TRADERS AND SETTLERS IN NORTH AMERICA

Tobacco and other Cash Crops

• For the English one mainCultivation was tobacco• Popular because of its Addictive nature• First present with healthBENEFITS. • Other crops were indigoand rice

Indentured Labor

• High demand for cheapLabor• Indentured servants Essentially worked off Whatever debt they hadIn return for freedom

Slavery in North America

• Some blacks wereIndentured servants,Other fell into permanentServitude• Virginia law recognizedAll blacks as slaves• Although the south Was seen as the areaThat used slaves prominentlyALL North American coloniesParticipated in the slave trade

26.What other crops did those in North America find lucrative?

27.What was indentured servitude?28.Discuss slavery.

Spanish Missionaries& Survival of NativeReligions

• Roman Catholic PriestServed as missionariesAnd representatives of theCrown• Reinforce civil administration• Attempted to convertIndigenous peoples• Make Christianity Understandable and relatable• Converts hard to come by• Stuck to original faiths• Priests won converts in SpanishAmerica• Became a blend of Catholicismand their native traditions• Veneration of Saints

The Virgin of Guadalupe

• Mestizo embracedVirgin as a national Symbol• Miracles is visited Her shrine• Distinct for MexicanFaith• Helped to solidifyCatholicism in Mexico

French and EnglishMissions

• Missionaries did notAttract as many convertsAs they did in SpanishAmerica• Indigenous not as Sedentary• Little effort to attemptconversion

CHRISTIANITY AND NATIVE RELIGIONS IN THE AMERICAS

29.What role did Catholicism play in colonization?

30.Why was the Virgen de Guadalupe important?

III. Europeans in the Pacific

AUSTRALIA AND THE LARGER WORLD

Dutch Exploration

• Dutch settlers first To sight Australia in 1606• Nothing interesting• Found New Guinea andTanzania• “New Holland”• Few contacts w/Indigenous people saw themAs savages

BRITISH COLONISTS

• 1770 Europeans become Interested in Australia• British took a fleet of convictsAnd established a penal colony• This began more encountersBetween aboriginals and Europeans

THE PACIFIC ISLANDS AND THE LARGER WORLDSpanish Voyages in The Pacific

• Spain reached GuamAnd Philippines• Inaugurated ManilaGalleons• Did not establishRegular communications

Guam

• Spanish interest• Peaceful trade w/Chamorro• Spanish attempted To impose rule, ChamorroOpposed but could notRefuse due to epidemicDisease• Spanish forces est. Garrisons and relocatedChamorro's under Supervised territories

Visitors and Trade andCaptain Cook

• 18th century broughtSharp increase of visitorsInto the Pacific• Mostly peacefulBut occasional skirmishes• Cook saw Hawaiians Related to Tahitians• Got along well• Sailors and womenConsorted • Cooks reports broughtMany Europeans intoThe Pacific