the soils - agriculture et agroalimentaire canada...

THE SOILS OF

LANARK COUNTY ONTARIO

D. W. Hoffman

M. H. Miller Ontario Agricultural College

University of Guelph Guelph, Ontario

R. E. Wicklund Research Branch

Canada Department of Agriculture Guelph, Ontario

1967

REPORT No. 40 OF THE ONTARIO SOIL SURVEY

RESEARCH BRANCH

CANADA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

and THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to express their appreciation for the advice and assistance given by Dr. P. C. Stobbe, Director of the Soil Research Institute, Canada Depart- ment of Agriculture.

The soil map and soil capability map for agriculture were prepared for lithographing by the Cartographic Section of the Soil Research Institute, Ottawa.

XBtrduction 7

General Description of the Area ........ ...................... .................................. .7 Location ............................... ...... ....... ................ ............... .7 Principal Towns ...... ........ .......................................................... 7 Population ...................... .................... ......................................... .9 Transportation ............................................................... ................. 9 Geology of the Underlying Rocks .................................................. 10 Surface Deposits ........................................................................... 12 Vegetation ............................ ....... ........ ....... ......................... 13 Climate ...................................................................... ................. 14 Relief and Natural Drainage Systems ....... ................................... .17

The Classification and Description of the Soils .......................................... .17 Series, Types, Phases and Complexes ........................................... .22 Soil Catena ........ ................................................................. .......... 22 Soil Key .................... ................................................................ .23 Grenville Series ............... ....................... ... .............................. 25 Matilda Series ....................................... ,__ .................................... 25 Lyons Series ................................................................................... .26 Tweed Series ................................................................................. .26 Tweed sandy loam-Rock complex ................... ........................... .27 Tennyson Series ............................................................................. .28 Tennyson sandy loam-Rock complex ................... ..................... 29 Balderson Series .. ...................................................................... 29 Innisville Series .............................................................. ............. 30 Monteagle Series ................................................................ .......... 30 Monteagle sandy loam-Rock complex ...................................... 3 I Wemyss Series ................................................................ ... ......... 3 1 Christy Series ................................................................................ .32 Farmington Series .................................................... .............. .... 32 Franktown Series ........................................................................... 35 Brooke Series ................................................................................. .35 Elmsley Series .......................................................... ................ 35 Lanark Series ................................................................................ .36 Bolingbroke Series ......................................................................... .36 Wayside Series ............................................................................. .37 Granby Series ............................................................................... .37 Uplands Series ............................................................................... .39 Rubicon Series ............................................................................... .39 Manotick Series ............................ , ................................................ .39 Mountain Series ............................................................................. .39 Allendale Series ............................................................................. 40 Kars Series ..................................................................................... .40 St. Peters Series ...................... ...................................................... .4 1 White Lake Series .................... .................................................... .4 1 White Lake sandy loam-Rock complex ...................................... 42 Almonte Series ............................................................................... 42 Snedden Series .............. ................. _. ... .......... .......... ............... .42 Appleton Series ............................ ................................................ .44 Osgoode Series ................................................... .._ .... J ............... ... 45

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

North Gower Series .................................................. ................... .46 North Gower clay loam-Rock complex ................................. .46 Rideau Series ................................................................................. .46 Muck ............................................................................................. .47 Rock Outcrop ......... .................................................................... .48

Agricultural Methods and Management .................. ................................. 49 Soil Management ...... .................................................................... .49 Soil Capability Groups for Agriculture ........................................ .52 Use of the Soils for Wildlife .................................... ................. 59

Appendix .................................................. ....................................... .61 Taxonomic Classification, Profile Description and Analytical Data ........................................... .6 1

Maps Soil Map and Soil Capability Map for Agriculture of Lanark County in Pocket in the back of the Report.

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Figure I- Outline Map of Ontario Showing Location of Lanark County.

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The Soil Survey of Lanark County Ontario INTRODUCTION

A soil survey was conducted in 1961 in Lanark County to map and classify the soils. The results of this survey are presented in this report and the location and extent of the different kinds of soils are shown on the accompanying map.

There is considerable variation in the soils in the county. Although soil deposits over 65 percent of the county are thin, deep deposits of clay, silt loam and sandy loam also occur. Clays are common north of Pakenham, silt loams occur around Almonte and sandy loams can be found in the vicinity of Perth. The thin soils are usually less than 12 inches thick over bedrock. Hilly thin soil deposits with numerous outcrops of bare rock occupy the western and northern parts of the county while level thin soils on sedimentary rock occur in the southeast. The main limitations to agriculture are shallowness and stoniness but low fertility, poor drainage, steep slopes, and droughtiness also limit crop production in some areas.

Dairying and livestock raising are most common and the sale of agricultural products from cattle, chickens, swine and sheep provide a large part of the farm income. In recent years there has been a reduction in the number of dairy cattle kept and a corresponding increase in beef cattle numbers. The main crops grown are those associated with livestock production.

This report deals with the origin and natural characteristics of the soils as well as their capabilities and limitations for agricultural use. Each soil type is described in detail and its location is shown on the soil map. The soil capability for agriculture is shown for each soil type on a soil capability map and the capability classes and subclasses are described in this report. Also included is a section on soil management and a rating of the soils according to their suitability for various crops.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA

Location Lanark County is bounded on the west by Frontenac County, on the south by

Leeds and Grenville Counties, on the east by Carleton County and on the north by Renfrew County. It lies between 75”45’ and 76”45’ west longitude and 44”45’ and 45 “30’ north latitude and has a total land area of 728,320 acres (1,138 square miles).

Principal Towns Perth, situated on the Tay River in the southern end of the county, is the county

seat. It is a beautiful town with its magnificent municipal park and stone buildings. Perth, founded in 18 15, was originally a military settlement, first peopled by soldiers of a Scottish regiment under a British government colonization scheme. Families from Ireland and England arrived at a later date to swell the population. The many industries provide employment to many of the town’s population of 5,521*. Of importance to agriculture is the Agricultural Representative’s office located here as well as the firms which use or distribute the agricultural products produced in the area.

:SPopulation figures taken from Municipal Directory, 1967, Ontario Department of Municipal Affairs.

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Figrrre 2 - Townships, Principal Towns, Highways and Railways in Lnnark County.

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The largest town is Smith’s Falls (9,892) which is situated 12 miles southeast of Perth on the Rideau River and Canal. Its main street is exceptionally wide providing for an easy flow of traffic. Included in the town’s many industries is the Hershey Chocolate Company which is of some importance to agriculture because of its requirement for milk products.

Carleton Place (4,9 17) and Almonte (3,5 13) are both located on the Mississippi River and are noted for their woolen mills. Also noted for its woolen mill is Lanark, a village of 925 people situated 11 miles north of Perth. Numerous small hamlets are scattered throughout the county and these consist mainly of a few houses, a church, a school and the general stores which cater mostly to the surrounding farm trade. The largest of these is Pakenham but the smaller hamlets such as McDonald’s Corners, Fallbrook, Balderson, Hopetown, Watson’s Comers, Maberly and Appleton are important to the area. Perhaps the most popular spot in the summer is Rideau Ferry on Rideau Lake. Its ample facilities for boating, swimming, and fishing account for its popularity with the general public.

Population

In 1961, according to the Census of Canada the total population of Lanark County was 37,418. Approximately 46 percent (16,163) of the people were rural dwellers but only 26 percent lived on farms.

The trend in population from 187 1 to 1956 is shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 TREND IN TOTAL POPULATION

Year Population Year Population

1871 33,020 1921 32,993 1881 33,975 1931 32,856 1891 37,725 1941 33,143 1901 37,232 1951 35,601 1911 34.375 1961 37,418

As in most Ontario counties there was a loss in population between 1891 and 193 1 and during this forty-year period almost 5,000 people left the county. HOW- ever, growth since 193 1 has almost made up for the earlier loss of people. Table 2 shows that all of the population increase has occurred in urban and rural non-farm areas and that the farm population is still decreasing.

TABLE 2. URBAN AND RURAL POPULATION TRENDS

Year Urban Rural Farm Non-Farm

1941 18,385 14,768 10,045 4,723 1951 20,872 14,729 9,705 5,024 1956 21,862 16,163 9,534 6,629 1961 23.787 7,644

Transportation

Many good roads traverse the southern half of the county but they are much fewer in number in the northern and western sections. In the south is highway No. 7

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which runs through Perth and connects it with Ottawa to the east and Peterborough to the west. Highway No. 29 serves the eastern side connecting Smith’s Falls, Carleton Place and Almonte with Brockville in the south and Amprior to the north. The only other main highway in the county is No. 15 which unites Perth and Smith’s Falls.

Rail service is provided by both the Canadian National and Canadian Pacific Railways. The main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway serving Toronto and Montreal goes through Perth and Smith’s Falls. The Canadian National has two lines, one running more or less east and west and the other serving the east side of the county running in a north and south direction. Both of the Canadian National lines operate through Smith’s Falls.

Also of note is the Rideau River and Canal which forms the southern boundary. Although it is not used for commercial transportation purposes, it is used a great deal in the summer by pleasure boats.

Geology of the Underlying Rocks

The extent to which the underlying bedrock affects the kind of soil and its composition is difficult to assess. The soils over most of Ontario have developed directly from deposits transported by ice or water. These deposits vary in thickness from a few inches to several feet and may have been carried great distances. Some deposits, especially those transported by water, may show little relationship to the bedrock underlying them because their point of origin is far removed from their place of deposition. Others appear to be closely associated to the underlying rock because they have been carried relatively short distances and usually by ice. The thin soils which occupy a large part of Lanark County have certain characteristics which seem to be related to the bedrock. The broad relationship between soil and rock can be seen by comparing Figure 3, which shows the distribution of the rock formations in general, with the soil map.

The geology of the county is about two-thirds of Precambrian and one-third of Paleozoic age. Roughly, the Paleozoic boundary (see Figure 3) follows a sinuous line from the north-east comer of the county along part of the Mississippi valley to Balderson, Perth, Rideau Ferry and Otter Lake, with arms of Paleozoic strata extending west of Perth to Christie Lake and Stanleyville.

The geology of the Precambrian terrain is extremely complex and only two broad separations have been made. Areas of igneous and acid metamorphic rocks have been separated from limestone areas. One great belt of metamorphosed limestone trending northeast-southwest occupies the central part of the county. This deposit is mostly calcium limestone with 6 to 8 percent of magnesium carbonate. The remainder of the Precambrian consists of a variety of rocks of which granites, syenites, diorite and gneisses are most common.

Several rock formations of Paleozoic age are present. Sandstone of the Nepean formation is found in places along the edge of the Paleozoic basin. The largest area is that extending west and south of Perth. Most of the sandstone in this formation is composed of rounded quartz grains in a siliceous matrix and is a cream color. Magnesium limestones and dolomites of the Beekmantown formation overlie the Nepean and occupy the southeast part of Lanark County. The stone is fine-grained and usually dark gray in color. The beds are irregular and invariably sandy near the contact with the sandstone.

The Chazy formation consisting of shale and sandstone in the lower half and of calcium limestone in the upper half succeeds the Beekmantown formation. The Chazy rock is fine-grained and dark gray to dark brownish gray in color. It is the

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en

BEDROCK GEOLOGY

Figure 3 - Outline Map Showing Bedrock Geology of Lanark County.

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opinion of some geologists that the limestone mapped as Chazy in this region belongs to the Black River formation. The Black River limestone overlies the Chazy and bears a very close resemblance to it. Both the Chazy and Black River limestones occur along the eastern side of the county.

Surface Deposits The unconsolidated surface deposits in Lanark County are of glacial origin

and are the parent material from which soils have developed. The differences that occur in texture, relief and drainage of soils are a result of differences in the nature of these deposits as described in Table 3.

The surface deposits are commonly referred to as till, outwash, kame, esker, deltaic, drumlin and lacustrine which denote the mode of deposition and, to some extent, the textural composition of the deposit. Glacial till is non-sorted material, a mixture of broken rock fragments and soil particles that range in size from sand to clay. Glacial till covers a large part of Lanark County.

The till cover is thin over most of the county and in many places the bedrock is exposed. Areas of deeper materials do exist, however; sandy kames are scattered throughout the area west of Mississippi Lake and River. Nowhere do these hilly deposits occupy a large acreage but they are inent east of Lanark, around Flower Station and south of Watson’s Comers.

JP% ee deposits of calcareous sandy

loam till occur in a comparatively narrow band rom restonvale through Ferguson Falls to Clayton. They also occur around Lanark and Perth. Indeed, the region around Perth is exceedingly complex and many different deposits may be found. In addition to the sandy loam tills are small areas of clay loam till, outwash sand, stony acid till, and lacustrine clays. The lacustrine clays have been deposited in the depressions and flats lying between the gently rolling slopes of the other deposits.

The largest lacustrine deposits occur east of the Mississippi River beween Carleton Place and the border of Renfrew County. Lacustrine deposits are sorted fine-textured materials laid down in still or slowly moving waters and usually have level topography. Level lacustrine deposits occur southeast of Carleton Place and north of Pakenham but these deposits are much more rolling in the region between these two towns. The short steep slopes around Appleton and Almonte are probably due to post-glacial erosion.

Swamps are common in low-lying areas where the water has been impounded. In such places organic materials have accumulated. The county abounds in bogs. Numerous bogs of small size are scattered throughout the western and central regions, larger ones are most common in North Elmsley, Drummond, Beckwith and Montague Townships.

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TABLE 3 SURFACE DEPOSITS OCCURRING IN LANARK COUNTY

1. Glacial Till: Ground Moraine Generally unsorted material. Topography is characterized by a

succession of low knolls and depressions. Textures are loam to clay loam - contains stones and boulders.

Terminal Moraine Often modified or resorted materials, sandy loam to loam, more stones than in ground moraine. Topography is rough to hilly.

Drumlin Elongated hill, long axis in the direction of ice advance, materials usually unsorted, loam to clay loam with stones and boulders.

2. Glacio-fluvial Outwash Plain Sandy and gravelly materials, cobbly but boulder-free occurring

on a nearly level plain; a few enclosed depressions and incised ravines.

Kame Small hill of sand and gravel - may contain resorted till; some stones and boulders.

3. Lacustriae.. Clays, silts and sands laid down in glacial lakes. Topography is usually very gently sloping, although moderately steep slopes encountered in some areas. Stones are few to absent except in areas where thin lacustrial deposits are underlain with till.

4. Recent Alluvial Post-glacial deposits of sands, silts and clays along streams, meadows, sloughs and marshes. Also includes mucks and peats. Soils are immature; topography is nearly level to depressional. Stones are rare.

Vegetation The natural vegetation found in an area is determined largely by climate and

soil. Vegetation, in turn, exerts considerable influence on the development of a soil and therefore is an important factor in soil formation. The extent to which it influ- ences soil development varies with the type of vegetation.

Since vegetation is one of several inter-related soil forming factors, it is difficult to measure the exact effect that it has on the detailed profile features which are used to make soil type separations. However, there is a relationship between plant and soil and vegetation can be used as an indicator of certain soil characteristics. No attempt is made in a soil survey, to make a detailed analysis of all plant species occurring on each kind of soil. Instead, a survey of the tree species has been made to show in a general way the associations that most commonly occur on some of the more important soils.

The most commonly occurring trees are sugar maple, American elm, rock elm, aspen poplar, red oak, bur oak, basswood, white ash, black cherry, red cherry, silver birch, white cedar, white spruce, black spruce and some red pine and white pine. In general, trees like the sugar maple, basswood, white ash and black cherry prefer deep well drained soils such as the Tennyson and Tweed. Red oak also prefers well drained soils but is only moderately tolerant of shade. For this reason it is commonly found on a sandy or rocky site with the aspens, silver birch and white and red pines. Byr oak, white elm, soft maples, red and green ash are commonly confined to well

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A woodlot located on a well-drained Tennyson loam site.

drained fine textured soils or imperfectly drained soils of medium or fine texture.These trees are predominant on soils such as Almonte, Rideau, Snedden and Wemyss.Soft maples also occur in association with white and black spruce in and along theedge of swamps.

ClimateMeteorological stations in Lanark County are located at Almonte and Dalhousie

Lake. Climatic data for these stations is presented in Tables 4 and 5 along with datafrom North Bay and Kingston to permit comparison of the climate of Lanark Countywith climatic regions to the north and to the south. Temperature data for DalhousieLake is not available.

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TABLE 4 MEAN MONTHLY TEMPERATURE AT ALMONTE, AND SELECTED POINTS

TEMPERATURE IN DEGREES F

Month Almonte North Bay Kingston

(lo)* 07) (62) December 18 16 24 January 12 I2 19 February 13 12 18

Winter 13 March :: 24 April 42 38 41 Mav 54 57 53

Spring 41 38 41 June 63 62 63 July 69 67 Auenst 65 65

Summer 66 66 September 57 61 October 47 43 49 November 32 31 37

Fall 4s 43 49 Annual 41 40 44

May 1 to Oct. 1 62 60 62

*Years observed.

TABLE 5 PRECIPITATION AT ALMONTE, DALHOUSIE LAKE AND SELECTED POINTS

PRECIPITATION IN INCHES

Month Almonte Dalhousie Lake North Bay Kingston

(10)” (13 (23) (62) December 2.38 2.90 2.10 2.85 January 2.72 3.96 2.01 2.82 February 1.89 2.54 1.52 2.18

Winter 6.99 9.40 5.63 7.85 March 2.62 3.24 1.83 2.50 April 3.00 2.84 2.20 2.33 May 2.95 2.85 2.51 2.82

Spring 8.57 8.93 6.54 7.65 June 2.54 3.37 3.16 2.89 July 2.81 3.19 3.17 2.89 August 3.11 2.43 2.69 2.73

Summer 8.46 8.99 9.02 8.51 September 3.11 3.17 3.68 2.86 October 3.39 2.85 3.17 2.99 November 2.64 3.63 2.71 2.96

Fall Annual

May 1 to Oct. 1

“Years observed.

9.14 9.65 9.56 8.81 33.16 36.97 30.75 32.82 14.52 15.01 15.21 14.19

IS

---+ NATURAL DRAINAGE I

According to Table 4 winters are cold with a mean temperature of 14°F and summers are warm with a mean temperature of 66°F. The average growing season varies from 190 days in the northwest to 193 days in the southeast part of thk county.

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Figure 4 - Outline Map Showing the Natural Drainage Courses of Lanark County

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Similarly, the frost free period varies from 117 days to 134 days. Frost, however, is a real hazard since frosts have been recorded in some parts of the county in all months except July.

The average annual precipitation at Almonte is 33.16 inches but at Dalhousie Lake it is 36.97 inches, about 10 percent more than at Almonte. Somewhat less than half the rainfall is received in the growing season and about 9 inches is the average for June, July and August. Snowfall ranges from 78 to 87 inches with more falling on the east than on the west side of the county. In general, Lanark County has a climate of temperature extremes with. very cold, snowy winters and warm summers with adequate rainfall and little likelihood of drought. Relief and Natural Drainage Systems

Most of Lanark County consists of the rugged relief associated with the Pre- cambrian Shield in Ontario. There are no mountains but slopes are numerous and steep providing a very hilly topography. In contrast the limestone plain areas east of Christie Lake and the Mississippi River system are almost level. Locally a little relief is provided by low ledges and shallow valleys in the rock. North of Carleton Place there is greater irregularity due to faulting.

In general the land slopes from east to west and from north to south. The highest land is about 1,000 feet above sea level and occurs in the northwest corner of the county. From there the land slopes in a southerly direction to 500 feet above sea level at Christie Lake and in an easterly direction to about 400 feet above sea level at the Carleton County border. Along the eastern side of the ‘county the land slopes to the north and to the south from a height of land near Almonte. The overall gradient in the limestone plain is less than five feet per mile and many depressions are left undrained.

Some of the external drainage features within the county are shown in Figure 4. The two main drainage systems in the area are the Rideau and the Mississippi. The Rideau River and Rideau Lake form the southern boundary of the county and drain the lower part of the region. Most of the surveyed area is drained by the Mississippi River and its tributaries which extend through most of central and northern Lanark. .4 small portion of the north drains into White Lake which is part of the Madawaska River system.

THE CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE SOILS The surface geological deposits previously described are the parent materials

from which the soils of the County have developed. Soils differ because of differences in parent materials; however, soils developed in similar parent materials may also differ because of differences in drainage and in natural vegetation.

Under the cool, humid climate and the native forest vegetation, the soils of Lanark County have become more acid than the parent materials due to the removal of bases, particularly calcium from the surface layers of the soil by percolating water. This is referred to as a process of leaching and the effect of weathering and lea,ching during several thousand years has caused the development of layers or horizons within the soil. These horizons differ from one another in thickness, color, texture or structure.

A vertical cut through the soil exposes a characteristic sequence of layers (soil profile). The different layers of the soil are often referred to as surface soil, subsurface soil, subsoil and parent material. However, because many soils have more than three horizons, it is convenient to use the specific pedological terms - A horizon, B horizon and C horizon which are further subdivided into *Ah, Ae, Btl, Bt2, C etc. *Horizon nomenclature according to the National Soil Survey Committee 1965.

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The A horizon is the surface horizon and in many soils can be subdividedinto Ah and Ae. The Ah horizon contains the largest amounts of organic matterand is underlain by Ae, the horizon that shows most clearly the effects produced bythe process of leaching. The B horizon is finer in texture and more compact as a

Soils of the Brown Forest Great Group have thin profiles and a brown subsoil.

result of the accumulation of clay- and other fine materials carried down from theA horizon. Underlying the B horizon is the C horizon, composed of material unalteredor only slightly altered by the soil forming processes, i.e. parent material.

Poorly drained soils, i.e. soils in which ground water is present in the soil for alarge part of the year, have a gley horizon immediately below the Ah horizon. Thegley horizon is bluish gray or brownish gray with reddish mottling and may containiron concretions,

Soils are principally classified by the kind, number and arrangement of horizonsin the soil profile.

Thirty-three soil series were recognized and mapped in the County. Soil seriesdiffer from one another in one or more of the following features of the soil profile —number, color, thickness, texture, structure and chemical composition of the horizons,drainage, depth to bedrock, stoniness, and slope.

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Many soil series, however, have some features in common, and on that basisare grouped into Great Groups. In Lanark County soils of Brown Forest, GrayBrown Podzolic, Gray Wooded, Podzol, Humic Gleysol, Gleysol, Regosol andOrganic Great Groups occur. A generalized description of a soil representing eachof these groups follows.

The Brown Forest soils occur chiefly on highly calcareous materials. Thesesoils have a dark brown surface horizon, (Ah) about four inches thick, high inorganic matter, and a neutral or mildly alkaline reaction. This Ah horizon is under-lain by a brown B horizon which may contain a slight accumulation of clay. Ingeneral, the B horizon shows no color subdivisions and the profile is uniformlybrown down to the C horizon that occurs at a depth of about 18 inches. The basesaturation of all horizons is generally 100 percent.

Gray Brown Podzolic Soil profile.

The Gray Brown Podzolic soils occupy a small part of the county. The profilehas a dark grayish brown Ah horizon, three inches thick, relatively high in organicmatter, and is underlain by a yellowish brown Ae horizon that becomes lighter incolor with depth. The B horizon is brown and finer in texture than other horizonsin the profile. It contains accumulations of clay and sesquioxides. The calcareousC horizons occur at depths of 20 to 30 inches.

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A Gray Wooded soil profile.

The Gray Wooded soils occur on calcareous fine textured lacustrine sedimentsin Lanark County. These soils have a bleached gray surface horizon and a darkercolored subsurface horizon containing accumulations of clay, sesquioxides, andorganic materials. In a virgin state the profile consists of L, F and H layers underlainby a light gray or white Ae horizon that is very low in organic matter and is slightlyto moderately acid in reaction. The B horizon is dark brown in color, contains moreclay and sesquioxides than the horizons above and some form of blocky structure.The graying from the Ae horizon carries down over the upper part of the B to forma pronounced BA horizon. As a consequence the profile exhibits an overall grayishcolor. Depths of profiles are usually 20 to 26 inches. Most of the Gray Wooded soilsin Lanark County have a thin Ah horizon.

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The Podzol soils have L, F and H horizons and may also have Ah horizons lessthan two inches thick. These layers are underlain by a gray or white Ae horizon.The B horizon is reddish or yellowish brown and contains accumulations of sequi-oxides and organic matter or both and is usually divisible into two or more sub-horizons.

A Humic Gleysol soil profile.

The poorly drained soils of the county have the characteristics of the HumicGleysol, Gleysol and Organic Great Groups. The Humic Gleysol soils have a mineralsurface soil high in organic matter and a dull mottled subsoil. A very dark gray toblack Ah horizon about eight inches is underlain by a mottled, dark gray to grayishbrown gley horizon. The gley horizon is underlain by the C horizon. The Gleysolsare similar to the Humic Gleysols except they lack an Ah horizon.

Organic soils contain at least 30 percent of organic matter and are more than12 inches thick. The organic layer is underlain by a strongly gleyed mineral soil orrock. The composition of the organic materials varies according to the type ofvegetation from which they formed and on their degree of decomposition.

Regosols have little or no horizon development. They usually have a thin surface layer slightly darker in color than the underlying C horizon but some may have barely discernible Ae and Bt horizons.

Series, Types, Phases and Complexes The units by which soils are mapped and described are designated as series,

types and phases. The principal mapping unit is the series which in turn may consist of two or more types or phases. All the soils included in a series are relatively uniform both in their development and in their land use. Soil series are subdivided into soil types on the basis of the texture of the surface soil. The full name of the soil type is a combination of the series name and the surface texture, e.g. Tennyson loam. The soil phase is not a part of the natural classification of soils and can be a subdivision of the soil type, series or any other classification unit.

Soil complexes which have been used in this survey as mapping units are combinations of two or more soil types. These mapping units are used where two or more soil types occur in such an intricate pattern that they cannot be separated on the map. In naming each complex, the names of the dominant soil types are used. The characteristics of each type are the same as in the areas where they occur alone.

Soil Catena Soils that have developed on similar parent material but differ in the charac-

teristics of the solum as a result of difference in drainage are commonly grouped into a unit that is called a soil catena. The catena name is taken from the soil series that has good natural drainage. Such a grouping of series in the county is shown in Table 6.

TABLE 6

Series Members

Drainage

Catena Name GOOd

Almonte Almonte Appleton Appleton Bolingbroke Bolingbroke Elmsley Elmsley Farmington Farmington Grenville Grenville Kars Kars Manotick Manotick Monteagle St. PC&

Monteagle St. Peters

Tennyson Tennyson Tweed Tweed Uplands Uplands White Lake White Lake

Imperfect

Snedden

Wayside

Franktown Matilda

Mountain Wemyss

Balderson

Rubicon

Poor

Granby

Brooke Lyons

Allendale Christy

Innisville

St. Samuel

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Soil Key A. Soils Developed on Glacial Till Acrts

I. Calcareous loam till (a) Well drained

1. Grenville loam (B.F.) Grenville loam - shallow phase (B.F.)

4,400 2. 2,400

(b) Imperfectly drained 1. Matilda loam (B.F.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400

(c) Poorly drained 1. Lyons loam 400

II. Calcareous sandy loam till (a) Well drained

1. Tweed sandy loam (B.F.) 4,200 2. Tweed sandy loam - Rock complex (B.F.-R.) 124,000

III. Calcareous sandy loam till (a) Well drained

1. Tennyson sandy loam (G.B.P.) 2. Tennyson sandy loam - shallow phase (G1B.P:)

29,600 5,100

3. Tennyson sandy loam - Rock complex (G.B.P.-R) 3,400 (b) Imperfectly drained

1. Balderson sandy loam (G.B.P.) 3,900 (c) Poorly drained

1. Innisville sandy loam (H.G.) 1,300

IV. Stony, noncalcareous sandy loam till. (a) Well drained

1. Monteagle sandy loam (P) 2. Monteagle sandy loam - shall& phi& (P) : 1::

8,900 200

3. Monteagle sandy loam - Rock complex (P.-R.) 237,700 (b) Imperfectly drained

1. Wemyss sandy loam (P) 1,600 (c) Poorly drained

1. Christy sandy loam (G) 2,000 V. Sandy loam and loam till less than 12 inches deep over limestone or sandstone.

(a) Well drained 1. Farmington loam (B.F.) 2. Farmington sandy loam (B.F.)

20,400

3. Farmington sandy loam - rubbly’ph&e (Blk.) 1.1 81,400

1,100 (b) Imperfectly drained

1. Franktown sandy loam (B.F.) (c) Poorly drained

1. Brooke sandy loam (H.G.) VI. Sandy loam till 12 to 18 inches deep over sandstone.

(a) Well drained 1. Elmsley sandy loam (B.F.) ,., ,,,.,.,... ,,...

VII. Calcareous clay loam till (b) Imperfectly drained

1. Lanark clay loam (G.B.P.) ..__. ._,

900

1,200

2,200

4,400

B. Soils Developed on Outwash I. Calcareous sand

(a) Well drained 1. Bolingbroke sandy loam (P) .,.. .._..... 2,000

(b) Imperfectly drained 1. Wayside sandy loam (P) ._. 300

(c) Poorly drained 1. Granby sandy loam (H.G.) . . . 900

II. Noncalcareous sand (a) Well drained

1. Uplands sandy loam (P) 800

23

(b) Imperfectly drained 1. Rubicon sandy loam (P)

III. Noncalcareous sand overlying clay (a) Well drained

1. Manotick sandy loam (P) (b) Imperfectly drained

1. Mountain sandy loam (P) 2. Mountain fine sandy loam (P).. ..I. 1”’ .., .., ,...

(c) Poorly drained 1. Allendale sandy loam (H.G.) 2. Allendale fine sandy loam (H.G.)

IV. Calcareous, coarse gravel (a) Well drained

1. Kars gravelly sandy loam (G.B.P.)

V. Noncalcareous coarse gravel (a) Well drained

1. St. Peters gravelly sandy loam (P)

VI. Calcareous sand and gravel in Kames (a) Well drained

1. White Lake sandy loam (P) 2. White Lake sandy loam - Rockcomplex (P-R)“‘.

C. Soils Developed on Lacustrine Deposits I. Calcareous silty clay loam

(a) Well drained 1. Almonte silt loam (G.W.)

(b) Imperfectly drained 1. Snedden silt loam (G.W.) .,,

II. Calcareous silt loam and fine sand (a) Well drained

1. Appleton silt loam (G.W.)

III. Calcareous silt loam (a) Poorly drained

1. Osgoode silt loam (H.G.) IV. Calcareous clay loam and clay

(a) Poorly drained 1. North Gower clay loam (H.G.) 2. North Gower clay loam -Rock complex”(H.G.-R)

V. Noncalcareous clay (a) Imperfectly drained

1. Rideau clay (R) 2. Rideau clay-steep phase (R) ” ” “‘.

D. Soils Developed on Organic Deposits (a) Very poorly drained

1. Muck (0) ,,

E. Miscellaneous 1. Rock outcrop

B.F. - Brown Forest G.B.P. - Gray Brown Podzolic G.W. - Gray Wooded G - Gleysol

GREAT GROUPS H.G. - Humic Gleysol 0 - Organic P - Podzol R - Regosol

11

200

1,200

1,800 400

1,100 600

1,000

100

8,600 5,300

5.600

8,300

1,100

1,600

3 1.400 700

9.700 700

103,300

400

Grenville Series

The Grenville soils are most common in the counties to the southeast of Lanark and only a comparatively small acreage occurs in this county. A total of 6,800 acres have been mapped and these are found mainly in the vicinity of Carleton Place and Almonte. These soils are developed on very calcareous till of loam texture. Free carbonates may be found at the soil surface but most often occur at depths of 14 to 18 inches.

The topography is gently rolling and slopes range from 1 to 12 percent but those of 4 percent are in the majority. The Grenville soils are well drained; water runs easily off the gentle slopes or readily percolates through the soil materials. In any area of rolling land are small plots with level or depressional topography which contain imperfectly or poorly drained soils. These are too small to be shown on the soil map and hence areas mapped as Grenville may contain up to 25 percent of Matilda or Lyons soils. Descriptions of the Matilda and Lyons soils are on following pages of this report.

Some surface erosion has occurred on the cultivated slopes of the Grenville but serious loss, all of the original A horizon removed, occurs only in about 5 percent of the total area. Stoniness is seldom limiting to agriculture on these soils, although stones are sufficient in number in 30 percent of the areas mapped as Grenville, to create a nuisance to cultivation.

These are Brown Forest soils. Very dark grayish brown surface soils underlain by dark brown B horizons followed by ‘grayish brown C horizons are typical. In general, the B horizons differ from the surface (Ah) horizons and the C horizons only in color and structure. Some, however, contain slightly more clay than the layers above and below.

Most of the Grenville soil areas have been cleared and are used for dairying and mixed farming. Cereal crops, hay and pasture are the main crops grown. Yields average 40 bushels per acre for oats, 1 l? tons per acre of mixed hay and 35 bushels per acre of barley. These yields are low compared to those from similar soils in other parts of Ontario. The Grenville soils have a high potential for crop production which can only be achieved when the proper kind and amount of fertilizer is used.

Matilda Series

The Matilda soils occur in association with the Grenville series. They are imperfectly drained soils on gently undulating upland areas where surface runoff is slow and internal drainage is moderate. Slopes are long and range from 1 to 3 percent, the majority being 2 percent. The material from which these soils have been derived is the same as that of the Grenville series.

The dark colored loam surface is commonly one or two inches thicker than the same horizon in Grenville soils, and 1 or 2 percent higher in organic matter content. The average organic matter content for cultivated soils is 6 percent. The Matilda soils have the same number and arrangement of layers as the Grenville soils but their colors are duller. Mottles or blotches of reddish and orange colors appear in the subsoil and in the C horizon indicating that the water table is high at certain periods of the year.

The Matilda soils are capable of producing high yields of crops in support of mixed farming, livestock raising or dairying. In Lanark County these soils are used mainly for hay and pasture.

25

Lyons Series

These poorly drained soils cover 400 acres in the county and occur in depres-sions in association with the Grenville and Matilda soil series. Although these soilsare wet for the major part of the year there are periods, generally late in the summerwhen they are free from excess water.

The Lyons soils have a much thicker and darker surface soil than the associatedsoils of better drainage. The surface layer is underlain by grayish layers which areusually profusely mottled with spotches of red, yellow or orange colours. The Lyonssoils and those with characteristics like them are grouped with the Humic Gleysols.

These soils are often too wet for regular cultivation and therefore are used forpasture and hay crops.

Tweed Series

Tweed soils occur in close association with limestone of Precambrian age andtherefore there are large amounts of calcite in their C horizons. The C horizons alsocontain quantities of material from adjacent granitic and gneissic rocks. The bedrockis never far away from the surface. Areas of Tweed sandy loam usually have threefeet or more of unconsolidated materials over the bedrock but places mapped as acomplex of Tweed sandy loam and rock show a great variation in the thickness ofthe soil mantle.

The topography of the Tweed soils is bedrock controlled and hilliness variesconsiderably. Areas in which the soils are deep generally have slopes that are smoothand range from 1 to 6 percent except at the edges where slopes are 15 to 26 percent.Where the bedrock is near or at the surface the topography is irregular or rough andhilly. This is especially true in areas mapped as Tweed sandy loam and rock. Asmight be expected in areas where rocks abound the soils are stony. Stones interferewith cultivation in 80 percent of the deep soil areas and stone removal is an annualchore. Cultivation is impractical in areas of Tweed sandy loam—rock complex.

Rolling slopes and stone piles are typical of some landscapes of Tweed sandy loam.

26

Tweed soils are well drained. Moisture percolates readily through the sandy,stony materials or runs rapidly off the slopes. Erosion is not severe. The steeperslopes are usually kept under a permanent cover of grass or trees and soil loss is keptto a minimum. About 4,200 acres of Tweed sandy loam are shown on the soil mapbut other soils such as White Lake sandy loam, Balderson sandy loam and muckoccupy 10 percent of this area.

The Tweed soils belong to the Brown Forest Great Group. Although muchdeeper than many of the other Brown Forest soils in Southern Ontario they have thetypical brown solum which becomes somewhat lighter in color with depth.

The Tweed soils are used mainly for hay and pasture crops although cerealgrams and silage corn are grown where slopes are gentle and surface stones havebeen removed. Crop yields are low because of low fertility and droughtiness. Furtherlimitation to crop growth is caused by high weed populations in many fields.

Tweed Sandy Loam — Rock Complex

The largest portion of the county in which Tweed soils occur consists of thinsoils with numerous rock exposures. The complex contains about 50 percent barerock and rock with a thin covering of organic materials, 20 percent of shallowTweed sandy loam, and 20 percent of deep Tweed sandy loam. The remaining 10percent consists of Muck, Monteagle sandy loam, and Christy sandy loam. All of

A profile of Tennyson sandy loam.

27

these soils are described elsewhere in this report except the shallow Tweed sandyloam. This soil has the same characteristics as the deep Tweed sandy loam but thesolum is thinner; less than three feet to bedrock. There are 124,200 acres of thecomplex in the county.

Shallowness and numerous rock exposures severely limit the use of the Tweed-Rock complex for agriculture. It could be used for grazing but not for arable cropssince the deeper soil bodies, although numerous, are much too small for economiccultivation. The complex does have a somewhat higher potential for wildlife,recreation and forestry uses.

Tennyson Series

The Tennyson soils occur mainly in the region around the town of Perth andin several long, narrow intermittent bands extending to Carleton Place. In all thereare 29,600 acres making this one of the major soil series in the county. These soilshave a gently rolling topography with slopes ranging from 2 to 6 percent. They arewell drained. Moisture percolates readily through the coarse soil materials or runsoff the gentle slopes. Stones occur throughout the soil profile but they are notsufficient in number in most of the soil areas to interfere with cultivation. In 18percent of the area mapped as Tennyson, stones are a nuisance to cultivation and in5 percent the land cannot be cultivated because of excessive stoniness.

The soil parent material is a calcareous sandy loam till that has been derivedfrom grayish limestones and sandstones. Tennyson soils have certain characteristicscommon to many soils in southern Ontario. Dominant features include a darkcolored surface layer (Ah), lighter colored leached layers (Ae) and a layer in whichclay is the major accumulation product (Bt). Soils with these characteristics arecalled Gray Brown Podzolic.

A farm on Tennyson sandy loam.

On the Tennyson soils, livestock raising and dairying are the principal farm enterprises. Hay, pasture, oats and mixed grains are the main crops grown but fodder corn and winter wheat are important crops on some farms. Crop yields are medium to low. Yields of oats and mixed grains may be as much as 10 bushels lower than the provincial average of 55 bushels per acre. Low yields are most likely due to low soil fertility combined with low fertilizer use. Crop yields can be increased profitably by using fertilizer.

Tennyson Sandy Loam - Shallow Phase

There are 5,100 acres of Tennyson sandy loam in the county which are underlain by bedrock at 18 to 36 inches and these are called shallow phase. These soils occur mainly in the area east of Perth adjacent to soils of an even thinner solum- the Farmington series. Slopes are gentle on the shallow Tennyson soils, the majority being 2 percent. These soils have a low moisture holding capacity and are often droughty for the major part of the growing season. As a result they are used mainly for hay and pasture although some oats, wheat and fodder corn are grown.

Tennyson Sandy Loam - Rock Complex

In some places the Tennyson sandy loam occurs in close association with numerous rock outcrops. A large part of the 3,400 acres found in the county is located between the village of Lanark and the town of Carleton Place. Almost 50 percent of this complex is bare rock or rock with a thin covering of till. The remainder is made up of Tennyson sandy loam, Tennyson sandy loam-shallow phase and a small amount of Innisville sandy loam. These components of the complex do not occur in areas large enough to be delineated as individuals on a map of 1 inch = 1 mile scale but they have been described in other parts of the soil report.

The numerous rock exposures limit the use of the complex for agriculture. It is used for grazing and pasture but little of it is cultivated because the deep soil bodies are too small to make their development worthwhile. The complex does have a potential for wildlife, recreation and forestry uses.

Balderson Series

Imperfectly drained soils that have developed from the same materials as the Tennyson are grouped in the Balderson series. The Balderson soils occupy 3,900 acres in the county and occur in association with the Tennyson soils. The topography is gently undulating and slopes of 1 to 2 percent are most common. Surface runoff is slow and internal drainage is moderate.

These soils remain saturated for a portion of the year and mottles or blotches of red and orange are present in the subsoil. The overall colors of the subsoil layers are somewhat duller than those of the same layers in the well drained soils.

As in all soil areas shown on a map of 1:63,360 scale there are some variations in the map areas of Balderson soils from the description given in the appendix. Most common are the variations in thickness of the soil horizons and the slight differences in color from place to place. Some map areas contain inclusions of soils quite different from the Balderson. About 12 percent of the areas mapped as Balderson contain inclusions of Innisville sandy loam and Farmington sandy loam.

These soils support mixed farming, dairying and some livestock raising. Cereal grains, hay and pasture are the main crops grown. Yields are medium but could be improved by applications of commercial fertilizer. The amount and analysis of fertilizer to use is best determined by a soil test.

29

lnnlsvllle Series

These poorly drained soils cover 1,300 acres in the county and occur in the depressions and level lands associated with the Tennyson-Balderson soil series. Although these soils are wet for a major part of the year there are periods, generally late in the summer, when they are free from excess water.

In contrast to the associated soils of better drainage, the Innisville soils have a much thicker and darker surface soil. The black organic matter from decaying leaves, stems and roots of plants tends to accumulate and becomes mixed with the mineral soil by worms and by cultivation to produce a thick, black surface. Some of the black surface has also resulted from the accumulation of surface soil carried down the adjacent slopes by water. The surface layer is underlain by one or more gray layers which may or may not be profusely mottled. Soils with these characteristics are grouped with the Humic Gleysols.

The ImrisviIle soils are often too wet for regular cultivation and therefore are used for pasture and hay crops. These soils may be included with the regular crop- land if they are artificially drained. Proper outlets for tile drains or ditches may be difficult to find.

Monteagle Series

Soils of the Monteagle series occupy 246,800 acres and occur mainly in the western and northern parts of the county. They are developed on grayish sandy loam till which is derived from granite rocks and is therefore acidic in nature. The content of medium and coarse sand in the till is high and there are many stones and boulders.

The topography is rough. Slopes are short, often steep and irregular. Although most of the slopes are 4 percent, over one-fifth of the areas mapped as Monteagle contain 11 to 15 percent slopes which seriously limit their use for arable agriculture. Monteagle sandy loam is well drained. Water runs rapidly off the hilly slopes and the portion that enters the soil percolates readily through the porous soil materials. In the undisturbed state the soil has a thin dark colored surface composed of the remains of leaves, twigs and other plant residues in various stages of decomposition. This is underlain by a thin ashy-gray layer and reddish B horizons. The C horizon is a pinkish gray stony till which is strongly to moderately acid in reaction.

Under cultivation the surface layers are mixed to a depth of about six inches and a reddish brown Ap results.

Cartographic areas of Monteagle sandy loam contain amounts of North Gower clay loam, Christy sandy loam, Muck and Wemyss sandy loam. These inclusions occur mainly in the depressions and occupy almost 25 percent of areas called Monteagle on the soil map. In all places the inclusions are scattered and too small to be delineated.

Crop production is limited by low fertility, low moisture holding capacity, steep slopes and stoniness. Of these limitations stoniness is the most serious. On almost 50 percent of the Monteagle sandy loam, surface stones seriously interfere with cultivation and in 20 percent of the area stones are so numerous that the land cannot be used,for arable agriculture but is only suited to pasture or grazing. Indeed, almost 80 percent of the Monteagle sandy loam is used only for pasture or grazing. The remainder is used for cereal grains and a small amount of silage corn but yields are low except where the soil has been adequately fertilized.

30

Thin soils and exposed bedrock form part of the Monteagle sandy loam-Rock complex

Monteagle Sandy Loam — Shallow PhaseWherever the Monteagle sandy loam is underlain by bedrock at depths one to

three feet it is called shallow phase. Monteagle sandy loam-shallow phase is usedmainly for grazing purposes but provides a low quality forage consisting mainly ofweeds. It is possible that the interests of agriculture would be better served if this soilwere put to some other use.

Monteagle Sandy Loam — Rock Complex

Almost one-third of Lanark County is occupied by the Monteagle sandy loam-Rock Complex. The complex consists of Monteagle sandy loam, Monteaglesandy loam — shallow phase, bare rock, Muck, Christy sandy loam, Wemyss sandyloam and Tweed sandy loam-shallow phase in areas too small to be shown onmaps of 1 inch = 1 mile scale. The first four soils listed above are dominant. Thiscomplex has no potential for agriculture due to shallowness and the high percentageof rock outcrop. However it does have value for recreation, wildlife and forestry.Its full potential for these uses has not been attained.

Wemyss Series

The Wemyss soils occur in association with those of the Monteagle Series.They are imperfectly drained soils on gently undulating upland areas where surfacerunoff is slow andinternal drainage is moderate. Mottles or blotches of orange andreddish colors appear in the profile and are an indication that the soil is saturatedpart of the year. There are 1,600 acres of Wemyss sandy loam mapped.

The Wemyss soils are developed on the same stony materials as the Monteaglesoils and except for the presence of mottling and somewhat darker colors in the B

31

horizons have a similar appearance.Stoniness and low fertility reduce the usefulness of these soils for agriculture.

Most of the land is cleared and is used to provide pasture for livestock. Cerealgrains are grown in a few fields where the surface stones have been removed butyields are low without fertilization, and stone removal is a continual chore.

The Montcagle-Rock complex is often forested.

Christy Series

There are 2,000 acres of Christy sandy loam mapped in Lanark County andthe largest areas occur around the east end of Christy Lake. The Christy soils areusually found in the depressions or level landscapes associated with the Monteaglesoils. These soils are poorly drained and remain saturated for a major part of theyear. Indeed, they are often covered with standing water in the spring and in the fall.

In contrast to most of the other poorly drained soils in Lanark County, theChristy soils do not have a thick, dark Ah horizon. Instead, undisturbed sites haveabout two inches of organic surface which when mixed with the underlying materialproduces a grayish Ap. The surface is underlain by two gray layers that differ fromeach other in intensity of color and in structure.

A large part of these soils is under a tree cover of mainly white cedar, willowand elm. Cleared areas are used for grazing but might better be reforested.

Farmington Series

The Farmington soils occupy 102,900 acres or 14 per cent of the county. Ofthe soils in the series Farmington sandy loam is most important because it coversan acreage of 81,400 acres whereas Farmington loam and Farmington sandy loam —rubbly phase occupy 20,400 and 1,100 acres respectively. The Farmington soilsoccur in the southeastern part of the county extending from Perth in an easterlydirection to Carleton County, southerly to Smith’s Falls and northerly to CarletonPlace.

32

Farmington soils are shallow soils and consist of less than one foot of sandyloam till over limestone or sandstone bedrock. They are well drained. Water per-colates rapidly through the thin soil and flows through the cracks and along thesurface of the bedrock to places of lower level. The presence of depressions and theaccumulation of water from the surrounding Farmington soils is indicated bynumerous shallow bogs. These are Brown Forest soils and commonly have but twohorizons over the bedrock.

A landscape of the Farmington soils.

Although most of the areas shown on the map contain soils with profiles likethat described above almost 23 percent of each map area contains patches of barerock, soils with only a thin surface layer over the bedrock and deeper soils of theElmsley and Tennyson series. The most common inclusions are the very thin soils,less than four inches thick, and areas of exposed rock.

The plains of Farmington soils are very gently sloping and are broken by lowridges or escarpments. Surface stoniness varies. In general stones are few in numberand create no problems. In a few places, especially in the vicinity of Smith’s Falls,the soil surface is very stony.

Although most of the Farmington soils have been cleared, a number of wood-lots remain which contain such trees as basswood, cherry, white cedar, sugar maple,oak and poplar. Most of the land is used for grazing but 25 acres or more arerequired to support a milking cow or a 1,000 pound steer. Although grass productionis low on these soils they did provide much of the pasture when summer dairyingwas the main farm economy. With summer dairying the farmer has the cows freshenin the spring to take advantage of the pasture which is at its best in early summer.By autumn, pasture grasses have deteriorated due to lack of moisture and the cows

33

GLACIAL TIL

ENNYSON SHALLOW TENNYSON .

Ah

Aei

Ac2

et

c

R

ELMSLEY

Ah Bml

Bm2 Bm3

BROOKE FARMINGTON

I *--_ --- --- -- - --- --- --- --- -= I

MUCK

Figure 5: The relationship of profile properties to thickness of soil over bedrock.

are allowed to go dry and are wintered over on forage produced on other deeper soils. The milk from this endeavor was marketed through the small local cheese factories but this market has almost disappeared. Many of the cheese factories are closed and farmers engaged in summer dairying must develop neb markets, change to beef raising or leave the land to some better use.

Fanuiugton Sandy Loam - Rubbly Phase

The rubbly phase of Farmington sandy loam occurs on rolling topography and consists of a shallow covering of sandy loam till on limestone bedrock. The upper part of the bedrock is broken and consists of flagstones placed one on top of the other and interspersed with soil material. This soil is used mainly for grazing.

Franktown Series

Soils of the Franktown series are associated with the Farmington soils and in many respects resemble them. Franktown soils have less than one foot of till overlying limestone or sandstone bedrock like the Farmington but occur in shallow depressions where water tends to accumulate. The soil remains saturated for longer periods of time and bears the characteristics of imperfect drainage. Although there is the same number of horizons and their arrangement is the same as the Farming- ton, mottles are evident and colors are duller.

All of these soils are in what might be considered as parkland - a mixture of trees and grasses. The grasses provide pasture for the grazing livestock and the trees, although not occurring in dense stands, provide some shade. The 900 acres of Franktown sandy loam in the county have the same limitations to crop production as the Farmington.

Brooke Series

The Brooke soils have developed from sandy loam till similar to that of the Farmington and Franktown soils but under conditions of poor drainage. The 1,200 acres of Brooke sandy loam in the county occur in the depressions where water tends to collect and the soil remains saturated for much of the year. These soils are shallow having less than one foot of soil over limestone or sandstone bedrock and they have the characteristics of soils of the Gleysolic Order. Thick, black surface soils are underlain by strongly mottled, gray colored subsoils which rest on the rock.

Much of the Brooke soil is not cleared and is covered mainly by cedar and poplar trees. The treed areas are not fenced and hence are grazed as are the open areas surrounding them.

Elmsley Series

The Elmsley series is one of a number of soil series which appear to have developed from similar materials but differ in the thickness of till over the bedrock. These series, in order of depth to bedrock from shallow to deep are Farmington, Elmsley, Tennyson - shallow phase, and Tennyson. The thickness of the till over the bedrock has some effect on the profile properties. The relationship of these series to one another is shown in Figure 5.

The Elmsley series includes those well drained soils developed from sandy loam till with 12 to 18 inches of material over sandstone or limestone bedrock. Slopes are gentle ranging from 1 to 4 percent with the majority at 2 percent. This soil occupies 2,200 acres in the county and usually occurs in association with Farming- ton sandy loam.

3.5

The profile of the Elmsley soil has the features of the Brown Forest soils; brown B horizons differing mainly in color and structure, underlie a dark colored Ah horizon. There is no eluviated (Ae) horizon nor is there any evidence of a zone of clay accumulation.

Most of the Elmsley soils are wooded. Cleared areas are used for grazing and in some instances cultivated for the production of cereal grains. Shallowness and low fertility limit crop yields but these soils have a higher agricultural potential than the Farmington.

Lanark Series

There are 4,400 acres of Lanark clay loam in Lanark County most of which occurs within a 10 mile radius of the town of Perth. The soil parent material is a grayish brown clay loam till which is calcareous. The topography is gently undulating with an average slope of 2 percent. Water runs off the gentle slopes slowly and, in addition percolates slowly through the soil because of the comparatively large amount of clay present. Soil losses due to erosion are slight on these imperfectly drained soils.

The surface soil is a dark colored clay loam underlain by Ae and Bt horizons. The Bt contains more clay than the layers above and below it and has strong blocky aggregates. These are Gray Brown Podzolic soils. About 22 percent of each area shown on the map is made up of North Gower clay loam and Muck.

Most of these soils have been cleared for farming. Hay, pasture and cereal grains are the principal crops and for these the Lanark soils rank among the best in the county. They are relatively easy to cultivate but should not be disturbed when wet. In general the farm economy is based on dairying. Corn for silage is grown on some farms.

Bolingbroke Series

There are 2,000 acres of soils of the Bolingbroke series in Lanark County and these are located mainly in the region north of Christy Lake and west of the village of Balderson.

The Bolingbroke soils are developed on calcareous medium sand which is probably derived from the calcite which occurs near the areas in which the soils are found. The topography is undulating and slopes are smooth. Water runs slowly off the soil surface but percolates rapidly through the coarse textured soil materials. These soils are well drained.

The soil profile is unique for Lanark County. It consists of two sequa one above the other. The upper profile has A and B horizons characteristic of Podzol soils while the lower one resembles, in part, a Gray Brown Podzolic soil.

The Ae horizon is intermittent and is seldom found in cultivated areas. The Bt horizon is thin and often occurs in strands. These strands are discontinuous and are i/4 to 1% inch in thickness. The Bf horizons are wavy and vary from 12 to 34 inches in thickness over short longitudinal distances.

The Bolingbroke soils are low in natural fertility and have a low moisture holding capaciw&t they warm earlier in the spring than the other deep soils in the county and are easily worked. When adequately fertilized and watered these soils could produce high yields of special crops such as fruits and vegetables but these crops are not grown. Instead the Bolingbroke soils are used for growing hay, pasture and some oats.

36

Bolingbroke sandy loam has a thin wavy Bt horizon.

Wayside Series

The Wayside soils are imperfectly drained and developed from calcareous sanddeposits similar to those from which the Bolingbroke soils developed. Since theyoccupy only 300 acres these soils are of little importance to the agriculture of thecounty. They commonly occur in association with the Bolingbroke and Granby soils.

The profile of the Wayside soils is similar to that of the Bolingbroke but ismottled. The horizons are wavy as are those of the Bolingbroke but the range inthickness is much less.

The few areas of Wayside soils that exist in Lanark County have been clearedand are being cultivated but not as part of the regular rotation. Present cover ispasture which is broken up at intervals and re-seeded. These soils are easily workedbut are lacking in natural fertility.

Granby Series

The poorly drained soils associated with the Bolingbroke and Wayside are

37

called Granby. The Granby soils occur in the depressions where the soil remainssaturated for a major part of the year. Water runoff is very slow if it occurs at alland, although the soil materials are porous, water is held up in the profile by thehigh water table and water movement through the soil is very low. There are 900acres of these soils in the county.

The soil profile is typically a Humic Gleysol. The surface horizon is thick andcontains a large amount of organic matter. The subsoil layer is strongly mottled,gray and in some instances can be differentiated into two or more layers differingin color, intensity of mottling, or structure. The calcareous sand of the C horizonis closer to the surface than that of its better drained associates.

The Granby soils are rarely cultivated but are covered by small bushes andtrees. The trees have little commercial value except where there are a sufficientnumber of white cedar which may be marketed as posts and poles. When clearedthe Granby soils are used for pasture or grazing land.

This Uplands sandy loam has a thick surface horizon because it has been disturbed.

Uplands Series

South of Ashton on the Carleton County border are two areas of Uplands sandy loam which make up the 800 acres of Uplands soils in Lanark County. The Uplands soils are well drained and have developed on noncalcareous sand. The sandy materials contain a high proportion of fine sand although not enough to meet the requirement for the fine sand textural class.

The topography is undulating with slopes ranging from 1 to 5 percent. Two percent slopes are most common. The Uplands soils are Podzols and as such should have eluviated A horizons (Ae) and B horizons in which sesquioxides have accumulated (Bf ) . However, in cultivated areas the Ae has been mixed in the surface and is no longer evident. The profile consists of layers grading from dark at the top to light at the bottom.

Hay and pasture occupy a large part of the Uplands soils in Lanark County but cereal grains are also grown. Low fertility, droughtiness and susceptibility to wind erosion limit crop production but the high costs of good soil management can be more than paid when market conditions call for the production of tobacco, fruits and vegetables which are high producers on this soil.

Rubicon Series

One of the minor series in the county is Rubicon which occupies 200 acres and is found in association with the Uplands. The Rubicon soils are imperfectly drained. Water runs slowly off the gentle slopes and percolates at a slow rate through the soil. The slow percolation rate is due to the presence of a high water table for part of the year.

The soil profile is like that of the Uplands sandy loam in many respects. Both have organic surface horizons, grayish Ae horizons and B horizons in which iron and aluminum have accumulated; but there are certain differences. The main differences are those of color and mottling.

The Rubicon soils are not particularly good for agriculture. Where cleared they are used for grazing but grass production is low unless adequate amounts of fertilizer are applied.

Manotick Series

The Manotick soils are developed from sands overlying calcareous silty clay loam. The depth of the sand varies from a few inches to three feet but is usually about two feet thick. The topography is gently undulating with three-quarters of the soil area having 2 percent slopes. These soils are well drained. They are stonefree, except in about 14 percent of each area where a few surface stones are present. There are 1,200 acres of Manotick sandy loam in the county.

These soils are characteristic of the Podzols and have B horizons in which sesquioxides are the major accumulation products.

The Manotick soils are used for hay, pasture and cereal grains. Yields are low unless the soils are adequately fertilized and sufficient moisture is present.

Mountain Series

The soils of the Mountain series occupy 2,200 acres in Lanark County and occur in association with the Manotick soils. They are imperfectly drained. Slopes are gentle being never more than 2 percent and most commonly 1 percent.

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The surface soil is dark colored, stonefree and either sandy loam or fine sandy loam in texture. In Lanark County the sandy loam is by far the most common type covering a total of 1,800 acres. Except for the presence of mottles in the A and B horizons, the profile of the Mountain soils is much like that of the Manotick. The depth of the sand over clay varies from 12 to 34 inches but is generally around 22 inches thick. Sometimes a sandy C horizon is present but its occurrence is rare.

Most of the land is cleared and is used for growing hay and pasture. Soil fertility is low and pastures are thin and weedy. Spring grains are grown in some areas.

Allendale Series

There are 1,700 acres of Allendale sandy loam and Allendale fine sandy loam in Lanark County. These two types are similar except for texture and they occur in the depressions or level areas associated with the Manotick and Mountain series. These soils are wet most of the year and this has an effect on the kind of profile exhibited. The Allendale soils have a thick, dark colored surface soil which is much more pronounced than that of associated soils of better drainage. Underlying the surface are gray layers which are often profusely mottled with red, yellow and orange colours. The gray colour and the mottles are the result of poor drainage and a fluctuating water table. The upper horizons are sandy and rest on a calcareous, clayey C horizon.

The Allendale soils are Humic Gleysols. Although the soils grouped into the Allendale series look alike in the important features of the soil profile there are some differences which occur. The thickness of the sandy overburden ranges from 12 to 36 inches. Where the sand is thin over the clay only one B horizon is present.

These soils are usually too wet for regular cultivation and so are used for hay and pasture. Most pastures are weedy and of low productivity because of the low level of fertility maintained in the soil. Improved drainage and the use of fertilizer would do much to permit the growing of a wider range of crops and would increase yields.

Kars Series

Kars soils occur on calcareous gravels. The total area of 1,000 acres that they occupy is made up of several small areas of less than 100 acres, located mainly in Beckwith, Drummond and Montague Townships. Slopes are rolling and range from 3 to 15 percent with the majority around 7 percent. Moisture percolates readily through the gravels or runs readily off the slopes. Drainage is good and erosion is slight.

The Kars soils are Gray Brown Podzolic. They have dark colored surface layers underlain by pale brown Ae horizons. The B horizons contain more clay than the layers above and below them and rest on calcareous C horizons of gravel and sand. There is considerable variability in the thickness of the A horizons in Kars soils. Thicknesses ranging from 0 to 20 inches over a linear distance of 10 feet are not uncommon.

The Kars soils are used for growing cereal grains, hay and pasture. In general yields are low because the soil is dry most of the growing season. A more intensive farming with additional crops such as silage corn could be practised if irrigation were used. Additions of commercial fertilizers are necessary especially if extra water is applied.

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St. Peters Series

There are 100 acres of St. Peters gravelly sandy loam mapped in the northwestpart of the county. This Podzol is developed on noncalcareous gravels. Water runsrapidly through the open materials and the soil is well drained. Most years the St.Peters soils lack moisture during the growing season and crop growth is adverselyaffected

The topography is level and surface stones are numerous. Indeed, droughtiness,stoniness and low fertility in combination with location and the size of the area makeit of little agricultural value in Lanark County. It would appear that its best use is,as at present, growing trees.

Hilly topography is sometimes a feature of the White Lake soils.

White Lake Series

The hilly, sandy soils of Lanark County are included in the White Lake series.Although the soils are dominantly sand and gravel, some till stones occur on the soilsurface and throughout the profile. Most of the gravel appears in the lower part ofthe profile, especially in the C horizon. The upper part of the profile is dominantlysand.

There are 8,600 acres of White Lake sandy loam occurring in comparativelysmall scattered areas. Slopes are short and often steep. Over 30 percent of the WhiteLake areas in the county have slopes greater than 20 percent, but the majority, about54 percent, have slopes of 7 to 12 percent. These soils are dry most of the year.Water runs through the porous sandy and gravelly materials rapidly and little is heldin the soil.

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The White Lake soils are Podzols although they have a weak B in which clay has accumulated which is more characteristic of the Gray Brown Podzolic and Gray Wooded soils.

Most of the White Lake soils are cleared but are not being used for the production of arable crops. Thin, weedy pastures are most common. Droughtiness, low fertility and steep slopes are the main limitations to the production of agricultural crops.

White Lake Sandy Loam - Rock Complex

Like other complexes White Lake sandy loam - Rock is mapped where separa- tion of the components which go to make up the complex is impossible at the scale of mapping conducted. The major components of this complex are White Lake sandy loam, making up 40 percent of the area and rock outcrop which comprises another 40 percent. The remaining part of each area shown as White Lake sandy loam - Rock consists of Muck, Granby sandy loam, Wayside sandy loam and some shallow Monteagle sandy loam.

This complex has little agricultural value. Numerous rock outcrops make the complex a poor place in which to conduct agricultural pursuits. The 5,300 acres that occur in the county might serve a more useful purpose as forest, wildlife or recreation land.

Almonte Series

Moderately fine textured soils developed on water-laid deposits of calcareous silty clay loam are included in the Almonte series. As the name indicates these were first found in the vicinity of the town of Almonte and at present are mapped in no other county but Lanark. They occupy 5,600 acres mainly in the northeastern part of the county close to the Mississippi River.

The Almonte soils are well drained. Although the movement of moisture through the soil is only moderate because of the fineness of the soil particles, water moves readily off the gently rolling slopes. Almost half the slopes are about 6 percent and another fifth are about 2 percent. The remaining slopes vary from 7 to 20 percent. Rolling topography and fine texture make these soils very susceptible to sheet erosion. Some soil loss has occurred on the knolls.

These are Gray Wooded soils. They have a brown surface soil about six inches thick when cultivated. The Ae horizon is gray, often thin and underlain by a clayey B horizon

These are among the best soils in the county and are used for cereal grams, hay and pasture which provide feed for the many beef and dairy herds being raised in the area.

Snedden Series

The Snedden soils are the imperfectly drained members of the Almonte catena and hence have many characteristics similar to those of the Almonte soils. They too have developed on grayish brown silty clay loam materials which are calcareous at depths of greater than 36 inches and have profiles much like those of the Almonte. Snedden soils have been mapped only in Pakenham and Ramsey Townships and there they occupy about 8,300 acres.

Water movement through the soil profile is slowed by the fineness of the particles especially in the Bt horizon where the clay content may be around 60 percent. Water

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A profile of Almonte silt loam.

runoff is slow because slopes are slight. The topography is gently undulating andslopes are seldom greater than 2 percent.

Probably the most noticeable difference between the Snedden soils and theirwell drained associate Almonte is the presence of mottles. These orange and redsplotches of color are most easily seen in the Ae and C horizons of grayish coloredsoils as they are often masked by the dark brown color of the B horizons.

Gentle slopes and readily pulverized surface soils make the Snedden soils easyto work. The imperfect drainage is not a serious limitation except when continuedheavy rains occur during the planting or harvesting seasons. Indeed, this somewhathigher moisture content may be a benefit to crops during the drier parts of the grow-ing season.

Snedden soils are used for livestock raising and dairying and cereal grains, hayand pasture are the main crops grown. Some silage corn is grown as are certain other

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crops. Yields are medium to high with the highest occurring where a balancedfertility program is followed.

A profile of Snedden silt loam.

Appleton Series

As indicated by their name Appleton soils were first found near the village ofAppleton in Lanark County where 1,100 acres were mapped. These soils occur oncalcareous silt loam and fine sand materials of grayish brown color. Gray Woodedsoil profiles have developed on these materials which, in addition to the horizonsusually present, have a brown Ael horizon below the surface not commonly seen inGray Wooded soils of finer texture.

The soils are found on gently rolling topography with most slopes rangingfrom 3 to 5 percent. Some steeper slopes occur and on these the erosion hazard isgreater. Soil drainage is good as might be expected on soils of medium texture andmoderate slope

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These soils are good for agriculture and can be used for a wide variety of crops.Cereal grains, hay and pasture provide food for the livestock on the farm. Potatoes,silage corn and other crops not limited by cool climate could also be grown.

Osgoode Series

Osgoode soils are found in many other counties in Eastern Ontario as well asLanark. In Lanark County they occupy 1,600 acres and occur mainly east ofCarleton Place. Like most soils from lake deposits they are stonefree. The soilmaterials are gray in color, calcareous and often have a massive structure. Becausethe soil materials do not have the natural breaks and cracks that occur in other kindsof structure water movement through the soil is very slow. This combined with ahigh water table and level topography makes the soil poorly drained.

Osgoode silt loam is the only soil type in the series found in the county and itis typical of Humic Gleysols in other parts of the province. All of the horizonsexcept the surface are typically grayish in color with many yellowish and reddishmottles.

These soils remain wet for a large part of the year and rarely can be cultivatedin time for seeding spring grain. As a result they are used mainly for pasture. How-

North Cower clay loam is a poorly drained soil.

ever, they can be made much more reliable when drained and a greater variety of crops can be grown but care must be taken to maintain the fertility of the drained soil.

North Gower Series

North Gower soils occur in almost all townships in the county. They occupy a total of 31,400 acres or slightly over 4 percent of the total land area. They occur in the depressions between the knolls and are formed on calcareous clay loam and clay materials. Because of their location they receive the water runoff from the adjacent slopes and usually have a high water table. As a result they are wet for a large portion of the year. The North Gower soils have a level to depressional topography.

These are typical Humic Gleysols with their gray colors, red and yellow mottles and the rather subtle differences between horizons. Horizon changes in the subsoil are mainly detected by variations in soil structure and the intensity of mottling.

The thickness of the horizons varies and colors vary within narrow limits as does the texture of each layer. Most striking is the variability in the depth to carbonates. Most times carbonates can be reached at 23 to 26 inches but south of Perth they occur at the much greater depths of 36 to 42 inches. Stones sometimes occur on the soil surface but never in amounts to interfere seriously with cultivation.

Because they are wet for a large part of the year the North Gower soils are used mainly for pasture but they have a high potential for agriculture. This potential will only be met when these soils are drained and fertility is improved and maintained.

North Gower clay loam - Rock Complex

There are a few places where the North Gower clay loam is broken by numerous rock outcrops. Most of these are found south and west of Perth, and they occupy 700 acres. This soil complex contains little other than the two components mentioned in its name although there is a small amount of shallow North Gower clay loam around the edge of each rock outcrop. The rock knobs are almost swept bare of soil materials and except for a few trees and bushes growing in the cracks and crevasses have little vegetative cover.

The complex is being farmed but the rock outcrops seriously interfere with cultivation. It is used mainly for growing hay and pasture.

Rideau Series

Rideau soils occupy 10,400 acres in the northeast corner of the county. Most of the area (9,700 acres) consists of Rideau clay, a soil of very gently sloping topography. The remainder is mapped as a steep phase of Rideau clay because of the rolling slopes and this is located next to the Lanark-Renfrew county boundary. The Rideau soils have developed on massive, noncalcareous clays.

These soils are imperfectly drained. Water percolates very slowly through the clayey materials and runs off the gentle slopes at a low rate of speed. However, some drainage is provided by several streams of intermittent flow which traverse the plain. Because of their high clay content Rideau soils can only be worked at certain short periods of the year. If worked when wet the clay puddles or flows together and soil structure is lost. When dry the soil is hard and when worked large lumps break out which are difficult to shatter. For best results the soil should be cultivated when moist.

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The Rideau soils show little profile development. The various horizons areweak and often difficult to differentiate.

A soil profile of Muck.

Poor workability is perhaps the greatest limitation to crop production on theRideau soils although lack of adequate drainage may hinder land use to someextent. These soils are used for livestock raising and dairying. Cereal grains, hay andpasture are the main crops grown. Good soil management practices are not onlythose that maintain a high state of soil fertility but also those that promote granularstructure in the surface soil.

Muck

Soils that have been classed as Muck consist of organic deposits that haveaccumulated in shallow lakes, ponds or wet undrained depressions. These soilsdiffer from the soil series previously described in that they are derived from decayedplant remains.

These plant remains are well decomposed and the deposits consist of black, ,soft fluffy organic material together with a few coarse particles of woody fragmentsfrom trees. The black material is derived from sedges and grasses, and from the leaflitter that is deposited annually by the deciduous trees.

Muck soil is common in undrained depressions in which organic materialsaccumulate. It is found in all of the counties and districts in Ontario and it occupies103,300 acres in Lanark County. Muck soils are most likely to develop in areasthat are water-saturated for the entire year. Such locations are common in thisglaciated region in both upland areas and along the meandering stream channels or

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old glaciated spillways. The depth of the Muck varies from a few inches to several feet. In general the depths of the deposits in Lanark County exceed five feet.

Organic soils do not have profile development like that which is found in mineral soils but they do have various layers. These layers can be differentiated on the basis of their composition, and on the degree of decomposition of the organic materials. These soils are neutral in reaction throughout the profile.

In other counties, areas such as the Holland Marsh, Thedford Marsh, Erieau Marsh and the Albert Bog have been developed for the production of vegetable crops. In Lanark County no such development has taken place. The principal deter- rents to their development are high cost, small size of many of the areas, and the competition for markets from established areas in more or less the same region. At present most of the Muck areas in the county are covered with trees and underbrush. Before these areas are cleared, drained, and fertilized for agricultural production, careful consideration should be given to the effect such development would have on the water table levels and on wildlife.

Rock Outcrop

About 400 acres of rock outcrop have been mapped in the area north of Perth. Rock outcrop areas consist of bare rock and sometimes a very thin covering of till soil materials. Most are covered thinly with tree and shrub vegetation which grows in the cracks and crevasses. Some grasses grow where there is sufficient soil. Rock outcrop has no potential for agriculture.

AGRICULTURAL METHODS AND MANAGEMENT

Adverse soil conditions in many parts of the county and a cool, snowy climate limit the growing of many crops. The most common field crops grown are hay, pasture and oats. The acreages of these and other field crops. grown in 1966, as reported in Agricultural Statistics for Ontario are shown in Table 7.

TABLE 7

ACREAGES OF FIELD CROPS IN LANARK COUNTY 1966

Hay 68,881 Buckwheat 338 Oats 18,320 Potatoes 326 Fodder Corn 8,513 Shelled Corn 301 Mixed Grains 5,134 Spring Wheat 162 Barley 2,183 Rye 157 Winter Wheat _ 337

The large acreages of hay, oats, mixed grains and fodder corn are grown to provide feed for the many livestock in the county. According to the 1961 Census of Canada there were 5 1,200 cattle, 12,000 swine and 12,100 sheep. Some indication of the present use of the land is shown in Table 8.

TABLE 8 PRESENT USE OF THE LAND IN FARMS-LANARK COUNTY 1961

Total Land Area Land under crops Improved pasture Other improved land

Total Improved Land Woodland Other unimproved land

Total Unimproved Land Land Not in Farms

106,550 49,360

8.770

728,300 acres

174,600 150,240

164,680 acres

324,840 acres 238,780 acres

From the figures in Table 8 it can be determined that only 23 percent of the land in the county is improved and that almost 45 percent is unimproved which seems to indicate a lack of good quality land for agriculture.

Soil Management

The term soil management refers to the various practices that are used or recommended for the growing of agricultural crops. These practices vary with different soils and with different crops and the farmer learns through experience the kind of practices that give the best results. Whatever the limitations of the soil of a particular farm may be, the central objective of soil management is to develop and maintain a proper relationship between the plant and the soil on which it grows.

Success in the growing of crops depends, therefore, on the farmer knowing two sets of factors: the requirements of the different crops he can grow and the characteristics of the soil on his farm. Almost any kind of soil can be modified by management to grow any climatically adapted plant if one is willing to pay the cost. Successful farmers attempt to fit their cropping program to the capability of the soil.

As mentioned in previous pages, most soils consist of a sequence of definite layers or horizons, one above the other. These horizons collectively are called the

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soil profile. In examinin g soils the main things to observe are depth, texture, structure, drainage and nutrients.

l

Although growing plant roots may extend several feet into the soil, it is ordinarily considered that a depth of three feet is all that cultivated plants require. This factor becomes serious only in those areas where the soil is thin over bedrock, or where it varies from an inch or two to a depth of one foot. Such soils can provide only a small space for roots and the storage of water. During much of the growing season, therefore, these soils cannot provide the plant with the moisture it needs for normal growth. These soils are also too shallow for normal cultivation.

It is estimated that over 70 percent of Lanark County consists of shallow soils, soils less than three feet deep. By far the largest portion of the shallow soils in the county are less than a foot thick. Obviously their uses are limited. Present uses are mainly grazing and forestry but the development of some areas for recreation and wildlife may be worthwhile.

Texture

This term refers to the relative proportions of sand, silt and clay that make up the soil material. The texture in most soils changes from horizon to horizon and abrupt changes often occur when one kind of deposit overlies another. In many of the soil series described, the B horizon contains more clay than the soil above or below it.

The sand class of soil has only a small amount of silt and clay. With increasing amounts of clay, the principal textural classes are loamy sand, sandy loam, loam, silt loam, clay loam and clay. The classes can be distinguished by squeezing a moist sample between the fingers. The sands are harsh and gritty and the particles scarcely hold together. At the other extreme, clay can be rolled into a smooth, sticky ball.

In general, soils of intermediate texture such as sandy loams, loams and silt loams are easiest to handle. Sands and loamy sands are open and water drains readily through them, so they hold rather small quantities of water and are said to be droughty soils. However, their water holding capacity can be increased to some extent by adding liberal amounts of barnyard manure or other forms of organic material. Clays, on the other hand, tend to become hard and stick together in clods unless they are handled carefully. .

Stmcture

The individual soil particles -sand, silt or clay - form various kinds of aggregates which make up the soil structure. The ideal structures are those which are small and soft, such as granular or crumb. Organic matter, that is, the dead portions of plant materials is an important factor in soil aggregation.

In sandy soils, each grain of sand is often by itself. Clayey soils on the other hand, if deficient in organic matter, become cloddy if ploughed when wet. Hardpans can form in loams and even sands when some cementing material is present to hold the particles together. Wherever they occur within the depth of normal rooting of plants, such hard, cloddy soils must be reworked to make them granular or blocky. It is not enough to break massive clods. Organic matter must be added, as is done by the addition of barnyard manure or the ploughing down of green manure, in order that fragments will not flow back together into masses when they are wet again.

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Poorly drained soils are relatively unproductive. It is possible for grass crops to survive and frequently flourish under extremely wet conditions but most cultivated plants camrot remain long in soils that are saturated with water.

The drainage of the soil depends upon topography and permeability. Inadequate drainage most often occurs in areas of level or depressional topography but may also occur on undulating areas where slowly permeable materials exist. Often there is little evidence in the surface soil alone of poor drainage beneath. The conditions of soil drainage are indicated fairly reliably by color of the subsoil. Bright, uniform brown or yellow subsoil indicates fairly good drainage, but gray and mottled subsoil indicates poor drainage.

A summary of the drainage condition of the soils in Lanark County is given in the following Table 9.

TABLE 9 DRAINAGE OF LANARK COUNTY SOILS

Drainage Class Acreage

Good 549,800 Imperfect 33,700 Poor 41,200 Very Poor 103,300

Percent of Total Area

75.7 4.9 5.9

13.5

Almost 25 percent of the land is inadequately drained. The method of drainage improvement must be determined for each individual field. Where open ditches and high crowns may be satisfactory for one field, tile drainage may be essential for another. In all cases, the cost of installation and maintenance of a drainage system in relation to the price of the crop produced should be considered

Nutrients One of the most important conditions required for good plant growth is that

there be a balance of plant nutrients in the soil. All plants take at least 12 essential elements from the soil. The elements most commonly deficient are nitrogen, phos- phorus and potassium. These are the elements contained in mixed fertilizers. Cal- cium and magnesium are included in liming materials and small amounts are usually present in mixed fertilizers. The other elements used in lesser amounts and usually adequate in most soils are sulfur, iron, boron, manganese, copper, zinc and molybdenum.

The inorganic or mineral fraction makes up the bulk of most soils. It is derived from rocks of various kinds and their degradation products. The nutrient supplying power of the larger particles - that is, the sand and silt - are quite different from those of the fine particles or clay fraction. Since the nutrient elements are held in the soil mainly by the finer particles, clay textured soils are commonly considered to have a higher nutrient supply than coarser textured soils.

In order to estimate the amounts of fertilizer that it is necessary to apply to achieve a balance of plant nutrients in the soil, several things need to be determined: the nutrients already in the soil, plus those normally added in manure; the general requirements of the plants to be grown; and the amounts of the nutrients contained in the various fertiliier materials available for use. A soil test provides a sound basis for selecting the most profitable fertilizer treatment.

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CAPABILITY GROUPINGS OF LANARK COUNTY SOILS

This capability classification is one of a number of interpretive groupings for agricultural or other purposes that may be made from Soil Survey data. In this classification the mineral soils are grouped into seven classes on the basis of their suitability and limitations for agricultural use. The first three classes are considered suitable for sustained production of common field crops, the fourth class is physically marginal for sustained arable agriculture, the fifth class is capable of use only for permanent pasture and hay, the sixth class is capable of use only for wild pasture. While the soil areas in Classes 1 to 4 are suited for cultivated crops they are also suited for permanent pasture. Soil areas in all classes may be suited for forestry, wildlife, and recreational uses. For the purposes of this classification trees, tree fruits, cranberries, blueberries and ornamental plants, that require little or no cultivation are not considered as cultivated or common field crops.

Subclasses are divisions within classes and indicate the kinds of limitations. Although there are thirteen different kinds of limitations used in the classification only eight were recognized in Lanark County. These are listed as follows:

Undesirable soil structure (D) Low fertility (F) Low moisture (M ) Stoniness (P) Consolidated bedrock (R) Adverse soil characteristics (S) Topography CT) Excess water (W )

The subclass is shown by adding a letter (D, F, M, P, etc.) to the class numeral. For example an area described as 3W can be said to be Class 3 because of wetness. In Class 1 there are no subclasses because the soils of this class have few or no limitations.

This soil capability classification is based on certain assumptions which must be understood by those using the soil capability maps and statistical data if they are to derive full benefit from the information and avoid making erroneous deduc- tions. These assumptions are:

1. The soil capability classification is an interpretive classification based on the effects of combinations of climate and soil characteristics on limitations in use for agriculture, risks of soil damage and general productive capacity for common field crops. Shrubs, trees or stumps are not considered as limitations to use unless it is entirely unfeasible to remove them.

2. Good soil management practices that are feasible and practical under a largely mechanized system of agriculture are assumed.

3. The soils within a capability class are similar only with respect to degree but not to kind of limitations in soil use for agricultural purposes or hazard to the soil when it is so used. Each class includes many different kinds of soil and many of the soils within any one class require unlike management and treatment. The subclass ‘provides information on the kind of limitation and the class indicates the intensity of the limitation. Capability Class 1 has no subclasses. Information for specific soils is included in soil survey reports and in other sources of information.

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4. Soils considered feasible for improvement by draining, by irrigating, by re- moving stones, by altering soil structure, or by protecting from overflow are classified according to their continuing limitations or hazards in use after the improvements have been made. The term “feasible” implies that it is within present day economic possibility for the farmer to make such improvements and it does not require a major reclamation project to do so. Where such major projects have been installed, the soils are grouped according to the soil and climatic limitations or risks that continue to exist. A general guide to what is considered a major reclamation project is that such projects require cooperative action among farmers or between farmers and governments. (Minor dams, small dykes, or field conservation measures are not included.)

5. The capability classification of the soils in an area may be changed when major reclamation works are installed that permanently change the limitations in use or reduce the hazards of risks of soil or crop damage for long periods of time.

6. Distance to market, kind of roads, location, size of farms, characteristics of land-ownership and cultural patterns, and the skill or resources of individual operators are not criteria for capability groupings.

7. Capability groupings are subject to change as new information about the be- haviour and responses of the soils becomes available.

8. Research data, recorded observations and experience are used as the basis for placing soils in capability classes and subclasses. In areas where such information is lacking, soils are placed in capability classes and subclasses by inter- pretation of soil characteristics in accord with experience gained on similar soils elsewhere.

9. The level of generalization of the soil capability classification is indicated by the scale on which the information is published. The soils of the county can be grouped into classes and subclasses as follows:

class1

The soils grouped in Class 1 are gently rolling to undulating with slopes of less than 6 percent. They are deep, well to imperfectly drained and have a good water- holding capacity. These soils are easy to work and can be readily maintained in good tilth and productivity. The Class 1 soils in Lanark County include :

Almonte silt loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes Appleton silt loam Grenville loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes Lanark clay loam Matilda loam Snedden silt loam

These soils are well suited for cereal grains, corn, hay and other crops grown in the area. They can be tilled regularly without great risk of erosion. Additions of manure, crop residues, or other source of organic matter following harvest will help to maintain soil structure. Fertilizer should be applied regularly to maintain soil fertility. The amounts and analyses of fertiliiers needed should be determined by soil tests.

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class2

Subclass 2F

The soils in this subclass are deep, well to imperfectly drained, gently rolling sandy loams. They are permeable to water and air and are easily worked but they do have a moderately low moisture holding capacity. The base exchange capacity is low and the soils have a moderately low fertility.

The soils are :

Balderson sandy loam Manotick sandy loam Mountain fine sandy loam Mountain sandy loam Tennyson sandy loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes

General farm crops including alfalfa, cereal grains, corn and hay are generally grown on these soils and yields are medium. Fertilizer and lime should be used in amounts determined by soil tests. Lime is most likely to be needed on the Manotick and Mountain soils because they are generally more acid than the others in this subclass. The organic matter content of these soils is often low and application of barnyard manure or the use of green manure crops will maintain soil structure and increase water-holding capacity.

Subclass 2W

Subclass 2W consists of deep, poorly drained soils that have silt loam or clay loam surface layers. The soils are nearly level. In wet seasons the ground water rises within a foot of the surface and in some places may rise to ground level. Consequently the soil is wet a large part of the year and is slow to warm up in the spring. Care should be taken not to work these soils when they are wet because they tend to puddle, become compact and lose their granular structure when cultivated in a wet condition.

Soils included in this subclass are: North Gower clay loam Osgoode silt loam

.

When adequately drained these soils are suited to all of the crops grown in the region. Underdrains will work satisfactorily and in most places suitable outlets can be readily provided.

Class 3

Subclass 3D

Capability Subclass 3D consists of nearly level to gently sloping soils with a high clay content. These soils are imperfectly drained but water passes very slowly through the subsoil. Tillage is difhcult because the high clay content makes the soil very sticky when wet and very hard when dry.

In this county the only soil is this subclass is : Rideau clay

This soil could be used to grow most of the crops common to the area but sod crops should be included in the rotation and additions of organic matter to maintain soil structure are a necessity. The soil should not be worked when wet

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because it will puddle and soil structure will be destroyed. The soil can be used for growing cereal grains, corn and hay but requires more careful management than the soils in the previous subclasses.

Subclass 3F

This subclass includes the gently sloping imperfectly drained soils developed on medium sands. The surface soil is easy to work and can be cultivated soon after heavy rainfall except when the water table is close to the surface as it is for almost seven months of the year. However, the water table is usually seven or eight feet deep for most of the growing season and provides much needed moisture for the crops being grown in these very permeable soils.

Included in this subclass are: Rubicon sandy loam Wayside sandy loam

These soils are being used for hay and pasture but could be producing certain cash crops. They need large amounts of fertilizer, particularly if used for cash crops, and may respond to additions of lime.

subclass 3P

Included in this subclass are the well drained, gently rolling sandy loams which contain a large number of stones. There are sufhcient stones present to con- stitute a serious handicap to cultivation and some clearing is required. Because the stones occur throughout the soil profile stone clearing is an annual chore as frost- heaving pushes more and more of them to the surface.

The only soil in this subclass in Lanark County is: Tweed sandy loam

This soil is used for all the crops commonly grown in the area but stones increase the difficulty of tillage, planting and harvesting. Fertiliier in amounts and analyses determined by soil tests should be applied.

Subclass 3R

The soils in this subclass are well drained, gently undulating loams and sandy loams. But, the depth of rooting zone is restricted by consolidated bedrock which usually occurs at depths of 14 to 26 inches.

In this subclass are: Ehnsley sandy loam Grenville loam - shallow phase

Although most crops grown in the county can be produced on these soils yields are often depressed because of the restricted area available for root growth. Less water is available to the plant growing on these soils because moisture storage is not as great as on deep soils of similar texture.

Subclass 3W

The soils in this subclass are deep, poorly drained sands with sandy loam surfaces. They are often located in the depressions in the landscape but may have level topography. Because of their depressional location it is sometimes difficult to find an outlet which can be used to drain off excess moisture. In addition the varying depth of the clay subsoil may make the installation of tile dillicult in some

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fields. The dense clay subsoil is slowly permeable to water and air and it holds water near the surface.

The soils are : Allendale fine sandy loam Allendale sandy loam

If adequately drained these soils can be used for general farm crops. They could also be used for certain specialized crops including lawn grasses and vegetables. Once drained, fertility must be maintained if productivity is to stay at the same level obtained during the first season or two after the tile was installed.

Class 4

Subclass 4F

The well drained, gently rolling soils of Lanark County are included in this subclass. These soils are coarse textured, moderately to strongly acid and low in natural fertility. The soils are permeable to air and water and have good structure. Stones which occur throughout the soil are a nuisance but do not seriously interfere with cultivation.

Only one soil has been included in this subclass and it is: Monteagle sandy loam

This soil can be used for general farm crops but is probably better suited for forest production. Small grains can be grown but the cost of lime and fertilizer required to produce a good yield would make such a project uneconomical. With an adequate fertility program this soil can be used to produce good crops of straw- berries, raspberries and vegetables which will provide a return on investment.

Subclass 4L

This subclass consists of gently rolling sands and gravels which are rapidly drained. The soils are very low in natural fertility and in capacity to hold moisture that plants can use. Care must be taken not to leave these soils without cover, or soil loss due to wind erosion would be severe.

The soils in this subclass are : Bolingbroke sandy loam Kars gravelly sandy loam Uplands sandy loam White Lake sandy loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes

Much of the area of these soils is covered by grass or forests. Grassed fields are weedy and cover is thin because of low fertility. Forest cover is also common in some places. Although these soils could be used to produce certain specialized crops such as berries and vegetables they are probably best used for growing trees. Red pine do well on these soils.

Areas being used for agriculture require lime and fertilizer in amounts determined by soil tests. In addition, supplemental water supplied by an adequate irrigation system is needed for most of the growing season.

Subclass 4P

This subclass consists of level to gently rolling sandy loams and clay loams which are well drained, imperfectly drained or poorly drained. The soils included are :

56

North Gower clay loam -Rock complex Tennyson sandy loam Wemyss sandy loam

These soils are limited in production of agricultural crops by numerous stones or rock outcrops which seriously interfere with cultivation. Stones and stone piles interfere with crop production on the Wemyss soils and about 30 percent of the Tennyson sandy loam areas. Rock outcrops are the limiting factor to crop production on the North Gower clay loam - Rock complex. Most of these soils are used mainly for hay and pasture but cereal grains are sometimes seeded in the soil areas between stone piles or rock land.

Subclass 4R

This subclass consists of soils which have 18 to 36 inches of soil over limestone bedrock. Only one soil from Lanark County has been included in the subclass and it is :

Tennyson sandy loam - shallow phase

This gently rolling, well drained soil is used for growing cereal grains, hay and pasture and occasionally silage corn. The underlying rock seldom interferes with the root growth of most cultivated crops but it does limit that of tree roots and other deep-rooted plants such as alfalfa. However, the comparatively thin soil cover becomes saturated more quickly and dries out sooner than deeper soils. As a result the soil is not reliable and crop yields are low.

Moisture control and fertility management are required for best results.

Subclass 4W

Subclass 4W consists of the wet soils found in depressional to level sites. In Lanark County the only soil included in the subclass is:

Innisville sandy loam

This soil is used mainly for the production of hay and pasture where cleared. Wooded areas are covered with rock elm, alder, and other noncommercial tree species. The installation of effective artificial drainage systems is difficult in some places because of the problem of locating a satisfactory outlet. Fertilizer should be applied to areas where agricultural crops are grown in amounts and analysis by soil test.

Class 5

Subclass 5R

Subclass 5R contains those soils which are 18 to 36 inches thick over igneous rock. The only soil in this unit is:

Monteagle sandy loam - shallow phase

This soil is well drained, gently rolling and low in natural fertility. The nearby bedrock interferes with the growth of deep-rooted crops and reduces the moisture- holding capacity of the soil. The soil is best suited for recreational, wildlife or forestry uses but is not particularly good even for these. It can be planted to pine, and fir for pulpwood or Christmas trees and shrubs for wildlife food and cover.

If this soil is used for agriculture, lime and fertilizer should be applied to all crops in amounts determined by soil tests.

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Subclass 5s

This subclass consists of the nearly level, thick, medium to coarse gravelly sandy loams. These soils are very low in natural fertility and in capacity to hold water. They have little or no structure, and are very permeable. Only one soil has been included in the subclass and it is :

St. Peters gravelly sandy loam

This soil is presently being used for rough pasture but could be used for permanent pasture if lime, fertilizer and irrigation were provided. The soil is somewhat better suited to forestry and wildlife uses and could be planted to pine, fir and spruce for forestry or to shrub for wildlife cover and food.

Subclass 5 W

Capability subclass 5W consists of nearly level sandy loams and loams that are very wet. The water table rises to the surface for a part of the year and is seldom lower than six feet from the surface. Most of the areas are cultivated and are covered by trees. Open areas consist of rough pasture.

The soils are : Christy sandy loam Granby sandy loam Lyons loam

If drained these soils are suited to hay and pasture production and could be used for growing certain special crops. Drainage can be improved by installing open ditches or underdrains but some difficulty may be experienced in finding suitable outlets. Some areas are suitable for dug ponds.

Class 6

Subclass 6P

Capability Subclass 6P consists of permeable soils that are excessively stony. Soils in the subclass are not only stony on the surface but have many stones in the subsoil. Only one soil has been included in the subclass and it is:

Monteagle sandy loam

About 70 percent of the areas mapped as Monteagle sandy loam are too stony to cultivate and these are commonly used for rough pasture. They are best suited to forestry and wildlife uses. These soils produce satisfactory hardwoods and are suitable for certain softwoods.

Subclass 6R

All soils having less than 12 inches of soil overlying sandstone or limestone bedrock are included in this subclass. In addition shallow soils with numerous rock outcrops have been included’in the subclass. The soils may be well to poorly drained.

The soils are: Brook sandy loam Farmington loam Farmington sandy loam

Farmington sandy loam - rubbly phase Franktown sandy loam Tennyson sandy loam - Rock complex

58

These soils are the grazing soils of Lanark County and indeed of Southern Ontario. Natural grasses provide forage for livestock and shade is found under the trees growing in the wetter, or rockier sites. The carrying capacity is low with at least 25 acres being required to carry a 1,000 pound steer during the summer season.

These soils are not particularly suitable for the production of commercial forests but they can produce wildlife food and cover plants of good quality.

Subclass 6T

The soils in subclass 6T are deep, very permeable and hilly. They have a low natural fertility and when cleared the grass cover soon becomes thin and patchy and soil erosion may occur.

The only soil in this subclass is: White Lake sandy loam

About 70 percent of the areas of White Lake soil consist of very steep slopes. This soil is not suitable for cultivated crops but is suited to pasture, forest and wildlife uses. Fertilizer is required for pasture crops.

This soil produces satisfactory hardwoods and softwoods.

class 7

P Subclass 7 R

Included in this subclass are the shallow, stony soils of the Precambrian Shield. Here, the bedrock is seldom far from the surface and may be exposed in many places. In general the soils are well drained and low to very low in natural fertility. Only soil complexes are included in the subclass.

The soil complexes are: Monteagle sandy loam - Rock Rock Outcrop Tweed sandy loam - Rock White Lake sandy loam - Rock

These complexes are not suitable for agriculture although small areas of deeper soil in the Tweed sandy loam - Rock complex can be used for grazing. They are mostly in a mixed forest of hardwoods and pine and are suited to the production of pulpwood. They are also adaptable to wildlife and recreation uses.

The distribution of the soil capability classes and subclasses is shown on the soil capability maps in the pocket in the back of this report.

USE OF THE SOILS FOR WILDLIFE

Wildlife production, as a primary land use, is suitable for the soils of Lanark County. Use of the land for wildlife is especially worth the consideration of land owners whose properties contain large acreages of the Monteagle-Rock, Tennyson- Rock, Tweed-Rock, White Lake-Rock soil complexes and the Monteagle, Farming- ton, Granby, Christy, Muck and White Lake soils.

Water developments such as ponds for water’ fowl and fur bearers can be made at suitable sites on the wet soils. Wildlife production also provides an alterna- tive use for the shallow, rocky, less fertile soils which occupy most of the western part of the county. The development of areas for private or leased hunting of partridge and rabbits might be considered for these rocky soils.

59

A number of wildlife management practices that help to conserve soil and water can be used on farms on which general farm crops are the primary products. On the better soils such as Appleton, Snedden, Almonte, North Gower and Osgoode the principal need for wildlife is winter cover. Sometimes this cover is provided by woodlots growing on nearby soils of less value for agriculture. At other times cover must be provided by windbreaks and hedgerows. Also shrubs that provide both food and cover can be planted on the steep slopes and eroded areas. Small wet spots in the fields can be used to grow plants for wildlife.

The principal kinds of game in the county are ducks, rabbits, partridge and white-tailed deer. Large mouthed bass, yellow pickerel (walleye) and northern pike are found in most of the lakes and rivers of the county. River banks, small lakes and ponds provide habitats for beaver, muskrat and other fur bearers which prefer the wet areas.

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APPENDIX

Taxonomic Classification, Profile Description and Analytical Data

Allendale Series

Location: Concession IV, Lot 2 1, Montague Township

Parent Material: Noncalcareous sand underlain by calcareous clay

Classitkation: Order Gleysolic

Description: Ah

Bmgl

Bmg2

11Ck

Location:

Great Group - Humic Gleysol Sub Group - Orthic Humic Gleysol Family - Allendale

- 0 to 6 inches sandy loam; black ( 1 OYR2/ 1) ; fine granular structure; very friable consistency; stonefree; pH 6.3.

- 6 to 10 inches sand; gray ( 1 OYR6/ 1) ; slightly mottled; single grain; very friable; pH 6.5.

- 10 to 26 inches sand; gray ( 1 OYR6/ 1; strongly mottled; mottles reddish yellow (7.5YR6/8); single grain; very friable; pH 6.7.

- Clay; grayish brown ( lOYR5/2) ; massive; plastic; calcareous; pH 7.6.

Almonte Series

Concession X, Lot 5, Ramsay Township

Parent Material: Lacustrine silty clay loam

Classification: Order - Podzolic Great Group - Gray Wooded Sub Group - Orthic Gray Wooded Family - Haileybury

Description: Ah - 0 to 2 inches silt loam; dark brown (7.5YR4/4) ; medium granular

structure; friable consistency; stonefree; pH 6.5. Ae - 2 to 6 inches silt loam; grayish brown ( 1 OYR5/2) ; weak fine platy;

friable; pH 6.3. B/A - 6 to 13 inches clay loam; light gray (lOYR7/2) coating on grayish

brown ( lOYR5/2); aggregates; medium blocky; hard when dry, plastic when moist; pH 6.6.

Bt - 13 to 19 inches clay; dark yellowish brown ( lOYR4/4) ; medium blocky; hard when dry, plastic when moist; pH 7.0.

c - 19 to 30 inches silty clay loam; grayish brown (lOYR5/2); coarse blocky; hard when dry; plastic when moist; pH 7.3.

Ck - Silty clay loam; grayish brown (lOYR5/2); medium blocky; hard when dry, plastic when moist; calcareous; pH 7.6.

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TABLE 10

ANALYSES OF ALMONTE SILT LOAM

Horizon Sand Silt Clay PH Organic Free Iron

Ah Ae B/A Bt C Ck

% % % 27.8 51.2 21.0 25.4 52.0 22.6 26.0 41.0 33.0 18.3 35.6 46.1 17.6 54.5 27.9 19.0 51.0 30.0

6.5 6.3 6.6 7.0 7.3 7.6

Matter % % 5.6 1.71 0.9 1.62 1.1 1.76 1.4 2.83 0.1 0.85 0.1 0.81

Appleton Series

Location: Concession XII, Lot 13, Pakenham Township

Parent Material: Lacustrine silt loam and fine sand

Classification: Order - Podzolic Great Group - Gray Wooded Sub Group - Bisequa Gray Wooded Family - Evanturel

Description:

AP

Ael

Ae2

B/A

Bt

C

Ck

- 0 to 6 inches silt loam; dark grayish brown ( lOYR4/2) ; medium granular structure; friable consistency; stonefree; pH 6.3.

- 6 to 10 inches silt loam; brown ( 1 OYR5/3 ) ; weak fine platy; friable; pH6.1.

- 10 to 13 inches silt loam; light brownish gray (lOYR6/2); weak medium platy; friable pH6.2.

- 13 to 21 inches silty clay loam; light brownish gray (lOYR6/2) coating on grayish brown ( lOYR5/2) aggregates medium blocky; firm; pH 6.5.

- 21 to 28 inches silty clay loam; dark brown (lOYR3/3); medium blocky; hard when dry, plastic when wet; pH 6.8.

- 28 to 36 inches silt loam and fine sand; grayish brown ( lOYR5/2) ; layered; soft; noncalcareous; pH 7.0.

- Silt loam and fine sand; grayish brown (lOYR5/2); soft; calcareous; pH 7.4.

Balderson Series

Location: Concession II, Lot 17, Drummond Township

Parent Material: Calcareous, sandy loam till

Classification: Order - Podzolic Great Group - Gray Brown Podzolic Sub Group - Gleyed Gray Brown Podzolic Family - London

62

Description:

AP - 0 to 6 inches sandy loam; very dark grayish brown (lOYR3/2) ; weak medium granular structure; friable consistency; moderately stony; pH 6.2.

Aeg - 6 to 15 inches sandy loam; yellowish brown (lOYR5/4); mottled; weak medium granular; friable; slightly stony; pH 5.8.

Btg - 15 to 20 inches sandy loam; dark yellowish brown (lOYR4/4); mottled; weak medium subangular blocky; friable; very stony; pH 7.0.

Ck - Sandy loam till; grayish brown ( lOYR5/2) ; weak medium subangular blocky; friable when moist, hard when dry; moderately stony; pH 7.6.

Bolingbroke Series

Location: Concession V, Lot 4, Bathurst Township

Parent Material: Calcareous medium sand

Classification: Order - Podzolic Great Group - Podzol Sub Group - Bisequa Podzol Family - Tioga

Description:

AP - 0 to 2 inches sandy loam; dark grayish brown ( lOYR4/2) ; weak fine granular structure; very friable; stonefree; pH 6.0.

Aej - 2 to 3 inches loamy sand; light gray (lOYR7/2) ; intermittent; single grain; loose; pH 5.5.

Bhfl - 3 to 23 inches loamy sand; strong brown (7.5YR5/6); single grain; loose; pH 5.6.

Bhf2 - 23 to 35 inches loamy sand; light brown (7.5YR6/4); single gram; loose; contains intermittent strands of Btj; pH 6.0.

Btj - 35 to 38 inches loamy s.and; brown 7.5YR5/4); very weak medium subangular block; friable; pH 6.8.

Ck - Medium sand; light brownish gray ( lOYR6/2) ; single grain; loose; calcareous; pH 7.6.

Brooke Series Location: Concession X, Lot 20, Ramsay Township

Parent Material: Sandy loam till less than 12 inches deep over sandstone Chsification: Order - Gleysolic

Great Group - Humic Gleysol Sub Group - Orthic Humic Gleysol Family - Brooke

Description: Ah - 0 to 7 inches sandy loam; black ( lOYR2/1); medium granular

structure; very friable consistency; slightly stony; pH 6.7.

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Classification:

Description: Ah

Bml

Bm2

Bm3

R

Bw - 7 to 11 inches sandy loam; gray (lOYR5/2); very mottled; mottles reddish yellow (7.5YR6/6); weak medium subangular blocky; friable; slightly stony; pH 7.0.

R - Sandstone bedrock; calcareous.

Christy Series

Location: Concession III, Lot 4, Bathurst Township

Parent Material: Stony, sandy loam

Classification: Order - Gleysolic Great Group - Gleysol Sub Group - Orthic Gleysol Family - Moose

Description:

AP - 0 to 8 inches sandy loam; dark grayish brown ( lOYR4/2) ; medium granular structure; friable consistency; moderately stony; pH 5.9.

w - 8 to I3 inches sandy loam; grayish brown (lOYR5/2) ; mottled; very weak; coarse subangular blocky; friable pH6.1.

Bg2 - 13 to 27 inches sandy loam; light brownish gray ( lOYR6/2) ; very mottled; mottles yellowish red (5YR5/6) ; weak medium subangular blocky; friable; pH 6.2.

C - Sandy loam till; very pale brown (lOYR7/3) ; mottled; weak medium subangular blocky; friable; very stony; non-calcareous pH 6.4.

Elmsley Series

Location: Concession VI, Lot. 5, North Elmsley Township

Parent Material: 12 to 18 inches sandy loam till over sandstone bedrock

Order - Brunisolic Great Group - Brown Forest Sub Group - Orthic Brown Forest Family - Elmsley

- 0 to 4 inches sandy loam; very dark grayish brown (lOYR3/2); fine granular structure; very friable consistency; slightly stony pH 6.0.

- 4 to 9 inches sandy loam; dark brown (7.5YR4/2) ; medium granular; very friable; pH 6.3.

- 9 to 15 inches sandy loam; brown (7.5YR5/4) ; medium granular; very friable; pH 6.7.

- 15 to 16 inches sandy loam; dark brown (7.5YR4/2); very weak medium subangular blocky; very friable; pH 7.0.

- Sandstone bedrock.

64

Farmington Series

Location: Concession VII, Lot 8, Beckwith Township

Parent Material: Less than 12 inches sandy loam till over sandstone bedrock

Classitkation: Order - Brunisolic Great Group - Brown Forest Sub Group - Orthic Brown Forest Family - Farmington

Description:

AP - 0 to 7 inches sandy loam; very dark brown ( 10 YR 2/2) ; medium granular structure; very friable consistency; few stones; pH 6.2.

Bm - 7 to 11 inches sandy loam; dark brown (7.5 YR 4/4) ; weak medium subangular blocky; very friable; few stones; pH 6.9.

IIC - Sandstone bedrock; calcareous.

Franktown Series

Location: Concession II, Lot 13, Beckwith Township

Parent Material: Less than 12 inches sandy loam till over sandstone bedrock Classification: Order - Brunisolic

Great Group - Brown Forest Sub Group - Gleyed Brown Forest Family - Franktown

Description: AP - 0 to 7 inches sandy loam; very dark brown ( 10 YR 2/2) ; medium

granular structure; very friable consistency; few stones; pH 6.4. Bmg - 7 to 10 inches sandy loam; brown (7.5 YR 5/4) ; mottled; very weak

medium subangular blocky; very friable; few stones; pH 7.1. R - Sandstone bedrock; calcareous.

Granby Series

Location: Concession VI, Lot 1, Lanark Township

Parent Material: Calcareous medium sand

Classification: Order - Gleysolic Great Group - Humic Gleysol Sub Group - Orthic Humic Gleysol Family - Granby

Description: Ah - 0 to 7 inches sandy loam; black ( 10 YR 2/l ) ; medium granular

structure; very friable consistency; stonefree; pH 7.2. w - 7 to 12 inches sandy loam; dark gray (10 YR 4/l); mottled; very

weakmedium granular; loose; stonefree; pH 7.2. &2 - 12 to 21 inches loamy sand; gray ( 10 YR 6/l ) ; mottled; singIe

grain; loose; stonefree; pH 7.4.

65

CK - Sand; light brownish gray (10 YR 6/2); single grain; loose, stonefree; calcareous; pH 7.6.

Grenville Series

Location: Concession XI, Lot 23, Beckwith Township

Parent Material: Calcareous, loam till

Chssification: Order - Brunisolic Great Group - Brown Forest Sub Group - Orthic Brown Forest Family - Grenville

Description:

AP - 0 to 5 inches loam; very dark grayish brown (10 YR 3/2); medium granular structure; friable consistency; few stones; pH 6.8.

Bml - 5 to 13 inches loam; dark brown (10 YR 3/3) ; medium granular; friable; few stones; pH 7.0.

Bm2 - 13 to 19 inches loam; brown (10 YR 4/3); weak medium subangular blocky; friable; few stones; pH 7.0.

Ck - Loam till; grayish brown ( 10 YR 5/2) ; hard; stony; calcareous; pH 7.9.

-- Horizon

AP Bml Bm2 Ck

Sand %

48.0 45.8 51.6 50.0

TABLE 11

ANALYSES OF GRENVILLE LOAM

Silt Clay PH Organic Free Iron % % % Matter % %

40.0 12.0 6.8 5.3 1.32 39.2 15.0 7.0 1.3 1.37 34.0 14.4 7.0 1.0 0.96 33.8 16.2 7.9 0.1 0.63

Innisville Series

Location: Concession XI, Lot 14, Drummond Township

Parent Material: Calcareous sandy loam till

Chssificattoa: Order - Gleysolic Great Group - Humic Gleysol Sub Group - Orthic Humic Gleysol Family - Lyons

Description: Ah - 0 to 6 inches sandy loam; block ( 10 YR 2/l) ; medium granular

structure; very friable consistency; moderately stony; pH 6.3. Bmgl - 6 to 11 inches sandy loam; dark gray ( 10 YR 4/ 1) ; mottled; weak

medium subangular blocky; friable; moderately stony; pH 6.5.

66

Bmg2 - 11 to 22 inches sandy loam; gray ( 10 YR 5/l ) ; very mottled; mottles reddish yellow (7.5 YR 6/6); weak coarse subangular blocky; friable; slightly stony; pH 6.8.

Ck - Sandy loam till; grayish brown (10 YR 5/2); weak medium subangular blocky; firm; moderately stony; calcareous; pH 7.6.

Kars Series

Location: Concession VII, Lot 25, Montague Township

Parent Material: Calcareous gravel

Classification: Order - Podzolic Great Group - Gray Brown Podzolic Sub Group - Brunisolic Gray Brown Podzolic Family - Burford

Description:

AP - 0 to 5 inches gravelly sandy loam; dark grayish brown ( 10 YR 4/2); fine granular structure; very friable consistency; pH 6.8.

Ael - 5 to 10 inches gravelly sandy loam; brown ( 10 YR 5/3) ; weak medium granular; very friable; pH 6.5.

Ae2 - 10 to 17 inches gravelly sandy loam; yellowish brown (10 YR 5/6); very weak medium granular; very friable; pH 6.6.

Bt - 17 to 2 1 inches gravelly sandy loam; dark brown ( 10 YR 4/3 ) ; medium subangular blocky; friable; pH 7.2.

II Ck - Gravel and coarse sand; light brownish gray ( 10 YR 6/2) ; single grain; loose; calcareous; pH 7.6.

Lanark Series

Location: Concession II, Lot 8, Drummond Township

Parent Material: Calcareous clay loam till

Classification: Order - Podzolic Great Group - Gray Brown Podzolic Sub Group - Gleyed Gray Brown Podzolic Family - Perth

Description:

AP - 0 to 7 inches clay loam; very dark grayish brown (10 YR 3/2) ; medium granular structure; friable consistency; stonefree; pH 6.6.

Aeg - 7 to 10 inches clay loam; grayish brown (10 YR 5/2); mottled; coarse granular; friable; pH 6.2.

Btg - 10 to 17 inches clay; dark brown ( 10 YR 4/3) ; mottled; fine blocky; plastic; pH 6.8.

Ck - Clay loam till; grayish brown ( 10 YR 5/2) ; medium blocky; plastic; calcareous; pH 7.6.

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Lyons Series Location: Concession XI, Lot 25, Beckwith Township

Parent Material: Calcareous loam till

Classification: Order - Gleysolic Great Group - Humic Gleysol Sub Group - Orthic Humic Gleysol Family - Lyons

Description:

AP - 0 to 10 inches loam; very dark brown ( 10 YR 2/2) ; medium granular structure; friable consistency; moderately stony; pH 7.0.

Bmg - 10 to 16 inches loam; grayish brown (10 YR 5/2) ; very mottled; mottles yellowish brown (10 YR 5/8); medium subangular blocky; friable; pH 7.4.

Ckg - Loam till; gray ( 10 YR 5/ 1) ; mottled; medium subangular blocky; hard; moderately stony; calcareous; pH 7.8.

Manotick Series Location: Concession IX, Lot 26, Ramsay Township


Classitkation: Order - Podzolic Great Group - Podzol Sub Group - Orthic Podzol Family - Bucke

Description:

AP - 0 to 3 inches sandy loam; very dark grayish brown (10 YR 3/2) ; weak fine granular structure; very friable consistency; stonefree; pH 5.8.

Ae - 3 to 4 inches loamy sand; gray ( 10 YR 6/ 1) ; single grain, loose; pH 5.5.

Bfl - 4 to 12 inches loamy sand; yellowish red (5 YR 5/6); single grain; loose; pH 6.2.

Bf2 - I2 to 20 inches loamy sand; reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6) ; single grain; loose; pH 6.4.

II Ck - Clay; grayish brown (10 YR 5/2) ; massive, plastic; calcareous; pH 7.5.

Matilda Series Location: Concession VILl, Lot 11, Ramsay Township

Parent Mat&& Calcareous loam till

Classification: Order - Brunisolic Great Group - Brown Forest Sub Group - Gleyed Brown Forest Family - Matilda

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Description:

AP - 0 to 6 inches loam; very dark grayish brown (10 YR 3/2); medium granular structure; friable consistency; moderately stony; pH 7.0.

Bw - 6 to 16 inches loam; brown (10 YR 5/3) mottled; weak medium subangular blocky; friable; moderately stony; pH 7.3.

Ck - Loam till; grayish brown (10 YR 5/2) ; hard; stony; calcareous; pH 8.0.

Monteagle Series

Location: Concession IX, Lot 27, Bathurst Township

Parent Material: Noncalcareous stony sandy loam till Classification: Order - Podzolic

Great Group - Podzol Sub Group - Orthic Podzol Family - Wabi

Description:

AP - 0 to 4 inches sandy loam; reddish gray (5 YR 5/2) ; weak fine granular structure; very friable consistency; very strong; pH 5.2.

Rhf 1 - 4 to 13 inches sandy loam; yellowish red (5 YR 4/6) ; weak fine subangular blocky; very friable; very strong; pH 5.0.

Bhf2 - 13 to 23 inches sandy loam; yellowish red (5 YR 5/6); weak fine subangular blocky; very friable; moderately stony; pH 5.3.

c - Sandy loam till; pinkish gray (5 YR 6/2) ; medium subangular blocky; firm when dry, friable when wet; very stony; noncalcareous; pH 6.0.

TABLE 12

ANALYSES OF MONTEAGLE SANDY LOAM

Horizon Sand %

Silt %

Clay %

PI-I Organic Free Iron Matter % %

AP 64.5 21.5 14.0 5.2 4.50 0.97 Bfhl 68.0 17.6 14.4 5.0 1.79 1.54 Bfh2 71.8 16.3 11.9 5.3 0.76 0.49 C 57.3 30.0 12.7 6.0 0.49 0.23

Mountain Series

Location: Concession IV, Lot 16, Drummond Township


Chssification: Order - Podzolic Great Group - Podzol Sub Group - Gleyed Orthic Podzol Family - Mountain

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Description:

AP - 0 to 4 inches fine sandy loam; very dark grayish brown ( 10 YR 3/2) ; weak fine granular structure; very friable consistency; stonefree; pH 6.0.

Aeg - 4 to 6 inches loamy fine sand; light brownish gray (10 YR 6/2) ; mottled; single grain; loose; pH 5.4.

Bfgl - 6 to 14 inches loamy fine sand; yellowish red (5 YR 4/8); mottled; single grain; loose; pH 5.7.

Bfg2 - 14 to 20 inches loamy fine sand; reddish yellow (5 YR 6/S) ; mottled; single grain; loose; pH 6.2.

II Ck - Clay; grayish brown( 10 YR 5/2) ; massive; plastic; calcareous, pH 7.5.

Muck Location: Concession IV, Lot 12, Bathurst Township

Parent Material: Decomposed organic matter Chssitication: Order - Organic Description:

1 - 0 to 11 inches well decomposed plant material; black (2.5 YR 2/O) ; granular structure; finely divided; pH 6.8.

2 - 11 to 20 inches well decomposed plant material; black (5 YR 2/ 1) ; granular; coarsely divided; pH 6.6.

3 - 20 to 34 inches moderately well decomposed plant material; dark reddish brown (5 YR 2/2) ; compact; fragmental; pH 6.4.

4 - 34 to 54 inches moderately well decomposed plant material; dark reddish brown (2.5 YR 2/4) ; compact; coarsely fragmental; pH 7.0.

5 - Sandy clay loam; dark gray (5 YR 4/l ); massive; plastic; noncalcareous; pH 7.2.

North Gower Series Location: Concession II, Lot 11, Bathurst Township

Parent Material: Calcareous stonefree clay and clay loam

Classffication: Order - Gleysolic Great Group - Humic Gleysol Sub Group - Orthic Humic Gleysol Family - Brookston

Description: Ah - 0 to 6 inches clay loam; black ( 10 YR 2/ 1) ; strong medium granular

structure; friable consistency; few stones; pH 6.5. Bmgl - 6 to 15 inches clay; grayish brown (10 YR 5/2); mottled; medium

blocky; very plastic; stonefree; pH 7.0. Bmg2 - 15 to 23 inches clay; gray ( 10 YR 5/ 1) ; very mottled; mottles red-

dish yellow (7.5 YR 6/6) ; coarse blocky; very plastic; stonefree; pH 7.2.

70

Ck - Clay; gray ( 10 YR 6/ 1) ; coarse blocky; very plastic; calcareous; pH 7.9.

Horizon

TABLE 13

ANALYSES OF NORTH GOWER CLAY LOAM

Sand Silt Clay PH Organic Free Iron % % % Matter % %

Ah 28.8 36.8 34.4 6.5 15.7 1.31 Bmgl 16.5 31.7 51.8 7.0 1.9 0.96 Bmg2 15.2 29.4 55.4 7.2 0.3 1.03 Ck 17.8 29.6 52.6 7.9 0.1 0.89 -

Osgoode Series

Location: Concession XII, Lot 1, Ramsay Township

Parent Material: Stonefree silt loam

Classification: Order - Gleysolic Great Group - Humic Gleysol Sub Group - Orthic Humic Gleysol Family - Colwood

Description: Ah - 0 to 6 inches silt loam; very dark gray (10 YR 3/l); fine granular

structure; friable consistency; stonefree; pH 6.6. Bmgl - 6 to 10 inches silt loam; light brownish gray (10 YR 6/2); mottled;

weak medium subangular blocky; friable; pH 6.8. Bmg2 - 10 to 23 inches silt loam; grayish brown ( 10 YR 5/2) ; very mottled;

mottles brownish yellow (10 YR 6/S) ; massive; firm; pH 7.1. Ck - Silt loam; gray (10 YR 5/l) ; massive; firm; calcareous; stonefree;

pH 7.5.

Rideau Series

Location: Concession XII, Lot 21, Pakenham Township

Parent Material: Stonefree clay

Class~cation: Order - Regosolic Great Group - Regosol Sub Group - Gleyed Mull Regosol Family - Rideau

Description: Ah - 0 to 4 inches clay; dark gray ( 10 YR 4/ 1) ; medium granular struc-

ture; plastic consistency when wet, hard when dry; stonefree; pH 6.3. Aek - 4 to 10 inches clay; grayish brown (10 YR 5/2) ; mottled; medium

blocky; plastic; pH 6.1. Btk - 10 to 17 inches clay; dark grayish brown ( 10 YR 4/2) ; mottled;

coarse blocky; very plastic; pH 6.4.

71

C - Clay; gray ( 10 YR 5/ 1) ; massive; very plastic; noncalcareous; stonefree; pH 6.8.

Rubicon Series

Location: Concession VII, Lot 23, Beckwith Township

Parent Material: Noncalcareous sand

Classilicatioa: Order - Podzolic Great Group - Podzol Sub Group - Gleyed Orthic Podzol Family - Rubicon

Description:

AP - 0 to 3 inches sandy loam; very dark brown ( 10 YR 2/2) ; weak fine granular structure; very friable consistency; stonefree; pH 5.8.

Ae - 3 to 4 inches loamy sand; light gray (10 YR 7/2); single grain; loose; pH 5.3.

Bfgl - 4 to 14 inches loamy sand; dark reddish brown (5 YR 3/4) ; mottled; single grain; loose; pH 5.9.

Bfg2 - 14 to 28 inches loamy sand; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) ; mottled; single grain; loose; pH 6.2.

C - Sand; pinkish gray (5 YR 6/2) ; single grain; loose; noncalcareous; pH 6.6.

Snedden Series

Location: Concession VI, Lot 21, Ramsay Township

Parent Material: Noncalcareous silty clay loam

Classification: Order - Podzolic Great Group - Gray Wooded Sub Group - Gleyed Orthic Gray Wooded Family - Renfrew

Description: Ah - 0 to 4 inches silt loam; dark grayish brown ( 10 YR 4/2) ; medium

granular structure; friable consistency; stonefree; pH 6.7. Aegl - 4 to 7 inches silt loam; dark yellowish brown ( 10 YR 4/4) ; slightly

mottled; weak fine platy; friable; pH 6.4. Aeg2 - 7 to 9 inches silty clay loam; grayish brown (10 YR 5/2); mottled;

fine platy; friable; pH 6.3. AB - 9 to 20 inches silty clay; dark gray ( 10 YR 4/l ) ; mottled; medium

subangular blocky; firm; pH 6.5. B tg - 20 to 26 inches clay; dark brown ( 10 YR 3/3 ) ; mottled; fine blocky;

very hard; pH 6.9. C - Silty clay loam; grayish brown (10 YR 5/2); fine blocky; hard;

noncalcareous; stonefree; pH 7.1.

72

Horizon

Ah Aogl Aeg2 AB Btg C

Sand %

22.8 18.7 11.1 4.4 4.9

10.9

TABLE 14

ANALYSES OF SNEDDEN SILT LOAM

Silt Clay PH Organic % % Matter %

51.3 25.9 6.7 6.4 53.9 27.4 6.4 1.8 52.3. 36.6 6.3 0.9 50.2 45.4 6.5 1.2 34.0 61.1 6.9 1.7 50.9 38.2 7.1 0.2

Free Iron %

1.69 1.61 1.13 1.58 2.79 0.85

Tennyson Series

Location: Concession I, Lot 7, Ramsay Township

Parent Material: Calcareous, sandy loam till

Classification: Order - Podzolic Great Group - Gray-Brown Podzolic Sub Group - Brunisolic Gray-Brown Podzolic Family - Guelph

Description: Ah - 0 to 5 inches sandy loam; dark brown (7.5 YR 3/2) ; weak medium

granular structure; very friable consistency; moderately stony; pH 6.0.

Ael - 5 to 15 inches sandy loam; reddish brown (5 YR 4/4) ; weak medium granular; very friable; few stones; pH 5.8.

Ae2 - 15 to 28 inches sandy loam; yellowish brown ( 10 YR 5/4) ; weak medium granular; very friable; few stones; pH 6.6.

Bt - 28 to 35 inches sandy loam; dark brown (10 YR 4/3); weak medium subangular blocky; very friable; very stony; pH 6.8.

BC - 35 to 39 inches sandy loam; brown (10 YR 5/3) ; weak medium subangular blocky; very friable; very stony; pH 7.2.

Ck - Sandy loam; grayish brown (10 YR 5/3) ; weak medium subangular blocky; friable; calcareous; moderately stony; pH 7.8.

TABLE 15

Horizon Sand %

ANALYSES OF TENNYSON SANDY LOAM

Silt Clay PH Organic % % Matter %

Free Iron %

Ah 60.5 21.1 18.4 6.0 3.49 1.49 Ael 67.0 13.6 19.4 5.8 1.90 1.44 Ae2 63.3 17.3 19.4 6.6 10.5 1.62 Bt 58.4 17.2 24.4 6.8 1.38 2.87 BC 56.0 23.6 20.4 7.2 0.86 0.99 Ck 58.8 22.3 18.9 7.8 0.64 0.29

73

Tweed Series

Location: Concession IX, Lot 11, Lanark Township

Parent Material: Stony, calcareous, sandy loam till

Chsstication: Order - Brunisolic

Description: Ah

Bm I

Bm2

Bm3

BC

Ck

Great Group - Brown Forest Sub Group - Orthic Brown Forest Family - Tweed

- 0 to 3 inches sandy loam; dark brown (7.5 YR 3/2) ; weak medium granular structure; very friable consistency; very stony; pH 6.2.

- 3 to 9 inches sandy loam; dark reddish brown (2.5 YR 3/4) ; weak medium subangular blocky; very friable; very stony; pH 5.5.

- 9 to17 inches sandy loam; yellowish red (5 YR 4/6) ; weak fine subangular blocky; very friable; very stony; pH 6.8.

- 17 to 3linches loamy sand; brown (7.5 YR 5/4) ; weak medium granular; very friable; few stones; pH 7.2.

- 31 to 37 inches sandy loam; brown (7.5 YR 5/2); weak medium subangular blocky; very friable; few stones; pH 7.4.

- Sandy loam; brown (7.5 YR 5/4); weak medium subangular blocky; very friable; stony; calcareous; pH 7.8.

TABLE 16

ANALYSES OF TWEED SANDY LOAM

Horizon Sand Silt % %

Clay %

PH Organic Matter %

Ah 62.0 28.5 9.5 6.2 4.69 Bml 66.4 25.6 8.0 5.5 2.03 Bm2 70.1 20.8 9.1 6.8 1.65 Bm3 77.3 16.8 5.9 7.2 1.02 BC 69.6 23.0 7.4 7.4 0.87 Ck 70.7 19.3 10.0 7.8 0.54

Location:

Uplands Series

Concession IV, Lot 23, Bathurst Township

’ Parent Materinl: Noncalcareous sand

Classification: Order - Podzolic Great Group - Podzol Sub Group - Orthic Podzol Family - Wendigo

Description:

AP - 0 to 2 inches sandy loam; very dark grayish brown ( 10 YR 3/2) ; very weak fine granular structure; very friable consistency; stonefree; pH 5.8.

74

Ae - 2 to 3 inches loamy sand; gray ( 10 YR 5/l ) ; single grain; loose; pH 5.0.

Bfl - 3 to 7 inches loamy sand; dark yellowish brown ( 10 YR 4/4) ; very weak medium subangular blocky; very friable; pH 5.4.

Bf2 - 7 to 15 inches loamy sand; yellowish brown ( 10 YR 5/4) ; very friable; pH 5.8.

BC - 15 to 36 inches loamy sand; brownish yellow (10 YR 6/6) ; single gram; loose; pH 6.3.

C - Sand; light brownish gray (10 YR 6/2) ; single grain; loose; noncalcareous; pH 6.6.

Wayside Series

Location: Concession VIII, Lot 14, North Elmsley Township

Parent Materlnl: Calcareous sand

c1ass*cati00: Order - Podzolic Great Group - Podzol Sub Group - Gleyed Bisequa Podzol Family - Alliston

Description: F - 0 to 1 inch decomposed leaves, twigs etc.; black (10 YR 2/l ) ; pH

5.9. Ae - 1 to 3 inches loamy sand; gray ( 10 YR 6/ 1) ; single grain structure;

loose consistency; pH 5.4. Bhfgl - 3 to 17 inches loamy sand; brown (7.5 YR 4/4) ; mottled; single

grain; loose; pH 5.7. Bhfg2 - 17 to 23 inches; sand; light brown (7.5 YR 6/4) ; mottled; single

grain; loose; pH 6.2. Wg - 23 to 26 inches loamy sand; brown (7.5 YR 5/2) ; mottled; very

weak subangular blocky; very friable; pH 7.0. Ck - Sand, light brownish gray ( 10 YR 6/2); single grain; loose; cal-

Location:

Parent Materiak

Class&cation:

Description:

AP -

careouscpH7.6. - -

Wemyss Series

Concession I, Lot 7, Bathurst Township

Stony, noncalcareous, sandy loam till

Order - Podzolic Great Group - Podzol Sub Group - Gleyed Orthic Podzol Family - Coutts

0 to 4 inches sandy loam; dark reddish brown (5 YR 3/2) ; medium granular structure; very friable consistency; very stony; pH 5.6.

75

Afhgl

Bfhg2

C

Location:

- 4 to 13 inches sandy loam; dark brown (7.5 YR 4/4) ; mottled; very weak medium subangular blocky; very friable; very stony; pH 5.2.

- 13 to 24 inches sandy loam; strong brown (7.5 YR 5/6) ; mottled; very weak medium subangular blocky; very friable; very stony; pH 5.5

- Sandy loam till; gray (7.5 YR 6/O) ; very weak medium subangular blocky; firm when dry, friable when wet; very stony; noncalcareous pH 6.2.

White Lake series

Concession V, Lot 18, Lavart Township

Parent Material: Calcareous sand and gravel

Classffication: Order - Podzolic Great Group - Podzol Sub Group - Bisequa Podzol Family - Tioga

Description: Ah

Aej

Bfhl

Bfh2

Btj

Ck

- 0 to 1 inch sandy loam; dark grayish brown (10 YR 4/2) ; weak fine granular structure; very friable consistency; pH 6.2.

- 1 to 2 inches loamy sand; gray ( 10 YR 6/l ) ; intermittent; single grain; loose; pH 5.7.

- 2 to 13 inches loamy sand; yellowish brown (10 YR 5/6); single grain; loose; pH 6.1.

- 13 to 25 inches sand; brownish yellow ( 10 YR 6/6) ; single grain; loose; pH 6.6.

- 25 to 27 inches gravelly loamy sand; dark brown (7.5 YR 4/4) ; very weak medium subangular blocky; very friable; pH 7.2.

- Sand and gravel; grayish brown (10 YR 5/2) ; single grain; loose; calcareous; pH 7.8.

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