1. English consonants

• Work in the same group

• Scan chapters 4 & 6 again

• Discuss the answers to the following questions

2. English consonants

• Define the following terms:

• • manners of articulation

• • plosives

• • initial, medial and final positions of a plosive

• • aspiration

• • fortis vs lenis

• • fricatives

• • affricates

• • homorganic

3. English consonants

• What are the three properties used for describing a consonant?

• How is a plosive produced?

• What are the English plosives?

• How does aspiration take place? And when?

• What are the English fricatives?

• What are the English affricates?

4. English consonants

• Manners of articulation: the particular way the airstream is obstructed

• • Plosives

• • Affricates

• • Fricatives

• • Nasals

• • Approximants (central, lateral)

5. English consonants

• Plosives: Oral stops

• • The air is stopped completely in the oral cavity for a brief period

• • Then it explodes with the release of the closure, producing loud-enough noise to be heard

• • English plosives:

• • • Bilabials: p, b

• • • Alveolars: t, d

• • • Velars: k, g

6. English consonants

• The articulation of a plosive:

• • Closing phase (dynamic)

• • Occlusion / Compression phase (static)

• • Release phase (dynamic)

• • • Oral release

• • • Nasal release

• • • Lateral release

7. English consonants

• Bilabials: p, b

8. English consonants

• Alveolars: t, d

9. English consonants

• Velars: k, g

10. English consonants

• Positions of plosives:

• • Initial CV

• • Medial - VCV

• • Final - VC

11. English consonants

• Initial CV

• • Voiced plosives: released with weak plosion

• • Voiceless plosives: released with audible plosion aspiration

12. English consonants

• Aspiration

• • The phenomenon in which a small puff of air escapes through the vocal folds after the release phase.

• • Transcribed as [ C h ]

13. English consonants

• Aspiration

14. English consonants

• Aspiration rule:

• • Voiceless stops become aspirated when they occur syllable initially before stressed vowels (in a stressed syllable).

• • / C /

• • Examples:

• • • pot spot repeat compass

• • • top stop attack contour

• • • kid skid akin condemn

[ C h ] / $ _ V [+stress] [ C ] / elsewhere [-voiced] [+stop]

15. English consonants

• Positions of plosives:

• • Initial CV: scarcely voiced

• • Medial - VCV

• • Final VC: scarcely voiced

16. English consonants

• Positions of plosives:

• • Initial CV

• • Medial - VCV

• • Final VC

• • • ma p , ma t ,

• • • la b , la d , la g

• • • la p la b

• • • mea t mea d

17. English consonants

• Fricatives:

• • Consonants produced with a continuous airflow through the mouth, accompanied by a continuous audible noise (hissing sound)

• • Continuant consonants

• • f, v, 8, 5, s, z, ~, 2, h

18. English consonants

• Labiodentals: f, v

19. English consonants

• Inter-dentals: 8, 5

20. English consonants

• Alveolars: s, z

21. English consonants

• Alveo-palatals: ~, 2

22. English consonants

• Glottal: h

• Has the quality of the vowel it precedes

• Problems:

• • hj ( . )

w

23. English consonants

• Affricates:

• • Consonants produced when the air is built up by a complete closure of the oral tract and then released and continued like a fricative

• • The plosive and the following fricative must be homorganic (made with the same articulators)

• • Non-continuant consonants that show a slow release of the closure

• • t~, d2

24. English consonants

• Alveo-palatals: t~, d2

25. English consonants

• Fortis consonants

• Produced with more force

• Usually thought of as voiceless

• p, t, k, s, f, ~, t~

• Lenis consonants

• Produced with less force

• Usually thought of as voiced

• b, d, g, v, z, 2, d2

26. English consonants

• Fortis consonants

• Syllable final: shortening a preceding vowel or l, m, n, 7

• • mop mob

• • rich ridge

• Syllable initial: devoicing a following approximant ( l, r, w, j )

• • play lay

• • tray ray

• • quick wick

27. English consonants

• Consolidation

Alveolar plosives

28. English consonants

• Consolidation

Dental fricatives

29. English consonants

• Consolidation

Bilabial plosives

30. English consonants

• Consolidation

Alveolar fricatives

31. English consonants

• Consolidation

Affricates

32. English consonants

• Consolidation

Labiodental fricatives

33. English consonants

• Consolidation

Glottal fricative

34. English consonants

• Consolidation

Velar plosives

35. English consonants

• Consolidation

Alveo-palatal fricatives

36. Preparation for next class

• Review:

• • Plosives

• • Fricatives

• • Affricates

• • Aspiration

• • Shortening of vowels before a fortis consonant

• • Devoicing of approximants after a fortis consonant

• Read

• • Chapter 5

• • Chapter 7