career development and counselling theories
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
Career Development and Counselling Theories
Employment Counselling Services Department of Post-Secondary Education, Training and Labour
COURSE 111
NEW BRUNSWICK
Training ProgramCOURSE TITLE PREREQUISITE
Course 111: Career Development and Counselling Theories
None
Course 121: Career Development and Counselling Process
Course 111
Course 131: Career Development and Counselling Challenges
Course 121
Course 141: Using Labour Market Information in Employment Counselling
None
Course 151: Facilitating Client Learning None
Course 211: Assessment Instruments Course 111
Course 311: Work Search None
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 2
Learning objectives and competencies
Relate models of personal development to models of career development; (C3.1.1)
Describe the main models and theories of counselling and career development; (C3.1.2; S3.1.1)
Name the main models of career change and transition; (S3.1.3) Explain the main components of career development; (C3.1.5) Identify the repercussions of social roles on career development;
(C3.1.4) Define a personal intervention approach, taking into account recognized
theories and models in the practice of employment counselling and career development; (S3.2.1)
Develop a continuous learning plan describing the activities to be undertaken to continue their professional development
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 3
“Experience without theory is blind, but theory without experience
is mere intellectual play.”
Emmanuel Kant
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 4
Career Development:Points to Remember
The development of individual identity is influenced by many factors
Each individual is unique and develops within a particular social context
Individuals are multi-potentialed and can work in many different areas
Each individual plays many roles throughout life The individual evolves in a world which is also
constantly changing and evolving
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 5
Overview of the theories
APPROACHES IN COUNSELLING AUTHORS
Reality therapy William Glasser
Rational-emotive Albert Ellis
Individual psychology Alfred Adler
Client-centred Carl Rogers
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 6
Overview of the theories… cont’d
CAREER DEVELOPMENT AUTHORS
Harmonizing approachesFrank Parsons: trait factorJohn Holland: person – environment
Developmental approaches Donald Super: lifelong career development
Constructivist approachesJohn Krumboltz: social learningVance Peavy: socio-dynamic approach
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 7
Overview of the theories… cont’d
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 8
TRANSITION AND CHANGE AUTHORS
Process of transition William Bridges
Process of change James Prochaska
Our itinerary for the next few days…
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 9
Day 1 and 2 Counselling Theories
Day 2 and 3 Career Development Theories
Day 3 and 4 Change and Transitions
Definition of counselling
Counselling is a way of entering into a relationship based on established principles and special knowledge in order to facilitate self-knowledge, acceptance and emotional growth and optimal development of personal resources. The final objective is to give the individual the opportunity to evolve toward a more satisfying way of life by increasing his or her own resources.
British Association for Counselling
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 10
Definition of counselling… cont’d
Counselling, a form of psychological and social coaching, designates a situation where two persons enter into a relationship in which one explicitly calls on the other by expressing a request that the other will deal with, resolve or assume one or more of the problems that concern him.
Catherine Tourette-Turgis in “Le counselling”, Paris, PUF, 1996, collection Que sais-je?
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 11
Definition of counselling… cont’d
More specifically, in their book Essential Elements of Career Counselling, Amundson, Harris-Bowlsbey and Niles (2005, p.6) describe career counselling as a process by which a counsellor works in collaboration with a client/student to clarify, specify and implement his or her career-related decisions and to adjust them as needed. Career counselling also takes into account the interaction of different roles in life with work.
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 12
Definition of counselling… cont’d
The central goal of career counselling is to help individuals make congruent work or career choices that will allow them to have a job, a career and a satisfactory life in a changing society.
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 13
Brown, S.D. and Ryan Krane, N.E., 2000
Theories of counselling
APPROACHES IN COUNSELLING AUTHORS
Reality therapy William Glasser
Rational-emotive Albert Ellis
Individual psychology Alfred Adler
Client-centred Carl Rogers
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 14
Alfred AdlerTherapy based on a feeling of inferiority
A feeling of inferiority is “natural” for a child This feeling disappears with the development of the
personality if the need for self-affirmation is satisfied If not, the feeling of inferiority becomes problematic
and may crystallize into an “inferiority complex” We seek to compensate for any feelings of inferiority
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 15
Alfred Adler
Therapy based on a feeling of inferiority…
The inferiority complex:• It is often unconscious and can lead to grandiose
achievements or asocial behaviour
Compensation may be:• Intellectual over-development in contrast to
• Physical under-development, or vice-versa
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 16
Alfred Adler
Therapy based on a feeling of inferiority…
Inferiority may be:• Organic constitutional physical: accidental or
congenital physical limitation
• Conventional social: differences with respect to others (child who has red hair; wears glasses, etc.)
Inferiority pushes a person to engage in certain types of compensation
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 17
Alfred Adler
Therapy based on a feeling of inferiority…
Examples• Physical inferiority: Johnny Weissmuller – Tarzan
(1904-1984): scrawny child, became a champion swimmer
• Conventional social inferiority: differences in race, culture, sex, age, occupation, etc.
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 18
Carl Rogers
Person-centred approach
Fundamentally positive vision of humanity Essential concepts for Rogers• Authenticity and congruence
• Empathy
• Unconditional acceptance of the client
• Confidence in the client’s capacity
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 19
Carl Rogers
Person-centred approach…
Notion of non-directiveness• The client has the right to choose his/her own
vital goals
• “The client knows what is wrong, in which direction she/he needs to look, what the crucial problems are and the experiences which have been deeply repressed.
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 20
Albert Ellis
Rational-emotive approach
Epictetus – Ellis’ inspiration• “What troubles men is not things but their judgement
of these things”
• “Death isn’t frightening, just our idea of death”
Irrational beliefs
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 21
Albert Ellis
Rational-emotive approach…
Examples of Irrational Ideas:• To be happy, I need to receive love and approval
from almost everyone around me for almost all of his present, past and future actions.
• Everybody has to succeed perfectly in everything he undertakes.
• It is useful and appropriate to blame yourself and/or to condemn others.
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 22
Albert Ellis
Rational-emotive approach…
People’s negative feelings are generated by their irrational beliefs about the different situations in which they find themselves.
The approach plays on two levels at once• Emotions• Reasons
Ideas are one of the causes of emotions in adults
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 23
Albert Ellis
Rational-emotive approach…
The approach is aimed at• Recognizing emotions, accepting them and verbalizing
them• Changing the cognitions (ideas) that are attached to
them
Succeeds in acquiring behaviours that are more favourable to attaining one’s objectives and reduces the intensity, duration and frequency of disagreeable emotions.
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 24
William Glasser
Choice theory/Reality therapy
In reaction to the Stimulus-Response theory based on the erroneous idea that motivation is external to the person.
Replaces the Stimulus-Response theory by the choice theory, which says that… “Human are motivated intrinsically by the well-being that comes from satisfaction of their needs.”
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 25
William Glasser
Choice theory/Reality therapy…
Needs underlying all our behaviours• Survival• Belonging• Power• Liberty• Pleasure
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 26
William Glasser
Choice theory/Reality therapy
Any behaviour linked to satisfying my needs is chosen
The only behaviour over which I really have control is my own
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 27
William Glasser
Choice theory/Reality therapy
Reality therapy Humans are responsible for their behaviours, not
society, heredity or their past history Humans can change and pursue a more satisfying
life Humans act intentionally in order to modify their
environment to make it conform more closely to the image of their needs.
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 28
William Glasser
Choice theory/Reality therapy…
Two components of the practice of reality therapy• Creation of a climate of trust• Use of specific techniques to
‣ Help a person discover what she/he really wants‣ Reflect on what he/she is doing now‣ Formulate an action plan to more effectively satisfy needs in the
future
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 29
Lifeline…
10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02
02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
Positive experiencesNegative experiences
05
45
10
50
40
35
30
25
20
15
5560 plus
Age
Meaningful events or choices
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 30
Theories of career development
CAREER DEVELOPMENT AUTHORS
Harmonizing approachesFrank Parsons: trait factorJohn Holland: person – environment
Developmental approaches Donald Super: lifelong career development
Constructivist approachesJohn Krumboltz: social learningVance Peavy: socio-dynamic approach
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 31
Trait-factor and person-environment theories
Frank Parsons (1854-1908)• Father of career counselling
The theory unites• Traits: interests, values, aptitudes and personality
characteristicswith
• A work environment which is congruent (a “good fit”) with those traits
Parson, F. (1909). Choosing a Vocation.
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 32
Trait-factor and person-environment theories
According to Parsons’ the choice of a vocation assumes self-knowledge and knowledge of occupations
No one can decide for someone else A person can benefit from expert advice The counsellor’s role is to give clients accurate
feedback on their strengths and weaknesses
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 33
Trait-factor and person-environment theories
Three elements are central• Clear self-understanding• Knowledge of occupational requirements and
conditions for success, the advantages and disadvantages, the compensation and future outlook for different types of work
• A fair understanding of the relationship between these two types of facts – the application of reasoning to determine “fit” between person and occupation
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 34
Person-Environment Fit
John Holland (1919-2008)• Personality is a basic factor in career choice• Interest inventories are really personality inventories• People often have a stereotyped vision of trades• Different tasks require different workers
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 35
Typology describes persons, environments and their interactions
Different personality types look for work contexts or milieus than suit them
The six personality types correspond to six professional environments
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 36
Person-Environment Fit
Six personality types (RIASEC)• Realistic• Investigative• Artistic• Social• Enterprising• Conventional
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 37
Person-Environment Fit
Lifelong Career Development
Donald Super (1910-1994)• Career development is:
A continuous process (childhood to old age) Influenced by different situational (school, family, economy, etc.)
and personal (needs, interests, values, etc.) factors Composed of different roles (parent, spouse, worker, etc.) Experienced across life cycles, each implying a transition period
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 38
Lifelong Career Development
Interests are the results of a learning process and have been developed through activities that have been successful because of the skills and aptitudes of the individual
Aptitude determines the distance an individual will cover whereas interest indicates the direction he will take
Self concept as well as the concept of oneself as a professional develop through learning experiences
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 39
Lifelong career development
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 40
The career rainbow
Social learning
John Krumboltz (1928- )• 4 categories of factors influence career development:
• Genetic factors and special aptitudes• Environmental factors• Learning experiences• Competencies related to tasks
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 41
Social learning
From these four types of influence stem two categories of generalization:• Generalization about oneself• Generalization about the environment
These generalizations have an influence on what an individual can learn and on his aspirations and actions.
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 42
Social learning
An incalculable number of learning experiences combine to shape each person’s career trajectory.
Based on these experiences, people adopt behaviours that lead them to undertake their career (concept of action).
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 43
Socio-dynamic counselling
Vance Peavy (1929-2002)• Socio-dynamic counselling is a method of planning
one’s life. It includes the following three elements:‣ A perspective on contemporary post-industrial society and life
and on the social construction of self in contemporary society‣ A philosophy of the helping relationship‣ A series of counselling practices based on the first two elements.
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 44
Socio-dynamic counselling
The concept of career seen as a vocation is replaced by that of life seen as a career.
Problem-solving is seen as a “tinkering” process using the models that are the most appropriate to the client’s needs and in which both the helped and the helper are considered to be experts.
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 45
Socio-dynamic counselling
Socio-dynamic counselling does not look primary at changing people’s behaviour; it defines itself more as a process of “making sense”.
It’s goal is to mobilize intelligence and creativity to answer these two questions• How do I want to live my life?• What do I do now?
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 46
Daisy Theory
Part 1: (20 minutes) small groups• These groups are the same teams who were the trainer’s alter
egos during the presentations of the theories in career development‣ Read the case‣ Share your understanding of the case‣ Plan the intervention
Part 2: (40 minutes) large group• Case study
‣ Present the intervention plan by team‣ Identify the differences
Part 3: (10 minutes) feedback on the activity
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 47
Transition and Change
Transition and change are closely related Transition is associated with an event (losing
a job) or a non event (not getting an expected promotion) leading to transformations
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 48
Transition and Change
Situational perspective: event regarding a situation• Change is external and visible• Transition is internal and defined as the psychological
process allowing an individual to adapt to change
Developmental perspective: evolution of an individual during his/her life• Change is defined as a series of developmental cycles• Transition is defined as a boundary zone between two
cycles
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 49
Typology of life events that can trigger a transition
BIOLOGICAL EVENTS SOCIAL EVENTS
PSYCHOLOGICAL EVENTS UNFORSEEABLE EVENTS
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 50
Transition and change
TRANSITION AND CHANGE AUTHORS
Process of transition William Bridges
Process of change James Prochaska
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 51
William BridgesProcess of transition
Current state Desired state
Loss Renewal
DisengagementDisidentificationDisenchantmentDisorientation
Neutrality Action
Introspective reflection
Anxiety Confusion
(NEW BALANCE)(IMBALANCE)
RENEWAL NEUTRALLOSSES RENEWAL
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 52
James ProchaskaStages of change
COURSE 111 – Career Development and Counselling Theories – November 2010 53
Conclusion
Knowledge acquisition consolidation exercise
Taking Charge: online self-evaluation
Evaluation of how the training went
Thank you very much!