. :w

Govemment Gouvemementof Canada du Canada

CANADA MANITOBASoil Survey

Soils of the Towns ofFraserwood, Inwood,Komarno and a stripof the Lake ManitobaShoreline

Report D-57

Governmentof Manitoba

GouvernementVT)du ManManitoba

SOILS REPORT N0 . D57 1986

Soils of the Towns of Fraserwood, Inwood, Romarno and a strip of the LakeManitoba Shoreline

by

Glenn Podolsky

CANADA-MANITOBA SOIL SURVEY

AGRICULTURE CANADA

MANITOBA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PREFACE

This report and map of the detailed field and laboratory study of the soilsof the Fraserwood, Inwood, Komarno and Lake Manitoba Shoreline area are one! ina new series of such soil survey reports covering special interest areas- insouthern Manitoba . These reports reflect the growing concern by various gov-ernment agencies that support the Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey, that a knowl-edge of the development and distribution of the soils of Manitoba is the keyto understanding their properties, behavior and response to management . Thisconcern requires that soils be described both in terms of their basic proper-ties and the nature of the environmental setting in which they are found .Thus, when an area such as that in the study requires delineation of land ofhigh or low value for crop production or-for other uses, the basic referencedocument is an accurate and reliable soil map.

The land resource information included in this resurvey covers approximate-ly 1 856 ha of land in the vicinity of F:aserwood, Inwood, Komarno and theLake Manitoba Shoreline . It covers only a fraction of the area covered in theformer reconnaissance survey of the Fisher and Teulon Map Sheet Areas, (ReportNo . 12, 1961) . However, the projected more intensive use of the soils foragriculture and the growing competition for other uses of land in the area hascreated a need for more up-to-date, more accurate and more detailed soilinformation . The increased examination of soils in the field, the use of cur-rent aerial photography, the use of improved methods of studying soils in thelaboratory and the accumulated knowledge of the properties and uses of soilsover the years, have all contributed to the additional information containedin this new series of reports and maps .

During the course of the resurvey of the study area, a large volume of 'Sitespecific data for the soils mapped in the area was generated, that for practi-cal reasons cannot be included in this interim report . These data are cur-rently being input into the Canada Soil Information (CanSIS) data bank . Thiscomputerized system of data management permits automated manipulation and :sta-tistical evaluation of large volumes of data for soil characterization andinterpretations . These data will shortly be available on request . In addi-tion, the cartographic file of CanSIS provides a capability to produce derivedmaps of various kinds quickly and inexpensively . The types of derived mapsthat can be generated from the basic soil map include the sixteen interpreta-tions that are provided in tabular form in this report as well as a number ofsingle feature maps for such characteristics as drainage, texture of surfacedeposits, slope, stoniness, distribution of salinity, etc . A package ofinterpretive maps and single feature derivative maps can be made available inrequest to : The Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey, Dept . of Soil Science, Rm . :362,Ellis Bldg ., University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2

The Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey trusts that this report and accompanyingmap will be of value to all individuals and agencies involved with the use ofland within the map area .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The report on the Soils of the Towns of Fraserwood, Inwood, Komarno and theLake Manitoba Shoreline was initiated in response to a request from theDepartment of Municipal Affairs and conducted as a joint project of the Mani-toba Department of Agriculture and the Canada Department of Agriculture .

Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following persons :

R.E . Smith, Director of the Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey for reviewing themanuscript .

J . Griffiths and R . DePape for preparation of maps and sketches .

M . Brown, for inputting the maps into the CanSIS cartographic file .

D . Sandberg for typing and assisting preparation of the report .

J . Madden, E . St . Jacques, R . Mirza and J . Yeung for laboratory analyses,carried out under the supervision of P . Haluschak .

The field work was carried out by G.P . Podolsky, assisted by G . Martin .

I~.MM1iMN' ;

HOW TO USE THIS SOILS REPORT

This soils report contains considerable information about the soils, theirorigin and formation, their classification and their potential for varioususes such as dryland agriculture, irrigation, engineering and recreation . Thereport is divided into four parts : Part I provides a general description ofthe area ; Part 2 describes the methodology used in the study ; Part 3 discussesthe development, scientific classification and morphological characteristicsof the soils in the study area, and Part 4 provides an interpretation of soilproperties and associated landscape features as they affect soil capability, orsuitability for various uses .

The soil map of the study area is compiled on an uncontrolled air photobase which is included in a pocket of the report folder . The map shows thedistribution of soil types and associated landscape features that are signifi-cant for potential use as field management units . It provides a linkage fromlandscapes within the study area to the information contained in the report : .

To assist the user in retrieving soil information quickly, the followingsteps are suggested:

If project consists of many individual maps, proceed with STEP 1 ., if onlysingle map in pocket, proceed with STEP 2 to 6 .

STEP 1 Consult the index to map sheets if the report contains many maps .Locate the areas of interest and note the map-sheet number(s) whichidentify the township and range on each map .

STEP 2 Consult the soil map in pocket of report folder . Locate the area(s)of interest on the map and identify the pertinent map unit symbols .Arabic numerals placed as superscripts following map symbols indi-cate the approximate proportion of each soil type within the mapunit .

STEP 3 Consult the extended legend accompanying the soil map for an alpha-betical listing of soil symbols giving the soil name, classifica-tion, drainage and related information concerning landforms, natureand depth of materials, and dominant vegetation .

STEP 4 For interpretive information about the soils, consult the appropri-ate Table in Part 4 . Criteria utilized as guidelines in makingthese interpretations are provided in the Appendix .

STEP 5 Further information concerning the morphological properties andextent of the soils is presented in Part 3 where the soils aredescribed alphabetically according to soil name .

- iv -

STEP 6 Additional site-specific information not contained in this report isavailable on request from the Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey, EllisBuilding, University of Manitoba .

SUMMARY OF SOIL SURVEY COVERAGE FOR MANITOBAJANUARY, 1986

Map .ProJect Name (Soil Report No .) Reportl Area in Map Unit2 Survey3 Map Map4 Land Evaluation5Designation Status Hectares Descrip- Intensity Scale Base & Interpretations

tion Level

Detailed Studies and Surveys

D1 Pasquia (No . 11)l l i

Pub . 19606

57 2004

a,b,d 3 1 :63 360~

Colorh t

AD2 en ea Research StatG on Int . 319

6156

a,b 1 1 :7 20~

o oP AD34

Morden Experimental Farml

Int .t

11968

2568

a ,bb

1 1 :1 00062

Photoh t

ADD

Onano eY k F t A

In .I t

191 6

768

a, 1 01 :7601 0

o oPB&W

U5

D6or ac ory rea

M C Til i tD Pn .

I t9 9

119764

ab

31

3:1 b005 B&W Ae reary e ra n rojec n . z a , : ,

D7 Brandon Experimental Farm Int . 19~55 768 a,b 1 1 :7,920 Photo AD8 Portage Potato Farm Int . 1972 480 a,b 1 1 :4,800 Photo AD9 Portage la Prairie (No . 17) Pub . 1972 113 200 a,b,c 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,I,E,U,RD10D11

Morden-Winkler (No . 18)Deep Lake

Pub .Int .

19731975

711424400

a,b,ca,b

21

1 :20 0001 :6,b00

PhotoB&W

A.,I,E,U,RR

D12 Thompson Environmental Int . 1976 32 a,b 1 1 :1,000 B&WStudy

D13 Organic Soil Study of Int . 1975 29 456 a,b 3 1 :63,360 B&W AAlexander L.G .D .

D14 Winnipeg Region Pub . 1975 280 000 a,b,c 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,U,RD15 Brandon Region Pub . 1976 59 600 a,b,c 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,U,RD16 Boissevain-Melita (No . 20) Pub . 1978 262 912 a,b,c 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,I,E,U,RD17 Carman Pre . 73 905 a,b 2 ' 1 :20,000 B&W A,E,RD18D1

Orr Lakeli k L kP R

Int .tI

19'~719t5 14

20080

a,bb

12

1 :1 0002b 0001

B&WPh t A E R I9 can- oc a ee n . 3 a, ,: o o , , ,

D20 West Portage Int . 1982 120 956 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,I,E,RD21 Minnewasta Int . 1978 2 560 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ID22 Killarney Int . 19~9 4 600 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ID23 Matlock-Gimli-Riverton Int . 19 1 18 400 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ID24 Glenboro Int . 19 9

~5 960 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,I

D25 Sandy Lake Int . 019 1 720 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ID26D2

Brokenheadk dR

Int .tI

19H19~0

1012

8192~

a,bb

22

1 :20,00020 0001

PhotoPh t

A,E,R,I,UA E R I U7 oc woo n . a , ,: o o , , , ,

D28 Oak Lake Int . 1979 1 293 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A ,ID29 Bird River Int . 1980 2 560 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,RD30 North Shore Lac du Bonnet Int . 1980 2 400 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,RD31 Grindstone Point Int . 1979 8 040 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R

SUMMARY OF SOIL SURVEY COVERAGE FOR MANITOBA (continued)JANUARY, 1986

Map ProjectDesignation

Name (Soil Report No .) ReportlStatus

Area in Map Unit2Hectares Descrip-

tion

SurveyIntensLevel

3ity

MapScale

Map4Base

Land Evaluation5& Interpretations

D32 Paint Lake Int . 19808

2 8808

a,b 2 1 :10 0006

Photo A,E,RD33

4Cranberry Portage Int . 19 0

hi tD I 19810

6 400a,b

b12

1 :5 000001 2b

PhotoPh t

A,E,RA E R In n .aup a, : , o o , , ,

D35 South Riding Mtn . Pre . 23 488 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,RD36 West Interlake Int . 1981 10 036 a ,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,I,R

7 Swan R . Townsite Pre . 7 680 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ID38 Hadashville-organic Int . 1981 6 475 a ,b 3 1 :40,000 Photo A B,,I ,R

D39 Part of L .G .D . Stuartburn Pre . 27 972 a,b 3 1 :40,000 Photo A,E,I,R(Rat River)

D40 Falcon L-Brereton L Pre . 25 900 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,RD41 Quesnel Lake-

North Shore Winnipeg River Pre . 3 000 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,RD42 Duck Mountain Int . 1982 3 036 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R

~Spruce Woods Pre . 26 300 e 3 1 :40,000 Photo A,E,R

D4 MeGregor Int . 1982 3 910 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,RD45 Pine Creek Int . 1983 1 942 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,I

i D46 Arborg-Riverton Int . 1982 2 590 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ID47 Roblin Int . 1983 4 096 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,I

r . D48 Flin Flon Pre . 4 600 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,RD49 St . Anne-La Broquerie Pre . 74 592 a,b 3 1 :40,000 Photo A,E,R,I

, 4 662 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ID50 City of Brandon Int . 1984 2 980 a,b 2 ' 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ID51 Westbourne Int . 1985 51,456 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ID52 Notre Dame, Rathwell,

Treherne Townsites Int . 1984 6 144 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ID53 Altona, Emerson, Gretna,

Ile des Chenes, Landmark,Letellier, Rosenort,St . Jean Townsites Int . 1984 14 080 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,I

D54 Russell,Binscarth-Townsites Int . 1984 3 584 a ,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,I

D55 St . Rose Du Lac-Townsite Int . 1985 1 536 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ID56 Souris, Wawanesa, Virden,

Townsites Int . 1986 6 400 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ID57 Fraserwood, Inwood, Komarno

Townsites,Lake Man . Shoreline Int . 1986 1 856 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,I

D58 Hallboro, Minnedosa-Townsites Int . 1984 4 544 a ,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,I

D59 Beaudry Park Data 640 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,RD60 Portions of Dufferin,

Grey, and Roland Data 68 488 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ID61 Meditation Lake Data 072 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,RD62 Wanipigow Lake Data ~ 960 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R

SUMMARY OF SOIL SURVEY COVERAGE FOR MANITOBA (continued)JANUARY, 1986

Map ProJ'ect Name (Soil Report No .) Reportl Area in Map Unit2 Survey3 Map Map4 Land Evaluation5Designation Status Hectares Descrip- Intensity Scale Base & Interpretationstion Level

D64Shellmouth Resevoir-N Data 4 650 a ,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,I

D65Assiniboine River Pre .Vill f

4 095 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,Iages o Hamiota,

Strathclair, Rapid Cityd lN Bi tl h L

D66ew e :a r e, S oal ake Pre .

i5 180 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,I

D67Spr ngfield R.M . Pre .St tE h

13 440 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,I. us ac e,Springstein,

Perimeter Strip, Brunkild,

D68La Salle R . Pre . 6 200 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ISpruce Point Mine Area Pub . 450 a,b 2 1 :10,000 Photo E RD69 Snow Lake Data

,

Reconnaissance Surveys

R1 South Western (No . 3) Pub . 1940 709 600 d 3 1 :125,000 B&W Ai R2 South Central (No . 4) Pub . 1943 967 600 d 3 1 :125,000 B&W AR3 Winnipeg and Morris (No . 5) Pub . 195~ 1 419 200 d 3 1 :125,000 Color Acr;

R4R5

Rossburn and Virden (No . 6) Pub . 195bC b (N )

1 372 400 d 3 1 :125,000 Color Aar erry o . 7 Pub . 1957 967 600 d 3 1 :125,000 Color AR6 West-Lake (No . 8 Pub . 195ti

~592 800 d 3 1 :125000 Color A, R7 Grandview (No . 9 Pub . 1957 689 200 d 3 1 :125,,000 Color AR8 Nelson River Basin (No . 10) Pub . 1973 224 000 b 3 1 :100,000 Color AR9 Fisher and Teulon (No . 12) Pub . 1961 949 200 a,c 3 1 :100,000 Color AR10 Swan River (No . 13) Pub . 1962 316 000 a,c 3 1 :125,000 Color AR11 South Eastern (No . 14) Pub . 1964 749 200 a,c 3 1 :125,000 Color A,FR12 Lac du Bonnet (No . 15) Pub . 1967 764 800 a,c 3 1 :125,000 Color A,F RR13 Grahamdale (No . 16) Pub . 1971 764 800 a,b 3 1 :125,000 Color

,A F U R ER14 Red Rose-Washow Pub . 1975 704 400 a,b 3 1 :125,000 Color

, , , ,A,F

Bay (No . 19)R15 Boissevain-Melita (No . 20) Pub . 19z8 299 520 a,b 2 1 :40 000 Photo A I ER16 Ste . Rose (No . 21) Pub . 19~51 676 705 a,b 3 1 :12~,000 Color

, ,A,I,R,E,F

R17 Waterhen (No . 23) Pub . 1985 949 600 a,b 4 1 :125,000 B&W A I R E FR18 Swan Lake Data 599 200 a,b 3,4 1 :125,000 B&W, , , ,

AR19 The Pas (No . 22) Pub . 1982 791 700 a,b 4 1 :125,000 Color A,I,E,R FR20 Grand Rapids Pre . 675 031 a,b 4 1 :125,000 B&W

,AR21 Cormorant Int . 1975 920 000 a,b 4 1 :125,000 B&W A

R22 Wekusko Pre . 1 400 000 a,b 4 i :125,000 B&W AR23 Pointe du Bois Data 740 000 a,bR24 Roseau River Pub . 1977 45 200 a,b 3 1 :63,360 B&W AR25 Red Deer Lake Pub . 1966 34 860 a,b 2 1 :31,680 Photo AR26 Cross Lake and Norway House Pre . 615 200 a,b 4 1 :125 000 B&W AR2~ South Central - Escarpment Pre . 107 744 a ,b 2,3 1 :40,b00 Photo A,E,RR2R29

Pasy'.;ia Lake Pub . 1081'Lorne R.M . Pre .

2 33n512

afha,b

32

1 :50 G001 :20,000

B&-:dPhoto

A,EA,E,R,I

4 608 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,I73 728 a,b 3 1 :50,000 N .T .S . A,E,R,I

SUMMARY OF SOIL SURVEY COVERAGE FOR MANITOBA (continued)JANUARY, 1986

Map Project Name (Soil Report No .) Reporti Area in Map Unit2 Survey3 Map Map4 Land Evaluation5iDes gna~ion Status Hectares Descrip- Intensity Scale Base & Interpretations

tion Level

R30 Benito Pre . 18 4 29

a,b 3 1 :50,000 Photo A,E,R,IR31 R .M . Woodlands Pre . 9 09 a,b 3 1 :50,000 Photo A,E,R,IR32 Whitemouth Peatland 10 240 a,b 3 1 :50,000

R .M . RockwoodR .M . South Norfolk Pre . 7 936 a,b 3

1 :125 0001 :50,b00 N .T .S . A,E,R,I

2 304 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,I

i

I

SUMMARY OF SOIL SURVEY COVERAGE FOR MANITOBA (continued)JANUARY, 1986

Map Project Name (Soil Report No .) Reportl Area in Map Unit2 Survey3 Map Map4Designation Status Hectares Descrip- Intensity Scale Base

tion Level

Biophysical and Exploratory Surveys

B1 Lake Winnipeg, Churchill &l i

Pub . 1973 3 600 000 e 4 1 :250 000 B&W1 0 600B2

son R versNeChurchill Transportation Data 1974 179 000 f 4

:51 :1H,000 B&W

CorridorB3 54C Hayes River Int . 1976 1 370 300 f 4 1 :125,000 B&WB4 54D Kettle Rapids Int . 1976 1 ~70 300 f 4 1 :125,000 B&WB5 52M Carrol Lake Int . 1977 34 000 f 4 1 :125,000 B&WB5 62P Hecla Int . 1977

~466 200 f 4 1 :125,000 B&W

B 53D Deer Lake Int . 197 629 700 f 4 1 :125,000 B&WB6 63A Berens River Int . 1978 848 500 f 4 1 :125,000 B&WB7 53M Knee Lake Int . 1978 1 405 900 f 4 1 :125,000 B&WB8 53L Oxford House Int . 1978 1 441 100 f 4 1 :125,000 B&WB8 63H Norway House Data 540 800 f 4 1 :125,000 B&WB9 SE 1/4 64A Split Lake Int . 1979 42

~400 f 4 1 :125,000 B&W

B9 63P Sipiwesk Int . 1979 1 05 900 f 4 1 :125,000 B&WB10 53E Island Lake Pre . 1 286 900 f 4 1 :125,000 B&WB11E1

63H Norway HouseSurface Deposits &

DataInt . 1963 9 5 ,

1 :125 000 MSS1 :1,2~7,000 B&W

Soils of NorthernManitoba

E2 Exploratory Terrain Int . 1974 9 5 1 :1,000,000 B&WStudy of NorthernManitoba and SouthernKeewatin, N.W .T .

1 .Report StatusPub .-Published Report and MapInt .-Interim Report and Map AvailablePre .-Preliminary Map and Legend AvailableData-Field Data Available Only

Land Evaluation5& Interpretations

2 .Map Unit Descriptions Codea-single series and phasesb-series complexes defined as to proportionc-series complexes undefined as to proportiond-associationse-biophysical units (materials and physiography)f-bioDhvsical units (associations & comolexes of associations)g-regional and local physiographic units '

3 .Survey Intensity Levels

Code Name Scale Minimum SizeDelineation(ha)

12

Very detailedDetailed

>1 :12 0001 :12,a00 to 1 :40 000

<1 .51 .5-16

4Semi-detailedReconnaissance

1 :40 000 to 1 :12~ 0001 :12~ 000 t 1 256 000 16 to 2562 6 t 62

5 Exploratory, o :

1 :250,000 to 1 :1,Ob0,000o5 5

625 to 110 000

4 .Published Map Base Code

Photo-PhotomosaicB&W -Black and white lineColor-Colored line

Initial ReconnaissanceInitial Detailed surveyDetailed ResurveyBiophysical Survey

Published Reports, Maps Interimavailable at a cost of J2 .00 per(except for D20) from :

Queen's Printer,Publications Branch,Manitoba Archives Bldg .,200 Vaughan St .,Winnipe, Manitoba R3C 1T5Phone :9w5-3103

Reports,copy

Detailed Surveys of Winnipeg Region andBrandon Region available at a cost of $6 .00each from :

Municipal Planning BranchManitoba Dept . of Municipal Affairs1418-405 Broadway Ave .Winnipeg, Man ., R3C 3L~Phone : 945-2150

5 .Interpretations Code

Inspection Density(Approx . range)>1 per 3 ha1 per 3 to 50 ha1 per 10 to 1 000 ha1 per 100 to 110 000 ha1 per 300 to 500 000 ha

A-Agriculture CapabilityE-EngineeringF-ForestryI-Irrigation SuitabilityU-Urban Planning and CommunityR-Recreation

TOTAL HECTARAGE COVERED

1985 To Date

1,55418,618 ;014

123,029 1,970,19212,521,000

PIT 2N2ManWinni eg .pPhone : 4fi4-611~ or 474-6118

Development

Biophysical Land Classification Maps and Reportsavailable at a cost of $3 .50 each from :

Surveys and Mapping BranchCentury Industrial Branch989 Century PlazaWinnipeg Man . R3H OW4Phone : 945-666~

Preliminary Map and other field dataavailable from :

Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey Office,Rm . 362 Ellis Bldg ., University of Manitoba

IW11lpI, .Ly:~N .1M~P"ITRII ill

CONTENTS

PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

HOW TO USE THIS SOILS REPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � iv

PART pa e

1 . GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Location and Extent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1

1Land Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 3Relief and Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Physiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Surface Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Vegetation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2 . METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Map Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Simple and Compound Map Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3 . FORMATION, CLASSIFICATION AND MORPHOLOGY OF SOILS . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Soil Development ."

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Description of Soil Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Aneda Series (AND) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Beaverdam Series (BVR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Berry Island Series (BYD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Crane Series (CRN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Garrioch Series (GRH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Glenhope Series (GHP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Gunton Series (GUO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Inwood Series (IWO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Lundar Series (LUR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Marsh Complex (MHC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Meleb Series (MEB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Partridge Creek Series (PGE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Peguis Series (PGU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Piney Series (PIY) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Pelan Series (PLN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

4 .

Sand Beaches (SDB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Selina Series (SLN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Sprague Series (SPG)

". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .~ . . . . . 27

Stonewall Series (STW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

USE AND MANAGEMENT INTERPRETATIONS OF SOILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Soil Capability for Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Dryland Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Irrigation Suitability

". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Soil Suitability for Selected Engineering Uses . . . . . . . . . . . 39Definition of Soil Suitability Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Soil Suitability Subclasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Guides for Assessing Soil Suitability . . . . . . . . . . . .

Soil Suitability for Selected Recreation Uses . . . . . . . . .

.

.

.

. 40

. 40

. 41

Appendix pa g e

A . CORRELATION OF SOILS IN THE FRASERWOOD, INWOOD, KOMARNO AND LAKEMANITOBA SHORELINE STUDY WITH SOILS OF THE (1961) FISHER-TEULON REPORT AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

B . GUIDES FOR EVALUATING SOIL SUITABILITY FOR SELECTED USES . . . . . . . 53

C. GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

D . SOIL HORIZON DESIGNATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

ORGANIC HORIZONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84MASTER MINERAL HORI ZONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85LOWER-CASE SUFFIXES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

E . DESCRIPTION OF LANDFORMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

GENETIC MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Unconsolidated mineral component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Qualifying Descriptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Organic component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

GENETIC MATERIAL MODIFIERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Particle size classes for unconsolidated mineral materials . . . 93Fiber classes for organic materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

SURFACE EXPRESSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Consolidated and Unconsolidated mineral surface classes . . . . . 94Organic surface classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

F . DETAILED SOIL DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO SELECTED PROFILES SAMPLED WITHINTHE STUDY AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

G. SOIL LEGEND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

- xiii -

ll111flotw "PRP

H . SYMBOLOGY . . . . . n s . e . o . o . . e . . . . . . . . . . . . . s 103

LIST OF TABLES

Table page

1 . Summary of Survey Coverage for Manitoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

2 . Soil Series of the Towns of Fraserwood, Inwood, Komarno and theLake Man . Shoreline Arranged in Relation to Soil MoistureClass, Subgroup and Parent Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

3 . Parent Materials and Related Soils of the Study Area . . . . . . . . . 19

4 . Agricultural Capability Subclass Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

5 . Agricultural Interpretations of Soils in the Study Area . . . . . . . 37

6 . Codes utilized to identify limitations in evaluating soilsuitability for selected Engineering and RecreationalUses(Tables 8 and 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

7 . Engineering Description of the Soils and Their EstimatedProperties Significant to Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

8 . Suitability Ratings and Limitations for Soils in the Study Areafor Selected Engineering Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

9 . Suitability Ratings and Limitations of Soils in the Study Area forVarious Recreational Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

10 . Correlation of Soils in the Study Area with Soils of the Detailed-Reconnaissance Soil Survey of the Fisher and Teulon Map Sheets(1961) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

11 . Land Classification Standards for Irrigation Suitability . . . . . . . 54

12 . Guide for assessing soil suitability as source of topsoil . . . . . . 55

13 . Guide for assessing soil suitability as source of sand and gravel . . 56

14 . Guide for assessing soil suitability as source of roadfill . . . . . . 57

15 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for permanent buildings . . . . . 58

16 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for local roads and streets . . . 59

-xv-

111HP` !I r!''~"'!"1..

17 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for trench type sanitarylandfills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

18 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for area-type sanitarylandf ills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

19 . Guide for assessing soil suitability as cover material for area-type sanitary landfills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

20 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for reservoirs and sewagelagoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

21 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for septic tank absorptionfields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

22 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for playgrounds . . . . . . . . . 65

23 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for picnic areas . . . . . . . . 66

24 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for camp areas . . . . . . . . . 67

25 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for paths and trails . . . . . . 68

LIST OF FIGURES

Ficture ; paqe

1 . Location of Study Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2 . Geology of Study Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3 . Principal Relief and Drainage of Study Area . .~ . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

4 . Physiographic subdivisions in the area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

5 . Climate of Study Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

6 . Family particle-size classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

7 . Soil Textural Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

PART 1

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA

1 .1 LOCATION AND EXTENT

The areas involved in the studyare located in the southern part ofthe Interlake Region of Manitoba .The area covered in this detailedresurvey is approximately 1 856 hec-tares . Fraserwood and Inwood are inthe Local Government District of Arm-strong, Komarno borders Armstrong andRockwood, while the portion of theLake Manitoba Shoreline is within theRural Municipality of Woodlands,Fig-ure 1 .

A sharp contrast in land useoccurs in the Lake Manitoba Shorelineportion of the study . Here, recrea-tion is the preferred and recommendedland use as soils in this area havelittle agricultural value . A cottagearea is concentrated along the shore-line on the sand ridges . The beachesand shoreline provide excellent-facilities for swimming, picnicking,boating and fishing . This type ofarea presents a very desirable andcontrasting setting for cottaging byurban dwellers .

This project is a resurvey of apart of the area formerly covered inthe reconnaissance survey of the Teu-lon Map Sheet (Report No . 12, 1961)at a scale of 1 :100,000 . The currentresurvey was carried out at a scaleof 1 :20,000 . A summary of soil sur-vey coverage for Manitoba is providedin Table 1 .

1 .2 LAND USE

The present land use throughoutthe study area is primarily agricul-ture . Mixed farming predominates,with livestock, some grain and forageproduction . The areas are best suit-ed to mixed farming and livestock,since adverse conditions of stoninessand poor drainage render the landunfavorable for extensive grain pro-duction . However, some of the moresuitable lands are being cleared,drained and cultivated for grain,improved pasture and forage produc-tion while the remainder is used fornative grazing and woodland pasture .

1

I!~!~' ~"'1[ : ~_~~

Figure 1 : Location of Study Area

- 2 -

TP22

TP20

TP18

TP. l6

TP l4

TP12

TP. l0

1 .3 GEOLOGY

Bedrock formations of the studyarea are outlined in Figure 2 . TheLake Manitoba Shoreline portion ofthe study is underlain by limestone,dolomite and dolomitic shale of theDevonian Period . At Inwood, wherebedrock occurs within a meter of thesurface, the rock is limestone anddolomite of the Silurian Period .Dolomites of the Stonewall and StonyMountain Formations, Ordovician Peri-od, underlie the Komarno area . Therock types of the Fraserwood sectionare dolomites and limestone of theRed River Formation within the Ordo-vician Period .

1 .4 RELIEF AND DRAINAGE

The principal relief and drainagefeatures of the study areas are shownin Figure(s) 3 . The relief rangesfrom an elevation of 813 ft . (247 m)on the Lake Manitoba Shoreline toabout 910 ft . (277 m) at Inwood . AtKomarno the elevation is about 862ft . (262 m) a.s .l . while at Fraser-wood it ranges from 825 ft . (251 m)to 850 ft . (259 m) a.s .l . The landsurface is level to gently slopingwith a distinctive low ridge and swa-le pattern which has a general north-west to southeast orientation . Theridges rise only slightly above theintervening depressions, however theyhave a major damming effect on thearea drainage .

Surface drainage is not welldeveloped over most of the studyarea . Problems occur when runofffrom the highs collects in theadjoining swales or in swamps andintermittent lakes . Improvement isdifficult due to a lack of naturalchannels and the presence of numerousridges which interfere with the natu-ral gradient . Presently the drainageof the area is accomodated largely bya system of drains and ditches con-tributory to the Netley and OsierCreeks . The general direction offlow is to the southeast, eventuallyemptying into Lake Winnipeg .

1 .5 PHYSIOGRAPHY

The distribution of physiographicareas occuring in the study area isshown in Figure 4 . The entire areais within the Manitoba Plain Divisionof the Interior Plains Region of Can-ada . The Interlake Plain Sectionencompasses the areas of Komarno,Inwood and Fraserwood . It is a gen-tly undulating area of ground moraineconsisting of dominantly limestoneand granitic materials . Limestonebedrock may outcrop in some areas orbe covered by only a thin mantle ofglacial drift . The Lake ManitobaShoreline portion of the study issituated in the Red River Valley Sub-section of the Red River Valley Sec-tion . Sandy beach ridges which par-allel the Lake Manitoba shorelinepredominate in this area, complement-ed by marsh and open water .

. �~,a~,r (OR c4:

ood

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Amaranth Formation : red orgilAocious silhloaM and sandstone overlain by gypsum or onfrydrile.Resfon Formation : limestone and dolomite, shah inlarbeds. Me(ilo Formation : fiw-grained sarwlslow,voriepohd shoAr, minor limesfoav.

Devonian£lm POW Formation : high calcium limestone b(amicrile. Winnipeposis Formation ; AMwr member -

dwomifred plollorm foc»s, upper member - thin infer-reef bituminous laminates, or thickreNol carbonates.

DA Aslxrn Favmohbwo : doAorru'iic shale and argillaceous dokMmife,red to greenish grey

unan

LsLI IZIdAL..11rouoe Fish- Moose Lake (MLI, Atfkameq 01, rust rmC 'La' rCL) =i.17' ..-s

terous , stromoWific and biostromol dolomiteswith several sondylargilloceous marker ;;~s.

Ordovician

FOTI Stonewall Formation; dolomite, fine-grained, sporsey fossiliferous, in part conglomeratic .

Upper Ordovicion

RI

ERRI

Stony Mountain Formation : Gunn and Penitentiary Members (gp) -calcareous sholN, fossoyderous

limestone and orgrpaceous abh�nife. Gunlon and William Members (gw) - nodular dolomite, andsandy argillaceous dolomile.

Red River Formation: Dog Hew Member ON - mottled dolomdic limestone. Col Head Mbrnber (c41

- cherly dolomite, Selkirk Member (s1 -mottled dodomilit limestone and limestone, Fort Garry

Member (fgl - massive to laminated dolomite , minor argdloceous dolomite and high - calcium

limestone ; in part cherty.

Figure 2 : Geology of Study Area

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7

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231. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .FRAS RW 00

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Figure 3a Relief and Drainage of Fraserwood Area .

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Figure 3b Relief and Drainage of Inwood Area .

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Figure 3c Relief and Drainage of Komarno Area .

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Figure 3d Relief and Drainage of Lake Manitoba Shoreline .

r ~p R .,~0 ill

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DI VISION

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SECTION

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SUBSECTION

C Severn Uplond Cl Whitemouth River Ploih . l Lac du Bonnet Ploin

D Manitobo PloIn Dl Red River Plaln .2 Red River Volley.3 Lower AssIniboine Delta.4 Woodlands Plaln. 5 Lake Winnlpeg Terrace

03 Interlake PlaIn

D6 Lake Wlnnlpeg Lowland . l Icelandic River Lowlond

Figure 4 Phys.iography of Study Area .

1 .6 SURFACE DEPOSITS

The study area is primarily char-acterized by extensive deposits ofextremely calcareous, loamy, water-worked, stony till . Evidence of waveaction and water-working occurslocally at Komarno and Fraserwood .In these areas, modification appearsin the form of thin, discontinuoussand and gravel veneers or ridges inassociation with the till . Also, amore or less continuous layer orlense of gravelly and cobbly materialoccurs at the contact of the mantleand underlying till . In someinstances the surface appears rela-tively stone-free as a result of thedeposition of thin layers (<1 m) ofsands or clays over the till . Inaddition to the loamy, high limetill, a clay-till consisting of arelatively stone-free, clayey matrixwith pockets of high lime till occursin some locales .

Minor areas of organic soils weremapped north of Komarno . Peaty phas-es of mineral soils were also delin-eated in depressional positions ofthese till landscapes .

The depth to bedrock in the studyarea is generally within 25 m . How-ever, at the Inwood portion of thestudy, limestone bedrock is coveredby only a thin mantle (<1 m) of gla-cial drift .

1 .7 CLIMATE

In relation to worldwide climaticconditions, the study area is withinthe region designated as Dfb',subhumid cool continental . Due toits location in the center of the

' Koppen, W . and Geiger, "Handbuckder Klimatologie", Bond L ., TeilC., Gebruder Borntraeger, Berlin,1936 .

continent, summer temperatures arehigher and winter temperatures arelower than the world av'--rage for thesame latitude .

In Manitoba the study area is con-sidered to be within the (HBt,) HighBoreal-Temperate and (MBtj) Mid Bore-al-Temperate climatic regions2 asshown in Figure 5 . Inwood, Komarnoand Fraserwood are in the HBt, reqionwhich is characterized by a meanannual air temperature of 0 .2 to2 .2°C and 100 to 120 frost free days .The Lake Manitoba Shoreline portionof the study is more characteristicof the MBt j region with an averageannual air temperature of 1 .0 to2 .8°C and having 100 to 120 frost-free days . The mean annual precipi-tation is approximately 500 mm inboth regions .

Data from a more specific site atFraserwood3 indicates a mean annualtemperature of 1 .2°C with July beingthe warmest and January the coldestmonths . Total precipitation recordsshow an average annual precipitationof 528 mm with June being the wet:estat 82 mm and February being the dri-est at 17 .5 mm . The average lengthof frost-free period above 0°C is 120days .

Mills, G .F ., Tarnocai, C . andShaykewich, C .F . 1977 . Character-istics and distribution of soiltemperature regimes in Manitoba .Man . Soil Sc . Proc . pp. 56-77 .Mills, 1979 Paper .

2

3 Canadian Climate Normals, Volumes 2and 3, Temperature and Precipita-tion, 1951-1980 Environment Canada,1982 .

- 10 -

1 .8 VEGETATION

The study area lies within theBoreal Forest Region of Canada asdelineated by Rowe° . Further separa-tion places the northern part of thestudy in the Manitoba Lowlands Sec-tion and the southern portion in theAspen-Oak Section .

Aspen is the most prevalent spec-ies in the Aspen-Oak Section rangingfrom small groves invading the grass-land to continuous stands . A generaldistribution of bur oak is character-istic of this section . Wild rye andbig and little bluestem are the mostcommon grass species encountered .The native vegetation along the LakeManitoba Shoreline is dominantlymeadow grasses, reeds and sedges .

The Manitoba Lowlands Section tothe north is separated from theAspen-Oak Section on the basis of thedistribution limits of the borealconifers . Aspen is still the domi-nant species in this region, howeverblack spruce and tamarack are preva-lent in the poorly drained areas, andwhite spruce and jack pine occur onthe better drained sites with someoak .

° Rowe, J .S . 1972 . Forest Regions ofCanada . Publication No . 1300,Dept . of the Environment, CanadaForestry Service, Ottawa .

- 11 -

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ECOLOGICAL REGION SUBREGION TEMPERATURE MOISTURE DOMINANT VEGETATION

SYMBOL CLASS SUBCLASS SOIL ORDERS ZONE:S

High Boreal- Temperate

Mid Boreal - Temperate

HBtl

MBtl

Cryoboreal,cold tomoderately cold

Cryoborsal, moderately

cold to Boreal , cool

Subhumid to humid

Subhumid

Chernozemic (Dark Gray),Brunisols , Organic

Chernozemic (Black) ,

Gteysols

Grossland~- Foreat

Transition

Grassland and

Aspen Parkland

Figure 5 : Climate of Study Area

PART 2

METHODOLOGY

2 .1 MAPPING

Soil mapping in this project wasconducted by soil surveyors employingan intensive grid or systematic sam-pling method . Soil profiles wereexamined to a depth of one meter atsites approximately 150 meters apartalong foot traverses that, in turn,were spaced approximately 0 .8 kmapart . In this project, the initialinspection point in each section waslocated 50 to 100 meters from a roadallowance fence approximately .4 kmfrom a selected corner of the sectionto be surveyed . The direction eachtraverse took was determined on thebasis of maximizing the informationthat could be derived from the rangeof known soil-landscape variations ineach section . Additional sites alongroad allowances were also examined tohelp locate soil boundaries betweensections . This method of samplingprovided approximately 25 to , 30inspection sites per section, or putanother way, each site representedapproximately 8 to 10 ha . Thisintensity of sampling permitted theconfident delineation of soil mappingunits comprised of narrowly definedsoil types and other landscape fea-tures such as slope, stoniness anderosion on maps at a scale of 1 :20000 (3 inches equal one mile) .

2 .2 MAP UNITS

A map unit represents mappableportions of the soil landscape thattogether have characteristics andproperties varying within more orless narrow limits that are deter-mined by the intensity of the survey .A map unit contains predominantly one-or more than one soil or non-soilindividual plus a certain proportion(varying within prescribed limits) ofunnamed and undescribed inclusions .They are delineated on the basis ofthe types and relative proportions oftheir soils or non-soils, as well ason the basis of external criteriasuch as slope, stoniness or erosion .

Soil maps show the distribution ofkinds of soils and, as such, servesas a link so that the knowledgegained in one locality about the use-fulness or behavior of a kind of soilcan be extended to other bodies ofthe same soil .

A map unit is named from its prin-cipal component soils or non-soils .It is described in terms of the prop-erties of these components, theirrelative proportions and other exter-nal land attributes . In thisproject, units are described in termsof named soil series and phases ofsoil series .

Map units will always contain atleast small proportions of inclu-sions . These inclusions may be soilor non-soil mapping individuals thatare named and have their own mapunits elsewhere in the survey, orthey may be rare or insignificant

13 -

soils or non-soils that are not rec-ognized and named at all in the sur-vey . They may, however, be mentionedin the description of soil types inthe report .

2 .3 SIMPLE AND COMPOUND MAP UNITS

There are two major types of mapunits : simple and compound . The dif-ference between them is defined interms of the proportion and contrastof their components .

A Sim le Map Unit contains predom-inantly one soil or non-soil such asbedrock outcropping . The proportionof its components vary from thosethat are comprised of at least 65percent of the predominant type leav-ing up to 35 percent of similar butnon-limiting components to at least85 percent of the predominant typehaving up to 15 percent of stronglycontrasting, limiting components .

A Compound Man Unit contains pre-dominantly two soils or non-soils (ora combination of the two) . The pro-portion of the two major componentsmay vary from one considerablyexceeding the other to both beingabout equal . If the components aresimilar and non-limiting, no singlecomponent represents more than 65percent or if they are dissimilar andmore limiting, no single componentrepresents more than 75 percent, orif dissimilar and limiting, no singlecomponent represents more than 85percent . Components of mapping unitsare considered dominant if they occu-py over 40 percent of the unit, ija-nificant from 15 to 40 percent, andminor if they occupy less than 15percent . Minor components aredescribed only if they are highlycontrasting .

Compound units are employed inmapping complex soil landscapes wheredissimilar soils occur in very intri-

cate patterns and in such small seg-ments that it is not practical todelineate them separately on the map .

very often, it is desirable toindicate by map unit symbol, minorvariations in certain intrinsic prop-erties of soils or landscape featuresthat deviate from the normal . Thesevariants or phases of series usuallyaffect soil management . In thestudy, the effect of four such prop-erties and features are indicated .These are erosion, slope class,degree of stoniness and salinity .The degree or magnitude of each isdesignated in the following manne ;: :

-Erosion

x - none-eroded or minimal1 - weakly eroded2 - moderately eroded3 - severely eroded0 - overblown

Slope Class

x - 0 to 20 level to nearly levelc - 2 to 5% very gently slopingd - 5 to 9% gently slopinge - 9 to 15% moderately slopingf - 15 to 30% strongly slopingg - 30 to 45% very strongly

slopingh - 45 to 70% extremely sloping

Stoniness

x - non stony1 - slightly stony2 - moderately stony3 - very stony4 - exceedingly stony5 - excessively stony

Salinity

x - non saline (0-4 mS/cm)s - slightly saline (4-8 mS/cm)t - moderately saline (8-15 mS/cm)u - strongly saline (>15 mS/cm)

- 14 -

The convention employed to indi-cate these features in the map symbolis as follows :

If none of the above propertiesare observed to be significant, themap symbol representing the normal orunaffected soil series is used alonewithout modifiers .

If one or more phase features arerecognized, the appropriate letter ornumber is placed below the soilseries symbol in one of four desig-nated locations in the map unit sym-bol . The designated order is ero-sion, slope class, stoniness andsalinity . If a particular feature isnot observed to be significant, an xis used in its appropriate designatedlocation in the map symbol .

For example, the compound map unitcoded :

Soil Seriesi

erosion

5

Percent of map unit

5AND - _IWOxc2x xclx

1 \salinity

topography

stoniness

Is interpreted to mean that 50percent of the mapping unit consistsof Aneda (AND) series, having minimalor no erosion (x), very gently slop-ing (c) topography, moderate (2) sto-niness, no salinity (x) ; and 50 per-cent Inwood (IWO) series having noerosion (x), very gently sloping (c)topography, slightly stony (1) sur-face conditions and no (x) salinity .

Definitions of the erosion, topog-raphy, stoniness and salinity classesare given in the Glossary .

2 .4 SAMPLING

During the course of~field inves-tigations and mapping, soil sampleswere taken at selected locations forsoil characterization, salinity andirrigation suitability studies . Twoprofiles were described in detail andsampled for soil characterizationanalysis (Appendix F) . In areaswhere salinity was suspected to be aproblem soils were sampled at 10 to25 cm and at 50 to 60 cm for electri-cal conductance measurements andsoluble salt analysis .

- 15 -

PART 3

FORMATION, CLASSIFICATION AND MORPHOLOGY OF SOILS

3 .1 SOIL DEVELOPMENT

Soil genesis is the process orprocesses responsible for the devel-opment of soil . The principal fac-tors of climate, vegetation, reliefand drainage act upon the unconsoli-dated parent material to produce thesoil profile . The type of soilformed in any one place is dependentupon the interaction of these factorsand upon the length of time they havebeen active .

majority of the map area is classi-fied as Chernozemic Dark Gray Soilsformed under these conditions . Undermore favorable moisture conditions ofthe forested areas, there is a great-er degree of leaching and transloca-tion of soluble and colloidal soilmaterial resulting in soils with a-characteristic leaf mat, a bleachedlight coloured zone and an accumula-tion zone dominantly of the translo-cated clay and organic matter . Thesesoils are classified as Luvisols inthe map area .

In the study area, the degree ofsoil development is related to theregional climate and the degree ofleaching, translocation and accumula-tion of the soluble and colloidalfractions of the soil . In grasslandareas, the amount of water availablefor leaching is relatively low, butsufficient to support grassland vege-tation ; this results in accumulationof organic matter in the mineral sur-face horizons and gives the soils the"black color" . The translocation ofsoluble and colloidal fraction isrelatively shallow . A small portionof the area is mapped as ChernozemicBlack soils . In parkland areas(transition from grassland to for-est), the soil climate is favorablefor tree growth as well as grasslandspecies . There is a greater degreeof leaching and translocation than inthe grassland area proper, and lessorganic matter accumulation . Theresult is the formation of soils witha "dark gray" surface and identifia-ble accumulation of translocatedproducts such as clay and organicmatter lower in the soil profile . A

In a similar climatic region,soils may differ due to the textureand mineralogical composition of theparent material . Soils developed onsandy to loamy materials are morepermeable to water and allow for agreater leaching of the soluble andcolloidal fraction as compared tofiner textured soils . Soils devel-oped on moderately calcareous sedi-ments are noticeably deeper -thansoils developed on strongly calcare-ous sediments ; soils developed onextremely calcareous material arevery shallow under grassland (Cherno-zemic Rego Black), parkland (Cherno-zemic Dark Gray) or forested condi-tions (Eutric Brunisol) because ofthe difficulty of leaching the largequantity of lime carbonate present ;the maximum depth of soil developmenton these extremely calcareous materi-als is 20 to 30 cm . Most soils ofthe map area are characterized byshallow profiles resulting fromdevelopment on extremely calcareousparent materials .

- 16 -

Restrictions on normal soil devel-opment are not only imparted by highlevels of lime carbonate, but also bythe length of the saturation periodin an area affected by surface pond-ing, lateral inflow, seepage or nearsurface groundwater . Under theseconditions, the leaching of solubleand colloidal material is minimal,and in some cases the translocationof soluble soil material is towardthe surface ; the soil environment isaltered from an oxidative state to adepleted oxygen or reductive state .The characteristics associated withvarious restricted drainage andhydrological conditions are dull soilcolors, the development of mottles ofiron and managanese, the presence oflime carbonate near the surface ofthe soils (not applicable to betterdrained shallow soils developed onextremely calcareous materials), thepresence of, and accumulation ofsoluble salts within the rootingzone, and the accumulation of peat atthe surface . The soils in the studyarea characterized by poor drainageare classified as Gleysols . In addi-tion, soils which are so poorlydrained that peat has accumulated to

a sufficient depth are classified asOrganic Soils e.g . Crane series .

3 .2 DESCRIPTION OF SOIL SERIES

Soil series of the study area aredescribed in alphabetical order andinclude a general description of thegenetic profile type, texture, parentmaterial, topography and drainage .General statements on the distribu-tion, surface runoff, stoniness andvegetation characteristics are alsogiven . For additional informationand discussion relative to soils ofthe study area, particularly chemicaland physical soil analysis refer tothe "Soils of the Matlock-Gimli-Riv-erton Area" Report No . D23, 1981 andthe "Soil Survey of the Fisher andTeulon Map Sheet Areas" Report No .12, 1961 . A convenient, abbreviatedkey form of table reference on therelationship of soil series in thestudy to soil drainage, subgroup andparent material is provided in Table2 . A more comprehensive grouping ofsoils and parent materials is pre-sented in Table 3 .

Table 2 . Soil Series of the Towns of~Fraserwood, Inwood, Komarno and the Lake Manitoba Shoreline Arranged in Relationto Soil Moisture Class, Subgroup and Parent Material .

Soil Subgroup PARENT MATERIAL SMoistureClass Glacial Till/Limestone Fluvial/Till Lacustrine over Till Organic

Till . Bedrock , Miscellaneous

Loamy Loamy Sandy skeletal Clayey (C,SiC) Loamy (L,SiL, Sandy (S,LS) Mesic fenUndifferentiatedMaterials

(L,SiL,SiCL) (L,SiL,SiCL) (S 5 Gr,GrS) over loamy VFSL,SL) over over loamy over tillover limestone over loamy till loamy till till

till

Well Orthic Dark Aneda (AND) Stonewall (STW) Gunton (GUO)Gray Sand

Imperfect Gleyed Dark Inwood (IWO) Beaverdam (BVR) Peguis (PGU)Beaches

Gray

Gleyed Dark Selina (SLN) (SDB)Gray Luvisol

Gleyed Gray Piney (PIY)Luvisol

Gleyed Rego Lundar (LUR) Garrioch (GRH) Glenhope (GHP) Pelan (PLN)Black

Poor Rego Humic Meleb (MEB) Berry Island Partridge Sprague (SPG)Gleysol (BYD Creek (PGE) Marsh

Poor to Terric . Crane (CRNComplex (MHC)

very Mesisolpoor 1---- I I I I I I i ~ .

TABLE 3

Parent Materials and Related Soils of the Study Area'

A . Glacial Till

1 . Soils developed on extremely calcareous, loamy (L, SiL, SiCL)glacial and water modified till .

a) Well drained

" Aneda Series (Orthic Dark Gray) AND

b) Imperfectly drained

" Inwood Series (Gleyed Dark Gray) IWO

" Piney Series (Gleyed Gray Luviso-1) PIY

" Lundar Series (Gleyed Rego Black) LUR

c) Poorly drained

" Meleb Series (Rego Humic Gleysol) MEB

B . Glacial Till on Limestone Bedrock

1 . Soils developed on extremely calcareous, loamy (L, SiL, SiCL)glacial till overlying limestone bedrock within 1 meter .

a) Well drained

" Stonewall Series (Orthic Dark Gray, Lithic) SWW

C . Fluvial Deposits on Glacial Till

1 . Soils developed on strongly calcareous, stratified, sandy skele-tal outwash deposits overlying extremely calcareous, loamy gla-cial till .

a) Well drained

" Gunton Series (Orthic Dark Gray) GUO

b) Imperfectly drained

" Beaverdam Series (Gleyed Dark Gray) BVR

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o Garrioch Series (Gleyed Rego Black)

c) Poorly drained

o Berry Island Series (Rego Humic Gleysol)

D . Lacustrine Deposits on Glacial Till

1 . Soils developed on a thin (<1 m) mantle of moderately calcare-ous, clayey (C, SiC) lacustrine sediments overlying loamy,extremely calcareous till or a clay-till variant .

a) Imperfectly drained

o Peguis Series (Gleyed Dark Gray)

b) Poorly drained

o Partridge Creek (Rego Humic Gleysol)-

2 . Soils developed on thin, strongly calcareous, loamy (L, SiL,VFSL, SL, LVFS) sediments overlying extremely calcareous, loamyglacial till .

a) Imperfectly drained

o Glenhope Series (Gleyed Rego Black)

3 . Soils developed on thin, moderately to strongly calcareous,sandy (S, LS) lacustrine sediments over extremely calcareous,loamy glacial till .

a) Imperfectly drained

o Selina Series (Gleyed Dark Gray Luvisol)

o Pelan Series (Gleyed Rego Black)

b) Poorly drained

a Sprague Series (Rego Humic Gleysol)

E . Organic Deposits

1 . Soils developed on 40 to 160 cm of mesic fen peat, underlain byextremely calcareous, loamy glacial till .

a) Poorly to very poorly drained

o Crane Series (Terric Mesisol)

GRH

BYD

PGU

PGE

GHP

SLN

PLN

SPG

CRN

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F . Miscellaneous Soils and Materials

1 . Soils developed on stratified, calcareous, sandy to sandy-skele-tal beach and bar deposits of recent origin .

a) Dominantly well to imperfectly drained

" Sand Beaches (Orthic Regosol) SDB

b) Poorly drained

" Sand Beaches (Rego Gleysol, peaty) SDBp

2 . Soils developed on undifferentiated materials, generally lackingprofile development and which are saturated for most of theyear .

a) Poor to very poorly drained

" Marsh (Rego Gleysol) MHC

Aneda Series (AND)

The Aneda series consists of wellto moderately well drained OrthicDark Gray soils developed on extreme-ly calcareous, stony loamy (L, SiL,SiCL) glacial till . The surface tex-ture ranges from a sandy loam toloam . The topography is irregular,very gently to gently sloping . Sur-face runoff is moderate and perme-ability is medium to moderately slow .The vegetation consists mainly ofaspen with occasional bur oak .

The Aneda soil is characterized bya thin neutral to slightly acid par-tially decomposed leaf mat, and adark gray Ahe horizon 3 to 10 cmthick, underlain by a dark yellowishbrown Bt horizon of 6 to 12 cm thick .The extremely calcareous C horizon isvery pale brown and may have a some-what platy, fissile structure . TheBt horizon is not as well developedas in the Garson soil . The charac-teristics of the subsoil of bothseries are similar .

Beaverdam Series (BVR)

The Beaverdam series consists ofimperfectly drained Gleyed Dark Graysoils developed on thin, moderatelyto strongly calcareous, sandy skele-tal outwash deposits overlyingextremely calcareous, stony, loamyglacial till . The surface textureranges from loamy fine sand to loam .A gravelly layer from 10 to 50 cmthick is present above the extremelycalcareous till . The topography islevel to very gently sloping . Thesoil drainage is imperfect because ofperched water table conditions abovethe slowly permeable till and lateralflow and seepage of water from adja-cent upland areas . The vegetationconsists of dominantly tremblingaspen, with some dogwood and occa-sional bur oak .

The soil is characterized by adark gray Ahe horizon of . 10 to 18 cmthick, and a dark grayish brown l3mgjor Btgj within the coarse gravellylayer ; the Btgj if present commonlyoccurs at the contact of the gravE:llylayer and the till ; yellowish brownmottles of iron are present at thiscontact . The underlying, extremelycalcareous loamy till is usuallyquite compact and often very slowlypermeable .

Berry Island Series (BYD:)

The Berry Island series consists.of poorly drained Rego Humic Gleysol,carbonated phase soils developed onstrongly calcareous sandy skeletaloutwash or beach deposits overlyingextremely calcareous loamy glacialtill . The surface textures are vari-able and range from loamy fine sandto clay loam depending on the amountof inwashing from surrounding areas .The topography is level to depres-sional ; runoff is very slow ; perme-ability is slow . Vegetation consistsof sedges, willow, meadow grasses andsome black spruce and tamarack .

The Berry Island soil is charac-terized by a partially decomposedorganic layer of 10 to 15 cm thickand is underlain by a carbonated,dark gray Ah horizon 5 to 15 cmthick . A lime enrichment layer maybe present below the Ah horizon,depending on the depth at which thegravelly layers are found ; the sandyand gravelly deposits are stratified,50 to 75 cm thick and usually haveyellowish brown mottles of iron pres-ent . The underlying loamy tilldeposits are usually light gray andmay have fine to medium yellowishbrown mottles .

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Crane Series (CRN)

The Crane series consists of verypoorly drained organic soils devel-oped on shallow deposits of mesic fenpeat and underlain by very stronglycalcareous loamy till . The Craneseries is a Terric Mesisol with athin fibric surface layer underlainby dominantly mesic fen peat whichgrades into more decomposed humic fenpeat above the mineral substrate .The underlying till substrate occursbetween 40 and 160 cm of the surface .

The Crane soils occur in thedepressional positions adjacent tothe Aneda-Inwood soils and are oftenassociated with Meleb series . Thenative vegetation is 'dominantlysedge, reedgrass with some willow andswamp birch . The organic portion ofthe Crane soils are similar to theCayer series but differ in the under-lying substrate ; the Crane series hasa loamy, stony extremely calcareousglacial till, whereas the Cayer soilshave a stone free lacustrine claysubstrate .

Garrioch Series (GRH )

The Garrioch series consists ofimperfectly drained Gleyed Rego Blackcarbonated soils developed on sandyskeletal outwash or beach depositsoverlying extremely calcareous loamyglacial till . The surface texturevaries from loamy fine sand to sandyclay loam and is underlain by a grav-elly layer which varies from 0 .5 toone meter thick . The topography islevel to very gently sloping . Thesesoils are imperfectly drained due toa perched water table above the slow-ly permeabile till and to lateralflow and seepage from adjacent uplandareas . The native vegetation con-sists dominantly of tall prairiegrasses with some aspen, oak and wil-low groves .

Glenhopd Series (GHP)

The Glenhope series consists ofimperfectly drained Gleyed Rego Blackcarbonated soils developed on strong-ly calcareous loamy lacustrine sedi-ments overlying extremely calcareousloamy glacial till . The surface tex-ture ranges from loamy very fine sandto fine sandy loam . The topographyis level to very gently sloping ;runoff is slow . Permeability in theupper strata is moderate when moist,but may be restricted due to aperched water table above the moder-ately slowly permeable till below,following the spring runoff or heavysummer rains . The native vegetationis meadow-prairie grasses and herbs.is

scattered groves of aspen, blackpoplar and willow .

Gunton Seri es (GUO )

The Gunton series consists of wellto moderately well drained OrthicDark Gray soils developed on thinsandy skeletal outwash deposits over-lying extremely calcareous stony,loamy glacial till . The solum issimilar to the Leary series with asurface texture ranging from loamyfine sand to fine sandy loam ; thethickness of the upper layer is 15 to40 cm and changes abruptly to strati-fied gravelly and sandy depositswhich vary in thickness from 30 to 60cm . The topography is irregular,very gently to gently sloping ; sur-face runoff is moderate and perme-ability is rapid in the upper depos-its and moderate to moderately slowin the underlying sediments . Vegeta-tion consists of bur oak, grasses,herbs, hazel and some aspen .

The Gunton series is characterizedby a thin partially decomposed leafmat derived from deciduous and grassvegetation, a dark gray Ah or Ahehorizon of variable thickness depend-ing on the uniformity of the coarse

23

to moderately coarse layer, and abrown to dark yellowish brown Bm orBt horizon which usually terminatesat a layer containing coarse frag-ments . The underlying loamy glacialtill is pale brown and varies instructure from weak fine granular tosomewhat platy or fissile .

Inwood Series (Iwo)

The Inwood series consists ofGleyed Dark Gray soils developed onextremely calcareous, stony, loamyglacial till . The dominant surfacetexture is loam . The soils occur onthe intermediate and lower landscapepositions on very gently to irregu-lar, very gently sloping ridge andswale topography . Runoff is slow andpermeability is slow . The groundwa-ter table is usually near the surfaceduring the spring . The Inwood areasare generally moderately to verystony . The native vegetation is dom-inantly aspen, with some~rose, wil-low, meadow-prairie grasses andherbs .

In water-modified areas where thesurface till deposits have beenaffected by fluvial conditions, thesurface texture ranges from gravellysand to clay loam because of washing,sorting and local deposition . Minorbut significant areas of gravellyoutwash deposits also occur withinthe till . These areas are often dif-ficult to separate from the normaltill areas because they are veryshallow, occur in random pattern andusually have a similar landform . Theassociated soils developed on thesedeeper water-modified deposits ofsandy and gravelly texture are thewell drained Gunton series or imper-fectly drained Beaverdam series .Areas of these soils have also beenmapped separately .

The Inwood soils exhibit a varying

degree of leaching and development .Since these soils hame developedunder imperfect drainage and may havereceived waters charged with calcium,the expression of the B horizon var-ies from a weakly developed Btgjhorizon (Dark Gray soil) with sometranslocated clay and organic matterto transitional or weakly discernibleBgj that may have some carbonatespresent . Inwood soils are usuallycharacterized by a shallow solum witha thin LH horizon, a thin Ahe hori-zon 3 to 7 .5 cm thick, a weaklydeveloped Bt or Bm horizon 4 to 15, cmthick which grades sharply into lightgray, extremely calcareous till .

. Inwood clay till variant, whichalthough not mapped in the areaoccurs in small portions amongst thetypical Inwood . This soil has simi-lar solum and properties as the nor-mal Inwood series but differs in thecomposition and texture of the under-lying material or C horizon . Theparent material is a till consistingof a heterogenous mixture of moder-ately to strongly calcareous clayeymaterial and extremely calcareous,loamy till .

Lundar Series (LUR)

The Lundar series consists ofimperfectly drained Gleyed Rego Blackcarbonated soils developed onextremely calcareous loamy and watermodified till . In some areas thesesoils may have a very thin mantle of .lacustrine sediments over the till .The surface texture ranges from siltyclay loam to loam . The soil occupiesthe intermediate position between theridge and swale sequence in the Isa-fold Association . The topography islevel to very gently sloping ; runoffis moderately slow, and permeabilityis moderately slow . The native vege-tation consists of native grasses,

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aspen, black poplar and some willow .These soils usually are very stony .

The Lundar soil is characterizedby a thin very dark gray Ah horizongrading directly into the gleyed,extremely calcareous parent material .The A horizon is moderately alkalineand contains considerable lime carbo-nate .

Marsh Complex (MHO

The Marsh complex consists of verypoorly drained, Rego Gleysol carbo-nated soils developed on lacustrineclay or thin mucky loam deposits overextremely calcareous till and/or mod-erately calcareous clay . These soilsoccur on level to depressional areasthat are covered with water and areusually saturated for most of theyear . The native vegetation consistsentirely of reeds and sedges .

These soils have a thin surfacelayer of either muck or mineralmaterial high in organic matter con-tent and are underlain by stronglygleyed, olive gray mineral materials .A very thin Ahg horizon, less than2 .5 cm thick, may be present belowthe muck surface layer .

Marsh soils are undifferentiatedwith respect to texture and composi-tion of their parent material . Theyalso are much more poorly drainedthan other Gleysolic soils .

Meleb Series (MEB)

The Meleb series consists or poor-ly drained, Rego Humic Gleysol carbo-nated soils developed on extremelycalcareous, stony glacial till . Athin peat covering of 10 to 30 cm maybe present and underlain by texturesranging from sandy loam to clay, dueto some inwash in the level to

depressional topographic position .They occur in association with theAneda and Inwood soils .' The nativevegetation is dominantly meadowgrasses, sedges and herbs with inclu-sions of willow, black poplar andsome aspen .

The Meleb soil profile consists ofa thin layer of fen peat overlying athin dark gray Ah horizon 6 to 10 cmthick, alkaline and calcareous, andunderlain by a light gray to white,extremely calcareous till . In soilsthat have had some inwash or sortingthe Ah horizon terminates at the con-tact of the modified sediments andunderlying till . A thin gravelly orcobbly lens may occur at the contact .

Partridge Creek Series (PGE)

The Partridge Creek series con-sists of poorly drained Rego HumicGleysol soils developed on thin (15to 90 cm), moderately to stronglycalcareous lacustrine clay overlyingstony, water-modified, extremely cal-careous till . They occur in the lev-el to depressional sites in the tran-sitional areas between the lacustrineand high lime glacial till soils,usually in association with thePeguis series . Native vegetation isdominantly sedges, with willow, alderand some black spruce .

The Partridge Creek soils have athin surface layer of very darkbrown, slightly acid, moderatelydecomposed fen peat derived fromsedges, hydrophytic herbaceous plantsand mosses . This thin organic layeris usually underlain by a thin, neu-tral to mildly alkaline, very darkgray Ah horizon . The Cg horizon isgrayish brown, contains numerouslarge concretions of lime carbonate,is iron stained, and is moderatelyalkaline .

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Pe uis Series (PGU)

The Peguis series consists ofimperfectly drained Gleyed Dark Graysoils developed on a moderately tostrongly calcareous lacustrine clayunderlain by extremely calcareousloamy glacial till within a meter ofthe surface . The topography is levelto very gently sloping ; runoff ismoderately slow ; permeability is mod-erately slow in the upper clay layerand moderate to moderately slow inthe loamy substrate . The native veg-etation consists mainly of aspen,white spruce, hazel, and nativegrasses .

The soil is characterized by athin, dark brown to black, leaf mat 2to 4 cm thick, a dark gray, granularA horizon 3 to 10 cm thick, a mediumgranular dark gray Bgj horizon 12 to25 cm thick, and a gray Cgj horizon .An increase in pebble and stone con-tent may be noticeable at the contactof the clay and loamy till layer .Small amounts of clay-till may occurin the area .

Pinei Series MY)

The Piney series consists ofimperfectly drained, Gleyed GrayLuvisol soils developed on stronglycalcareous glacial till and water-worked till . Surface texture variesfrom fine sandy loam to clay becauseof the inclusion of soils with a verythin lacustricm thick . Tridges with a

ne mantlehey occur o

smooth,

less than 15n low, broadlevel surface

where runoff is slow and internaldrainage is moderate to slow . Thenative vegetation is dominantly aspenwith an association of some whitespruce and balsam poplar ; shrubs suchas dogwood, rose, raspberry andbrush-honeysuckle ; and a ground coverof wild sarsaparilla, northern bedst-raw, wild pea, coltsfoot, aster, poi-

son ivy, strawberry, bunr,hberry, andseveral species of grass .

In the virgin condition Pineysoils are characterized by a thinAegj horizon overlying a thin, moder-ately developed textural B horizonthat grades abruptly into stonystrongly calcareous till . Thesesoils, with a solum generally lessthan 20 cm thick, when cultivatedhave a plow layer consisting of: amixture of A and B horizon ; and insome sites the layer may include somelimy material from the C horizon .

Pelan Series (PLN )

The Pelan series consists ofimperfectly drained Gleyed Dark Graysoils developed on thin moderately tostrongly calcareous, sandy (S, LS)deltaic or lacustrine deposits over-lying extremely calcareous loamy gla-cial till . The surface texture rang-es from loamy fine sand to fine sand .A thin stone line or pebble layer maybe present at the contact of theoverlay and the high lime till . Thetopography is level to very gentlysloping ; permeability is moderate inthe surface layers and moderatelyslow in the subsoil ; this results inimpeded internal drainage and tempo-rary saturation conditions, followingthe snowmelt period or above normalprecipitation . Runoff is slow .Native vegetation consists of domi-nantly aspen with some balsam poplar,dogwood or willow .

The Pelan soils are characterizedby a thin partially decomposed leafmat and a dark gray Ah or Ahe horizon8 to 15 cm thick and a brown to palebrown Bgj horizon of variable thick-ness from 15 to 40 cm thick that mayhave slight accumulation or coatingsof clay on the sand c1rains . Thesolum usually is developed within theoverlay, but where the overlay is

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shallow, part of the B horizon occursat the contact of the extremely cal-careous till . A thin pebble layer orstone line is common at this contact ;mottles of iron are common at orabove this contact zone .

Sand Beaches (SDB)

Sand beaches are stratified, sandyridges of recent origin . They arepresently in the process of formationin relatively sheltered locationsalong the Lake Manitoba shoreline .The material varies from relativelypure deposits of fine and mediumsand, to gravelly deposits containingmany large rounded stones and peb-bles . Drainage varies from poor torapid, dominantly imperfect to rapid,depending upon the topographic posi-tion and level of the adjacent lakewaters . These areas have little orno profile development, and thereforeare considered to be Orthic Regosols .These soil areas have no agriculturalor forestry value, but do provideexcellent recreational sites . Somesand beaches support scattered standsof willow, aspen, and grasses .

Included in the study area is apoorly drained, peaty phase of SandBeach which is generally found in theback beach area .

Selina Series (SLN)

The Selina series consists ofGleyed Dark Gray Luvisol soils devel-oped on thin (25 to 100 cm), moder-ately to strongly calcareous, sandysediments overlying stony, extremelycalcareous till . The texture of thesurface horizon can range from finesand to fine sandy loam, but finesand is dominant . Scattered surfacestones occur on the Selina soils,becoming more numerous where thelacustrine mantle is thin . The Seli-

na soils occupy level to very gentlysloping areas, often adjacent to bet-ter drained sand and gravel ridges .Runoff is moderate and permeability,although rapid in the upper soilmaterials, is.impeded by the underly-ing till substrate . The till is mod-erately permeable and helps to main-tain a water table and imperfectlydrained soil conditions . Native veg-etation is dominantly aspen, balsampoplar and willows with a ground cov-er of meadow grasses and sedges .

The Selina soils are characterizedby a thin, leaf and sod mat underlainby a dark gray Ah horizon and a lightgray coloured Ae horizon . The A.horizons are in turn underlain byweakly developed brownish gray Btjgjor Bmgj horizons . The lower portionof the B horizon and the light yel-lowish brown C horizon is gleyed andmottled with iron staining . The Cgjhorizon is moderately calcareous andis underlain by extremely calcareous,stony loam till . The contact of thetwo materials is often marked by awater-worked cobbly and gravellylens .

Sprague Series (SPG)

The Sprague series consists ofRego Humic Gleysol carbonated soilsdeveloped on moderately calcareoussandy lacustrine and outwash depositsoverlying extremely calcareous, loamyglacial till within one meter of thesurface . The texture of the surfacehorizon varies from sand to finesandy loam . Surface drainage isslow ; the water table is at or nearthe surface for the greater part ofthe growing season . Some scatteredsurface stones may be present withinthe map unit . Native vegetation con-sists of sedge, reeds and willow .

27 -

Stonewall Series (STW)

The Stonewall series consists ofmoderately well to well drained Orth-ic Dark Gray soils developed on lessthan one meter (50 to 100 cm) ofextremely calcareous, loamy till overlimestone bedrock . These soils havea similar solum to the Aneda seriesbut differ in the depth to bedrock .The topography is irregular, gentlysloping ; runoff is moderate andpermeability is moderate in the loamytill and variable in the fractured-,

permeable limestone bedrock . Thenative vegetation consists of trem-bling aspen, bur oak, hazel, forbsand native grasses .

The soil is characterized by athin, moderately decomposed leaf mat ;a thin (4 to 8 cm) dark gray friableA horizon, and a thin (12 to 20 cm)granular, brown B horizon . The solumis normally less than 25 cm thick .The physical characteristics of thesolum and parent material are similarto the Aneda series .

PART 4

USE AND MANAGEMENT INTERPRETATIONS OF SOILS

4 .1 INTRODUCTION

This section provides predictionsof performance or soil suitabilityratings for various uses of soilsbased on field observations of soiland landscape characteristics, labo-ratory data and on observations ofsoil behavior under specified condi-tions of land use and management .Suitability ratings or interpreta-tions are intended only to serve asguides for planners and managers .Caution, with an understanding of thelimitations of the soil map must beexercised when applying suitabilityratings to soil map units . The valueof any rating or interpretationdepends upon the nature and composi-tion of individual map unit delin-eation which in turn depends on thescale of mapping and intensity ofground truthing employed in the sur-vey .

In this section, interpretive soilinformation is provided for the fol-lowing land use evaluations :

1 . Agriculture

a) dryland farming capability

b) irrigation suitability

2 . Engineering Uses

3 . Recreation Uses

4 .2 SOIL CAPABILITY FOR AGRICULTURE

Drpland Aqriculture

Soil capability classification fordryland agriculture is based on anevaluation of both internal andexternal soil characteristics thatinfluence soil suitability and limi-tations for agricultural use . Inthis classification, mineral soilsare grouped into capability classes,subclasses and units based on theirlimitations for dryland farming, riskof damage when the soils are used andthe way they respond to managements .There are seven capability classes,each of which groups soils togetherthat have the same relative degree oflimitation or hazard for agriculturaluse . The limitation becomes progres-sively greater from Class 1 to Class7 . The class indicates the generalsuitability of the soils for agricul-ture . The first three classes areconsidered capable of sustained pro-duction of common field crops, thefourth is marginal for sustained ara-ble culture, the fifth is suitableonly for improved permanent pasture,the sixth is capable of use only fornative pasture while the seventhclass is for soils and land typesconsidered incapable of use for ara-ble agriculture or permanent pasture .

5 Anon . 1965 . Land capability clas-sification for agriculture ReportNo . 2, Canada Land Inventory, Cana-da Dept . Regional Economic Expan-sion, Ottawa . 16 pp .

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Organic soils within the map areaare rated for "potential" agricultur-al capability after the method ofLeesons . Capability ratings oforganic soils for agriculture mustrecognize that most organic soilshave little or no value for-agricul-ture in their native state and theirpotential is only achieved throughreclamation or development implement-ed with varying degrees of difficul-ty . Capability class definitions fororganic soils are the same as formineral soils . They are however,identified on maps and tables withthe prefix "0" .

Soil Capability subclasses aredivisions within classes which groupsoils with similar kinds of limita-tions and hazards for agriculturaluse . The various kinds of limita-tions recognized at the subclass lev-el are defined in Table 4 .

Soil capability units are divi-sions within the subclass categorythat groups soils together that willrespond similarly to a given manage-ment input .

A summary of the soils in thestudy area showing their major char-acteristics and their interpretiveclassification for dryland agricul-ture is presented in Table 5 .

s Leeson, Bruce et al . 1969 . Anorganic soil capability classifica-tion for agriculture and a study ofthe organic soils of Simcoe County,Soil Sci . Dept ., Ontario Agricul-tural College, Guelph, Ontario .

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Definitions of the Agricultural Capability Classes

Class 1

Soils in this class have no important limitations for crop use . The soilshave level or gently sloping topography ; they are deep, well to imperfectlydrained and have moderate water holding capacity . The soils are naturallywell supplied with plant nutrients, easily maintained in good tilth and fer-tility ; soils are moderately high to high in productivity for a wide range ofcereal and special crops .

Class 2

Soils in this class have moderate limitations that reduce the choice ofcrops or require moderate conservation practices . The soils have good waterholding capacity and are either naturally well supplied with plant nutrientsor are highly responsive to inputs of fertilizer . They are moderate to highin productivity for a fairly wide range of crops . The limitations are notsevere and good soil management and cropping practices can be applied withoutserious difficulty .

Class 3

Soils in this class have moderate limitations that restrict the range ofcrops or require moderate conservation practices . The limitations in Class 3are more severe than those in Class 2 and conservation practices are more dif-ficult to apply and maintain . The limitations affect the timing and ease oftillage, planting and harvesting, the choice of crops and maintenance of con-servation practices . The limitations include one or more of the following :moderate climatic limitation, erosion, structure or permeability, low fertili-ty, topography, overflow, wetness, low water holding capacity or slowness inrelease of water to plants, stoniness and depth of soil to consolidated bed-rock . Under good management, these soils are fair to moderately high in pro-ductivity for a fairly wide range of field crops .

Class 4

Soils in this class have severe limitations that restrict the choice ofcrops or require special conservation practices or both . These soils havesuch limitations that they are only suited for a few crops, or the yield for arange of crops may be low, or the risk of crop failure is high . The limita-tions may seriously affect such farm practices as the timing and ease of til-lage, planting and harvesting, and the application and maintenance of conser-vation practices . These soils are low to medium in productivity for a narrowrange of crops but may have higher productivity for a specially adapted crop .The limitations include the adverse effects of one or more of the following :climate, accumulative undesirable soil characteristics, low fertility, defi-ciencies in the storage capacity or release of soil moisture to plants, struc-ture or permeability, salinity, erosion, topography, overflow, wetness, stoni-ness, and depth of soil to consolidated bedrock .

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LRIM .RPIIWJM~. ' ' , I

Class 5

Soils in this class have very severe limitations that restrict their ca,pa-bility to producing perennial forage crops, and improvement practices are fea-sible . These soils have such serious soil, climatic or other limitations thatthey are not capable of use.for sustained production of annual field crops .However, they may be improved by the use of farm machinery for the productionof native or tame species of perennial forage plants . Feasible improvementpractices include clearing of bush, cultivation, seeding, fertilizing andwater control .

Some soils in Class 5 can be used for cultivated field crops providedunusually intensive management is used . Some of these soils are also adaptedto special crops requiring soil conditions unlike those needed by the commoncrops .

Class 6

Soils in this class are capable only of producing perennial forage cropsand improvement practices are not feasible . Class 6 soils have some naturalsustained grazing capacity for farm animals, but have such serious soil, cli-matic or other limitations as to make impractical the application of improve-ment practices that can be carried out on Class 5 soils . Soils may be placedin this class because their physical nature prevents the use of farm machin-ery, or because the soils are not responsive to improvement practices, orbecause stock watering facilities are inadequate .

Class 7

Soils in this class have no capability for arable culture or permanent pas-ture because of extremely severe limitations . Bodies of water too small todelineate on the map are included in this class . These soils may or may nothave a high capability for forestry, wildlife and recreation .

TABLE 4

Agricultural Capability Subclass Limitations

C - Adverse climate : This subclass denotes a significant adverse climate forcrop production as compared to the "median" climate which is defined asone with sufficiently high growing season temperatures to bring fieldcrops to maturity, and with sufficient precipitation to permit crops tobe grown each year on the same land without a serious risk of partial ortotal crop failures .

D - Undesirable soil structure and/or low permeability : This subclass isused for soils difficult to till, or which absorb water very slowly orin which the depth of rooting zone is restricted by conditions otherthan a high water table or consolidated bedrock .

E - Erosion : Subclass E includes soils where damage from erosion is a limi-tation to agricultural use . Damage is assessed on the loss of produc-tivity and on the difficulties in farming land with gullies .

F - Low fertility : This subclass is made up of soils having low fertilitythat either is correctable with careful management in the use of ferti-lizers and soil amendments or is difficult to correct in a feasible way .The limitation may be due to lack of available plant nutrients, highacidity or alkalinity, low exchange capacity, high levels of carbonatesor presence of toxic compounds .

I - Inundation by streams or lakes : This subclass includes soils subjectedto inundation causing crop damage or restricting agricultural use .

L - Coarse wood fragments : In the rating of organic soils, woody inclusionsin the form of trunks, stumps and branches (>10 cm diameter) in suffi-cient quantity to significantly hinder tillage, planting and harvestingoperations .

M - Moisture limitation : This subclass consists of soils where crops areadversely affected by droughtiness owing to inherent soil characteris-tics . They are usually soils with low water-holding capacity .

N - Salinity : Designates soils which are adversely affected by the presenceof soluble salts .

P - Stoniness : This subclass is made up of soils sufficiently stony to sig-nificantly hinder tillage, planting, and harvesting operations . Stonysoils are usually less productive than comparable non-stony soils .

R - Consolidated bedrock : This subclass includes soils where the presenceof bedrock near the surface restricts their agricultural use . Consoli-dated bedrock at depths greater than 1 meter from the surface is notconsidered as a limitation, except on irrigated lands where a greaterdepth of soil is desirable .

-33-

T - Topography : This subclass is made up of soils where topography is alimitation . Both the percent of slope and the pattern or-frequency ofslopes in different directions are important factors in increasing thecost of farming over that of smooth land, in decreasing the uniformityof growth and maturity of crops, and in increasing the hazard of watererosion .

W - Excess water : Subclass W is made up of soils where excess water otherthan that brought about by inundation is a limitation to their use foragriculture . Excess water may result from inadequate soil drainage, ahigh water table, seepage or runoff from surrounding areas .

X - Cumulative minor adverse characteristics : This subclass is made up ofsoils having a moderate limitation caused by the cumulative effect: oftwo or more adverse characteristics which singly are not serious enoughto affect the class rating .

Irrigation Suitability

Irrigation suitability of soils isdetermined by evaluating the natureof both internal and external soilcharacteristics7 . The classificationof soils for irrigation suitabilityconsists of three categories : class,subclass and unit .

The suitability class groups soilshaving the same relative suitabilityor degree of limitation or hazard forirrigation use . Four classes areutilized grading from Class 1, whichis very good to Class 4, which ispoor . The four classes are :

Cla:ss 1 - Very good : These are soilsof fine sandy loam to clayloam texture which are wellsuited for irrigation use .The soils have good waterretention capacity, goodpermeability, low salt con-tent, good drainage and lowgeneral gradient of landsurface .

Class 2 - Good : These are soils ofloamy fine sand to lightclay texture which are mod-erately well suited forirrigation use . Slightlimitation to use resultsfrom soil factors such aswater holding capacity,permeability, depth ofmaterial, salt content,topographic factors such asslope and pattern or drain-age restrictions arisingfrom surface drainage anddepth to water table .

PFRA . 1964 . Handbook for the clas-sification of irrigation land inthe prairie provinces . Prepared byCommittee of the Canada Dept . ofAgriculture . PFRA, Regina, Sask . 92pp .

Class 3 - Fair : These are coarse orfine textured-soils whichare fair to marginallysuitable because of someunfavorable characteristicsthat limit production andcause management problemsunder irrigation use .Soil, topographic or drain-age factors are morerestrictive than in Class2 .

Class 4 - Poor : These are soils thatare considered poor tounsuitable for irrigationuse because of severedrainage problems, imperme-able geologic material,salinity, very low waterholding capacity, very rap-id permeability, topographyor a combination of theseproblems .

The suitability subclass identi-fies soils with similar kinds of lim-itations and hazards related to bothinternal and external soil character-istics . The internal characteristicsinclude both permanent and non-perma-nent properties ; the permanent prop-erties are those that will not changeover time whereas the non-permanentproperties may be altered with timeby specific management . The proper-ties which affect irrigation suit-ability of soil are listed as fol-lows :

1 . Internal Characteristics

a) Permanent - Texture, uniformi-ty and depth of geologicdeposit, hydraulic conductivi-ty and water storage capacity

b) Non-permanent - Structure,drainage, fertility, reaction,salinity, exchangeable sodium

2 . External Characteristics

-35-

a) Topography, erosion, stoni- in Table 11, Appendix B . The soilsness, vegetative cover of the Fraserwood, Inwood, Komarno

and Lake Manitoba Shoreline areas areThe classification criteria for evaluated for irrigation suitability

irrigation suitability are summarized in Table 5 .

TABLE 5 . AGRICULTURE CAPABILITY CLASSES FOR SOILS

Map Symboland Phase Soil Name

AgriculturalCapability Class

IrrigationSuitability

AND Aneda 2X 3SAND /xx2x Aneda 3P 3SAND /xx3x Aneda 4P 3SAND /xx4x Aneda 5P 4SBYD Berry Island 5W 4D

BYD /xxlx Berry Island 5W 4DBVR Beaverdam 4M 4SDBVR /xx2x Beaverdam 4M 4SDCRN Crane 05WD 4DGHP Glenhope 2W 3SD

GRH Garrioch 3M 4SGUO Gunton 5M 4SGUO /xx2x Gunton 5M 4SGUO /xx3x Gunton 5M 4SIWO Inwood 2W 4SD

IWO /xxlx Inwood 2W 4SDIWO /xx2x Incbood 3P 4SDIWO /xx3x Inwood 4P 4SDLUR Lundar 2W 4SDLUR /xx2x Lundar 3P 4SD

LUR /xc2x Lundar 3P 4SDMEB Meleb 5W 4DMEBp Meleb 5W 4DMEB /xxlx Meleb 5W 4DMEB /xx2x Meleb 5W 4D

MHC Marsh Complex 7W 4DPGE Partridge Creek 4W 4DPGU Peguis 2W 4SDPGU /xx2x Peguis 3P 4SDPIY Piney 3SW 4SD

PIY /xx2x Piney 3P 4SDPLN Pelan 3M 3SDPLN /xxlx Pelan 3M 3SDSDB Sand Beaches 7M 4SSDBp Sand Beaches 7W 4S

SDB /xcxx Sand Beaches 7M 4SSLN Selina 3M 3SDSLN /xxlx Selina. 3M 3SDSLN /xx2x Se lina 3MP 3SDSPG Sprague 4W 4D

TABLE 5 . AGRICULTURE CAPABILITY CLASSES FOR SOILS

Map Symboland Phase Soil Name

AgriculturalCapability Class

IrrigationSuitabilit ;y

SPGp' Sprague 5W 4DSTW Stonewall 4R 4SSTW /xx3x Stonewall 4RP 4SSTW /xx4x Stonewall 5P 4S

4 .3 SOIL SUITABILITY FOR SELECTEDENGINEERING USES

This section provides informationwhich can be used by engineers andland use planners concerned with

for potential uses of natural oressentially undisturbed -soils . Thelong term effects of the potentialuse on the behavior of the soil areconsidered in the rating .

engineering and related geotechnicalaspects of soil . It is intended to

The four suitabilityare defined as follows :

class ratings

supplement the information on thesoil map with additional data on Good - Soils in their presentengineering properties of soils . state have few or minor

limitations that wouldThe criteria used to evaluate soil

suitability for selected engineeringand related recreational uses areadopted from guides found in Coen _etale . and from guidelines developedby the Soil Conservation Service,United States Department of Agricul-ture9 and the Canada Soil Survey Com-mittee" .

Definition of Soil SuitabilityClasses

affect the proposed use .The limitations wouldeasily be overcome withminimal cost .

Fair - Soils in their presentstate have one or moremoderate limitations thatwould affect the proposeduse . These moderate lim-itations would be over-come with special con-struction, design,

. planning or maintenance .

Evaluation of soil suitability forengineering and recreation uses isbased on both internal and externalsoil characteristics . Four soilsuitability classes are used to eval-uate both mineral and organic soilsand hence, mapping units for selecteduses . These ratings express relativedegrees of suitability or limitation

0 Coen et al . 1977 . Soil Survey ofYoho National Park, Canada . Alber-ta Soil Survey Report No . 37 . 208pp . Alberta Institute of Pedology,University of Alberta, Edmonton,Alberta .

0 USDA . 1971 . Guide for Interpret-ing Engineering Uses of Soils .Soil Conservation Service, USDA .SCS-45 . 87 pp .

1° CSSC . 1973 . Proceedings of theNinth Meeting of the Canada SoilSurvey Committee, University ofSaskatchewan, Saskatoon . 357 pp .

Poor - Soils in their presentstate have one or moresevere limitations thatwould severely affect theproposed use . To over-come these severe limita-tions would require theremoval of the limitationor difficult and costlyalteration of the soil orof special design orintensive maintenance .

Very Poor - Soils have one or morefeatures so unfavorablefor the proposed use thatthe limitation is verydifficult and expensiveto overcome or the soilwould require suchextreme alteration thatthe proposed use is eco-nomically impractical .

39 -

Soil Suitability Subclasses

The basic soil properties thatsingly or in combination with otherscommonly affect soil suitability forselected engineering properties andrecreation uses are provided in Table6 . These subclass designations serveto identify the kind of limitation orhazard for a particular use .

Guides for Assessing Soil Suitability

Guides for assessing soil suit-ability for ten engineering relateduses are given in Appendix B, Tables12 to 21 . These tables provide asspecifically as possible, definitionsof the soil properties which resultin the specific suitability or degreeof limitation . In assessing soilsuitability for various engineeringuses, the degree of suitability isdetermined by the most restrictive orsevere rating assigned to any one ofthe listed soil properties . Forexample, if the suitability is "Good"for all but one soil property and itis estimated to be "Very Poor", thenthe overall rating of the soil forthat selected use is "Very Poor" .Suitability of individual soil prop-erties, if estimated to be "Fair" or"Poor", can be accumulative in theireffect for a particular use . Judge-ment is required to determine whetherthe severity of the combined effectsof several soil properties on suit-ability for a particular use willresult in downgrading an evaluation .This is left to the discretion of theinterpreter . It is incorrect toassume that each of the major soilproperties influencing a particularuse has an equal effect . Class lim-its established for rating the suit-ability of individual soil propertiestake this into account . For aselected use, therefore, only thosesoil properties which most severelylimit that use are specified .

Engineering description of thesoils and their estimated propertiessignificant to engineering are pro-vided in Table 7 . These data, inaddition to information contained inother sections of the report havebeen used to rate the soils accordingto their suitability for ten selectedengineering uses in Table 8 . whenusing these interpretations, consid-eration must be given to the follow-ing assumptions :

1 . Interpretations are based on pre-dictions of soil behavior underdefined conditions of use andmanagement as specified in thepreamble to each of Tables, 12through 25 (Appendix B) .

2 . Soil ratings do not include sitefactors such as nearness to townsand highways, water supply,aesthetic values, etc .

3 . Soil ratings are based on natu-ral, undisturbed soil .

4 . Soil suitability ratings are usu-ally given for the entire soil,but for some uses, they may bebased on the limitations of anindividual soil horizon or otherearthy layer, because of itsoverriding importance . Ratingsrarely . apply to soil depthsgreater than 1 to 2 meters, butin some kinds of soils, reason-able estimates can be given forsoil material at greater depths .It should be noted here that theterm "soil" has been usedthroughout the report in thepedologic sense and differs inconcept from that commonly usedby engineers .

5 . Poor and very poor soil ratingsdo not imply that a site cannotbe changed to remove, correct ormodify the soil limitations . Theuse of soils rated as poordepends on the nature of the lim-

-40-

itations, whether or not the soillimitation can be altered suc-cessfully and economically, andon the scarcity of good sites .

6 . Interpretations of map units donot eliminate the need for on-site evaluation by qualified pro-fessionals . Due to the variablenature of soils, and the scale ofmapping, small, unmappable inclu-sions of soils with differentproperties may be present in anarea where a development isplanned . The need for or impor-tance of on-site studies dependson the use to be made of the soiland the kinds of soil and soilproblems involved .

4 .4 SOIL SUITABILITY FOR SELECTEDRECREATION USES

This section provides interpreta-tions of the soil suitability forrecreational development . All typesof soil can be used for recreationalactivities of some kind .

Soils and their properties deter-mine to a large degree, the type and

location of recreational facilities .Wet soils are not suitable for camp-sites, roads, playgrounds or picnicareas . Soils that pond and dry outslowly after heavy rains presentproblems where intensive use is con-templated. It is difficult to main-tain grass cover for playing fieldsand golf courses on droughty soils .The feasibility of many kinds of out-door activities are determined byother basic soil properties such asdepth to bedrock, stoniness, topogra-phy or land pattern, and the abilityof the soil to support vegetation ofdifferent kinds as related to itsnatural fertility .

The suitability of the varioussoil series and phases for selectedrecreation uses is shown in Table 9according to four classes, Good,Fair, Poor and Very poor defined pre-viously in the section on EngineeringUses . Subclasses are employed toidentify the kind of limitation orhazard for a particular use . Anexplanation of subclass symbols areprovided in Table 6 .

The guidelines for various recrea-tion uses are presented in AppendixB, Tables 22 to 25 and 15 .

TABLE 6

Codes utilized to identify limitations in evaluating soil suitability forselected Engineering and Recreational Uses(Tables 8 and 9)

a subgrade properties

b thickness of topsoil

c coarse fragments on surface

d depth to bedrock

e erosion or erodibility

f susceptibility to frost hazard

g contamination hazard of groundwater

h depth to seasonal water table

i flooding or inundation

j thickness of slowly permeablematerial

k permeability or hydraulicconductivity

1 shrink-swell properties

m moisture limitations or deficit

n salinity or sulphate hazard

o organic matter

p stoniness

q depth to sand or gravel

r rockiness

s surface texture

t topographic slope class

u moist consistence

w wetness or soil drainage class

z permafrost

-42-

Table 7 . Engineering Description of the Soils and Their Estimated Properties Significant to Engineering

Map Soil Series Depth Classification X Passing Perme- Reaction Sulfate** Dispersion Shrink- Depth to

Symbol (cm) ability* Hazard Swell Watertable

USDA Unified AASHO No . 10 No . 40 No . 200 (cm/hr)(2 .0mm) (0.42mm) ( .074mm)

AND Aneda 0-25 L-CL CL to ML A-4 70-90 65-80 45-65 1 .5-5 .0 6 .5-7 .0 none low moderate 1 .5 m

25-75 L-SiL CL to ML A-4 70-85 60-80 40-60 1 .5-5 .0 7 .8-8 .2 low low moderate

BYD Berry 0-25 SL-L SM A-2-4 or A-4 90-100 65-90 30-65 6 .0-12 .0 7 .6-8 .0 low low low seasonal

Island 25-60 GrLS Gp to Gw A1 40-70 15-30 2-5 > 25 .0 7 .8-8 .0 low low low at surface

60+ L-SiL CL to ML A-4 or A-6 70-85 60-80 40-60 .1- .5 7 .8-8 .2 low low moderate

BVR Beaverdam 0-25 FSL SM to ML A-4 80-90 70-85 20-30 12 .0-25 .0 6 .6-7 .2 none low low seasonal

25-60 Gr-LS GP to GW A-1 50-80 15-30 5-10 > 25 7 .8-8 .0 none low nil at .5 m

60+ L-SiL CL to ML A-4 70-85 60-80 40-60 .25-1 .3 7 .8-8 .2 low low moderate

CRN Crane

w

iGHP Glenhope

GRH Garrioch

GUO Gunton

IWO Inwood

LUR Lundar 0-25 L-CL CL A-6 to A-7-6 85-95 75-90 50-80 1 .5-5 .1 7 .4-7 .8 low low moderate seasonal25-100 L-SiCL ML to CL A-4 to A-6 85-95 75-90 50-75 1 .5 7 .8-8 .2 moderate low moderate .5 m

0-100 Mesic peat - - - - - - 6 .0-7 .0 low low - at surface

100+ L-SiL CL to ML A-4 to A-6 70-85 60-80 40-60 .25-1 .5 7 .8-8 .2 low low moderate

0-40 L-VFSL ML A-4 to A-6 100 95-100 85-95 2 .-6 .0 7 .4-7 .8 low low moderate seasonal40-90 LVFS-SiL ML A-4 to A-6 100 95-100 85-95 5 .-12 .0 7 .6-8 .0 moderate low moderate .5 m

90+ SiL-SiCL ML to CL A-4 to A-6 75-90 70-85 50-75 2 .5 7 .6-8 .0 moderate low moderate

0-25 FSL-LFS SP to SM A-2-4 80-95 70-85 20-40 12 .-25 . 7 .2-7 .4 none mod . low low seasonal25-60 Gr S Gp to GW A-1 35-70 15-30 1-5 25 7 .8-8 .0 none none none within .5 m60+ L-SiL CL to ML A-4 to A-6 70-85 60-80 40-60 .25-1 .2 7 .8-8 .2 low low moderate

0-25 LFS-FSL SM A-2-4 to A-4 80-90 70-85 20-30 12 .7-25 .4 6 .6-7 .2 none low low greater

25-75 Gr-LS Gp to GW A-1 50-80 15-30 1-5 > 25 7 .6-8 .0 none low none than 2 m

75+ L-SiL CL to ML A-4 to A-6 70-85 60-80 40-60 .1- .5 7 .8-8 .2 low low moderate

0-20 L-CL CL to CH A-6 to A-7-5 75-90 65-80 50-70 1 .5-5 .1 7 .0-7 .2 none low moderate seasonal

20-100 L-SiL CL A-4 70-85 60-80 45-65 1 .5 7 .6-8 .0 low low moderate 0 .5 m

Table 7 . Cont'd

Map Soil Series Depth Classification % PassingSymbol (cm)

USDA Unified AASHO No . 10 No . 40(2 .Omm) 0.42mm)

No . 200( .074mm)

Perme-ability*(cm/hr)

Reaction Sulfate**Hazard

Dispersion Shrink-Swell

Depth toWatertable

MEB Meleb 0-15 L-CL OL to OH A-4 to A-6 80-95 70-80 50-70 1 .5-5 .1 7 .6-8 .0 low low moderate seasonal15+ L-SiCL ML to CL A-4 to A-6 80-95 70-80 50-70 .5 7 .8-8 .2 moderate low moderate at surface

MHC Marsh 0-25 Muck and OL A-4 100 100 80-100 2 .5-5 .0 7 .5-8 .0 none to low moderate at surfaceSiL moderate

25-50 SiL ML A-4 100 100 80-100 2 .5-5 .0 7 .5-8 .0 none to low moderatei moderate41 50+ L Till ML-CL A-4 to A-6 90-100 70-90 50-70 1 .0-5 .0 8 .0-8 .5 none to low tor moderate moderate

PGE Partridge 0-25 C OH A-7-6 90-100 85-95 85-95 < .15 6 .5-7 .4 low low high seasonalCreek 25-50 C CH A-7-6 90-100 85-95 85-95 < .15 7 .4-8.2 low low high at or near

50+ SiL-SiCL M1 to CL A-4 or A-6 75-90 50-85 50-70 .13- .5 7 .6-8.2 moderate low moderate surface

PGU Peguis 0-40 C CH A-7-6 100 100 90-100 .1- .5 6 .6-7 .0 low low high seasonal40-60 C CH A-7-6 100 100 90-100 .1-.5 7 .0-7 .4 low low high at 1 .2 m60-100 Sil-SiCL ML to CL A-4 or A-6 80-95 70-80 60-80 < 1 .5 7 .6-8 .2 low low moderate

Ply Piney 0-20 L-CL CL to CH A-6 to A-7 75-90 65-80 50-70 1 .5-5 .1 7 .0-7 .2 none low moderate seasonal20-100 L-SiL CL A-4 70-80 60-80 45-65 1 .5 7 .6-8 .0 low low moderate 0 .7 m

PLN Pelan 0-30 LFS SM 90-100 80-95 10-25 6-12 6 .8-7 .2 low low low30-75 FS SM to SP A-2-4 90-100 80-95 3-15 6-12 7 .2-7 .6 low low low75+ SiL-SiCL ML to CL A-4 to A-6 75-70 70-85 50-75 2 .0 7 .6-8 .2 low low moderate seasonal to .8 m

SUB Sand 0-100 Stratified SP,GP,GM A-1 to A-2 50-100 15-50 0-15 25 .0 7 .0-8 .0 none low low varies withBeaches FS-MS,Gr or SM lake level

Table 7 " Cont'd

Map Soil Series Depth Classification X PassingSymbol (cm)

USDA Unified AASHO No . 10 No . 40(2 .Omm) (0 .42mm)

No . 200( .074mm)

Perme-ability*(cm/hr)

Reaction Sulfate**Hazard

Dispersion Shrink-Swell

Depth toWatertable

SLN Selina 0-20 LFS SM A-2 to A-4 100 85-95 5-35 10.0-20.0 6 .0-7 .0 none low 1ow seasonal to 0 .7 m20-80 FS SM to SP A-2-4 100 85-95 5-35 10.0-20 .0 6.5-7 .5 none low low80+ L-CL ML to CL A-6 75-90 60-80 50-70 .13 7.0-8 .0 low low moderate

SPG Sprague 0-25 LFS-FSL SM to SP A-2 to A-4 95-100 85-95 5-25 6-12 7 .4-7 .8 low low low seasonal25-75 FS SM to SP A-2-4 90-100 80-95 3-15 6-12 7 .4-7 .8 low low low at or near75+ SiL-SiCL surface

STW Stonewall 0-25 SCL-CL CL A-6 to A-7 85-95 80-90 45-80 1 .3-5 .1 '6 .5-7 .0 low low moderate 2 m25-90 SiL-SiCL ML to CL A-4 to A-6 80-95 70-80 35-70 2 .5 7 .6-8.2 low low moderate90+ Limestone Bedrock

*Permeability of horizons or layers is expressed in cm/hr **Sulfate Hazard - relative degree of sulfate attack based on criteriaextablished by U .S . Bureau of Reclamation.

very rapid >25 cm/hr moderate 2 .5-5 .0 cm/hrrapid 15-25 cm/hr moderately slow 1 .5-2 .5 cm/hrmoderately rapid 5-15 cm/hr slow .125-1 .5 cm/hr

very slow ,<.125

Table 8 . Suitability Ratings of Soils for Selected Engineering Uses . Suitability is designated asG-Good, F-Fair, P-Poor and V-Very Poor . The nature of the most severe limitations isindicated by subclass symbols defined in Table 6 and applied according to use andmanagement conditions specified in the appropriate guide table (Tables 12 to 21, Appendix B) .The dominant limitation is indicated first after the rating . Note : The following ratingsand interpretations do not eliminate the need for on-site evaluations by qualified professionals .

Map Symbol Top Sand & Road Permanent Bldgs . Local Roads Sanitary Landfill Cover Sewage Septic

and Phase Soil Name Soil Gravel Fill With Basements and Streets Trench Area Material Lagoons Fields(12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21)

AND Aneda Pb Va Fa Fa Fa Fs G Fs Fka Fk

AND /xx2x Aneda Pbp Va Fa Fap Fa Fp G Fsp Fka Fk

AND /xx3x Aneda Pbp Va Fap Pp Fap Pp G Pp Fka Fk

AND /xx4x Aneda Pbp Va Pp Pp Pp Pp G Pp Pp Fkp

BYD Berry Island Pw Ph Pw Vh Pw Vw Pw Vsw Vkh Vh

BYD /xxlx Berry Island Pw Ph Pw Vh Pw Vw Pw Vsw Vkh Vh

BVR Beaverdam Ps Pa Fw Pw Fw Ph Pk Vs Pka Ph

BVR /xx2x Beaverdam Psp Pa Fw Pw Fw Ph Pk Vs Pka Ph

CRN Crane Vwl Vah V3w Vah Va Vsw Vw Vsw Vah Vh

GHP Glenhope Fb Va Fwp Pw Fw Pw Fw Fs Fa Ph

GRH Garrioch Ps Pa Fw Pw Fw Ph Vk Vs Pk Ph

GUO Gunton Ps Fa G Fa G Fs Pk Vs Pka Fkg

GUO /xx2x Gunton Ps Fa G Fa G Fp Pk Vs Pka Fkg

GUO /xx3x Gunton Psp Fa Fp Pp Fp Pp Pk Vs Pka Fkg

IWO Inwood Pb Va Faw Paw Fwa Pw Fw Fs Fka Phk

IWO /xxlx Inwood Pb Va Faw Paw Fwa Pw Fw Fs Fka Phk

IWO /xx2x Inwood Pb Va Faw Paw Fwa Pw Fw Fsp Fka Phk

IWO /xx3x Inwood Pbp Va Fap Pwp Fwp Pwp Fw Pp Fap Phk

LUR Lundar Pb Va Faw Pw Faw Pw ' Fw Fs Fka Phk

LUR /xx2x Lundar Pb Va Faw Pw Fwa Pw Fw Fsp Fka Phk

LUR /xc2x Lundar Pb Va Faw Pw Fwa Pw Fw Fsp Fka Phk

MEB Meleb Pw Va Pw Pw Pw Vw Pw Pw Ph Vh

MN;Bp Meieb Vw Va VW Vha V? Vw Vw Vsw Va ,Vh

MEB /xxlx Meleb Pw Va Pw Pw Pw . Vw Pw Pw Ph Vh

MEB /xx2x Meleb Pw Va Pw Pw Pw Vw Pw Pw Ph Vh

MHC Marsh Complex Vw Va Vw Vwa Vwa Vw Vw Vw Vi Vi

PGE Partridge Creek p:."s Va PW Vh Pw Vh Pw Pws Fa Vh

PGU Peguis Ps Va Pa Pw Pa Pw Fw Ps Fka Phk

PGU /xx2x Peguis Ps Va Pa Pw Pa Pw Fw Ps Fka Phk

Ply Piney Pb Va Faw Pw Fwa Pw Fw Fs Fka Phk

TABLE 8 . SUITABILITY RATINGS OF SOILS FOR SELECTED ENGINEERING USES

Map Symboland Phase Soil Name

TopSoil(12)

Sand &Gravel(13)

RoadFill(14)

Permanent Bldgs .With Basements

(15)

Local Roadsand Streets

(16)

SanitaryTrench(17)

LandfillArea(18)

CoverMaterial

(19)

SewageLagoons

(20)

SepticFields(21)

PIY /xx2x Piney Pb Va Faw Pw Fwa Pw Fw Fsp Fka PhkPLN Pelan Ps Pa Faw Pw Fw Pw Pk Fs Pka PhPLN /xxlx Pelan Ps Pa Faw Pw Fw Pw Pk Fs Pka PhSDB Sand Beaches ,Ps Fa Fw Viw Pi Vks Vkg Vs Vi VigSDBp Sand Beaches Ps Va Va Vai Vi Vks Vkg Vs Vka Vig

SDB /xcxx Sand Beaches Ps Fa Fw Viw Pi Vks Vkg Vs Vka VigSLN Selina Ps Pa Fw Pw Fw Pw Pk Fs Pka PhSLN /xxlx Selina Ps Pa Fw Pw Fw Pw Pk Fs Pka PhSLN /xx2x Selina Ps Pa Fw Pw Fw Pw Pk Fsp Pka PhSPG Sprague Ps Va Pw Pw Pw Vw Pw Pw Pk Vh

SPGp Sprague Ps Va Va Vwa Vw Vw Vw Vsw Va VhSTW Stonewall Pb Va Fd Pd Fd Vd Pg Pd Pd PdSTW /xx3x Stonewall Pp Va Fp Pdp Fdp Vd Pg Pdp Pd PdSTW /xx4x Stonewall Pp Va Pp Pdp Pp Vd Pg Pdp Pdp Pd

1If accessible, the peat may be rated good when mixed with mineral soils .

Table 9 . Suitability Ratings of Soils for Recreational Uses . Suitabilityis designated as G-Good, F-Fair, P-Poor and V-Very Poor . Thenature of the most severe limitations is indicated by subclass ;symbols defined in Table 6 and applied according to use andmanagement conditions specified in the appropriate guide table:(Tables 15 and 22-25, Appendix B) . The dominant limitation i:;indicated first after the rating . Note : The following rating:;and interpretations do not eliminate the need for on-siteevaluations by qualified professionals .

Map Symboland Phase Soil Name

PlayGround(22)

PicnicArea(23)

CampArea(24)

Path AndTrails(25)

Permanent Bldgs .Without Basements

(15)

AND Aneda Fs Fs Fs Fs FaAND /xx2x Aneda Fsp Fs Fsp Fs FaAND /xx3x Aneda Pp Fsp Pp Fsp FapAND /xx4x Aneda Pp Pp Pp Pp PpBYD Berry Island Pw Pw Pw Pw Pw

BYD /xxlx Berry Island Pw Pw Pw Pw PwBVR Beaverdam Pq Fw Fw Fw FwBVR /xx2x Beaverdam Pq Fwp Fw Fw FwpCRN Crane Vws Vsw Vws Vws VwaGHP Glenhope Fw Fw Fw Fw Fw

GRH Garrioch Fw Fw Fw Fws FwGUO Gunton Pq G Fm G GGUO /xx2x Gunton Pq Fp Fm G FpGUO /xx3x Gunton Pqp Pp Fmp Fp FpIWO Inwood Fsw Fws Fws Fws Faw

IWO /xxlk Inwood Fsw Fws Fws Fws FawIWO /xx2x Inwood Fsw Fws Fws Fws FawIWO /xx3x Inwood Pp Fpw Pp Fwp FwpLUR Lundar Fsw Fsw Fsw Fsw FawLUR /xx2x Lundar Fsw Fws Fws Fws Faw

LUR /xc2x Lundar Fst Fws Fwp Fws FawMEB Meleb Pw Pw Pw Pw PwMEBp Meleb Vws Vws Vws Vws VaMEB /xxlx Meleb Pw Pw Pw Pw PwMEB /xx2x Meleb Pw Pw Pw Pw Pw

MHC Marsh Complex Vw Vw Vw Vw VwPGE Partridge Creek Pws Pws Pws Pws PwaPGU Peguis Psw Pws Pws Ps PaPGU /xx2x Peguis Psw Pws Pws Ps PaPIY Piney Fsw Fws Fws Fws Fwa

PIY /xx2x Piney Fsw Fws Fws Fws FwaPLN Pelan Fs:: Fw Fw Fw FwPLN /xxlx Pelan Fsca Fw Fw Fw FwSDB Sand Beaches Pws Fw Pwi Ps FwSDBp Sand Beaches Vsw Vs Vws Vs Va

SDB /xcxx Sand Beaches Pws Fw Pw Ps FwSLN Selina Fsw Fws Fsw Fw FwSLN /xxlx Selina Fsw Fws Fsw Fw FwSLN /xx2x Selina Fwp Fws Fwp Fw FwSPG Sprague Pw Pw Pw Pws Pw

TABLE 9 . SUITABILITY RATINGS OF SOILS FOR RECREATIONAL USES

Map Symbol Play Picnic Camp Path And Permanent Bldgs .and Phase Soil Name Ground Area Area Trails Without Basements

(22) (23) (24) (25) (15)

SPGp Sprague Vsw Vws Vsw Vws VwSTW Stonewall Fd Fs Fs Fs FdSTW /xx3x Stonewall Pp Fp Pp Fp FpdSTW /xx4x Stonewall Pp Pp Pp Pp Fpd

IMW6 IW.(R1IPF~.tI~1111

Appendix A

CORRELATION OF SOILS IN THE FRASERWOOD, INWOOD, KOMARNO AND LAKEMANITOBA SHORELINE STUDY WITH SOILS OF THE (1961) FISHER-TEULON

REPORT AREA

The present soil study replacessmall portions of the (1961) Fisher-Teulon study . This resurvey benefitsfrom advantages derived through moreintensive examination of soils in thefield, use of a larger mapping scaleto permit delineation of numerousimportant local soils, use of modernaerial photographs and use ofimproved methods of studying soils inthe laboratory .

The scale of the detailed-recon-naissance map of the 1961 Fisher-Teu-lon study was 1 :100,000 or 5/8 of aninch to one mile . This scale was notadequate to permit delineation ofimportant local soils . Whereverindividual series or phases ofseries, occupied continuous areas ofsufficient size to be shown on themap they were mapped separately .However, in certain areas of theFisher-Teulon study soil series fre-quently formed complex landscape pat-terns and it was often impossible toshow each series separately on thesmall scale soil map . Where thisoccured, soil complexes of two ormore series formed the mapping units .

Mapping units were largely compoundtypes . They were identified anddescribed employing the soil series,the currently accepted basic unit: ofsoil classification .

The detailed resurvey area maps atthe scale of 1 :20,000 or 3 inchesequals approximately one mile differsconsiderably from the Fisher-Teulonsoil maps . The large scale and moreintensive examination of soils in thefield has permitted the delineationof more precisely defined simple andcompound mapping units whose compo-nents, soil series or phases of soilseries, have less variability interms of profile characteristics andrelated landscape features . In par-ticular, differences in the strai:ig-raphy of surface deposits, depth andtype of soil profile, degree of ero-sion, slope or relief, stoniness andsalinity were emphasized .

The correlation of the currentsoil series of the study area withthe former soil series and complexesof the Fisher-Teulon map is outlinedin Table 10 .

Table 10 . Correlation of Soils in the Study Area with Soils of the Detailed-Reconnaissance Soil Survey of the Fisher and Teulon Map Sheets (1961) .

ResurveyMap Soil SeriesSymbol and Subgroup

Fisher - TeulonSeries

(1961)Complex orAssociation

Remarks

AND Aneda Orthic Dark Garson Association, Parent material definition of the Garson Association and Stonewall Complex isOrthic Dark Gray Gray member Stonewall Complex the same as for Aneda .

BVR Beaverdam Cleyed Dark Polson Complex, The parent material definition is the same for Beaverdam as it is for theCleyed Dark Gray Gray member till substrate phase Gleyed Dark Gray member of the Polson Complex, till substrate phase .

BYD Berry Island Rego Humic Polson Complex, The Rego Humic Gleysol member of the Polson Complex, till substrate phase inRego Humic Gleysol Gleysol member till substrate phase shallow gravelly deposits .

CRN Crane Shallow peat, The Chatfield Complex includes areas of Shallow Peat and Peaty CleysolsTerric Mesisol Chatfield Complex underlain by calcareous till, water-worked till or thin lacustrine deposits

over water-worked till . The surface peat layer ranged up to 1 m . These soilsare similar to the present Crane series .

GHP Glenhope Plum Ridge, Lakeland Association Soil profile and parent material description in the same as the Plum Ridge,Gleyed Rego Black till substrate, till substrate phase .

Cleyed Rego Black

GRH Garrioch Gleyed Rego Polson Complex, Same as for Beaverdam, except the more common Gleyed Rego Black member .Cleyed Rego Black Black soil till substrate phase

GUO Gunton Orthic Dark Leary Complex, The parent material and soil profile description of the Leary till substrateOrthic Dark Gray Gray member till substrate phase in the Fisher-Teulon is similar to the Gunton series .

Iw0 Inwood Inwood Carson Association The series are the same .Gleyed Dark Gray

LUR Lundar Lundar Isafold Association Lundar series are equivalent in the Fisher-Teulon and resurvey .Gleyed Rego Black

MEB Meleb Meleb Garson Association Soil profile and parent material descriptions are unchanged .Rego Humic Gleysol

i

Table 10 . Con't

ResurveyMap Soil SeriesSymbol and Subgroup

Fisher - TeulonSeries

(1961)Complex orAssociation

Remarks

MHC Marsh Marsh Complex Soil profile and parent material definitions are unchanged .Rego Gleysol

PGE Partridge Creek Fyala, till Peguis-Arnes group Unchanged .Rego Humic Gleysol substrate

PGU Peguis Peguis, till Peguis-Arnes group The Peguis series in the present study is equivalent to the Peguis-till

Gleyed Dark Gray substrate substrate in the Fisher-Teulon .

Ply Piney Stonewall Complex, Equivalent to a Gleyed Gray Luvisol Developed on the Garson and StonewallGleyed Gray Luvisol Carson Association soils .

PLN Pelan Berlo, till Lakeland Association Similar to the Berlo, till substrate parent material but with a Gleyed

Gleyed Dark Gray substrate Dark Gray soil profile .

SDB Sand Beaches Sand Beaches Profile and material definitions are unchanged .

Orthic Regosol

SLN Selina, Berlo, till Lakeland Association Soil profile and parent material descriptions are the same for Selina and

Gleyed Dark Gray substrate, Gleyed Berlo, till substrate .Luvisol Dark Gray Luvisol

SPG Sprague Malonton, till Lakeland Association The Sprague series is equivalent to the Malonton, till substrate meadowRego Humic Gleysol substrate soil .

STW Stonewall Stonewall, rock Stonewall Complex, The soil profile and parent material definitions are unchanged .Orthic Dark Gray substrate phase, Garson Association

Orthic Dark Gray

N

i

Appendix B

GUIDES FOR EVALUATING SOIL SUITABILITY FOR SELECTED USES

Table 11 .Land Classification Standards for Irrigation Suitability .

Land Characteristics Subclass Class 1 - Very Good

SOILS STexture

very coarse textured v Fine sandy loama tovery fine textured h clay loama .

Water holding capacitylow available moisture capacity q 40 to 60 oat . X

>15cm storage 1n 1 .2m< lOcm/hr . hydrauliccond .

Geological Depositshallow deposit over sand or .9m or more of finegravel k sandy loam or

heavier

shallow deposit over >3m of permeableimpervious substrata b material

Salinity and A1kallnityl,2 a <4 me/cm in 0- .6m< 8 me/cm below .6m<6 S .A .R .

EXTERNAL FEATURESStones - rock clearing r None to light

clearingTopography T g <1% and 0.1% In

Slope general gradientexcess gradient (0-3X elope) .

DRAINAGE Drestricted outlet No problem

anticipated

_ate. table below 2 .4_ mostof year

+~ Criteria for gravity (flood) irrigation requirements .aa Estimated adjustments to slope criteria for overhead

or sprinkler type irrigation methods .

Class 2 - Good

Loamy fine sand tolight clay

35 to 65 eat . X> 12 .5cm storage in 1.2m< 12 .5cm/hr . hydrauliccond .

.6m or more of finesandy loam orheavier, or .75m plusof loamy fine sandor sandy loam

>2m of permeablematerial

<4 me/cm in 0- .6m<12 ma/cm below .6m<8 S .A.R .

Light to medium clearing

<3% in generalgradient(3-5X slope)

Moderate drainageproblem anticipatedbut may be improvedat relatively low cost

could be above 1.5m fora short period, thenrecedes to 2 .4m orlower

Class 3 - Fair

Sand to permeableclay

25 to 75 oat . X>7 .5cm storage in 1 .2m< 17 .5cm/hr . hydrauliccond .

.5m or more of sandyloam or heavier, or .6mplus of loamy sand

>lm of permeablematerial

< 8 ma/cm In 0- .6m<15 ma/cm below .60<12 S .A.R .

Light to heavy clearina

<5% in generalgradient(5-lOX slope)

Moderate to severedrainage problemanticipated but maybe improved by ex-pensive but feasiblemeasures

within 165m most

of year

Class 4 - Poor

Gravel toclay

<25 or >75 eat . X< 7 .5cm storage in 1 .2m>17.5cm/hr . hydrauliccond .

< .5m of sandy loamor heavier, or .6mof loamy sand orsand

<lm of permeablematerial

> 8 me/cm in 0- .6m>15 ®s/cm below .6m>12 S .A.R .

Excessively stony

>5% in general*gradient(>lOX slope)**

Drainage improve-ment not consideredfeasible

within is wetof year

1 If sufficient gypsum is present in the soil, the S .A.R . may be lowered by leaching thesoil (a very slow process), and the hydraulic conductivity may then improve .

` The degree of salinity may vary widely within short distances, and there may be no clearindication of the area occupied by each salinity class . Unless a very detailed mappingand sampling program !e carried out, it to Impossible to estimate the acreage occupiedby each salinity class .

Table i2 Guide for assessing soil suitability as source of topsoil .

The term "topsoil" includes soil materials used to cover barren surfaces exposed during construction, and materials used to improve

eoil conditions on lawns, gardens, flower beds, etc . The factors to be considered include not only the characteristics of the

eoil itself, but also the ease or difficulty of excavation, and where removal of topsoil is involved, accessibility to the site .

Symboll/ ItemsAffecting

Use Good - G

Degree of Soil

Fair - F

Suitability

Poor - P Very Poor - V

u Hoist Consistence?/ Very friable, Loose, firm Very firm Cementedfriable

i Flooding None May flood occasionally Frequent flooding Constantly floodedfor short periods

w Wetness?/ Wetness is not determining if better than very poorly drained . Very poorly drainedand permanently wetsoils

t Slope 0-5X 5-9X 9-15X >15Z

p Stoniness.?/ Stones 10 m apart Stones 2-10 m apart Stones 0.1-2 m apart Stones 0.1 m apart(Class 0 and 1) (Class 2) (Class 3 and 4) (Class 5)

c Coarse fragments?/ : <3X 3-15x .15-35x >35xpercent, by volume

s Texture?/ FSL, VFSL, L, SiL, CL, SCL, SiCL, SC if S, LS, C and SiC if Marl,SL, SC if l:l clay 2 :1 clay is dominant ; 2 :1 clay is dominant . diatomaceous earthis dominant c and sic if 1 :1 clay organic soils3/

is dominant -

b Depth of Topeoi]4/ >40 cm 15-40 cm 8-15 cm <8 cm

n Salinity of E.C. 0-1 E .C . 1-4 E.C . 4-8 E.C . >8TopsoilLS/

1/ The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitation .

?/ For an explanation of texture, consistence, stoniness, coarse fragments and soil drainage classes, see the Manual forDescribing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978) .

3/ Non-woody organic materials are assessed as good sources for topsoil if mixed with or incorporated into mineral soil .

4/ The remaining soil material (at least 8 cm) must be reclaimable after the uppermost soil is removed .

5/ E.C . - Electrical Conductivity (millisiemene/cm) .

Table 13 . Guide for assessing soil suitability as source of sand and gravel .

The purpose of this table is to provide guidance for assessing the probable supply as well as quality of the sand or gravelfor use as road baoe material and in concrete . The interpretation pertains mainly to the characteristics of the soilaubatratum to a depth of 150 cm, augmented by observations made in deep cuts as well as geological knowledge where available .

Symboll/ ItemoAffecting

Uoe

Degree of Soil Suitability

Good - G Fair - F Poor - P Very Poor - V

a Unified Soil SW SW-SM SMGroup SP SP-SM SW-SC All other groups

SP-SC and bedrockGW GP-GM GMGP GW-GH GP-GC

GW-GC

h Depth to Seasonal Not class determining if deeper than 50 cm 50 cmWater Table

q Depth to Sand <25 cm 25-75 cm?/ >75 cm?/and Gravel

p Stonineaa3/ Not class determining if stones >.5 m apart Stones 0 .1-0 .5 m apart Stones <0 .1 m apart(Class 0, 1, 2 and 3) (Class 4) (Class 5)

d Depth to Bedrock >100 cm 50-100 cm <50 cm

1~ The symbola are used to indicate the nature of the limitation .

?~ Rated good if it is known that the underlying gravel or sand deposit is thick (>100 cm) .

3~ For an explanation of stoniness and rockiness, see the Manual for Describing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil SurveyCommittee, 1978) .

Table l4 . Guide for assessing soil suitability as source of roadfill .

Fill material for buildings or roads are included in this use . The performance of the material when removed from its originallocation and placed under load at the building site or road bed are to be considered . Since surface materials are generallyremoved during road or building construction their properties are disregarded . Aside from this layer, the whole soil to adepth of 150-200 cm should be evaluated . Soil materials which are suitable for fill can be considered equally suited for roadsubgrade construction .

Symboll/ Items Degree of Soil SuitabilityAffecti g

~Use G d - G F i

a

_

Subgrade3/

a. AASHO Qroupindes~J

oo

0-4

a r - F

5-8

Poor - P

>8

Very Poor - V

b. Unified GW, GP SW, SP, CL (with P .I.6/ < 15) CL (with P .I .6/ of OL, OH and Ptsoil classes SM,

;C3/and SCS/ and ML lqr more) . CH and

1 Shrink-swell Low Moderate Highpotential

f Susceptibility Low Moderate Highto frost actions/

t Slops 0-15x 15-30x 30-452 >452p Stoniness9/ Stones >2 m apart Stones 0 .5-2 m apart Stones 0 .1-0.5 m apart Stones <0 .1 m apart

(Class 0, 1 and 2) (Class 3) (Class 4) (Class 5)r Rockinesa9/ Rock exposures Rock exposure 10-35 m Rock exposure 3.5-10 m Rock exposures < 3 .5 m

>35 m apart and apart and cover 10-25x apart and cover apart and covercover <lOx of of the surface 25-50x of the surface 50-90x of the surfacethe surface

9/w Wetnese Excessively drained Imperfectly drained Poorly drained Very poorly drainedto moderately . or permanently wet soilswell drained

d Depth to >100 cm 50-100 cm 20-50 cm <20 cmBedrock

h Depth to Seasonal >150 cm 75-150 cm 50-75 cm <50 cmWater Table

2lThe symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitation .The first three items pertain to soil after it is placed in a fill ; the last six items pertain to soil in its naturalcondition before excavation for road fill .

This item estimates the strength of the soil material, that is, its ability toUse AASHO group index only where laboratory data are available for the kind of

Downgrade suitability rating to fair if content of fines is more than about 30

P .I . means plasticity index .

withstand applied loads .

soil being rated ; otherwise, use Unified soil groups .

percent .

Upgrade suitability rating to fair if MH is largely kaolinitic, friable, and free of mica .Use this item only where frost penetrates below the paved or hardened surface layer and where moisture transportable bycapillary movement is sufficient to fore ice lenses at the freezing front .

9/For an explanation of stoniness, rockiness and soil drainage classes, see the Manual for Describing Soils in the Field(Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978) .

Table15 - Guide for assessing soil suitability for permanent buildinEr1-/ .

This guide applies to undisturbed soils to be evaluated for single-family dwellings and other structures with similar fomadation

requirements . The emphasis for rating soils for buildings is an foundation requirements ; but soil slope . ouscaptibility toflooding and other hydrologic conditions, such as wetness . that have effects beyond those related exclusively to foundations

are considered too . Also considered are soil properties, particularly depth to bedrock, which influence excavation and

construction coats for the building itself and for the installation of utility lines . Excluded are limitations for soileoraeivity, landscaping and septic tank absorption fields .

syabol?/ Its=Affecting

Use Good - G

Degree of Soil

Taii - !

Suitabili[y3/

Poor - P Very Poor - i

r Wetnaasy With Basements : With Basements : With Basements : With Basements :

Very rapidly, Moderately well Imperfectly, poorly, Permanently vat soils .

rapidly and well drained. and vary poorly drained . Without Basements .drained. Without Basements : Without Basements : Permanently vet soils .

Without Basements : Imperfectly drained. Poorly and very poorlyVery rapidly, drained .rapidly, well andmoderately welldrained .

h Depth to Seasonal With Basements: With Basements : With Basements : W ith Basements :

Water Table >150 ca 75-150 ® 25-75 cm ":25 cfWithout Basements : Without Basements : Wi thout Basements : Without Basements :

>75 em 50-75 ca 25-50 em ":25 cm

i Flooding None None Occasional flooding Rrequent flooding(once in 5 years) "every year)

t Slopes/ 0-9I 9-15x 15-30x :"30Z

d b/S ba gra aua. AASHO roup

~;0-4 5-8 >g

indes

b . Unified soil GW, GP, SW, SP, CL (with P.I .B/ <15) CL (vith'P .I-e/ of 15 OH, OL and Ptclasses SK and GC and and M. or more), CH and MH

SC

f Potential Frost Low (T1, T2) Moderate (!3) High (t%)Acti /oti

P S tonines`/ Stones >10 m apart Stones 2-10 m apart Stones 0.1-2 m apart 3tono <0 .} m apart(Class 0 to 1) (Class Z10/) (Class L/ to 4) (Class 51/)

r Rockinase4/-11/ Rock exposures Rock exposures 30-100 a Rock exposures <30 a lock exposures too>100 m apart and apart and cover 2-lOx apart and cover >102 frequent to allowcover <22 of of the surface of the surface location of pezmeaent

the surface buildings

d Depth cc With Basements : With Basements : With Basements : With Basements :

Bedrockll/ >150 cm 100-150 ca 50-100 cm <50 m

Without Basements : Without Basements : Withaut Basements :

>100 cm 50-100 ca <50 CR

1/ By halving the slope limits . this table can be used for evaluating eoil suitability for buildings with large floor are" .

but with foundation requirements not exceeding those of ordinary three-storey dwellings .

The sysbols are used to indicate the nature of the Limitation .

3/ Some soils asaeesed as fair or poor oay bepreparation and/or maintenance .

4/For an explanation of rockiness, staninese(Canada Soil Survey Coem,ittee, 1978) .

good sites from m aesthetic or use standpoint . but they will require more site

and soil drainage classes, me* the Manual for Describing Soils in the Field,

s/ Reduce the slope limits by me half for those

This itaa estimates the strength of theIndex values from laboratory costs were

soils subject to hillside slippage .

soil,used ;

that in . its ability to withstand applied loads . When available, AASNO Group

otherwise the estimated Unified classes were used .

Group index values were estimated from information published by the Portland Cement Association (PCA, 1962), pp . 23-25 .

p.I . =one plasticity indaz.

lroat heave only applies where frost penetrates to the assumed depth of the footings and the soil is moisc .

frost action classes are taken from the United States Army Corps of Engineers (1962), pp . 5-8 .The potential

10/ Rate one class better for buildings without besesencs .IV

Rate one class better if the bedrock is soft enough so that it can be dug with light power equipment such as backhoes .

lailel ( . Guide for assessing soil suitability for local roads and streets-11 .

111s guide applies to soils to be evaluated for construction and maintenance of local roads and streets . These are improved roads

and streets havinX some kind of all-weather surfacing, commonly asphalt or concrete, and are expected to carry automobile traffic

all year . They consist of : (1) the underlying local soil material (either cut or fill) called the subRrade ; (2) the base

material of gravel, crushed rock, or lime or sail eernt stabilized soil called the subbase ; and (3) the actual road surface

or pavement . either flexible or rigid . They also are graded to shad water and have ordinary provisions for drainage . Withthe probable exception of the hardened surface layer, the roads and streets are built mainly from the soil at hand, and cuts

and fills are liaited, usually less than 2 meters . Excluded frost consideration in this guide are highways designed for fast-

moving, heavy trucks .

Properties that affect design and construction of roads and streets are : (1) those that affect the load supporting capacity and

stability of the subgrade, and (2) those that affect the workability and mount of cut and fill . The AASHO and UnifiedClassification give an indication of the traffic supporting capacity . Wetness and flooding affect stability . Slope, depth of

hardrock, stoniness, rockiness, and wetness affect the ease of excavation and the amount of cut and fill to reach an even grade .

Syuiol?/ ItemsAffecting

Use Good - G

Degree of Soil

Fair - F

Suitability

Poor - P Very Poor - 7

r Wetaess3/ Very rapidly, Imperfectly drained Poorly and very Permanently Wet sailsrapidly, well poorly drainedand moderatelywall drained

i Flooding None Infrequent Occasional Frequent(once in 5 years) (once in 2-4 years) (every year)

t Slope 0-9I 9-152 15-302 >30Z

d Depth tbedrockY/

>L00 cm 50-100 cm <50 cm

a Subgrades/

a. AASHO ~roup 0-4 5-8 >8 .indeL,

. Unified soil GW, GP SW, SP, CL (with P.I .B/ < 15) CI. (with P .I .B/ of 15 09, OL and Ptclasses SM . GC;/ and SC7/ and ML or more), CH and NH

f Susceptibility to Low (F1, P2) Moderate (P3) High (P4)Frost Heave-9/

p Stonines,_3/ Stones > 2 m apart Stones 0 .5-2 m apart Stones 0 .1-0 .5 m apart Stones <0.1 m apart(Class 0 to 2) (Class 3) (Class b) (Class 5)

r lockinesj/ lock exposures Rock exposures 30-100 m Rock exposures <30 m Rock exposures coo>100 m apart and apart and cover 2-lOZ apart and cover >lOZ frequent to permitcover <2S of the of the surface of the surface location of roads andsurface screets

These guidelines, with som adjustment of slope and rockiness limits, will also be useful for assessing soils for we asparking lots .

2/

3/Symbol* are used to indicate the nature of the limitation .

for an ea9lanacion of stoniness, rockiness and soil drainage classes, see the Canada Soil Information System (Canada SoilSurvey Committee . 1978) .

b/Rate one class better if the bedrock is soft enough so that it can be dug with light power equipment and isrippable by machinery .

This itam estimates the strength of soil materials as ic applies to roadbeds . When available, AASHO Group Index valueslaboratory tests were used ; otherwise . the estimated Unified classes were used . The limitations were estimatedassuming that the roads would be surfaced . On unsurfaced roads, rapidly drained, very sandy, poorly graded soilsmay cause washboard or rough roads .

_6/

7/Group index values more estimated from information published by the Portland Cement Association (PG, 1962) pp . 23-25 .

Downgrade to moderate if content of fines (less than 200 rah) is greater than about 30 percent .

P .I . =one plasticity index .

from

Frost heave is important vhers frost penetrates below the paved or hardened surface layer and moisture transportableby capillary movement is sufficient to form ice lenses at the freezing point . The susceptibility classes are taken fromthe United States Army Corps of Engineers (1962) pp . 5-8 .

-59-

Table 17 . Guide for assessing coil suitability for trench-type oanitary landfillsI/ .

The tranch-typo eanitary landfill to a oanitary landfill, in which dry garbage and trash is buried daily in an open trench and coveredwith a layer of soil material . Suitability of the site to dependent upon the potential for pollution of water sources through groundwatercontact with the refuse, or loachate arising from the site . Those properties affecting ease of excavation of the site must be supplementedwith geological and hydrological knowledge to provide subsurface soil and groundwater data to a depth of at least 3 to 4 .5 m, a commondepth of landfillo .

0

Symbol?/ Itono Degree of Soil SuitabilityAffactia0

Use Good - G3/ Fair - F Poor - P Very Poor - V

h Depth to Not clone determining if move than 180 co 100-180 cm <100 cmSeaaonal HighWater Table

n Wotnooa4/ Not close determining if better than imperfectly Imperfectly drained Poorly and very poorlydrained drained or permanently

wet soila

1 Flooding None Rare Occazional Frequent

k Poraaabilitys/ <5 cm/hr <5 cm/hr 5-15 ca/hr >15 co/hr

t Slope 0-151 15-302 30-45x >451

o Soil Texture-4-/-A/ SL, L, SiL, SCL SiCL7/, CL, SC, LS sic, C Muck. peat, gravel, sand(dominant to a ,depth of 150 cm)

d Depth to Hard >150 co >150 cm 100-150 cm <100 cmBedrock Rippable >150 co 100-150 cm 100-150 cm <100 co

p Stonineao4/ Stones >10 o apart Stones 2-10 m apart Stones 0.1-2 m apart Stonao <0 .1 o apart(Close 0 and 1) (Class 2) (Class 3 and 4) (Clan* 5)

r Nature of Bedrock Icporc*ablo Highly permeable . fractured,easily soluble

1/ Dozed on coil depth (120 cc) cocnonly investigated in making soil surveys .

?/ The symbols are wed to indicate the nature of the limitation .3!- If probability to high that the coil material to a depth of 3 to 4 .5 m will not alter a rating of good or fair, indicate thin

by an appropriate footnote, ouch an "Probably Qood to a depth of 3 .5 m", or "Probably fair to a depth of 3.5 ©" .4/ For an explanation of stonineao, texture and soil drainage classoa, see the Manual for Describing Soils in the Field (Canada

Soil Survey Committee, 197G) .S/ s_i1__ .._ ta~aa_. t alJ t 1~ .. ..6~~~ i- ..~ aS.- 1- .. .ic " 11 .. . il- ..a

liwit~tiv~ a d °d ~~ .°.ri~ areas .POaa~LaB aYtaabj of O~aa t~ ai~torY aYVf~10~~t ~a ac~~~~oaa from sus oasuaaaao, may not rcaas..a ~ . art ~w. - .. .

6/ Reflacto case of digging and moving (workability) and trafficability in the immediate area of the trench where there may not besurfaced roado .

7/ Soila high in expensive claya may need to be given a suitability sating of poor .

Table 18 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for area-type sanitary landfills .

In the area-type sanitary landfill refuse is placed on the surface of the soil in successive layers . The daily and final covermaterial generally must be imported . A final cover of soil material at least 60 cm thick is placed over the fill when it is completed .The soil under the proposed site should be investigated so as to determine the probability that leachates from the landfill canpenetrate the soil and thereby pollute water supplies .

Symbol-!/ ItemsAffecting

Use

Degree of Soil

Good - G Fair - F

Suitability .

Poor - P-

Very Poor - V

h Depth to Sea onal > 150 cm 150-100 cm 50-100 cm <50 cm~Water Table? '

w Wetness?/93/ Rapid to moderately imperfectly drained Poorly drained Very poorly drainedwell drained or permanently wet soils

i Flooding None Rare Occasional Frequentk Permeability4/,5/ Not class determining if less than 5 cm/hr 5-15 cm/hr >15 cm/hrt Slope 0-9X 9-15X 15-30X >30X

The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitation .

Reflects influence of wetness on operation of equipment .

For an explanation of drainage, see the Manual for Describing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1918) .Reflects ability of the soil to retard movement of leachate from landfills ; may not reflect a limitation in arid and semiarid areas .Due to possible groundwater contamination, impermeable bedrock is considered poor and permeable bedrock is rated very poorfor area-type sanitary landfills .

Table 19 . Guide for assessing soil suitab ility as cover-material -for-area=type sanitary landfills .

The term cover material includes soil materials used to put a daily and final covering layer on refuse in area-type sanit~'rylandfills . This cover material may be derived from the area of the landfill or may be brought in from surrounding areas .

Symboli/ ItemsAffecting

Uae- --

Good - G

Degree of Soil----------

Fair - F

Suitability-------------

Poor - P Very Poor - V

u Hoist Consistence- Very friable, Loose, firm Very firm Cementedfriable

s Texture?/ "3/ SL, L, SiL, SCL SiCL, CL, SC, LS sic, C Muck, peat, sand,gravel

d Depth to bedrock4/ >150 cm 100-150 cm 50-100 cm <50 cm

c Coarse fragmentsY <15% 15-35% >35X

p Stoninoso~2/ Stones >10 m apart Stones 2-10 m apart Stones 0.1-2 m apart Stones < 0 .1 m apart(Class 0 and 1) (Class 2) (Class 3 and 4) (Class 5)

t Slope <9% 9-15% 15-30% >30%

w Wetness?/ Not class determining if better than poorly Poorly drained Very poorly draineddrained or permanently wet

soils

y The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitation .

?~ For an explanation of consistence, texture, coarse fragments, stoniness and soil drainage classes, see the Manual forDescribing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978) .

3~ Soils having a high proportion of non-expansive clays may be given a suitability rating one class better than is shownfor them in this table .

A/ Thickness of material excluding topsoil, which will be stockpiled (see guide for topsoil) .

Table 20 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for reservoirs and sewage lagoons .

Factors affecting the ability of undisturbed soils to impound water or sewage and prevent seepage are considered for evaluatingsoils on their suitability for reservoir and lagoon areas . This evaluation considers soil both as a vessel for the impoundedarea and as material for the enclosing embankment . As the impounded liquids could be potential sources of contaminationof nearby water supplies, e .g . sewage lagoons, the landscape position of the reservoir as it affects risk of flooding must alsobe considered.

Symboll/ ItemsAffecting

Use Good - G

Degree

Fair - F

of Soil Suitability

Poor - P-

Very Poor - V

h Depth o Water >150 cm 100-150 cm 50-100 cm <50 cmTable-21

i Flooding-3/ None None Subject to infrequent Subject to frequent highflooding (once in 50 level floodingyears)

k Soil Permeability 0-0 .5 cm/hr 0.5-5 cm/hr 5-15 cm/hr >15 cm/hr

t Slope 0-2X 2-5X 5-9X >9X

o Organic Matter <2x 2-lOX 10-30Z >30X

c Coarse Fragments4/ <20x 20-35X >35X<25 cm in diameter,Z by volume

p Stoniness,4/, >25 cm < 3% 3-15X 15-50X >50Zdiameter, percent (Class 0, 1 and 2) (Class 3) (Class 4) (Class 5)of surface area

d Depth to Bedrock5/ >150 cm 100-150 cm 50-100 cm <50 cm

j Thickness of >100 cm 50-100 cm 50-25 cm <25 cmSlowly PermeableLayer

a SubgradeUnified Soil GC, SC, CL, b CH GM, ML, SM S MH SW 6 SP OL, OH b PtClasses GP, G41

1/ The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitation .

?/ If the floor of the lagoon has nearly impermeable material at least 50 cm thick, disregard depth to water table .

3/ Disregard flooding if it is not likely to enter or damage the lagoon (flood waters have low velocity and depth less than 150 cm) .

4/ For an explanation of coarse fragments and stoniness classes, see the Manual for Describing Soils in the Field (Canada SoilSurvey Committee, 1978) .

5/ SurfaSe .exposures of non rippable rock are rated very poor . If underlying bedrock is impermeable, rating should be oneclass better .

Table 21 . Guide for assessing coil suitability for septic tank absorption fields .

This guide applies to soils to be used an an absorption and filtering medium for effluent from septic tank systems . Asubsurface tile system laid in such a way that effluent from the septic tank is distributed reasonably uniformly into thenatural soil is assumed when applying this guide . A rating of poor need not mean that a septic system should not beinstalled in the given coil, but rather, may suggest the difficulty, in terms of installation and maintenance, which canbe expected .

Symboli/ ItemsAffecting

Use Good - G

Degree of Soil

Fair - F

Suitability

Poor - P Very Poor - V

k Permeability?/ Rapid to moder- Moderate Slow Very slowately rapid

Percolation Aate3/ About 8-18 min/cm3/ 18-24 min/cm Slower than 24 min/cm(Auger holemethod)

h Depth to Se$~onal >150 cm_/ 100-150 em 50-100 cm <50 cmWater Table_

i Flooding Not subject to Not subject to flooding Subject to occasional Floods every yearflooding flooding (once in

5 years)

t Slope 0-9x 9-15Z .15-30X >30X

d Depth to Hard >150 cm 100-150 cm6/ 50-100 cm <50 cmRock, bedrock orother imperviousmaterials

3/

The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitation .

The suitability ratings should be related to the permeability of soil layers at and below depth of the tile line .

Soils having a percolation rate less than about 8 min/cm are likely to present a pollution hazard to adjacentwaters . This hazard must be noted, but the degree of hazard must, in each case, be assessed by examining theproximity of the proposed installation to water bodies, water table, and related features . The symbol g is used toindicate this condition . Refer to U.S . Dept . of Health, Education and Welfare (1969) for details o this proce ure .

Seasonal means for more than one month . Lt may, with caution, be possible to make some adjustment for theseverity of a water table limitation in those cases where seasonal use of the facility does not coincide withperiod of high water table .

5/

6/

the

A seasonal water table should be at least 100 cm below the bottom of the trench at all times for soilsrated Good (U .S . Dept . of Health . Education and Welfare, 1969) . The depths used to water table are basedon an assumed tile depth of 50 cm . Where relief permits, the effective depth above a water table or rock can beincreased by adding appropriate amounts of fill .

Where the slope is greater than 9%, a depth to bedrock of 100-150 cm is assessed as poor .

Table22 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for playgrounds .

This guide applies to soils to be used intensively for playgrounds for baseball, football, badminton, and for other similarorganized games . These areas are subject to intensive foot traffic . A nearly level surface, good drainage, and a soiltexture and consistence that gives a firm surface generally are required . The most desirable soils are free of rock outcropsand coarse fragments .

Soil suitability for growing and maintaining vegetation is not a part of this guide, except as influenced by moisture, butis an important item to consider in the final evaluation of site .

symbol-!, ItemsAffecting

Use'

Good - G

w Wetness?/ Rapidly, well andmoderately welldrained soils withno ponding orseepage . Watertable below 75 cmduring seasonof use .

i Flooding None during seasonof use . '

k Permeability Very rapid tomoderate .

t Slope 0-25

d Depth to >100 cmBedrock

c Coarse fragments Relatively free ofon surface--/' coarse fragments .

p Stoniness?/ Stones >10 m apart .(Class 0 to 1)

r Rockiness-2/ Rock exposures>100 m apart andcover <2x of thesurface .

s Surface Soil SL, FSL, VFSL, LTexture?/+-4/

q Depth to Sand >100 cmor GraveL/

m Useful Moieture_7/ Water sto aRe~capacity! > 15 .0

cm and/or adequaterainfall and/orlow evapotrans-piration .

Degree of Soil Suitability--

Fair - F Poor - P Very Poor - V

Moderately well Imperfectly draineddrained soils subject soils subject toto occasional seepage seepage or ponding,or ponding of short and poorly drainedduration and imperfectly soils . water tabledrained soils . Water above 50 cm duringtable below 50 cm season of use .during season of use .

Occasional flooding . Floods every yearMay flood once every during season of2-3 years during use.season of use .Moderately slow Very slow .and slow .

2-5Z 5-9x50-100 cm3/ <50 cm3/

<20R coarse fragments . >20X coarse fragmen

Stones 2-10 m apart . Stones 0 .1-2 m apar(Class 2) (Class 3, 4)

Very poorly drained andpermanently wet soils .

Prolonged floodingduring season of use .

>9Z

ts .

t . Stones <0.1 m apart .(Class 5)

Rock exposures 30-100 m Rock exposures <30 m Rock outcrops tooapart and cover about apart and cover >IOX frequent to permit2-lOX of the surface . of the surface . playground location .

SiL, CL, SCL, SiCL, LS SC, SiC, GS/ ; S, Si Peaty soils ; S and LSsubject to blowing .

50-100 cm

Water storage capacity8/7 .5-15 cm and/or moderaterainfall and/or moderateevapotranspiration .

1/ The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitation .

?/ See also definitions for coarse fragments, rockiness, stoniness, textural :ndSoils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978) .Coarse fragments for the purpose of this table include Rravels and cobbles .

3/ Downgrade to a very poor suitability rating if the slope is greater than 52 .

<50 cm

Water storage capacity!/<7 .5 cm and/or lowrainfall and/or highevapotranspiration .

soil drainage classes in the Manual for Describing

Surface soil texture influences soil ratings as it affects foot trafficability, surface wetness, dust, andAdverse soil textures may be partially or completely overcome with the addition of topsoil .

5/ Moderately well and well drained SC, SiC and C soils may be rated fair .

6/ Depth to sand or gravel is considered a limitation in that levelling operations may expose sand orbringing about adverse surface textures and undesirable amounts of coarse fragments . The additionafter the levelling process would overcome this limitation .

maintenance .

gravel, therebyof topsoil

This item attempts to evaluate the adequacy of moisture for vegetative growth . It incorporates the concept of supplythrouqh rainfall, loss through evapotranspiration, and storage within the rooting zone . In soils where the water tableis within rooting depth for a significant portion of the year, water storage capacity may not significantly influencevegetation growth .

Consult glossary for definitions o_` terms used .

lable23 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for picnic areas .

This guide applies to soils considered for intensive use u park-type picnic areas . It is assumed that most vehicular trafficwill be confined to the access roads . Soil suitability for growing and maintaining vegetation is not a part of this guide, exceptas influenced by moisture, but is an important item to consider in the final evaluation of site .

Sysboll/ ItemsLffectini

Use Good - G

0 Wetness?/ Very rapidly,rapidly, welland moderatelywell drained soilsnot subject toseepage or ponding .Water table below50 cm duringseason of use .

i Flooding None duringseason of use .

t Slope 0-9X

s Surface Soil SL, FSL, VlSL, LTexture?/ .3/

c Coarse Pragments 0-205on Surfac~2/

P Stoniness?/ Stones > 2 m apart(Class 0 to 2)

r Rockinessi/,5/,6/ Rock exposuresroughly 30-100or more m apartand cover <101of the surface .

0 Useful Moistur,7/ Water storaaecapacity!/ , 15 cmand/or adequaterainfall and/orlow evapotrans-piration .

Degree of Soil Suitability

Pair - r Poor - P Very Poor - V

Moderately well drainedsoils subject to occasionalseepage or ponding andimperfectly drained soilsnot subject to ponding orseepage . Water Tableabove 50 cm for shortperiods during seasonof use .

Hay flood 1 or 2 timesper year for shortperiods during seasonof use .

9-15x

SLL, CL, SCL, SiCL, LS,and sand other thanloose sand .

20-50z

Stones 1-2 m apart(Class 3)

Rock exposures roughly10-30 m apart andcover 10-25x ofthe surface .

Water storage capacicy8/7 .5-15 cm and/or moderaterainfall and/or moderateevapocranspiration .

The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitation .

Imperfectly drainedsoils subject toseepage or ponding .Poorly drained soils .Water table above50 ca and often nearsurface for a monthor more duringseason of use .

Floods more than 2times during seasonof use .

15-305

SC, sic, C4/ ; Si

Very poorly drained andpermanently wet soilu .

Prolonged floodingduring, season of use .

>30SPeaty soils ; loose sandsubject to blowing .

>50X

Scones 0 .1-1 m apart(Class 4)

Rock exposures <10 mapart and cover >25xof the surface .

Stones <0.1 e apart(Class S)

Rock exposures toofrequent to permitlocation of picnic areas .

Water storage capacity9/<7.5 cm and/or lowrainfall and/or highevapotranapiration .

See also definitiona for coarse fragments, rockiness, stoniness, textural and soil drainage classes in the Manual for DescribingSoils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978) . Coarse fragments for the purpose of this table . include gravels and cobbles .

Some gravelly soils may be rated as having a slight limitation if the content of gravel exceeds 202 by only n small margin providing

(a) the gravel is embedded in the soil matrix, or (b) the fragments are less than 2 cm in size .

e1

Surface soil texture influences soil ratings as it affects foot trafficability, dust and soil per -usability .

Hoderataly well and well drained SC, Sic and C soils may be rated fair .

Very shallow soils are rated as having severe or very severe limitations for stoniness or rockiness .

The nature and topography of the bedrock exposures may significantly alter these ratings . As such, on-site

invesciRations will be necessary in sap units containing bedrock when these are considered as possible sites .

7/This ices attempts to evaluate the adequacy of moisture for vegetative growth . It incorporates the concept of supply

through rainfall, loss through evepotranspiracion, and scorage within the rooting zone . In soils where the water table is

within rooting depth for a significant portion of the year, water storage capacity may not significantly influence

vegetation growth .8/ Consult glossary for definitions of terms used .

Table24 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for camp areas .

This guide applies to soil* to be used Intensively for tents and camp trailers and the accompanying activities of outdoorliving . It is assumed that little site preparation will be done other than shaping and levelling for campsites and parkingareas . The soil should be suitable for heavy foot traffic by humans and limited vehicular traffic. Soil suitability forgrowing and maintaining vegetation is not a part of this guide, but is an important item to consider in the final evaluationof site .

Back country campsites differ in design, setting and management but require similar soil attributes . These guide* shouldapply to evaluations for back country campsites but depending on the nature of the facility the interpreter may wish to adjustthe criteria defining a given degree of limitation to reflect the changed requirement . For example, small tentaites may allowrock exposures greater than 10 m apart to be considered a alight limitation .

Symbo11/ ItemsAffecting

Use Good - G

Degree of Soil

Fair - F

?/w Wetness Very rapidly, Moderately well drainedrapidly, well and soils subject tomoderately well occasional seepage ordrained soils ponding and imperfectlywith no seepage drained soils with noor ponding . Water seepage or ponding .table below Water table below75 cm during 50 cm during seasonseason of use . of use .

i Flooding None Very occasional floodingduring season of use .Once in 5-10 years .

k Permeability Very rapid to Moderately slowmoderate inclusive . and slow .

t Slope 0-9X 9-15xs Surface Soi

)/SL, FSL, VFSL, L S1L, SCL, CL, SiCL, LS,

,3Texture? and sand other thanloose sand .

c Coarse Fragments 0-20x 20-50Xon Surface-=/,5/

p Stonineas?/ .6/ Stones >10 m apart Stones 2-10 m apart(Class 0 and 1) (Class 2)

r Rockineas?/,6/ No rock exposures Rock exposures > 10 mapart and cover <25Xof the area .

1/ The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitation .

Suitability

Poor - P

Imperfectly drainedsoils subject toseepage or pondingand poorly drainedsoils . Water tableabove 50 cm duringseason of use .

Very Poor - V

Very poorly drainedand permanently wet soils .

Occasional floodingduring season of use.Once in 2-4 years.

Flooding during everyseason of use.

Very slow .

15-30x >30X

SC, SIC, C4/; Si Peaty soils ; loose sandsubject to blowing.

>50Z

Stones 0.1-2 m apart Stones < 0 .1 m apart(Class 3 and 4) (Class 5)

.

Rock exposures < 10 m Rock exposures tooapart and cover >25X frequent to permitof the area . campground location

?/ See also definitiona for coarse fragments, rockiness, stoniness, textural and soil drainage classes in the Manual forDescribing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978) .

3/ Surface soil texture influences soil ratings as it affects foot trafficability, dust, and soil permeability .4/ Moderately wall and well drained SC . SIC and C soils may be rated fair .5/ Coarse fragments for the purpose of this table include gravels and cobbles . Some gravelly soils may be rated as having slight

limitations if the content of gravel exceeds 201 by only a small margin, providing (a) the gravel is embedded in the soil matrix, or(b) the fragments are leas than 2 cm in size .

6/ Very shallow soils are rated as having a limitation for rockiness and/or stoniness .

Table25. Guide for "messing soil suitability for paths and trails .

It is assumed that the trails will be built at least 45 cm wide and that obstructions such as cobbles and stones will be removedduring construction . It is also assumed that a dry, stable tread In desirable and that muddy, dusty.' worn or eroded trail treadsare undealrable . Hiking and riding trails are not treated separately, but ss the design requirements for riding trails are moreatringent, a given limitation will be more difficult to overcome . Poor or very poor suitability does not indicate that a trailcannot or should not be built. It does, however, suggest higher design requirements and maintenance to overcome the limitations.

Symbol-!/ Itesu?/ Degree of Soil Suitability

Use Good - G lair - 1 Poor - P Very Poor - VAffecting

s Taxturs3/.4/ SL, ISL, VlSL, LS, SiL, CL, S1CL, SCL SC, Sic. GS/ ; Sand, Peaty soils ; loose sandL S1 subject to blowing

coersa ;3at9ent o-20: 20-50: >50zContent_

0 Stoniness4/ Stones >2 s apart(Class 0 to 2)

w Wstnsas4/ Very rapidly,rapidly wall, andmoderately welldrained soila .Water table below50 cm duringseason of use .

r Rocklnesa4/~~/ Rock exposures>30 m apart andcover - 102 of thesurface .

t SlopeB/ 0-15X

1 Flooding Not subject toflooding duringseason of use .

Stones 1-2 m apart Stones 0.1-1 m apart Stones <0.1(Class 3) (Class 4) (Class 5)

n apart

Moderately well drained Poorly and very poorly Permanently wet soils .soils subject to drained soils. Wateroccasional seepage and table above 50 cm andponding and imperfectly often near surface fordrained soils . Water a month or more duringtable may be above season of use.50 cm for short periodsduring season of use .

Rock exposures 10-30 m Rock exposures <10 mapart and cover 10-25X apart and cover >25xof the surface . of the surface .

Rock exposures toofrequent to permitlocation of paths and trails .

15-30X 30-602 >60x

floods 1 or 2 times Floods more than 2during season of use . times during season

of use .

1/ The symbols are used to Indicate the nature of the limitation .

Subject to prolongedflooding duringseason of use.

?/ The items affecting use listed in this table are those which have been shown to cause significant differencesin trail response . Elevation, aspect, position on slope, and snow avalanching may have alight affects or influencetrail management and should be considered in the final site evaluation . Items such as vegetation, fauna, andscenic value are not considered in the guidelines (Epp, 1977) .

3/ Texture refers to the soil texture which will form the tread texture . This !a the surface texture on level areasbut may be a subsurface texture on slopes . Textural classes are based on the less than 2 mm soil traction . TextureInfluences soil ratings as 1t influences foot trafficabllity, dust, design or maintenance of trails, and erosion hazards .

4/ See also definitions for coarse fragments, rockiness, stoniness, textural and soil drainage classes 1n the Manual forDescribing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978) .

Moderately well and well drained SC . SIC and C soils may be rated fair .

Coarse fragments for the purpose of this table, include gravels and cobbles . Gravels tend to cause unstable footing when

present 1n high amounts, and are also associated with increased erosion . Cobbles (and stones) must be removed from thetrail tread, Increasing construction and maintenance difficulties . Some gravelly soils may be rated as having a alightlimitation if the content of gravel exceeds 202 by only a small margin providing (a) the gravel la embedded in the soilmatrix or (b) the fragments are less then 2 cm in size .

7/The type of rock outcrop (flat lying vs cliffs), and the orientation of the structure (linear cliffs vs massive blocks) cangreatly alter the degree of the limitation . Each site with a Rockiness limitation based on the percent rock outcrop above

should be evaluated on its own merits and the degree of limitation should then be modified appropriately if necessary .

e/ Slope in this context refers to the slope of the ground surface, not the slope of the tread .

Appendix C

GLOSSARY

AASHO classification (soil engineer-ing) - The official classifica-tion of soil materials and soilaggregate mixtures for highwayconstruction used by the AmericanAssociation of State HighwayOfficials .

Acid soil - A soil having a pH lessthan 7 . See pH and Reaction,soil .

soil that can be readily absorbedand assimilated by growingplants .

Available soil moisture - The portionof water in a soil that can bereadily absorbed by plant roots :generally considered to be thatwater held in the soil up toapproximately 15 atmospherespressure .

Alkaline soil - A soil having a pHgreater than 7 . See Reaction,soil .

Alluvium - A general term for alldeposits of rivers and streams .

Arable soil - Soil suitable for plow-ing and cultivation .

Association - A sequence of soils ofabout the same age, derived fromsimilar parent material, andoccuring under similar climaticconditions but showing differentcharacteristics due to variationsin relief and in drainage .

1 /3 Atmosphere Moisture - The mois-ture percentage on dry weightbasis of a soil sample that hasbeen air dried, screened, satu-rated and subjected to a soilmoisture tension of 345 cm ofwater through a permeable mem-brane for a period of 48 hours .It approximates the soil moistureretention capacity .

Available nutrient - That portion ofany element or compound in the

Bearing capacity - Capacity of soil(in moist to wet conditions) tosupport loads such as buildings,people, vehicles, and animals .

Bedrock - The solid rock that under-lies soil and regolith or that isexposed at the surface .

Boulders - Stones which are largerthan 60 cm in diameter .

Bulk density - The weight of oven drysoil (105 degrees C) divided byits volume at field moisture con-ditions, expressed in grams percubic centimeter .

Buried soil - Soil covered by analluvial, loessial, or otherdeposit, usually to a depthgreater than the thickness of thesolum .

Calcareous soil - Soil containingsufficient calcium carbonate(often with magnesium carbonate)to effervesce visibly when treat-ed with hydrochloric acid .

-69-

Calcium Carbonate Equivalent - Refersto the percent of carbonates inthe soil expressed on the basisof calcium carbonate . Terms usedto express the carbonate contentsof soils are :

noncalcareous . . . . . . .<10weakly calcareous . . . . 1-5amoderately calcareous . .6-150strongly calcareous . . 16-250v . strongly calcareous . 26-400extremely calcareous . . . >40%

Capillary fringe - A zone of essen-tially saturated soil just abovethe water table . The size dis-tribution of the pores determinesthe extent and degree of thecapillary fringe .

Carbon -nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) -The ratio of the weight of organ-ic carbon to the weight of totalnitrogen in a soil or in anorganic material .

Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) - Ameasure of the total amount ofexchangeable cations that can beheld by a soil . Expressed inmilliequivalents per 100g ofsoil .

Clay - As a soil separate, the miner-al soil particles less than 0.002mm in diameter : usually consist-ing largely of clay minerals . Asa soil textural class, soilmaterials that contain 40 or morepercent clay, less than 45 per-cent sand and less than 40 per-cent silt .

Cobbles - Rock fragments 8 to 25 cmin diameter .

Color - Soil colors are compared witha Munsell color chart . The Mun-sell system specifies the rela-tive degrees of the three simplevariables of color : hue, valueand chroma . For example : 10YR6/4 means a hue of 10YR, a value

of 6, and a chroma of 4 .

Complex ( soil ) - A mapping unit usedin detailed and reconnaissancesoil surveys where two or moresoil series that are so intimate-ly intermixed in an area that itis impractical to separate themat the scale of mapping used .

Concretions - Hard grains, pellets ornodules from concentration ofcompounds in the soil that cementsoil grains together .

Conductivity , electrica l - A physicalquantity that measures the readi-ness with which a medium (irriga-tion water and soil extracts)transmits electricity . Itexpresses the concentration ofsalt in terms of the conductance(reciprocal of -the electricresistance in ohms) in millisie-mens per cm .

Consistence ( soil ) - The mutualattraction of the particles in asoil mass, or their resistenc:e toseparation or deformation . ]:t isdescribed in terms such as loose,soft, friable, firm, hard,sticky, plastic or cemented .

Consumptive _use factor (CU) - Theratio of consumptive use of waterby a crop to potential evapot:ran-spiration . and transpiration .An actively growing crop thatcompletely covers the soil over alarge area and that has an amplesupply of readily available soilwater has a consumptive use fac-tor of 1 .0 .

Consumptive _use of water - The sum ofthe depths ofwater transpired bythe plants and evaporated fromthe soil surface and from inter-cepted precipitation . It may beless or greater than potentialevapotranspiration .

70

Contour - An imaginary line connect-ing points of equal elevation onthe surface of the soil .

Cover - This term generally has oneof the following meanings :

or low depending on how readilythe soil structure breaks down orslakes because of excess mois-ture . A rating of high indicatesthat soil aggregates slake readi-ly ; a rating of low indicates

1 . Vegetation or other materialthat aggregates are resistant todispersion and remain clumped

providing protection together .

2 . In forestry, low growing Drainage ( soil ) - (1) The rapidityshrubs and herbaceous plants and extent of the removal ofunder trees (i .e ., ground water from the soil by runoff andcover vs . tree cover) flow through the soil to under-

ground spaces . (2) As a condi-3 . Any vegetation producing a tion of the soil, it refers to

protective mat on or just the frequency and duration ofabove the soil surface .

Cree p ( soil ) - Slow mass movement ofsoil and soil material down rath-er steep slopes primarily underthe influence of gravity, butaided by saturation with waterand by alternate freezing andthawing .

Decile portion - A one-tenth portion .As used in the soil map symbolA7-B3 means that the A soils cov-er seven tenths and the B soilscover three tenths of the mapunit .

Delta - A fluvial or glaciofluvialfan shaped deposit at the mouthof a river that empties into alake or sea .

Deflocculate - To separate or tobreak up soil aggregates intoindividual particles by chemicalor physical means or both .

periods when the soil is free ofsaturation .

Drainage in soil reports isdescribed on the basis of actualmoisture content in excess offield capacity and length of thesaturation period within theplant root zone . The terms areas follows :

Very rapidly drained - Water isremoved from the soil very rapid-ly in relation to supply . Excesswater flows downward very rapidlyif underlying material is pervi-ous . There may be very rapidsubsurface flow during heavyrainfall provided there is asteep gradient . Soils have verylow available water storagecapacity (usually less than 2 .5cm) within the control sectionand are usually coarse in tex-ture, or shallow, or both . Watersource is precipitation .

Degradation (of soils ) - The changingof a soil to a more highlyleached and more highly weatheredcondition, usually accompanied bymorphological changes such as thedevelopment of an eluviated lightcolored (Ae) horizon .

Dispersion - Is rated high, moderate

Rapidly drained - Water isremoved from the soil rapidly inrelation to supply . Excess waterflows downward if underlyingmaterial is pervious . Subsurfaceflow may occur on steep gradientsduring heavy rainfall . Soilshave low available water storagecapacity (2 .5-4 cm) within the

- 71 -

control section, and are usuallycoarse in texture, or shallow, orboth . Water source is precipita-tion .

Well drained - Water is removedfrom the soil readily but notrapidly . Excess water flowsdownward readily into underlyingpervious material or laterally assubsurface flow . Soils haveintermediate available waterstorage capacity (4-5 cm) withinthe control section, and are gen-erally intermediate in textureand depth . Water source is pre-cipitation . On slopes subsurfaceflow may occur for short dura-tions but additions are equaledby losses . These soils are usu-ally free of mottles within 100cm of the surface but may be mot-tled below this depth . Soilhorizons are usually bright col-ored .

Moderately well drained - Wateris removed from the soil somewhatslowly in relation to supply .Excess water is removed somewhatslowly due to low perviousness,shallow water table, lack of gra-dient, or some combination ofthese . Soils have intermediateto high water storage capacity(5-6cm) within the control sec-tion and are usually medium tofine in texture . Soils are com-monly mottled in the 50 to 100 cmdepth . Colors are dull brown inthe subsoil with stains and mot-tles .

Imperfectly drained - Water isremoved from the soil sufficient-ly slowly in relation to supplyto keep the soil wet for a sig-nificant part of the growing sea-son . Excess water moves slowlydownward if precipitation ismajor supply . If subsurfacewater or groundwater, or both, isthe main source, flow rate may

vary but the soil remains wet fora significant part of the growingseason . Precipitation is themain source if available waterstorage capacity is high ; contri-bution by subsurface flow orgroundwater flow, or both,increases as available waterstorage capacity decreases .Soils have a wide range in aviiil-able water supply, texture, anddepth, and are gleyed phases ofwell drained subgroups . Thesesoils generally have mottlingbelow the surface layers and clen-erally have duller colors Withdepth, generally brownish graywith mottles of yellow and gray .

Poorly drained - Water is removedso slowly in relation to supplythat the soil remains wet for acomparatively large part of thetime the soil is not frozen .Excess water is evident in thesoil for a large part of thetime . Subsurface flow or ground-water flow, or both, in additionto precipitation are main watersources ; there may also be aperched water table, with precip-itation exceeding evapotransp :ira-tion . Poorly drained soils havea wide range in available waterstorage capacity, texture, anddepth, and are gleyed subgroups,Gleysols, and Organic soils .

Very poorly drained. - Water isremoved from the sil so slowlythat the water table remains ator on the surface for the greaterpart of the time the soil is notfrozen . Excess water is presentin the soil for the greater partof the time . Groundwater :flowand subsurface flow are majorwater sources . Precipitation isless important except where thereis a perched water table withprecipitation exceeding evapo-transpiration . These soils havea wide range in available water

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storage capacity, texture, anddepth, and are either Gleysolicor Organic .

Drvland farmin g - The practice ofcrop production in low rainfallareas without irrigation .

Eluvial horizon = A horizon fromwhich material has been removedin solution or in water suspen-sion .

Eolian - Soil material accumulatedthrough wind action .

Erosion - The wearing away of theland surface by detachment andtransport of soil and rockmaterial through the action ofmoving water, wind or other geo-logical processes . The ratingsof erosion are :

Erosion 1 slightly eroded -soil with a suffi-cient amount of the Ahorizon removed thatordinary tillage willbring up and mix theB horizon or otherlower lying horizonswith surface soil inthe plow layer .

Erosion 2 moderately eroded -soil with all of theA horizon and a partof the B or otherlower lying horizonsremoved . The plowlayer consists mainlyof the original hori-zons below the A orbelow the originalplow layer .

Erosion 3 severely eroded -soils have practical-ly all of the origi-nal surface soilremoved . The plowlayer consists mainly

of C horizon materi-al, especially onknolls -and steepupper slope posi-tions .

Evapotranspiration - The combinedloss of water from a given area,and during a specific period oftime, by evaporation from thesoil surface and transpirationfrom plants .

Field Moisture Equivalent - The mini-mum moisture content at which adrop of water placed on asmoothed surface of the soil willnot be absorbed immediately bythe soil, but will spread outover the surface and give it ashiny appearance .

Flood lp ain - The land bordering astream, built up of sedimentsfrom overflow of the stream andsubject to innundation when thestream is at flood stage .

Fluvial deposits - All sediments pastand present, deposited by flowingwater, including glaciofluvialdeposits .

Frost heave - The raising of the sur-face caused by ice in the sub-soil .

Friable - Soil aggregates that aresoft and easily crushed betweenthumb and forefinger .

Glaciofluvial deposits - Materialmoved by glaciers and subsequent-ly sorted and deposited bystreams flowing from the meltingice . These deposits are strati-fied and may occur in the form ofoutwash plains, deltas, kames,eskers and kame terraces .

Gleved soil - An imperfectly or poor-ly drained soil in which thematerial has been modified by

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reduction or alternating reduc-tion and oxidation . These soilshave lower chromas or more promi-nent mottling or both in somehorizons than the associatedwell-drained soil .

Gleysolic - An order of soils devel-oped under wet conditions andpermanent or periodic reduction .These soils have low chromas orprominent mottling or both, insome horizons .

Gravel - Rock fragments 2 mm to 7 .5cm in diameter .

Ground Moraine - An unsorted mixtureof rocks, boulders, sand, siltand clay deposited by glacialice . The predominant material istill ; most till is thought tohave accumulated under the ice bylodgment, but some till has beenlet down from the upper surfaceof the ice by ablation . Resort-ing and modification may havetaken place to some extent bywave-action of glacial meltwaters . The topography is mostcommonly in the form of undulat-ing plains with gently slopinghills and enclosed depressions .

Groundwater - Water beneath the soilsurface, usually under conditionswhere the voids are completelyfilled with water (saturation) .

Halophytic vegetation - vegetationthat grows naturally in soilshaving a high content of varioussalts . It usually has fleshyleaves or thorns and resemblesdesert vegetation .

Horizon ( soil ) - A layer in the soilprofile approximately parallel tothe land surface with more orless well-defined characteristicsthat have been produced throughthe operation of soil formingprocesses .

Horizon boundary - The lower boundaryof each horizon is described byindicating its disti.nctness andform . The distinctness dependson the abruptness of verticalchange (thickness) . The formrefers to the variation of theboundary plane .

Distinctness -abrupt - less than 2 cmclear - 2 to 5 cmgradual - 5 to 15 cmdiffuse - more than 15 cm

Form -smooth - nearly plainwavy - pockets are wider thandeepirregular - pockets are deeperthan widebroken - parts of the horizon areunconnected with other parts

Humic layer - A layer of hichlydecomposed organic soil materialcontaining little fibre .

Hydraulic Conductivity - Refers tothe effective flow velocity ordischarge velocity in soil atunit hydraulic gradient . It: isan approximation of the perme-ability of the soil and isexpressed in cm per hour . Theclasses are described in generalor specific terms as :

High >15 Very rapid >50Rapid 15-50

Medium 0 .5-15 Mod . rapid 5 .0-15Moderate 1 .5--5 .0Mod . slow 0 .5--1 .5

Low <0 .5 Slow 0 .15--0 .5Veryslow 0 .015-0 .15Extremelyslow < .,015

Hydrologic cycle - The conditionsthrough which water naturallypasses from the time of precipi-tation until it is returned to

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the atmosphere by evaporation andis again ready to be precipitat-ed .

Hvdrophyte - Plants growing in wateror dependent upon wet or saturat-ed soil conditions for growth .

Illuvial horizon - A soil horizon inwhich material carried from anoverlying layer has been precipi-tated from solution or depositedfrom suspension . The layer ofaccumulation .

Impeded drainage - A condition thathinders the movement of water bygravity through the soils .

Inclusion - Soil type found within amapping unit that is not exten-sive enough to be mapped sepa-rately or as part of a complex .

Infiltration - The downward entry ofwater into the soil

irrigation - The artificial applica-tion of water to the soil for thebenefit of growing crops .

Irrigation requirement OR) - Refersto the amount of water exclusiveof effective precipitation thatis required for crop production .

Lacustrine deposits - Material depos-ited by or settled out of lakewaters and exposed by lowering ofthe water levels or elevation ofthe land . These sediments rangein texture from sand to clay andare usually varved (layered annu-al deposits) .

Landforms - See Description of Land-forms

Landscape - All the natural featuressuch as fields, hills, forest,water, etc ., which distinquishone part of the earth's surfacefrom another part .

Leaching - The removal from the soilof materials in solution .

LiQUid limit (upper plastic limit ) -The water content correspondingto an arbitrary limit between theliquid and plastic states of con-sistency of a soil . The watercontent at this boundary isdefined as that at which a pat ofsoil cut by a groove of standarddimensions will flow together fora distance of 1 .25 cm under theimpact of 25 blows in a standardliquid limit apparatus .

Lineal shrinkage - This is thedecrease in one dimensionexpressed as a percentage of the

. original dimension of the soilmass when the moisture content isreduced from a stipulated per-centage (usually field moistureequivalent) to the shrinkage lim-it .

Mapping Unit - Any delineated areashown on a soil map that is iden-tified by a symbol . A mappingunit may be a soil unit, a mis-cellaneous land type, or a soilcomplex .

Marsh - Periodically flooded or con-tinually wet areas having thesurface not deeply submerged . Itis covered dominantly with sedg-es, cattails, rushes or otherhydrophytic plants .

Mature soil - A soil having well-de-veloped soil horizons produced bythe natural processes of soilformation .

Mesoghyte - Plants requiring interme-diate moisture conditions and arenot very resistant to drought .

Microrelief - Small-scale, local dif-ferences in relief includingmounds, swales or hollows .

-- 7 5 -

Milliectuivalent (me) - One-thousandthof an equivalent . An equivalentis the weight in grams of an ionor compound that combines with orreplaces one gram of hydrogen .The atomic or formula weightdivided by valence .

Mottles - Irregularly marked spots orstreaks, usually yellow or orangebut sometimes blue . They aredescribed in order of abundance(few, common, many), size (fine,medium, coarse) and contrast(faint, distinct, prominent) .Mottles in soils indicate pooraeration and lack of good drain-age .

Organic carbon - Carbon derived fromplant and animal residues .

Organic matter - The fraction of thesoil which consists of plant andanimal residues at various stagesof decomposition, cells and tis-sues of soil organisms and subs-tances synthesized by the soilpopulation . It is determined onsoils that have been sievedthrough a 2 .0 mm sieve . It isestimated by multiplying theorganic carbon by a factor of1 .72 .

Outwash - Sediments "washed out"beyond the glacier by flowingwater and laid down in thin bedsor strata . Particle size mayrange from boulders to silt .

Ovendry soil - Soil that has beendried at 105 degrees C until ithas reached constant weight .

Parent material - The unaltered oressentially unaltered mineral ororganic material from which thesoil profile develops by pedogen-ic processes .

Particle size , soil - The grain sizedistribution of the whole soil

including the coarse fraction .It differs from texture, whichrefers to the fine earth (lessthan 2mm) fraction only . Inaddition, textural classes areusually assigned to specifichorizons whereas soil family par-ticle-size classes indicate acomposite particle size of a partof the control section that mayinclude several horizons . SeeTextural Triangle at end of Glos-sary .

The particle-size classes forfamily groupings are as follows :

Fraamental Stones, cobbles andgravel, with too little fineearth to fill interstices largerthan 1 mm .

Sandy-skeletal Particles coarserthan 2 mm occupy 35% or more ., byvolume with enough fine earth tofill interstices larger than 1mm ; the fraction finer than 2 mmis that defined for the sandyparticle-size class .

Loamy-skeletal Particles 2 mm-25cm occupy 350 or more by volumewith enough fine earth to fillinterstices larger than 1 mm ; thefraction finer than 2 mm is thatdefined for the loamy particle-size class .

Clayey-skeletal Particles 2 mm-25cm occupy 350 or more by volumewith enough fine earth to fillinterstices larger than 1 mm ; thefraction finer than 2 mm is thatdefined for the clayey particle-size class .

Sandy The texture of the fineearth includes sands and loamysands, exclusive of loamy veryfine sand and very fine sand tex-tures ; particles 2 mm- 25 cmoccupy less than 35°i by volume .

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Loamy The texture of the fineearth includes loamy very finesand, very fine sand, and finertextures with less than 35% clay ;particles 2 mm-25 cm occupy lessthan 35% by volume .

Coarse-loamy . A loamy particlesize that has 15% or more byweight of fine sand (0 .25-0 .1 mm)or coarser particles, includingfragments up to 7.5 cm, and hasless than 18% clay in the fineearth fraction .

Fine-loamy . A loamy particlesize that has 15% or more byweight of fine sand (0 .25-0 .1 mm)or coarser particles, includingfragments up to 7 .5 cm, and has18-35o clay in the fine earthfraction .

Coarse-silty . A loamy particlesize that has less than 15% offine sand (0 .25-0 .1 mm) or coar-ser particles, including frag-ments up to 7.5 cm, and has lessthan 18% clay in the fine earthfraction .

Fine-silty . A loamy particlesize that has less than 150 offine sand (0 .25-0 .1 mm) or coar-ser particles, including frag-ments up to 7.5 cm, and has18-35o clay in the fine earthfraction .

Clayey . The fine earth contains-35% or more clay by weight andparticles 2mm-25 cm occupy lessthan 35% by volume .

Fine-clayey . A clayey particlesize that has 35-60o clay in thefine earth fraction .

Very-fine-cla y e y . A clayey par-ticle size that has 60% or moreclay in the fine earth fraction .

Ped - An individual soil aggregate

such as granule, prism or blockformed by natural processes (incontrast with a clod which isformed artificially) .

PedoloQV - Those aspects of soil sci-ence involving constitution, dis-tribution, genesis and classifi-cation of soils .

Percolation - The downward movementof water through soil ; specifi-cally, the downward flow of waterin saturated or nearly saturatedsoil at hydraulic gradients of1 .0 or less .

Permafrost -

1 . Perennially frozen materialunderlying the solum .

2 . A perennially frozen soilhorizon .

Permafrost table - The upper boundaryof permafrost, usually coincidentwith the lower limit of seasonalthaw (active layer) .

Permeability - The ease with whichwater and air pass through thesoil to all parts of the profile .See hydraulic conductivity .

- The intensity of acidity andalkalinity, expressed as the neg-ative logarithm of the hydrogenion concentration . A pH of 7 isneutral, lower values indicateacidity and higher values alka-linity (see Reaction, soil) .

Phase , soil - A soil phase is used tocharacterize soil and landscapeproperties that are not uscriteria in soil taxonomy .

ed asThe

major phase differentiae are :slope, erosion, deposition, sto-niness, texture, salinity, andcalcareousness .

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Plastic Limit - The water contentcorresponding to an arbitrarylimit between the plastic and thesemisolid states of consistencyof a soil .

Plasticity Index - The numerical dif-ference between the liquid andthe plastic limit . The plastici-ty index gives the range of mois-ture contents within which a soilexhibits plastic properties .

Potential evapotranspiration (PE) -The maximum quantity of watercapable of being lost as watervapor, in a given climate, by acontinuous stretch of vegetationcovering the whole ground andwell supplied with water .

Profile , soil - A vertical section ofthe soil through all its horizonsand extending into the parentmaterial .

Reaction , soil - The acidity or alka-linity of a soil . Soil reactionclasses are characterized as fol-lows :

extremely acid pH <4 .5very strongly acid 4.5 to 5 .0strongly acid 5 .1 to 5 .5medium acid 5.6 to 6 .0slightly acid 6 .1 to 6 .5neutral 6.6 to 7 .3mildly alkaline 7.4 to 7 .8mod . alkaline 7.9 to 8 .4strongly alkaline 8.5 to 9 .0very stronglyalkaline >9 .0

Regolith - The unconsolidated mantleof weathered rock and soilmaterial on the earth's surface .

Relief - The elevation of inequali-ties of the land surface whenconsidered collectively .

Runoff - The portion of the totalprecipitation on an area thatflows away through stream chan-

nels . Surface runoff does notenter the soil . Groundwaterrunoff or seepage flow fromgroundwater enters the soilbefore reaching the stream .

Saline Soil - A nonalkali soil con-taining soluble salts in suchquantities that they interferewith the growth of most cropplants . The conductivity of thesaturation extract is greacterthan 4 millisiemens/cm (ms/cm),the exchangeable-sodium percent-age is less than 15, and the! pHis usually less than 8 .5 .Approximate limits of salinityclasses are :

non-saline 0 to 4 ms/cmweakly saline 4 to 8 ms/cmmod . saline 8 to 15 ms/cmstrongly saline >15 ms/cm

Salinization - The process of accumu-lation of salts in the soil .

Salt-Affected Soil - Soil that hasbeen adversely modified for thegrowth of most crop plants by thepresence of certain types ofexchangeable ions or of solublesalts . It includes soils havingan excess of salts, or an excessof exchangeable sodium or both .

Sand - A soil particle between 0 .05and 2 .0 mm in diameter . The tex-tural class name for any soilcontaining 85 percent or more ofsand and not more than 10 percentof clay .

Saturation Percentage - The moisturepercentage of a saturated ,soilpaste, expressed on an oven dryweight basis .

Seepage -

1 . The escape of water downwardthrough the soil .

78

2 . The emergence of water fromthe soil along an extensiveline of surface in contrastto a spring where wateremerges from a local spot .

Series , soil - A category in the Can-adian System of Soil Classifica-tion . It consists of soils thathave soil horizons similar intheir differentiating character-istics and arrangement in theprofile, except for surface tex-ture and are formed from a par-ticular type of parent material .

Shrinkage limit - This is the mois-ture content at which an equilib-rium condition of volume changeis reached and further reductionin moisture content will notcause a decrease in the volume ofthe soil mass .

Shrinkage ratio - This is the ratiobetween the volume change and acorresponding change in moisturecontent . It equals the apparentspecific gravity of the driedsoil .

Silt - (a) Individual mineral parti-cles of soil that range in diame-ter between 0 .05 to .002 mm . (b)Soil of the textural class siltcontains greater than 80 percentsilt and less than 12 percentclay .

Slickenside - Smoothed surfaces alongplanes of weakness resulting fromthe movement of one mass of soilagainst another in soils dominat-ed by swelling clays .

Sodium-Adsorption Ratio (_S .A_.R_.) - Aratio for soil extracts and irri-gation waters used to express therelative activity of sodium ionsin exchange reactions with othercations in the soil SAR =Na/((Ca+Mg)/2)'/2 where thecation concentrations areexpressed as milliequivalents per

litre .

Soil - The unconsolidated mineralmaterial on the immediate surfaceof the earth that serves as anatural medium for the growth ofland plants . Soil has been sub-jected to and influenced bygenetic and environmental factorsof : parent material, climate(including moisture and tempera-ture effects), macro- and micro-organisms, and topography, allacting over a period of time .

Solum - The upper horizons of a soilabove the parent material and inwhich the processes of soil for-mation are active . It usuallycomprises the A and B horizons .

Stones - Rock fragments greater than25 cm in diameter .

Stoniness - The percentage of landsurface occupied by stones . Theclasses of stoniness are definedas follows :

Stones 0 . Nonstony -- Land havingless than 0 .01% of surface occu-pied by stones .

Stones _1 . Slightly stony -- Landhaving 0 .01-0 .10 of surface occu-pied by stones . Stones 15-30 cmin diameter, 10-30 m apart . Thestones offer only slight to nohindrance to cultivation .

Stones 2 . Moderately stony --Land having 0 .1-3a of surfaceoccupied by stones . Stones 15-30cm in diameter, 2-10 m apart .Stones cause some interferencewith cultivation .

Stones _3 . Very stony -- Land hav-ing 3-150 of surface occupied bystones . Stones 15-30 cm in diam-eter, 1-2 m apart . There aresufficient stones to constitute aserious handicap to cultivation .

79

Stones _4 . Exceedingly stony --Land having 15-50a of surfaceoccupied by stones . Stones 15-30cm in diameter, 0 .7-1 .5 m apart .There are sufficient stones toprevent cultivation until consid-erable clearing has been done .

Stones 5 . Excessively stony --Land having more than 500 of sur-face occupied by stones . Stones15-30 cm in diameter, less than0 .7 m apart . The land is toostony to permit cultivation .

Storage Capacity - Refers to the max-imum amount of readily availablewater that can be stored withinthe rooting zone of a crop in agiven soil . For practical irri-gation purposes, 50 percent ofthe total soil water betweenfield capacity and wilting pointmay be considered as readilyavailable .

Stratified materials - Unconsolidatedsand, silt and clay arranged instrata or layers . In stratifiedmaterials, a bed is a unit layerdistinctly separable from otherlayers and is one or more cmthick but a lamina is a similarlayer less than 1 cm thick .

Structure - The combination orarrangement of primary soil par-ticles into aggregates of secon-dary soil particles, units orpeds, which are separated fromeach other by surfaces of weak-ness . Structure is expressed interms of grade, size class andshape type . Grade refers to thedistinctness of aggregate devel-opment, and is described asstructureless, weak, moderate orstrong . Structureless refers tothe absence of observable aggre-gation of definite orderlyarrangement ; the term amorphousis used if soil is massive or

coherent, single-grained if non-coherent . The weak to st :.ongaggregates vary in size and aredescribed by class as fine, medi-um, coarse, and very coarsedepending on the shape types .The shape types refers to thedominant configuration of theaggregates and the way they areaccommodated . The general shapetypes are plate-like, block-likeand prism-like . The terms are :

Platy - Having thin, plate-likeaggregates with faces mostly hor-izontal

Prismatic - Having prism-likeaggregates with tops and edges,appear plane, level, and somewhatangular .

Columnar - Having prism-likeaggregates with vertical edgesnear the top of columns, notsharp .

Granular - Having block-likeaggregates that appear as spher-oids or polyhedrons having planeor curved surfaces which haveslight or no accommodation to thefaces of the surrounding peds .

Blocky - Having block-likeaggregates with sharp, angularcorners

Subangular bloc}11 - Havingblock-like aggregates with round-ed and flattened faces and round-ed corners .

By convention an aggregate isdescribed in the order of grade,class and type, e .g . strong,medium, blocky . In the parentmaterial of soils the materialwith structural shapes may bedesignated as pseudo-blocky,pseudo-platy, etc .

-e0-

Soil Survey - The systematic examina-tion, description, classifica-tion, and mapping of soil in anarea .

Sulfate Hazard - Refers to the rela-tive degree of attack on concreteby soil and water containing var-ious amounts of sulfate ions . Itis estimated from electrolytemeasurements and salt analysis onselected profiles and soil sam-ples, and by visual examinationof free gypsum within the profileduring the course of soil inves-tigation .

Swam - See Description of Landforms

Texture , soil - The relative propor-tions of the fine earth (lessthan 2 mm .) fraction of a soil .Textural classes are usuallyassigned to specific horizonswhereas family particle sizeclasses indicate a composite par-ticle size of a portion of thecontrol section that may includeseveral horizons . See TextureTriangle at end of Glossary .

The size range of the constit-uent primary particles are asfollows :

Diameter (mm)Very coarse sand . . . .2 .0-1 .0Coarse sand . . . . . .1 .0-0 .5Medium sand . . . . . 0 .5-0 .25Fine sand . . . . .0 .25-0.10Very fine sand . . . .0 .10-0.05Silt . . . . . . . . 0 .05-0.002Clay . . . . . . . . .< 0 .002Fine clay . . . . . . < 0 .0002

Till , glacial - Unstratified glacialdeposits consisting of clay,sand, gravel, and boulders inter-mingled in any proportion .

Tilth - The physical condition ofsoil as related to its ease oftillage, fitness as a seedbed,and its impedance to seedlingemergency and root penetration .

Topography - Refers to the percentslope and the pattern or frequen-cy of slopes in different direc-tions . A set of 10 slope classesare used to denote the dominantbut not necessarily most abundantslopes within a mapping unit .

Slope SlopeClass Name

Percentslope

Approx .degrees

1 level 0-0 .5 02 nearly level .5-2 .5 .3-1 .53 very gentle 2-5 1-34 gentle 6-9 3 .5-55 moderate 10-15 6-8.56 strong 16-30 9-177 very strong 31-45 17-248 extreme 46-70 25-359 steep 71-100 35-4510 very steep >100 >45

Underground runoff - (or seep-age)-Water flowing towards streamchannels after infiltration intothe ground .

Unified Soil Classification System(engineering) - A classificationsystem based on the identifica-tion of soils according to theirparticle size, gradation, plas-ticity index and liquid limit .

Urban Land - Areas so altered orobstructed by urban works orstructures that identification ofsoils is not feasible .

Variant , soil - A soil whose proper-ties are believed to be suffi-ciently different from otherknown soils to justify a newseries name, but comprising sucha limited geographic area thatcreation of a new series is notjustified .

Varve - A distinct band representingthe annual deposit in sedimentarymaterials regardless of originand usually consisting of twolayers, one thick light coloredlayer of silt and fine sand laid

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down in the spring and summer,and the other a thin, dark col-ored layer of clay laid down inthe fall and winter .

Water balance , soil - Is the dailyamount of readily available waterretained by the soil . The dailysoil-water balance is decreasedby the amount that the daily con-sumptive use exceeds the dailyrainfall . When daily rainfallexceeds the consumptive use, thedaily balance increases by theamount of the difference unlessthe soil-water balance is atstorage capacity, in which casethe excess is assumed to be lostby runoff or deep percolation .

Water table - (groundwater surface ;

free water surface ;: groundwaterelevation) Elevation at which thepressure in the water is zerowith respect to the atmosphericpressure .

Water-holdinQ capacity -- The abilityof a soil to hold water againstthe force of gravity in a freelydrained soil .

Weathering - The physical and chemi-cal disintegration, alterationand decomposition of rocks andminerals at or near the earth'ssurface by atmospheric agents .

Xerophyte - Plants capable of surviv-ing extended periods of soildrought .

loo

90

80

70~ 60VZ soWV 40

a 30

20

10

0

-1--4 -_l--L_ --i -i \- FineSil ty-

I i I0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

PER CENT SAND

(and gravel where applicable)

Texture Class ClassGroup Symbol Nome

Coarse S sandLS loamy sand

Moderately SL sandy loamcoarse LVFS loamy very fine

sand

Medium Si siltSiL silt loamL loamVFSL very fine sandy

loam

Moderately SCL sandy cloy -loamfine CL cloy loam

SiCL silty clay loam

Fine SC sandy clayC cloy

sic silty cloy

Very fine HC heavy cloy

Figure 6 : Family particle-size Figure 7 : Soil Textural Classes .classes .

P1, lM6 .~

Appendix D

SOIL HORIZON DESIGNATIONS

ORGANIC HORIZONS

Organic horizons are found inOrganic soils, and commonly at thesurface of mineral soils . They mayoccur at any depth beneath the sur-face in buried soils, or overlyinggeologic deposits . They contain morethan 17% organic carbon (approximate-ly 30% organic matter) by weight .Two groups of these horizons are rec-ognized, 0 horizons and the L, F, andH horizons .

0 This is an organic horizon devel-oped mainly from mosses, rushes,and woody materials .

Of The fibric horizon is theleast decomposed of all theorganic soil materials . Ithas large amounts of well-preserved fiber that arereadily identifiable as tobotanical origin . A fibrichorizon has 400 or more ofrubbed fiber by volume and apyrophosphate index of 5 ormore . If the rubbed fibervolume is 75% or more, thepyrophosphate criterion does

. not apply .

Om The mesic -horizon is theintermediate stage of decom-postion with intermediateamounts of fiber, bulk densi-ty and water-holding capaci-ty . The material is partlyaltered both physically andbiochemically . A mesic hori-zon is one that fails to meetthe requirements of fibric orhumic .

Oh The humic horizon is the mosthighly decomposed of theorganic soil materials . ithas the least, amount offiber, the highest bulk den-sity, and the lowest saturat-ed water-holding capacity .It is very stable and changesvery little physically orchemically with time unlessit is drained . The humichorizon has less than 100rubbed fiber by volume and apyrophosphate index of 3 orless .

LFH These organic horizons developedprimarily from leaves, twigs,woody materials and a minor com-ponent of mosses under imperfect-ly to well drained forest condi-tions .

L This is an organic horizoncharacterized by an accumula-tion of organic matter inwhich the original structuresare easily discernible .

F This is an organic horizoncharacterized by an accumula-tion of partly decomposedorganic matter . The originalstructures in part are diffi-cult to recognize . The hori-zon may be partly comminutedby soil 'fauna as in moder, orit may be a partly decomposedmat permeated by fungalhyphae as in mor .

H This is an organic horizon

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characterized by an accumula-tion of decomposed organicmatter in which the originalstructures are indiscernible .This material differs fromthe F horizon by its greaterhumification chiefly throughthe action of organisms . Itis frequently intermixed withmineral grains, especiallynear the junction with themineral horizon .

MASTER MINERAL HORIZONS

Mineral horizons are those thatcontain less than 300 organic matterby weight as specified for organichorizons .

A This is a mineral horizon orhorizons formed at or near thesurface in the zone of leachingor removal of materials in solu-tion and suspension or of maximumin situ accumulation of organicmatter, or both. Included are :

1 . horizons in which organicmatter has accumulated as aresult of biological activity(Ah) ;

2 . horizons that have been elu-viated of clay, iron, alumi-num, or organic matter, orall of them (Ae) ;

3 . horizons having characteris-tics of 1) and 2) above buttransitional to underlying Bor C (AB or A and B) ;

4 . horizons markedly disturbedby cultivation or pasture(Ap) .

B This is a mineral horizon orhorizons characterized by one ormore of the following :

1 . an enrichment in silicateclay, iron, aluminum, orhumus, alone or in combina-tion (Bt,Bf,Bfh,Bhf, and Bh) ;

2 . a prismatic or columnarstructure that exhibits pro-nounced coatings or stainingsand significant amount ofexchangeable Na (Bn) ;

3 . an alteration by hydrolysis,reduction, or oxidation togive a change in color orstructure from horizons aboveor below, or both, and doesnot meet the requirements of1) and 2) above (Bm,Bg) .

C This is a mineral horizon orhorizons comparatively unaffectedby the pedogenic processes opera-tive in A and B, excepting (i)the process of gleying, and (ii)the accumulation of calcium andmagnesium carbonates and moresoluble salts (Cca,Csa,Cg, andC) . Marl and diatomaceous earthare considered to be C horizons .

R This is consolidated bedrock thatis too hard to break with thehands or to dig with a spade whenmoist and that does not meet therequirement of a C horizon . Theboundary between the R layer andoverlying unconsolidated materialis called a lithic contact .

W This is a layer of water in Gley-solic, Organic, or Cryosolicsoils . It is called a hydriclayer in Organic soils .

LOWER-CASE SUFFIXES

b Buried soil horizon .

c A cemented (irreversible) pedo-genic horizon . The ortstein of aPodzol, and a layer cemented by

-85-

calcium carbonate and a duripanare examples .

ca A horizon with secondary carbo-nate enrichment where the concen-tration of lime exceeds thatpresent in the unenriched parentmaterial . It is more than 10 cmthick, and if it has a CaC03equivalent of less than 15 per-cent it should have at least 5percent more CaC03 equivalentthan the parent material (IC) .If it has more than 15 percentCaC03 equivalent it should have1/3 more CaC03 equivalent thanthe IC . If no IC is present,this horizon is more than 10 cmthick and contains more than 5percent by volume of secondarycarbonates in concretions orsoft, powdery forms .

cc Cemented (irreversible) pedogenic

e

9

least 0 .3%, or the ratio oforganic C to pyrophosphate-ext-ractable Fe is less *than 20, orboth are true . It is used with Balone (Bf), with B and h (Bhf),with B and g (Bfg), ,and with oth-er suffixes . The criteria for"f" do not apply to Bgf horizons .The following horizons are dif-ferentiated on the basis oforganic carbon content : Bi: -0 .5% to 50 organic carbon . Bhf-more than 50 organic carbon .

A horizon characterized by graycolors, or prominent mottling,, orboth, indicative of permanent orperiodic intense reduct :ion .Chromas of the matrix are gener-ally 1 or less . It is used withA and e (Aeg) ; with B alone (13g) ;with B and f (Bfg) ; with B, h,and f (Bhfg) ; with B and t (Bt:g) ;with C alone (Cg) ; with C and k

concretions . (Ckg) ; and several others . In

A horizon characterized by theeluviation of clay, iron, alumi-

some reddishmatrix colorshigh chromas

parent materials,of reddish hues and

may persist despitenum, or organic matter alone or long periods of reduction . Inin combination . When dry, it is these soils, horizons are desig-usually higher in color value by nated as g if there is gray rnot-1 or more units than an underly- tling or if there is markeding B horizon . It is used with A bleaching on ped faces or along(Ae) . cracks .

f A horizon enriched with amorphousmaterial, principally A1 and Fecombined with organic matter . Itusually has a hue of 7 .5YR orredder or its hue is 10YR nearthe upper boundary and becomesyellower with depth . When moist,the chroma is higher than 3 orthe value is 3 or less . It con-tains 0.6% or more pyrophosphate-extractable A1+Fe in texturesfiner than sand and 0 .40 or morein sands (coarse sand, sand, finesand, and very fine sand) . Theratio of pyrophosphate-extracta-ble A1+Fe to clay (less than0.002mm) is more than 0.05 andorganic C exceeds 0 .5%. Pyro-phosphate-extractable Fe is at

Aeg This horizon must meet thedefinitions of A,e, and g .

Bg These horizons are analo-gous to Bm horizons butthey have colors indicativeof poor drainage and peri-odic reduction . Theyinclude horizons occurringbetween A and C horizons inwhich the main features are(i) colors of low chroma,that is : chromas of 1 orless, without mottles onped surfaces or in thematrix if peds~ are lacking ;or chromas of 2 or less inhues of 10YR or redder, on

- 86

ped surfaces or in thematrix if peds are lacking,accompanied by more promi-nent mottles than those inthe C horizon ; or huesbluer than 10Y, with orwithout mottles on ped sur-faces or in the matrix ifpeds are lacking . (ii)colors indicated in (i) anda change in structure fromthat of the C horizons .(iii) color indicated in(i) and illuviation of claytoo slight to meet therequirements of Bt ; oraccumulation or iron oxidetoo slight to meet the lim-its of Bgf . (iv) colorsindicated in (i) and remov-al of carbonates . Bg hori-zons occur in some OrthicHumic Gleysols and someOrthic Gleysols .

Bfg, Bhfg, Btg, and others . Whenused in any of these combi-nations the limits set forf, hf, t, and others mustbe met .

Bgf The dithionite-extractableFe of this horizon exceedsthat of the IC by 1% ormore . Pyrophosphate-ext-ractable A1 + Fe is lessthan the minimum limitspecified for 'f' horizons .This horizon occurs in FeraGleysols and Fera HumicGleysols, and possiblybelow the Bfg of gleyedPodzols . It is distin-guished from the Bfg ofgleyed Podzols on the basisof the extractability ofthe Fe and A1 . The Fe inthe Bgf horizon is thoughtto have accumulated as aresult of the oxidation offerrous iron . The ironoxide formed is not associ-ated intimately with organ-

ic matter or with A1, andit is sometimes crystal-line . The Bgf~horizons areusually prominently mot-tled, with more than halfof the soil material occur-ring as mottles of highchroma .

Cg, Ckg, Ccag, Csg, Csag . Wheng is used with C alone, orwith C and one of the low-er-case suffixes k, ca, s,or sa, it must meet thedefiniton for C and for theparticular suffix .

h A horizon enriched with organicmatter . It is used with A alone(Ah) ; or with A and e (Ahe) ; orwith B alone (Bh) ; or with B andf (Bhf) .

Ah A horizon enriched withorganic matter that eitherhas a color value at leastone unit lower than theunderlying horizon or con-tains 0 .5% more organiccarbon than the IC, orboth . It contains lessthan 170 organic carbon byweight .

Ahe An Ah horizon that hasundergone eluviation asevidenced, under naturalconditions, by streaks andsplotches of differingshades of gray and often byplaty structure . It may beoverlain by a darker-col-ored Ah and underlain by alighter-colored Ae .

Bh This horizon contains morethan 10 organic carbon,less than 0.3% pyrophosp-hate-extractable Fe, andhas a ratio of organic car-bon to pyrophosphate-ext-ractable Fe of 20 or more .Generally the color value

-$7-

and chroma are less than 3when moist .

Bhf Defined under 'f' .

j Used as a modifier of the suffix-es e, f, g, n, and t to denote anexpression of, but failure tomeet, the specified limits of thesuffix it modifies . It must beplaced to the right and adjacentto the suffix it modifies . Forexample Bfgj means a Bf horizonwith weak expression of gleying ;Bfjgj means a B horizon with weakexpression of both 'f' and 'g'features .

Aej It denotes an eluvial hori-zon that is thin, discon-tinuous or slightly discer-nible .

Btj It is a horizon with someilluviation of clay, butnot enough to meet the lim-its of Bt .

Btgj, Bmgj . Horizons that aremottled but do not meet thecriteria of Bg .

Bfj It is a horizon with someaccumulation of pyrophosp-hate-extractable A1 and Febut not enough to meet thelimits of Bf .

Bntj or Bnj . Horizons in whichdevelopment of solonetzic Bproperties is evident butinsufficient to meet thelimits for Bn or Bnt .

k Denotes the presence of carbo-nate, as indicated by visibleeffervescence when dilute HC1 isadded . Most often it is usedwith B and m (Bmk) or C (Ck), andoccasionally with Ah or Ap (Ahk,Apk), or organic horizons (Ofk,Omk) .

m A horizon slightly altered byhydrolysis, oxidation, or solu-tion, or all three, to give achange in color or structure, orboth . It has :

1 . Evidence of alteration in oneof the following forms :

a) Higher chromas and redderhues than the underlyinghorizons .

b) Removal of carbonates,either partially (Bmk) orcompletely (Iim) .

2 . Illuviation, if evident, tooslight to meet the require-ments of a Bt or a podzolicB .

3 . Some weatherablE: minerals .

4 . No cementation or indurationand lacks a brittle consis-tence when moist . This suf-fix can be used as Bm, Bmgj,Bmk, and Bms .

n A horizon in which the ratio ofexchangeable Ca to exchangeableNa is 10 or less . It must alsohave the following distinctivemorphological characteristics :prismatic or columnar structure,dark coatings on ped surfaces,and hard to very ha :-d consistencewhen dry . It is used with B, asBn or Bnt .

p A horizon disturbed by man'sactivities, such as cultivation,logging, habitation, etc . It isused with A and 0 .

s A horizon with salts, includinggypsum, which may :be detected ascrystals or veins, as surfacecrusts of salt crystals, bydepressed crop growth, or by thepresence of salt-tolerant plants .It is commonly used with C and k(Csk), but can be used with any

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horizon or combination of horizonand lowercase suffix .

sa A horizon with secondary enrich-ment of salts more soluble thancalcium and magnesium carbonates,in which the concentration ofsalts exceeds that present in theunenriched parent material . Thehorizon is 10 cm or more thick .The conductivity of the satura-tion extract must be at least 4ms/cm and must exceed that of theC horizon by at least one-third .

t An illuvial horizon enriched withsilicate clay . It is used with Balone (Bt), with B and g (Btg),with B and n (Bnt), etc .

Bt A Bt horizon is one thatcontains illuvial layer-lattice clays . It formsbelow an eluvial horizon,but may occur at the sur-face of a soil that hasbeen partially truncated .It usually has a higherratio of fine clay to totalclay than IC . It has thefollowing properties :

1 . If any part of an elu-vial horizon remainsand there is no litho-logic discontinuitybetween it and the Bthorizon, the Bt horizoncontains more total andfine clay than the elu-vial horizons, as fol-lows :

a) If any part of theeluvial horizon hasless than 15% totalclay in the fineearth fraction (2mm)the Bt horizon mustcontain at least 30more clay, e.g .,Ae10% clay-Bt minimum13% clay .

b) If the eluvial hori-zon has more than15% arid less than40% total clay inthe fine earth frac-tion, the ratio ofthe clay in the Bthorizon to that inthe eluvial horizonmust be 1 .2 or more,e .g ., 20% clayincrease in the Btover Ae .

c) If the eluvial hori-zon has more than40% total clay inthe fine earth frac-tion, the Bt horizonmust contain atleast 8% more claythan the eluvialhorizon, e .g . Ae 50%clay ; Bt at least58% clay .

2 . A Bt horizon must be atleast 5 cm thick . Insome sandy soils whereclay accumulationoccurs in the lamellae,the total thickness ofthe lamellae should bemore than 10 cm in theupper 150 cm of theprofile .

3 . In massive soils the Bthorizon should haveoriented clays in somepores and also asbridges between thesand grains .

4 . If peds are present, aBt horizon shows clayskins on some of thevertical and horizontalped surfaces and in thefine pores, or showsoriented clays in 1 ; ormore of the cross sec-tion, as viewed in thinsection .

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5 . If a soil shows alithologic discontinu-ity between the eluvialhorizon and the Bthorizon, or if only aplow layer overlies theBt horizon, the Bthorizon need show onlyclay skins in somepart, either in somefine pores or on somevertical and horizontalped surfaces . Thinsections should showthat some part of thehorizon has about 1% ormore of oriented claybodies .

Btj, Btj, and Btg are definedunder j and g .

u A horizon that is markedly dis-rupted by physical or faunal pro-cesses other than cryoturbation .Evidence of marked disruptionsuch as the inclusion of materialfrom other horizons, absence ofthe horizon, etc . must be evidentin at least half of the crosssection of the pedon . Such tur-bation can result from blowdownof trees, mass movement of soilon slopes, and burrowing animals .

It car. be used with any horizonor subhorizon with the exceptionof A or B alone ; e .g . Aeu, Bfu,BCu .

x A horizon of fragipan character .A fragipan is a loamy subsurfacehorizon of high bulk density andvery low organic matter content .When dry, it has a hard consis-tence and seems to be cemented .When moist, it has moderate toweak brittleness . It frequentlyhas bleached fracture planes andis overlain by a friable B hori-zon . Air dry clods of fragichorizons slake in water .

y A horizon affected by cryoturba-tion as manifested by disruptedand broken horizons � incorpora-tion of materials from otherhorizons and mechanical sortingin at least half of the crosssection of the pedon. . It is usedwith A, B, and C alone or in com-bination with other, subscripts,e .g . Ahy . Ahgy, Baiy, Cy . Cgy,Cygj, etc .

z A frozen layer . It. may be usedwith any horizon or, layer, e.g .Ohz, Bmz, Cz, Wz .

Appendix E

DESCRIPTION OF LANDFORMS

E .1 GENETIC MATERIALS

Unconsolidated mineral component

The unconsolidated mineral compo-nent consists of clastic sedimentsthat may or may not be stratified,but whose particles are not cementedtogether . They are essentially ofglacial or post-glacial origin butinclude poorly consolidated andweathered bedrock .

Anthropogenic - Man-made or man-modi-fied materials, including thoseassociated with mineral exploita-tion and waste disposal .

transported and deposited by windaction .

Fluvial - Sediment generally consist-ing of gravel and sand with aminor fraction of silt and clay .The gravels are typically roundedand contain interstitial sand .Fluvial sediments are commonlymoderately to well sorted anddisplay stratification, but mas-sive, nonsorted fluvial gravelsdo occur . These materials havebeen transported and deposited bystreams and rivers . Finer tex-tured Fluvial deposits of modernrivers are termed Alluvium .

Colluvial - Massive to moderatelywell stratified, nonsorted topoorly sorted sediments with anyrange of particle sizes from clayto boulders and blocks that havereached their present position bydirect, gravity-induced movement .

They are restricted to prod-ucts of mass-wasting whereby thedebris is not carried by wind,water, or ice (excepting snowavalanches) .

Eolian - Sediment, generally consist-ing of medium to fine sand andcoarse silt particle sizes, thatis well sorted, poorly compacted,and may show internal structuressuch as cross bedding or ripplelaminae, or may be massive .Individual grains may be roundedand show signs of frosting .

These materials have been

Lacustrine - Sediment generally con-sisting of either stratified finesand, silt, and clay deposited onthe lake bed ; or moderately wellsorted and stratified sand andcoarser materials that are beachand other nearshore sedimentstransported and deposited by waveaction .

These are materials thateither have settled from suspen-sion in bodies of standing freshwater or have accumulated attheir margins through waveaction .

Marine - Unconsolidated deposits ofclay, silt, sand, or gravel thatare-well to moderately well sort-ed and well stratified to moder-ately stratified (in some placescontaining shells) . They havesettled from suspension in saltor brackish water bodies or have

- 91 -

accumulated at their marginsthrough shoreline processes suchas wave action and longshoredrift .

Morainal - Sediment generally con-sisting of well compacted materi-al that is nonstratified and con-tains a heterogeneous mixture ofparticle sizes, often in a mix-ture of sand, silt, and clay thathas been transported beneath,beside, on, within and in frontof a glacier and not modified byany intermediate agent .

Saprolite - Rock containing a highproportion of residual silts andclays formed by alteration,chiefly by chemical weathering .

The rock remains in a coherentstate, interstitial grain rela-tionships are undisturbed and nodownhill movement due to gravityhas occurred .

Undifferentiated - A layered sequenceof more than three types ofgenetic material outcropping on asteep erosional escarpment .

volcanic - Unconsolidated pyroclasticsediments . These include volcan-ic dust, ash, cinders, and pum-ice .

Qualifying Descriptors

These have been introduced toqualify the genetic materials and tosupply additional information aboutthe mode of formation or depositionalenvironment .

Glacial - Used to qualify nonglacialgenetic materials or process mod-ifiers where there is direct ev :-dence that glacier ice exerted astrong but secondary or indirectcontrol upon the mode of originof the materials or mode of oper-

ation of the process . The use ofthis qualifying , descriptorimplies that glacier ice wasclose to the site of the deposi-tion of a material or the site ofoperation of a process .

Glaciofluvial - Fluvial materialsshowing clear evidence of havingbeen deposited either directly infront of or in contact with gla-cier ice .

Glaciolacustrine - Lacustrine materi-als deposited in contact withglacial ice .

Glaciomarine - materials of glacialorigin laid down in a marineenvironment, as a result of set-tling from melting, floating iceand ice shelves .

Organic component

The organic component: consists ofpeat deposits containing >300 organicmatter by weight that may be as thinas 10 cm if they overlie bedrock butare otherwise greater than 40 cm andgenerally greater than 60 cm thick .The classes and their definitionsfollow .

B BogN FenS Swamp

Boc - A bog is a peat-covered orpeat-filled area, generally witha high water table . Since thesurface of the peatland isslightly elevated, bogs areeither unaffected or partlyaffected by nutrient-rich ground-waters from the surrounding min-eral soils . The groundwater isgenerally acidic and low in nut-rients (ombrotrophic) . The domi-nant peat materials are sphagnumand forest peat, underlain, attimes, by fen peat .

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Fen - A fen is a peat-covered orpeat-filled area with a highwater table, which is usually atthe surface . The dominantmaterials are shallow to deep,well to moderately decomposed fenpeat . The waters are mainly richin nutrients (minerotrophic) andare derived from mineral soils .The peat materials are thereforehigher in both nutrients and pHthan the peats associated withbogs .

Swamp - A swamp is a peat-covered orpeat-filled area . The peat sur-face is level or slightly concavein cross section . The watertable is frequently at or abovethe peat surface . There isstrong water movement from mar-gins or other mineral sources .The microrelief is hummocky, withmany pools present . The watersare neutral or slightly acid .The dominant peat materials areshallow to deep mesic to humicforest and fen peat .

E .2 GENETIC KhTERIAL MODIFIERS

Material modifiers are used toqualify unconsolidated mineral andorganic deposits . Particle-sizeclasses serve to indicate the size,roundness, and sorting of unconsoli-dated mineral deposits . Fiber class-es indicate the degree of decomposi-tion and fiber size of organicmaterials .

Particle size classes forunconsolidated mineralmaterials

Blocky : An accumulation of angularparticles greater than 256mm in size .

Bouldery :An accumulation of roundedparticles greater than 256

mm in size .

Clayey : An accumulation'of particleswhere the fine earth frac-tion contains 35% or moreclay (<0 .002 mm) by weightand particles greater than 2mm are less than 35% by vol-ume .

Cobbly : An accumulation of roundedparticles having a diameterof 64-256 mm .

Gravelly :An accumulation of roundedparticles ranging in sizefrom pebbles to boulders .

Loamy : An accumulation of particlesof which fine earth fractioncontains 35% or less clay(<0 .002 mm) by weight andparticles greater than 2 mmare less than 35% by volume .

Pebbly : An accumulation of roundedparticles having a diameterof 2-64 mm .

Rubbly : An accumulation of angularfragments having a diameterof 2-256 mm .

Sandy : An accumulation of particlesof which the fine earthfraction contains more than70% by weight of fine sandor coarser particles . Par-ticles greater than 2 mmoccupy less than 35$ by vol-ume .

Silty : An accumulation of particlesof which the fine earthfraction contains less than150 of fine sand or coarserparticles and has less than35% clay . Particles greaterthan 2 mm occupy less than35% by volume .

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Fiber classes for organic materials

The amount of fiber and its dur-ability are important characterizingfeatures of organic deposits in thatthey reflect on the degree of decom-position of the material . The preva-lence of woody materials in peats isalso of prime importance .

Fibric :The least decomposed of allorganic materials ; there is alarge amount of well-preservedfiber that is readily identi-fiable as to botanical origin .Fibers retain their characterupon rubbing .

Mesic : Organic material in an inter-mediate stage of decompostion ;intermediate amounts of fiberare present that can be iden-tified as to their botanicalorigin .

Humic : Highly decomposed organicmaterial ; small amounts offiber are present that can beidentified as to their botani-cal origin . Fibers can beeasily destroyed by rubbing .

Woody : Organic material containingmore than 500 of woody fibers .

E.3 SURFACE EXPRESSION

The surface expression of geneticmaterials is their form (assemblageof slopes) and pattern of forms .Form as applied to unconsolidateddeposits refers specifically to theproduct of the initial mode of originof the materials . When applied toconsolidated materials, form refersto the product of their modificationby geological processes . Surfaceexpression also indicates the mannerin which unconsolidated geneticmaterials relate to the underlyingunit .

Consolidated and Unconsolidatedmineral surface classes .

Apron - A relatively gentle slope atthe foot of a steeper slope andformed by materials from thesteeper, upper slope .

Blanket - A mantle of unconsolidatedmaterials thick enough to maskminor irregularities in theunderlying unit but still con-forming to the general underlyingtopography .

Fan - A fan-shaped form similar tothe segment of a cone and havinga perceptible gradient from theapex to the toe .

Hummocky - A very complex sequence ofslopes extending from somewhatrounded depressions or kettles ofvarious sizes to irregular toconical knolls or knobs . Thereis a general lack of concordancebetween knolls or depressions .Slopes are generally 9-700 (5-35degrees) .

Inclined - A sloping, unidirectionalsurface with a generally constantslope not broken by marked irreg-ularities . Slopes are 2-700(1-35 degrees) . The form ofinclined slopes is riot related tothe initial mode of origin of theunderlying material ..

Level - A flat or very gently slop-ing, unidirectional. surface witha generally constant slope notbroken by marked elevations anddepressions . Slopes are general-ly less than 20 (1 degree) .

Rolling - A very regular sequence ofmoderate slopes extending fromrounded, sometimes confined con-cave depressions to broad, round-ed convexities producing a wave-lake pattern of moderate relief .Slope length is often 1 .6 km or

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greater and gradients are greaterthan 5% (3 degrees) .

Ridged - A long, narrow elevation ofthe surface, usually sharp crest-ed with steep sides . The ridgesmay be parallel, subparallel, orintersecting .

Steep - Erosional slopes, greaterthan 70% (35 degrees), on bothconsolidated and unconsolidatedmaterials . The form of a steeperosional slope on unconsolidatedmaterials is not related to theinitial mode of origin of theunderlying material .

Terraced - Scarp face and the hori-zontal or gently inclined surface(tread) above it .

Undulating - A very regular sequenceof gentle slopes that extendsfrom rounded, sometimes confinedconcavities to broad rounded con-vexities producing a wavelikepattern of low local relief .Slope length is generally lessthan 0 .8 km and the dominant gra-dient of slopes is 2-50 (1-3degrees) .

Veneer - Unconsolidated materials toothin to mask the minor irregular-ities of the underlying unit sur-face . A veneer will range from10 cm to 1 m in thickness andwill possess no form typical ofthe material's genesis .

organic surface classes

Blanket - A mantle of organic materi-als that is thick enough to maskminor irregularities in theunderlying unit but still con-forms to the general underlyingtopography .

Bowl - A bog or fen occupying con-cave-shaped depressions .

Domed - A bog with an elevated, con-vex, central area much higherthan the margin . Domes may beabrupt (with or without a frozencore) or gently sloping or have astepped surface .

Floating - A level organic surfaceassociated with a pond or lakeand not anchored to the lake bot-tom .

Horizontal - A flat peat surface notbroken by marked elevations anddepressions .

Plateau - A bog with an elevated,flat, central area only slightlyhigher than the margin .

Ribbed - A pattern of parallel orreticulate low ridges associatedwith fens .

Sloping - A peat surface with a gen-erally constant slope not brokenby marked irregularities .

Veneer - A thin (40 cm-1m) mantle oforganic materials which generallyconforms to the underlying topog-raphy . They may or may not beassociated with discontinuouspermafrost .

Appendix F

DETAILED SOIL DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO SELECTED PROFILES SAMPLEDWITHIN THE STUDY AREA

Soil Symbol Soil Name Profile No .

IWO Inwood 38SLN Selina 39

Profile descriptions have been computer generated from detailed samplesites and analytical information stored in the Canada Soil Information System(CanSIS) data bank .

NOV 08, 1984

IIJO MANITOBA 1983 PROFILE N0. 38

IDENTIFICATION : SURVEYED BY GP, FOR THE PURPOSE OF DETAILED SURVEY ; PROVINCIAL SOIL SURVEY, WINNIPEG,MAN . STATUS : MODAL.

CLASSIFICATION : TAXONOMIC SYSTEM OF THE YEAR 1978, SUBGROUP : GLEYED DARK GRAY . MINERAL SOIL FAMILY : LOAMY AND FINE LOAMY,CARBONATIC, ALKALINE, STRONGLY CALCAREOUS, COOL . SUBHUMID . SOIL MAP UNIT : TAXONOMIC SERIES, 1JOTATION- IWO, ASSOCIATED SOILS :LURAF:D MCB . SOIL PHASES : VERY GENTLY SLOPING AND MODERATELY STONY .

LOCATION : MILITARY GRID REF . 14 UPL 2325 9495 ; NTS MAP AREA 621 6; SE 33 17 2 E .

VEGETATION : HAZEL, ASPEN, GRASSES.

SOIL SITE : PARENT MATERIAL ls WEAK CHEMICAL WEATHERING, FINE LOAMY AND FINE SILTY (18 TO 35'/. CLAY), MODERATELY TO VERY STRONGLYCALCAREOUS (6-40'/. CAC03), ItORAINAL (TILL), MIXED AND LIMESTONE ; LANUFORM CLASSIFICATION : MORAINAL, COBBLY AND LOAMY,UNDULATING ; SLOPE : CLASS 2 10 .5-2I1 AND CLASS 3 (2-5'/.), FACING LEVEL, SITE AT UPPER SLOPE POSITION, LEVEL MICROTOPOGRAPHY�SOIL MOISTURE AND DRAINAGE : SUBHUMID, IMPERFECTLY DRAINED, SLOWLY PERVIOUS, MODERATE SURFACE RUNOFF ; MODERATELY STONY ; PRESENTLAND USE : IMPROVED PASTURE,FORAGE .

SPECIAL NOTES : ALFALFA- GRASS FIELD .POCKETS AHD LENSES OF SAG WITHIN THE TILL

LFH : 3 TO 0 CM, RANGE 2 TO 3 CM ; HORIZON MOIST ; CRUSHED MOIST l0YR 2/1 .5 ; MATERIAL COMPOSITION SLIGHT DECOMPOSITION ; PLENTIFUL,VERY FINE AND FINE, RANDOM ROOTS ; SMOOTH, CLEAR HORIZON BOUNDARY .

I

v

AHE : 0 TO 11 CM, RANGE 8 TO 11 CM ; HORIZON MOIST ; CRUSHED MOIST l0YR 3/2 ; LOAM ; WEAK TO MODERATE, FINE, SUBANGULAR BLOCKYSTRUCTURE PSEUDO ; MODERATE, FINE TO MEDIUM, GRANULAR SECONDARY STRUCTURE ; LOOSE AND VERY FRIABLE CONSISTENCE ; PLENTIFUL, VERYFINE AND FINE, RANDOM ROOTS ; HIGHLY POROUS ; WAVY, CLEAR HORIZON BOUNDARY .

BTGJ : 11 TO 22 CM, RANGE 8 TO 12 CM ; HORIZON HOIST ; CRUSHED MOIST 10YR 3/3 ; CLAY LOAM ; MODERATE TO STRONG, FINE TO MEDIUM,SUBAtiGULAR BLOCKY STRUCTURE PSEUDO ; MODERATE TO STRONG, FINE TO MEDIUM, GRANULAR SECONDARY STRUCTURE ; FIR", PLASTICCONSISTENCE ; FEW, VERY FINE AND FINE, RANDOM ROOTS ; MODERATELY POROUS ; COMMON, VERY THIN AND THIN CLAY FILMS ON PEDFACES-UNSPECIFIED ; WAVY, CLEAR HORIZON BOUNDARY .

CKGJ : 22 TO 100 CM ; HORIZON MOIST ; CRUSHED MOIST 2 .5Y 5 .5/4 ; LOAM ; FEW AND COMMON, MEDIUM, DISTINCT, SYR 4/6 MOTTLES; MODERATE TOSTRONG, FINE TO MEDIUM, PLATY STRUCTURE PSEUDO ; MODERATE, FINE TO MEDIUM, GRANULAR SECONDARY STRUCTURE ; FRIABLE, SLIGHTLYPLASTIC CONSISTENCE ; WEAKLY CEMENTED AND STRONGLY CEMENTEDBY LIME ; FEW, VERY FINE AND FINE, RANDOM ROOTS; SLIGHTLY POROUS ANDMODERATELY POROUS ; LIME AND IRON-MANGANESE CONCRETIONS LOCATED ; MODERATE AND STRONG EFFERVESCENCE ; STRONGLY CALCAREOUS ANDVERY STRONGLY CALCAREOUS ; HOMOGENEOUS ; 20'/. GRAVELLY AND ANGULAR GRAVELLY COARSE FRAGMENTS .

CHEMICAL DATA (SURVEY)

C .E .C . EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS

HORIZON PH1

ORGC

(7.)

TOTALN(Z)

CALCCARB

EQU .L

CAL-CITE(G)

DOLO-MITE(Z)

EXTRACID

(hE/100G)

BUFF . PERM .CHARG

BUF

CA

FERED

MG

(ME/100

NA

G)

K

LFH ~ 7 .3 14 .89 0 .66 7 .1 0 .7 5 .9 4 .4 57 .0 37 .8 11 .8 0 .1 0 .5AHE / 7 .1 11 .56 0 .42 4 .2 40 .6 27 .5 7 .0 0 .1 0 .2

_BTGJ ~ 7 .2 1 .20 0 .10 1 .3 0 .4 0 .8 2 .7 36 .9 25 .1 7 .8 0 .1 0 .8-CKGJ / 7 .9 0 .49 52 .8 19 .9 30 .3 12 .5 23 .9 7 .4 0 .1 0 .2

NOV 08, 1984

INO MANITOBA 1983 PROFILE N0. 38

CHEMICAL

HORIZO

DATA

N

(SURVEY)ELECC0170

(MMHOS/CN)

'/. H20AT

SATUR

LFH ~ 0 .8 159 .6AI1E ~ 0 .6 80 .6BTGJ ( 0 .3 62 .5C1<GJ ~ 0 .4 38 .0

PHYSICAL DATA (SURVEY)

PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS

ORIZON

LFH

3SIE

I

X

" .75"VE SIEVE

PASSING

N0.4SIEVE

N0 .10SIEVE

V .C .SAND

C .SAND ~MED .SAND

F .SAND

V .F .SAND

TOT.SAND

'/. OF SAMPLE70- 50-2U 2U

SILT SILT2U

CLAY

AHE ~ 1 4 7 27 12 51 34 15BTGJ ~ 98 2 4 7 21 10 44 22 34CKGJ ~ 99 95 93 2 4 5 8 9 28 45 27

PHYSICAL DATAENGINEERING

ATTERBURG ATTERBURG SHRINKAGE OPT MOIST MAX DRYPLASTIC LIQUID LIMIT CONTENT DENSITY COLE AASHO UNIFIED

HU!<ILUfi LiPill (Z's LIMIT i.i ~ .*11 ~i :y,) (GlCC) VALUE CLASS CLASSi

_LFHAHE IBTGJ ~ 20 .0 46 .0 18 .0 2 .0 20 .0 76 10CKGJ ~ 14 .0 28 .0 15 .0 2 .0 16 .0 60 10

0.2UCLAY

NOV 08, 1984

SLN MANITOBA 1983 PROFILE NO. 39

IDENTIFICATION' SURVEYED BY GP, FOR THE PURPOSE OF DETAILED SURVEY ; PROVINCIAL SOIL SURVEY, WIttttIPEG,MAN . STATUS: MODAL .

CLASSIFICATIOtt: TAXONOMIC SYSTEM OF THE YEAR 1978, SUBGROUP : GLEYED DARK GRAY LUVISOL . MINERAL SOIL FAMILY : SANDY/LOAMY, CARBONATICA1 :0 MIXED NONCLAY, ALKALINE, STRONGLY CALCAREOUS, COOL, SUBItUttID . SOIL MAP UNIT : TAXONOMIC SERIES, NOTATION : ASSOCIATEDSOILS: PLN. SOIL PHASES : LEVEL AND SLIGHTLY STONY AND NO1tROCKY .

LOCATION : MILITARY GRID REF . 14 UPM 2702 1060 ; NTS MAP AREA 621 11 ; NW 13 19 2 E .

VEGETATIOtI~ b,RASSES,FORBES AND SHRUBS, REGENERATING . ASPEN, GRASSES,WILLOW, CLOVER, ROSEBUSH .

SOIL SITE : PARENT MATERIAL 1 : WEAK CHEMICAL WEATHERING, COARSE LOAMY AND COARSE SILTY (<187. CLAY) AND SANDY, MODERATELY TO VERYSTRONGLY CALCAREOUS (6-40'/. CAC03), LACUSTRINE, MIXED ; PARENT MATERIAL 2 : WEAK CHEt1ICAL WEATHERING, FINE LOAMY AND FIftE SILTY(18 TO 35'/. CLAY), MODERATELY TO VERY STRONGLY CALCAREOUS (6-40'/. CAC03), LACUSTRO-TILL AND Y.'ORAINAL (TILL), MIXED AND LIMESTONE ;LANDFORM CLASSIFICATION : FLUVIAL AND LACUSTRINE, LOAMY AND SANDY, LEVEL ; SLOPE : CLASS 2 (0 .5-27.), FACING LEVEL, SITE AT MIDDLEPOSITION, LEVEL MICROTOPOGRAPHY, ; SOIL MOISTURE AND DRAINAGE : SUBHUt1ID, IMPERFECTLY DRAINED, MODERATELY PERVIOUS, MODERATE ANDSLO1J SURFACE RUNOFF, PERCHED WATERTABLE ; SLIGHTLY STONY ; NONROCKY ; PRESENT LAND USE : CROPLAND AND IMPROVED PASTURE,FORAGE,DITCH DRAINED .

SPECIAL NOTES : EDGE OF FIELD .POSSIBLY WOOD MORE G.D .G .

AH : 0 TO 12 CM, RANGE 8 TO 12 CM ; HORIZON DRY ; MATRIX DRY 10YR 3 .5/2 ; FINE SANDY LOAM AND LOAM; WEAK, FINE TO MEDIUM, ANGULARBLOCKY STRUCTURE PSEUDO ; WEAK TO MODERATE, FINE, GRANULAR SECONDARY STRUCTURE PSEUDO; SOFT CONSISTENCE ; FEW, VERY FINE AND

FINE, VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL ROOTS ; MODERATELY POROUS; WAVY, CLEAR HORIZON BOUNDARY .

AE : 12 TO 20 CM, RANGE 6 TO 9 CM ; HORIZON DRY ; MATRIX DRY l0YR 6/2 ; LOAM ; MODERATE, FINE TO MEDIUM, PLATY STRUCTURE PSEUDO ;STRUCTURELESS, SItJGLE GRAIN SECONDARY STRUCTURE PSEUDO ; SLIGHTLY HARD CONSISTENCE ; FEW, VERY FINE AND FINE, VERTICAL ROOTS;

MODERATELY POROUS ; WAVY, CLEAR HORIZON BOUNDARY .

BTGJ : 20 TO 30 CM, RANGE 8 TO 12 CM ; HORIZON DRY ; MATRIX DRY 2 .5Y 4.5/4 ; SANDY CLAY LOAM ; FEW, FINE, DISTINCT AND PROMINENTPlOYR 4/6 MOTTLES; MODERATE TO STRONG, MEDIUM, ANGULAR BLOCKY STRUCTURE PSEUDO ; MODERATE, FINE TO MEDIUM, GRANULAR SECOtlDARY

STRUCTURE PSEUDO ; HARD, PLASTIC AND VERY PLASTIC CONSISTENCE ; FEW, VERY FINE AND FINE, VERTICAL ROOTS ; SLIGHTLY POROUS ANDMODERATELY POROUS ; COt1MON, THIN CLAY FILMS ON PED FACES-UNSPECIFIED AND VISIBLE BRIDGES BETWEEN SAND GRAINS ; WAVY, CLEARHORIZON BOUNDARY .

CKGJs 30 TO 60 CM, RANGE 20 TO 35 CM ; HORIZON DRY ; MATRIX DRY 2 .5Y 6 .5/4 ; FINE SAND AND VERY FINE SANOL.COMMON, MEDIUM, DISTINCTAND PROMINENT, lOYR 4/6 MOTTLES ; STRUCTURELESS, SINGLE GRAIN STRUCTURE PSEUDO ; PSEUDO ; LOOSE CONSISTENCE ; MODERATELY POROUSAND HIGHLY POROUS ; MODERATE EFFERVESCENCE ; STRONGLY CALCAREOUS ; HOMOGENEOUS ; WAVY, GRADUAL HORIZON BOUNDARY .

2CKGJ : 60 TO 100 CM ; HORIZON DRY ; MATRIX DRY 2 .SY 7.5/2 ; SILT LOAM AND SILTY CLAY LOAM ; FEW, FINE, FAINT AND DISTINCT MOTTLES ;MODERATE, FINE TO MEDIUM, PLATY STRUCTURE PSEUDO; MODERATE, MEDIUM, ANGULAR BLOCKY SECONDARY STRUCTURE PSEUDO ; HARD,

SLIGHTLY PLASTIC CONSISTENCE ; WEAKLY CEMENTED AND STRONGLY CEt1ENTEDBY LIME ; SLIGHTLY POROUS ; COMMON, FINE AND MEDIUM,SPHERICAL LIME CONCRETIONS LOCATED LOCAL CONCENTRATIONS ; STRONG EFFERVESCENCE ; VERY STRONGLY CALCAREOUS AND EXTREMELY

CALCAREOUS ; HOMOGENEOUS ; 20'/. AND 30'/. GRAVELLY COARSE FRAGMENTS .

NOV 08, 1984

SLN MANITOBA 1983 PROFILE N0. 39

CHEMICAL DATA (SURVEY)

C .E .C . EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS

HORIZON PH1

CRGC(L)

TOTALNIX)

CALCCARB

EQU.7.

CAL-CITE(Z)

DOLO-MITE(7.)

EXTRACID

WE/100G)

BUFF . PERM .CHARG

BUFF

CA

ERED

MG

(ME/100G)

NA K

AH ~ 7 .1 11 .19 0 .41 4 .6 44 .9 28 .4 7 .4 0 .1 0 .5AE I 7 .2 0.44 0 .08 1 .8 11 .2 6 .1 1 .9 0 .1BTGJ ~ 7 .3 0.58 0 .06 2 .6 21 .8 13 .0 4 .6 0 .3Ct:GJ ~ 7 .7 0.06 7.3 0 .2 6 .6 5 .1 8 .7 1 .5 0 .12CKGJ I 7 .9 33 .7 3 .5 27 .9 3 .2 17 .3 1 .8

I 61 .4 15 .8 40 .8

PHYSICAL DATA

CHEMICAL DATA (SURVEY) ENGINEERING

( ELEC I H20

'-' HORIZON (MIIHOSO/CM) SATUR ATTERBURG ATTERBURG SHRINKAGE OPT MOIST MAX DRYPLASTIC LIQUID LIMIT CONTENT DENSITY COLE AASHO UNIFIED

( Al1 I 0 .5 101 .4HORIZON LIMIT (Z) LIMIT (7.) (Z) (7.) (G/CC) VALUE CLASS CLASS

AE ~ 0 .2 35 .8 AHBTGJ ~ 0 .2 46 .7 AECKGJ ~2CKGJ (

0 .60 .3

28 .823 .8

BTGJ ( 19 .0 31 .0 19 .0 1 .8 13 .0 60 10CKGJ (2CKGJ ~ 13 .0 15.0 13 .0 2 .1 7.0 40 09

PHYSICAL DATA (SURVEY)

ORIZON3

SIE

'/.

" .75"VE SIEVE

PASSING

N0 .4SIEVE

0 .10SIEVE

PARTICLE

V.C . C .SAND S.4(JD

SIZE

MED .SAND

ANALY

F .SAND

SIS

V.F .SAND

OT .SAND

'/. OF SAMPLE70- 50-2U 2U

SILT SILTU

CLAY

AH f 1 2 23 40 66 19 15AE ~ 1 2 18 51 72 15 13BTGJ ~ 98 1 1 13 50 65 13 22CKGJ ~ 1 1 38 32 72 20 82CY,GJ ~ 95 91 89 6 6 9 11 38 50 12

0 .2UCLAY

sKEYAasho Unified

SEGMENT 11 : Classification ClassificationSAMPLE COLLECTION AND PREPARATION :

FIELD SAMPLING = REPRESENTATIVE SITEA-1 10 G1V OlSAMPLE PREPARATION = AIR DRY WITH GRINDING

SIZE BASE FOR REPORTING (MM) = 2 A-1-a ll GP 02NUMBER OF SAMPLES = 7 A-1-b 12 GM 03PH : A-2 20 GC 04

PH VALUE 1 : A-2-4 24 SW 05SAMPLE STATE = AIR DRY A-2-5 25 SP 06METHOD = CALCIUM CHLORIDE A-2-6 26 SM 07ORGANIC CARBON = WET OXIDATION (WALKLEY-BLACK) '

A-2-7 27 SC 08TOTAL NITROGEN = MACRO-KJELDAHL, N02 AND N03 NOT INCLUDEDCALCIUM CARBONATE EQUIVALENT = PRESSURE A-3 30 ML 09CALCITE AND DOLOMITE = PRESSURE A-4 40 CL 10EXTRACTABLE ACIDITY = BARIUM CHLORIDE-TRIETHANOLAMINE A-5 50 DL 11CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY : A-6 60 MH 12

BUFFERED = NH4AC, PH 7.0 A-7 70 CH 13EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS : A-7-5 75 OH 14BUFFERED :

A-7-6 76 PT 15METHOD USED = NH4AC, PH 7.0ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE = ATOMIC ABSORPTION A-8 80 CI 16

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY :PASTE = SATURATED,MIXEDINSTRUMENT = CONDUCTIVITY CELL-CUP

WATER EXTRACT DETERMINATIONS :p EXTRACT SOURCE = SATURATION EXTRACT

REPORTING UNIT = ME/L( EXTRACT DETERMINATIONS :

CALCIUM = ATOMIC ABSORPTIONMAGNESIUM = ATOMIC ABSORPTIONSODIUM = ATOMIC ABSORPTIONHC03 = ACID TITRATIONCL = POTENTIOMETRIC TITRATION

PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS :PRETREATMENT REMOVAL OF = ORGANIC MATTER, SALTSDISPERSION = SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATEMETHOD = PIPETTE

WATER CONTENT AND RETENTION POROSITY :SAMPLING PREPARATION = GROUND AND SIEVEDSAMPLE STATE = AIR DRYMETHOD = PRESSURE MEMBRANE

ATTERBERG LIMITS :PLASTIC LIMIT :

SAMPLE STATE = AIR DRYMETHOD = EVAPORATION

LIQUID LIMIT :SAMPLE STATE = AIR DRYMETHOD = EVAPORATION

SHRINKAGE LIMIT :SAMPLE STATE = AIR DRYMETHOD = EVAPORATION

GM-GC 17SM-SC 18CL-ML 19

SoilSymbol

Soil Legend

Soil NameSurfaceTexture

SoilDrainage Mode of Deposition Family Particle Size Subgroup

AND Aneda L WELL Till Loamy O.DGBYD Berry Island FSL POOR Fluviolacustrine/Till Sandy Skeletal/Loamy R.H .GLBVR Beaverdam LS IMPER Fluviolacustrine/Till Sandy Skeletal/Loamy GL .DGCRN Crane MES V.POOR Organic Mesic Peat T.MGHP Glenhope FSL IMPER Lacustrine/Till Loamy GLR.BL

GRH Garrioch LS IMPER Fluviolacustr.tne/Till Sandy Skeletal/Loamy GLR.BLGUO Gunton LS WELL Fluviolacustrine/Till Sandy Skeletal/Loamy O.DGIWO Inwood L IMPER Till Loamy GL .DGLUR Lundar L IMPER Till Loamy GLR.BLMEB Meleb L POOR Till Loamy R.HG

. MHC Marsh Complex L V.POOR Organic Textural Complex R.G° PGE Partridge Creek C POOR Lacustrine/Till Clayey/Loamy R.HG, PGU Peguis C IMPER Lacustrine/Till Clayey/Loamy GL.DG

Ply Piney L IMPER Till Loamy GL.GLPLN Pelan US IMPER Lacustrine/Till Sandy/Loamy GL.DG

SDB Sand Beaches S IMP-47ELL Lacustrine Sandy O.RSLN Selina LFS IMPER Lacustrine/Till Sandy/Loamy GLD.GLSPG Sprague LFS POOR Lacustrine/Till Sandy/Loamy R.HGSTW Stonewall L WELL Till/Residual Loamy O.DGZZ Water

Appendix H

MAP UNIT SYMBOLOGY

Compound Map Units

Series Symbol Percentileof map unit

IW04' IW08 - MEB2xc 3x xxlx xxls

Slope Class / Degree of Stoniness' Degree of Erosion Degree of Salinity(very gently sloping) (very stony) (none or minimal) (weakly saline)

In a compound unit where two series share the same denominator, thephases apply to both series accordingly .

Simple Map Units

xc2xAND LUR

Slope Class / Degree of Stoniness A series with no significant(very gently sloping) (moderate) phase features

Degree of Erosion Stoninessx non-eroded or minimal x non-stony1 slightly eroded 1 slightly stony2 moderately eroded 2 moderately stony3 severely eroded 3 very stonyo overblown 4 exceedingly stony

5 excessively stonySlope Classx 0-2I level to nearly level Degree of Salinity Cond . ms/cmc 2-5I very gently sloping

x non-saline 0-4d 5-9I gently slopings weakly saline 4-8e 9-15% moderately slopingt moderately saline 8-15f 15-30% strongly slopingu strongly saline 15+g 30-45I very strongly sloping

h 45-70% extremely sloping

SDBp = Sand Beach (peaty phase)

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