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Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. SAND NO. 2011-XXXXP

MicrobialFuelCellPossibilitiesonAmericanIndianTribalLands

KimberlynnCameronSouthDakotaSchoolofMines&Technology

SAND2016-7820 PE

Aboutme

South Dakota School of Mines & TechnologyMajors: MS Civil & Environmental Engineering

MS Engineering Management May 2017

Degree: BS Geological Engineering, May 2014

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Background§ AmericanIndianlands

comprises~2%ofUSandcontains~5%ofallrenewableenergyresources.

§ Totaltechnicalpotentialontriballands~21billionMWh.

§ Wasteasrenewablevs.wasteconservation?

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1,100millionMWh 7million

MWh4millionMWh

5millionMWh

GraphfromDOEOfficeofIndianEnergy2017BudgetRolloutPowerPointPresentation.

WastetoEnergy

§ Generatingenergyintheformofelectricityand/orheatfromtheincinerationofwaste.

§ Processes:Thermal&Non-thermal§ Thermal:

§ Depolymerization§ Gasification§ Pyrolysis§ Plasmaarcgasification

§ Non-thermal:§ Anaerobicdigestion

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FigurefromGlobalRe-EnergyWebsite: www.globalre-energy.com/about-waste-to-energy-facilities/

ForestCountyPotawatomiCommunity§ A2MWanaerobicdigesterandbiogasgenerationfacility.

§ convertsfoodwasteintoelectricitypower1,500homes

§ Long-termenergygoaltoreduceitscarbonfootprinttozero.§ Assumedaleadershiproleincreatingasustainableandhealthyworld§ 2014:RankedamongtheTop100andTop30LocalGovernmentgreen

powerusers

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MicrobialFuelCell(MFC)Technology

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§ MFCsrequire“fuel.”§ Organicwaste,foodwaste,

wastewater§ MFCsarefedwiththewastewater

containingboththefuelandthebacteriaresponsible foritsdegradation.

§ MFCbacteriawilloxidizethefuelandusetheanodeasanexternalelectronacceptor.

§ Electricalpowerisgeneratedbytheelectronsflowing fromtheanodethrough anelectricalcircuittothecathode,wherethereductionofanelectronacceptor(oxygen)occurs.

§ Atthecathode,theprotonsandelectronscombinewithoxygentocreatewater.

§ Fourparts:anode,cathode,protonexchangemembrane(PEM),externalcircuit

Diagram fromAvantiCorporationwebsite:http://www.avanticorporation.com/green-remediation/

WastewaterTreatment§ Typesoftreatment:

§ Physical,BiologicalandChemical

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§ Energyconsumption:§ ~3%oftotalU.S.

electricityconsumption

§ Treatingandpumpingofwaterrequiressubstantialamountsofpower§ ~80%oftotalenergyusedisfrom

transportationofwater

Diagram fromtheUniversityofMichiganCenterforSustainableSystemswebsite:http://css.snre.umich.edu/css_doc/CSS04-14.pdf

RelativeEnergyDistributionofWastewaterTreatmentProcesses

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§ Basedonsecondarywastewatertreatmentplant(7MGD)

Graphfromwebsite:http://tnenvironment.com/Pres12/MooreL.pdf

PotentialBenefitsandPracticalChallenges

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Benefits: Challenges:§ Initialcapitalinvestment,

operationandmaintenanceexpensesassociatedwithenergy,chemicalsandmaterialsconsumption,anddeterioratedperformanceduringlong-termoperation

§ ScalingupanMFCsystemforrealworldapplication

§ Weakcurrentgenerationwhensingular

Figurefrom“Towardssustainablewastewater treatment byusingmicrobialfuelcells-centeredtechnologies”articlebyW.Li.

Example:CompletedCaseStudyforMilan-NosedoWastewaterTreatmentPlant

§ Variableoutput;smallestMFCsshowedbetterperformances

§ LimitofscalingupMFCssuitableforstacksystemandtoimprovetheproducedpower. 10

FiguresfromEnergy balanceandmicrobialfuelcellsexperimentationatwastewatertreatment plantMilano-Nosedoarticle byE.Martinucci.

Example:PrototypeCompletedbyPennStateResearchTeam§ Proofofconceptdevicethatcangenerate0.9kWhof

electricityperkgoforganicwaste.§ Plantsthatconsume,onaverage,1.2kWhperkgofwaste,can

produceapositiveamountofcurrentwhilecontinuingtoperformtheirconventionalfunction.

§ DevicecombinesanMFCwithareverseelectrodialysissystem—whichseparatesionsinaseriesofmembranes.

§ MFC'sintheproofofconceptalsoactasafinalcleaningstageinthe wastewatertreatmentprocess.

§ Organicmattertreatedmuchfaster.

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WhyMicrobialFuelCells(MFCs)?§ Wastetoenergytechnology§ MFCsusebacteria toconvertorganicmatter(fuel)directly

intoelectricity.§ Reduction/eliminationofmethaneproduced/transported

§ Reductionofsludgeandremovalofaerationprocess.§ Reductionofenergyconsumptionandsolidwasteremoval

§ Organicmattertreatedquicker.§ Emergingtechnologywithpotentialforpositiveimpactand

technologicaladvancements.§ ApplicationofMFCstotribalapplication.

§ Managingwastewatertopotentiallyuseasaformofenergy.

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FutureWork

§ Collectionofdataonwastewatertreatmentinfrastructureontriballands.§ Collectionofdataforenergyconsumptionontriballands.

§ DetermineMFCpotentialontriballandsusingwastewaterasarenewableresource§ Determinequantityofmunicipalwastewater§ QuantifyingtheamountofGibbsfreeenergyavailableinthewaste

compoundinordertoestimatetheelectricpowerthancanbegenerated.

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PilamayeTanka!

§ DepartmentofEnergy- OfficeofIndianEnergy§ SandiaNationalLaboratories§ SandraBegay§ FellowIndianEnergyInterns:

§ LenNecefer,TommyJones,RachaelGutierrez

§ SDSM&TFaculty:§ Dr.JenniferBenning,Dr.V.Gadhamshetty

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References§ http://www.globalre-energy.com/about-waste-to-energy-facilities/§ http://www.genomenviron.org/Research/MFC.html§ http://water.usgs.gov/edu/wwvisit.html§ http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2014/01/an-independent-engineering-

evaluation-of-waste-to-energy-technologies.html§ http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/waste-to-energy.php§ http://energy.gov/indianenergy/articles/forest-county-potawatomi-recognized-renewable-energy-

achievements§ http://gizmodo.com/5891157/new-microbial-fuel-cells-could-turn-sewage-plants-into-power-

plants§ http://tnenvironment.com/Pres12/MooreL.pdf§ http://www.lewwtp.org/§ http://www.avanticorporation.com/green-remediation/§ http://www.hoffmanandlamson.com/applications/wastewater.aspx§ http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/triple_aqa/humans_and_environment/biofuel

s/revision/4/§ https://www.edf.org/energy/methaneleakage§ http://www.ecovillage.org.in/ecopedia/alternate-energy/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-biogas§ http://energy.gov/indianenergy/articles/forest-county-potawatomi-recognized-renewable-energy-

achievements§ http://www.bia.gov/FAQs/ 15